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8/19/2019 Hci02 HumanFactor Users
1/210
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Human
-
Computer Interaction
the human factor
http://usabilitygeek.com/an-introduction-to-website-usability-testing/
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
“The world is divided into people who think that they’re right.”
Diedre McGrath
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
Jenifer Tidwell, 2006
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
many familiar types/styles of user interfaces
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
many familiar types/styles of user interfaces
command-line languagesinstructions, keywords, abbreviations, special symbols,I/O mechanisms
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
a classical UNIX console – see @climagic on Twitter
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
many familiar types/styles of user interfaces
interactive forms + spreadsheets
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
many familiar types/styles of user interfaces
menus
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
many familiar types/styles of user interfaces
direct manipulation + hypertext
f
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
S f i i C i
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
many familiar types/styles of user interfaces
natural interaction
typical examples: gestures, natural language (e.g., speech)
M t S ft E i i H C t I t ti
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
many familiar types/styles of user interfaces
natural interaction
conversational UI (CUI)
M t S ft E i i H C t I t ti
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/examples: interconnected.org/home/2015/06/16/conversational_uis
apps as chats
M t S ft E i i H C t I t ti
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
many familiar types/styles of user interfaces
each has its own vocabulary of items, actions,sensorial – e.g., visual, auditory – representations
Master on Software Engineering :: Human Computer Interaction
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
many familiar types/styles of user interfaces
each has its own vocabulary of items, actions,sensorial – e.g., visual, auditory – representations
user experience (UX)
Master on Software Engineering :: Human Computer Interaction
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
formstext editors
graphic editorsspreadsheets
Web browserscalendars
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple interaction idioms
multimedia playerscharts
immersive games Web pages
social (virtual) environmentse-commerce/e-business applications
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Heterogeneity of existing platforms
Jean Vanderdonckt, 2006
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Heterogeneity of existing platforms
desktop (personal) computersmobile devices: smartphone, tablet, automobile
output means: printer, fax, advertising screen etc.home appliances – e.g., (smart) TV, washing machine,…
wearable devices: watch, camera etc.social-oriented devices: ATM, info kiosk, photo booth
entertainment platforms – e.g., Blu-ray player, Wii, XBox
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Variety of performed tasks
Jean Vanderdonckt, 2006
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Variety of performed tasks
Nokia findings in the mobile context (2007):blogging, browsing, chatting, downloading, e-banking,
instant messaging, playing games,searching: locations, people,…
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Variety of performed tasks
domain-oriented tasks:business, programming, research, studying, training etc.
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple contexts
Jean Vanderdonckt, 2006
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human Computer Interaction
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple contexts
at work
examples: business & office applications, IDEs, tools, etc.
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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g g p
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple contexts
at home
examples: entertainment & leisure softwaremultimedia players, social networks, games,…
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g g p
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple contexts
during travelling
examples: PIMs, planners, geo-related services,instant messaging software, recommenders,…
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g g p
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
Multiple contexts
specific locationsconcert places, hospitals, malls, restaurants,…
examples: “smart” apps/services provided by mobile and/or wearable devices/appliances
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
di i
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
In which context, tablet computers
(and related devices) could be the best choice?
case study: iPad – http://pttrns.com/ipad
discussion
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
User volume and diversity
Jean Vanderdonckt, 2006
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Reality
User volume and diversity
traditional usersa community of interest vs. population of a country
+special usershaving certain disabilities and/or needs
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
How about users?
http://buffalobillgates.tumblr.com/
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Who is the user?
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Probably, we do not like her/him!
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
We must discuss with her/him
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
We need to observe her/him
e.g., RUM (real user monitoring)
a case-study: http://community.hpe.com/t5/Business-Service-Management/Deep-Diving-End-User-
Experience/ba-p/6833418
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
The user is the person who…
directly interact to the (software) product/service
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
The user is the person who…
involve others to use the product/service
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
The user is the person who…
obtain output from a given product/service
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
The user is the person who…
is making decisions regarding the acquisitionof a product/service
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
The user is the person who…
is using the product/serviceprovided by our competitor
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
User types (Eason, 1987)
primary
directly involved in the use of the product(frequent hands-on beneficiary)
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
User types (Eason, 1987)
secondary
occasionally and/or indirectly uses the product/service
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
User types (Eason, 1987)
tertiary
affected by a product/service presentationor influenced by a certain product/service
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
demographics
age, gender, ethnicity +psychological profile
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
education
elementary school vs. doctoral studies
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
physical abilities
senses & perception – e.g., visual acuity (short/long-term) memoryanatomic features: length of arms, height, muscles,…
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
computer-related abilities
general knowledge regarding the use of computersor the target platform – e.g., a specific game console
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
computer-related abilities
aspect of interest:technophobic persons
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
skills
readingusing devices – keyboard, mouse, remote control,…interpreting the output
etc.
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
experience related to the application domain
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Users without prior knowledge aboutsemantic Web can understand
and operate this user interface?
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
experience regardingthe type of (software) product/service
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
working environment+
other social factors
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
relations with other persons+
the use of communication patterns (1:1, 1:n, m:n)
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Web application providing online communicationservices used in the context of winter Olympic games
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Web application providing online communicationservices used in the context of winter Olympic games
user population
main user categories: athletes, their friends & families,administration personnel, audience, sport reporters,…
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Web application providing online communicationservices used in the context of winter Olympic games
interaction
types of devices: desktop PCs, mobile phones,info kiosks, public screens,
Web-friendly devices (smart phones, tablets),…
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Web application providing online communicationservices used in the context of winter Olympic games
conveying information
multiple formatscharts
rich versus limited data/interaction
search possibilitiesfiltering
reusing – e.g., sharing data to other apps/services
etc.
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
techniques:user surveysinterviews
(in)direct observations: user tracking, feedbackreal user testing
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Identifying characteristics of the user population
techniques:user surveysinterviews
(in)direct observations: user tracking, feedbackreal user testing
user research
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
http://www.nngroup.com/articles/which-ux-research-methods/
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Remark:
a software application could havemultiple audiences
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Remark (Rogers, 2007):
there are few cases when users really know what they want
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Remark (Rogers, 2007):
“natural” tasks must be anticipated by softwareon the basis of the perceived users’ behavior
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
Laws of human-computer interaction(Jeff Raskin, 2000)
a computer shall not harm your work or,
through inaction, allow your workto come to harm
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/www.flickr.com/groups/insults/
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Knowing users…
Laws of human-computer interaction(Jeff Raskin, 2000)
a computer shall not waste your time or
require you to do more workthan is strictly necessary
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
User Interface
Humane Interface
(Raskin, 2000)
an interface is humane if it is responsive tohuman needs and considerate of human frailties
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Knowing users…
User Interface
Humane Interface
(Raskin, 2000)
an interface is humane if it is responsive tohuman needs and considerate of human frailties
existing UIs are too complex for the majority of users
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Utilizatorii
thanks to our graduate Alexandru Rugină
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/Can we model users? Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Cognition is a knowledge acquisition process
to understand the external world via sensation, perception, and reasoning
Wang, 2008
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Cognition is a knowledge acquisition process
to understand the external world via sensation, perception, and reasoning
Wang, 2008
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Cognition is a knowledge acquisition process
to understand the external world via sensation, perception, and reasoning
Wang, 2008
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Cognitive engineering is a software engineering
principle that states the cognitive complexity andhuman intelligent manageability should beaddressed as the dominant problem in almost
all processes of software design, implementation,and maintenance
Wang, 2008
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Cognitive informatics
Wang, 2002
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Important aspects:
knowledgebehaviorsexperience
skills
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Important aspects:
knowledgebehaviorsexperience
skills
modeling the user
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Cognitive abilities define, in an abstract manner,
the model of a user
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Utilizatorii
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
5 major senses:
sight – ophthalmoceptionhearing – audioceptiontouch – tactioceptiontaste – gustaoceptionsmell – olfacception
www.tutis.ca/Senses/
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Non-traditional senses:
balance – equilibrioceptiontemperature – thermoception
kinesthetic sense – proprioceptionpain – nociception
time – chronoception
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Non-human senses(not analogous to human senses):
echolocationelectroreception
magnetoception
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Card, Moran & Newell, 1983; Wickens, 1984
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Memory
short-term (working) memory +
long-term memory
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Memory
data codification
types of stored things, associations
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Memory
capacity
number of remembered things
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Memory
duration (decay time)
how long a thing persists into memory
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
the need of visual representation
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/visual_representation.html
RDFSpecies by C. Serban & D. A. Popovici (2012)
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
Memory
audio data
codification = sounds
capacity : ~5decay : ~1500 ms
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Cognition
Memory
audio data is pre-intentional
“What you’re saying?...”
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Cognition: perception
Bottom-up perception
uses stimuli
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Cognition: perception
Top-down perception
based on contextspatial and/or temporal data
influence over long-term memory
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Cognition: perception
Chunk = perceptual/cognitive unit
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Cognition: perception
Chunk division – e.g., grouping – depends on
the user background knowledge andhow data is presented
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Cognition: perception
Chunk division – e.g., grouping – depends on
the user background knowledge andhow data is presented
remember IA?
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Cognition: perception
Common technique:
TLA (Three-Letter Acronyms)
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Cognition: perception
Chunking – example:
B M W R C A A O L I B M F B I
MWR CAA OLI BMF BIB
BMW RCA AOL IBM FBI
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Cognition: perception
Common technique:
the codification of unrelated digitsuses 2—4 chunks
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Cognition: perception
Users memorize phone numbers by grouping:
0232201090
0232 20 10 90
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Cognition: perception
Working memory:
capacity: 7 ± 2 chunks –
George Miller
decay: 7 sec. (5—226 sec.)repetitions
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Cognition: perception
Working memory:
capacity: 7 ± 2 chunks –
George Miller
decay: 7 sec. (5—226 sec.)repetitions
influenced by interferences
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anterograde amnesia – inability to store new memories
Memento (2000):http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0209144/
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition: perception
Long-time memory:
elaborate repetitions move chunksfrom working memory to long-time memory
via connections (associations) with other chunks
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition: perception
Long-time memory:
elaborate repetitions move chunksfrom working memory to long-time memory
via connections (associations) with other chunks
influenced by context
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Cognition: perception
Recognition versus recall
representations must easily beperceived and recognized
metaphors + idioms
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
from icons & symbols to visual metaphors
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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from icons & symbols to visual metaphors
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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from icons & symbols to visual metaphors
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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visual metaphors and/or idioms?
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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“ Metaphors create insight. But they also distort.They have strengths. But they also have limitations.”
Gareth Morgan
http://www.orangecone.com/archives/2010/05/smart_things_ch_7.html
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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the use of metaphors and idiomsin the context of wearable devices
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
C i i i
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Cognition: perception
Recognition versus recall
humans remember visual properties of things
e.g., color, shape,…
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
C i i i
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Cognition: perception
Recognition versus recall
humans have difficulties in memorizing/recallingarbitrary data
e.g., phone numbers, software serial numbers
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
C i i i
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Cognition: perception
Recognition versus recall
UIs must facilitate recognition
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
C i i i
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Cognition: perception
Recognition versus recall
users tend to annotate things
using external means to modify existing (mental, internal) representations
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
C iti ti
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Cognition: perception
Recognition versus recall
users tend to annotate things
using external means to modify existing (mental, internal) representations
examples:underlining words, taking written/electronic notes,…
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
C iti ti
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Cognition: perception
Recognition versus recall
cognitive tracing
implies external manipulation of thingsin order to (re)structure or (re)arrange them
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
C iti ti
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Cognition: perception
Recognition versus recall
cognitive tracing
implies external manipulation of thingsin order to (re)structure or (re)arrange them
examples:scrabble, bookmarking, tagging, etc.
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
C iti ti
discussion
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Cognition: perception
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
C iti ti
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Cognition: perception
Recognition versus recall
UIs must offer external representations of the concepts used by the software
decreasing the cognitive overload
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
GraphicResources
Correspondence Design Uses
ShapeMark position
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Marks
p
Orientation
Size
Texture
Saturation
Color
Line
Literal
(visual imitation ofphysical features)
Mapping
(quantity,relative scale)
Conventional(arbitrary)
Mark position,identify category
(shape, texture color)
Indicate direction(orientation, line)
Express magnitude(saturation, size, length)
Simple symbols and
color codes
graphical representations in the context of UI design Alan Blackwell (2011)
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
GraphicResources
Correspondence Design Uses
Geometric Topological (linking)
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Symbols
elements
Letter forms
Logos andicons
Pictureelements
Connectiveelements
Depictive(pictorial conventions)
Figurative(metonym, visual puns)
Connotative(professional and
cultural association)
Acquired
Texts and symboliccalculi
Diagram elements
Branding
Visual rhetoric
Definition of
regions
graphical representations in the context of UI design Alan Blackwell (2011)
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
GraphicResources
Correspondence Design Uses
AlignmentIdentifying shared
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Regions
grids
Borders andframes
Area fills
White space
Gestalt
integration
Containment
Separation
Framing
(composition,photography)
Layering
Identifying sharedmembership
Segregating ornesting multiple
surface conventions
in panels
Accommodatinglabels, captions
or legends
graphical representations in the context of UI design Alan Blackwell (2011)
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
GraphicResources Correspondence Design Uses
The plane Literal (map) Typographic
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Surfaces
Material objecton which the
marks areimposed
(paper, stone)
Mounting,orientation anddisplay context
Display medium
Euclidean
(scale and angle)
Metrical(quantitative axes)
Juxtaposed or ordered(regions, catalogues)
Image-schematic
Embodied/situated
layouts
Graphs & charts
Relational diagrams
Visual interfaces
Secondarynotations
Signs and displays
graphical representations in the context of UI design Alan Blackwell (2011)
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http://worrydream.com/
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition: perception
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Cognition: perception
Attention
humans can focus– using their perceptual processor –
on a single input channel at a given moment
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition: perception
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Cognition: perception
Attention
the spotlight could trackmultiple input communication channels
in sequential manner only
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition: perception
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Cognition: perception
Attention
visual attention is more importantthan the aural one
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition: perception
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Cognition: perception
Attention
within a input channel,the stimuli are processed in parallel
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition: perception
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Cognition: perception
Attention
within a input channel,the stimuli are processed in parallel
interferences
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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bookpainting
balletpenguin
astringent
melon
Please, indicate the color of each word:
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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green yellow white
magentared
blue
Please, indicate the color of each word:
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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green yellow white
magentared
blue
Please, indicate the color of each word:
interferences – the Stroup effect
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
Cognitive processor
the brain compares stimuli and selects a response
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
human-computer human computer
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
human computerinteraction
human-computerinteraction
human-computerinteraction
human-computerinteraction
human-computerinteraction
h u m a n - c o m p u t e r i n t e r a c t i o n
human-computerinteraction
human-computerinteraction
for details see www slideshare net/andresbaravalle/im2044-week-2-lecture Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
Cognitive processor
the decision making process is based onskills, rules, and knowledge
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
Cognitive processor
skill-based decision making
learning by doing: walking, talking, driving, etc.
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
Cognitive processor
skill-based decision making
learning by doing: walking, talking, driving, etc.
influenced by age
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
Cognitive processor
rule-based decision making
e.g., social rules of proper manners
If I’ll see an elderly person, then I’ll politely say “Hello”.
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
Cognitive processor
knowledge-based decision making
uses the prior background knowledge,even in unfamiliar/unexpected situations
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
experiment
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Try to compute the two mathematical expressions below:
74 + 46
LXXIV + XLVI
in your headby using a piece of paper
with a calculator
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
experiment
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Try to compute the two mathematical expressions below:
74 + 46
LXXIV + XLVI
in your headby using a piece of paper
with a calculator
Which is easiest and why?
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
User multi-tasking
attention is a resource that could be sharedin order to perform multiple activities
in the same time
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cognition
User multi-tasking
depends on the activity structure:
multi-modality
e.g., visual + auditory + tactile interaction
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
User multi-tasking
depends on the activity structure:
codification
e.g., spatial data versus spoken data
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
User multi-tasking
depends on the activity structure:
involved components
using perceptual/cognitive processorversus
motor processor
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
User multi-tasking
depends on the activity structure:
involved components
example:playing chess versus pinball
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
User multi-tasking
depends on the difficulty:
well-practiced tasks are more easily performed
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
User multi-tasking
depends on the difficulty:
well-practiced tasks are more easily performed
example: it’s easier to ride the bike on an empty street
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
Motor processor
open-loop control
autonomicsending the same directives to the muscles
no feedback from perceptual processor
cycle time: ~70 ms
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Cognition
Motor processor
close-loop control
muscles movements – or their effects – are perceivedand compared to the desired result
cycle time: ~240 ms
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Cog t o
multimodal man-machine interaction model (Dumas et al., 2009)
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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g
cognitive conscious
versus
cognitive unconscious
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Property Conscious Unconscious
Engaged by Novelty
EmergenciesRepetition
Expected Events
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Danger Safety
Used in New circumstances Routine situations
Can handle DecisionsNonbranching
tasks
Accepts Logical propositions Logic orinconsistencies
Operates Sequentially Simultaneously
Controls Volition HabitsCapacity Tiny Huge
Persists for Tenths of seconds Decades (lifelong)
Jef Raskin, The Humane Interface, Addison Wesley, 2000
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
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g
Distributed cognition(Edwin Hutchins, 1995)
cognitive resources are shared socially in orderto extend individual cognitive resources or
to accomplish something that an individual agentcould not achieve alone
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Cognition
http:/
/hci.ucsd.edu/hutchins/dcogAviation.html
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g
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Guidelines (William Gribbons, ‘08)
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( , )
Reading:
place information and instruction in context
employ lists
chunk information
present content in sequence
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Guidelines (William Gribbons, ‘08)
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( , )
Reading:
maintain consistency in language and procedures
highlight critical/new information, information structure
use familiar terms, and avoid acronyms and jargon
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/
Leet (1337) speak
like other languages, 1337 is dynamicsymbols as shapes and not as their meanings
common phonetic replacements + inconsistenciesmany acronyms and random capitalization
M. Perea, J. Duñabeitia, M. Carreiras, “R34D1NG W0RD5 W1TH NUMB3R5”, Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2007
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Guidelines (William Gribbons, ‘08)
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( , )
Reading:
use illustrations to complement text
avoid the gratuitous use of animations & other movement
use familiar typefaces
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Guidelines (William Gribbons, ‘08)
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( , )
Reading:
allow user control to repeat output
avoid background noise with auditory output
maintain higher contrast
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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www.webpagesthatsuck.com/worst-over-the-top-websites-of-2014.html
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Guidelines (William Gribbons, ‘08)
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( )
Memory:
leverage existing knowledge, behaviors, and tasks
avoid splitting attention between two tasks
focus on the user goals
limit information and features to what is really needed
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Guidelines (William Gribbons, ‘08)
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Memory:
partition tasks in reasonably sized groups
support mental calculations, decisions, and comparisons
limit choices
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Guidelines (William Gribbons, ‘08)
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Memory:
complete information automatically in forms & fields
use mnemonics
minimize screen clutter
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Guidelines (William Gribbons, ‘08)
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Memory:
provide extra time for tasks
eliminate the anxiety of timeouts
provide reminders
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
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Dr Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs info uaic ro/~busaco/ Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Fitts’ Law (1954)
predicts the pointing (movement) average timeas a function of the distance to and
width of the given target
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Fitts’ Law (1954)
how fast we can move the mouse to point toa given UI component having a specific size
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Fitts’ Law (1954)
T = a + b * log2 (2*D / S)
T = time, D = distance, S = size
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Dr Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs info uaic ro/~busaco/
Fitts’ Law (1954)
consequence:Mac OS X menu is more ergonomic
than the main menu of each window in Windows
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Fitts’ Law (1954)
consequence:pie (radial) menus are more easily to be used
than pop-up linear ones
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Dr Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – profs info uaic ro/~busaco/ Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Hick’s Law (1952)
predicts the decision time for a set of choices(e.g., in a menu)
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Hick’s Law
T = b*log2 (n + 1)
T = average reaction time (entropy of the decision),n = number of equally probably alternatives,b = a constant to be empirically determined
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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Hick’s law in the context of wizard (anti)pattern
http://designinginterfaces.com/patterns/wizard/
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Hick’s Law
example – measuring the user’s reaction time:if a Web page has ~70 links, then the time used to makea choice (i.e., visiting a link) will be ~105 seconds (70*1.5)
the more choices are eliminated,the more enjoyable the experience will be
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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reducing thenumber of choices
Twitter’s frontpage(2010 vs. 2015)
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Steering Law
predicting the time of moving the hand througha “tunnel” having the length D and width S
S
D
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Steering Law
T = a + b * D/S
the difficulty varies linearly, not logarithmicguiding the mouse is harder than pointing it
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Empirical laws
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Steering Law
consequence: cascading menus are hard to be used
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Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Persona
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A precise description of the user of a system,and of what (s)he wishes to accomplish
user archetype
Alan Cooperwww.cooper.com/journal/2008/05/the_origin_of_personas
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Persona
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Although personas are not real people,they represent them throughout the design stage
(Blomkvist, 2002)
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Persona
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Although personas are not real people,they represent them throughout the design stage
(Blomkvist, 2002)
creates a concrete profile of the typical user(reliable & realistic representations of the key audience segments)
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Persona
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Danger of the average users
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Persona
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The design must be performed regardingthe necessities and goals of each user category
www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/personas.html
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Persona
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Important aspects:age, abilities, ethnicity, social context, etc.
user profile
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Student Tourist Single (wo)man
N A d G P l R I P
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A. Stanciu, I. Schiopu, A. Grigoriu, I. Lazar (2011) – aisquared.wordpress.com
Name Andreea G. Paul R. Ioana P.
Age 19 32 27Location Iasi, Romania Paris, France Bucharest, Romania
Social Life
For her, going to university
was a challenge because she
had to leave home,
separate from her parents
and beginning the process
of finding her identity, as anadult, and her place in the
world.
Because his earnings are
above average and because
he works at least 50 hours
per week, when he has
some free time he likes tomake the most of it.
She doesn’t have time for
dating wrong persons.
Work Life
She is a student in
her freshman year at
Computer Science.
He works as a software
developer, but now he
is on vacation.
She is a hard working
woman.
Goals
A new city meant new
people & new friends.
That is why she was glad to
take part of a Social Speed
event. From her point of
view, it’s a fun way to
He believes that the person
blesses the place. That is
way when he travels he
thinks it is very important
to know and understand
the residents. Because of
From her point of view, this
application is the perfect
combination between
online dating and real life
dating. She knew from the
start that this was not a
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Student Tourist Single (wo)man
N A d G P l R I P
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Name Andreea G. Paul R. Ioana P.
Age 19 32 27Location Iasi, Romania Paris, France Bucharest, Romania
Social Life
For her, going to university
was a challenge because she
had to leave home,
separate from her parents
and beginning the process
of finding her identity, as anadult, and her place in the
world.
Because his earnings are
above average and because
he works at least 50 hours
per week, when he has
some free time he likes tomake the most of it.
She doesn’t have time for
dating wrong persons.
Work Life
She is a student in
her freshman year at
Computer Science.
He works as a software
developer, but now he
is on vacation.
She is a hard working
woman.
Goals
A new city meant new
people & new friends.
That is why she was glad to
take part of a Social Speed
event. From her point of
view, it’s a fun way to
He believes that the person
blesses the place. That is
way when he travels he
thinks it is very important
to know and understand
the residents. Because of
From her point of view, this
application is the perfect
combination between
online dating and real life
dating. She knew from the
start that this was not a
a persona includes a name &a photo, plus some demographics
A. Stanciu, I. Schiopu, A. Grigoriu, I. Lazar (2011) – aisquared.wordpress.com
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
microdata HTML5 templatehttp://profs.info.uaic.ro/~stefan.negru/personas/
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D S bi C li B f i f i /~b /
personas for PaMI (Patient Monitoring Interface) project A. Berila, A. Bulai, C. Chiric & M. Plesca, 2012
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Persona
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D S bi C li B f i f i /~b /
Remarks (Donald Norman, 2004)
the purpose of the persona is to add empathetic focusto the design
the personas must reflect the target groupfor the design team
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
Persona
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D S bi C li B f i f i /~b /
Main processes:
conduct user researchcondense the research
brainstorm (make classifications)proto-personasrefine
make them realistic
examples: http://uxmag.com/articles/using-proto-personas-for-executive-alignment
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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D S bi C li B f i f i /~b /
It’s not important how smart users are;it’s important to be effective
Stephen Turbek, 2011
http://boxesandarrows.com/are-your-users-s-t-u-p-i-d/
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
discussion
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D S bi C li B f i f i /~b /
S.T.U.P.I.D. userStressed Tired Untrained Passive Independent Distracted
S.M.A.R.T. designSimply Memorable A ccept autopilotR ecovery Test in realistic situations
http://boxesandarrows.com/are-your-users-s-t-u-p-i-d/
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
“Conclusion”
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D S bi C li B f i f i /~b /
human capacities, cognition,modeling users, empirical laws, personas
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