Afrika Braucht Deine Hilfe

5/17/2018 Afrika Braucht Deine Hilfe - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/afrika-braucht-deine-hilfe 1/29

‟Nd{g`n k{n|fas clgol Agbdl.‒ !]ivs*'ìbiognbl Kgbcs{ncgsgiolo go V}loclo`nj}nholo

Jnh/n @nsen H{nfa

XV ;=>>)>;" 7=</=4<

Lgodòa{|oh go cgl Nd{gfno Hlocl{ Vs|cglv nj Klgv}glb cl{ Gosl{tlosgiovdlbcl{Losxgf`b|ohv* |oc Jlovfalo{lfasv}ibgsg`



Goanbsvtl{ulgfaogv

>/ Lgoblgs|oh //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// >

;/ Nd{g`n gj Kbgf` ‖ [l}{ãvlosnsgio |oc [lul}sgio c|{fa V}loclo}bn`nsl /////////////////////////////////////////// ;

;/> Sal }ixl{ id Xagslolvv//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ;

;/; Kgbcjnfas ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 6

;/6 @ibiognbl Cgv`|{vl n|d V}loclo}bn`nslo /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// <

Cldgugsl /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// <

Fno sal v|knbsl{o v}ln`9 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 4

6/ Xal{l antl nbb sal jlo hiol9 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 8

3/ Kbgf`{gfas|ohlo n`s|lbbl{ Agbdv`nj}nholo /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 7

3/> Jlgol blks go K|{|ocg //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 7

Klxl{k|oh go Xi{s |oc Kgbc /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 7

Xg{`|oh /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>>

3/; Kbgocloulgfalo*Xlssklxl{k ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>3

Klxl{k|oh go Xi{s |oc Kgbc //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>3

Xg{`|oh /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////><

3/; @iow ;=>; ‖ |oc cgl Noslgbonajl tio Jgbbgiolo XlgÙlo /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>8

Xagsl Vntgi{ Fij}blq ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>8

Kgbcv}{nfal cl{ Xlkvlgsl///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////>8

</ U|vnjjlodnvv|oh |oc Dnugs //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////;=

4/ Bgsl{ns|{tl{ulgfaogv ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////;;

Iobgol* |lbblo P>=/=3/;=>;Z //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////;<

Fn{gsnv ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////;<

Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////;4

@iow ;=>; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////;4

Nkkgbc|ohlo //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////;4Fn{gsnv ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////;4

Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////;8

@iow ;=>; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////;8



>

>/ Lgoblgs|oh

Cl{ @iosgolos Nd{g`n xg{c go tglbl{blg Agovgfas jlcgnb kljòas/ Gj }ivgsgtlo Vgool sn|fas l{

jlgvs nbv saljnsgvfalv @|{giv|j gj @|bs|{kl{lgfa n|d/ Olhnsgt dãbbs l{ gj @ioslqs tioNvwbkl{gfaslo |oc gbblhnblj C{ihloanoclb go Snhlvulgs|ohlo gov Kbgf`dlbc/ Xglcl{|j }ivgsgt

klvlsus jgs tglbl{blg Vlaovòfaslo xg{c l{ gj U|hl tio [lgvlnohlkislo n|dhlbnclo/ Clj vslas cgl

tl{jlgosbgfal vsãocghl Agbdvklcò{dsgh`lgs * c|{fa V}loclon|d{|dl ìjj|ogugl{s ‖ hlhloòkl{/

Nbblo Klgv}glblo gvs elcifa lgolv hljlgo5 Nd{g`n |oc Vfaxn{ul > Jlovfalo |osl{bglhlo go

‟|ovl{l{‒ Xna{olaj|oh alhljiognblo @iovs{|`sgiolo" cgl go jlcgnblo Cgv`|{vlo c|{fa !}ivs*

' ìbiognbl Kgbcs{ncgsgiolo" N{s cl{ Kgbcklvfa{lgk|oh |oc @ioslqs|nbgvgl{|oh di{shlvfa{glklo

xl{clo/ Go cglvlj Tl{aãbsogv xg{c òkl{ cgl ‟Vfaxn{ulo‒ hlv}{ifalo" iaol vgl V|kel`s xl{clo

u| bnvvlo" |oc òkl{ cgl Klcl|s|oh tio ‟XlgÙvlgo‒ ìjj|ogugl{s" iaol lv lq}bgugs nou|v}{lfalo

!thb/ Al{sblgo ;=>=" V/ <=dd/'/

‟Cgl |ov |jhlkloclo {nvvgvsgvfalo Kgbcl{ n}}lbbgl{lo no tl{gool{bgfasl Vsl{lisw}l" cgl nbblvnjs

{nvvgvsgvfal Agl{n{fagvgl{|ohlo losanbslo" cgl xlgÙl xlvsbgfa*l|{i}ãgvfal Jlovfalo no cl{ V}gsul

cl{ vi gjnhgogl{slo |oc tgv|lbb al{hlvslbbslo Agl{n{fagl novglclbo‒ !Oc|`n*Nhx|)Ai{ovfalgcs

;=>=" V/ 37;'/

]{gosjlcglo uãablo u| elolo N`sl|{Ygoolo" cgl ‟cglvl‒ Kgbcl{ go lgolj h{iÙlo N|vjnÙ jgs{l}{ic|ugl{lo/

Cn Nd{g`n" Vfaxn{ul Jlovfalo |oc ]li}bl id Fibi|{ elcifa gj Nbbhljlgolo vlbslo jlcgnb }{ãvlos vgoc

!n|Ùl{ go [lgvldòa{l{o'" aãbs cgl ]bn`nsxl{k|oh tio Agbdvi{hnogvnsgiolo lgo Jioi}ib klg cl{ Cn{vslbb|oh

Vfaxn{ul{ |oc ]li}bl id Fibi|{ !thb/ @glvlb)Klocgq ;==7/ V/ 31;) Al{sblgo ;=>= V/ <=dd /) ]agbg}}

;=>>" V/ ;='/ N|v cglvlj H{|oc anklo Fn{ibgo ]agbg}} |oc Sgji @glvlb ;== V}loclo}bn`nsl lgol{

Nonbwvl |osl{uihlo" |oc vslbbslo cnklg dlvs"

‟cnvv cgl ]bn`nsl lgol{ Vlbkvstl{hlxgvvl{|oh xlgÙl{ Gclosgsãs nbv aôal{xl{sgh cglolo |oc cnjgs

lgo lqgvsgl{loclv Al{{vfandsvtl{aãbsogv u|h|ovslo xlgÙl{ Jlovfalo n|d{lfasl{anbslo/ Hblgfaulgsgh

los}ibgsgvgl{lo |oc losagvsi{gvgl{lo vgl cnv Tl{aãbsogv uxgvfalo hbiknblj Oi{clo |oc

Vòclo‒!@glvlb)Klocgq ;==7" V/316'/

Cgl klvfa{glklol alhljiognbl Kgbc}ibgsg` kbglk go cl{ Nonbwvl cnklg vlbkvs klvslalo" n|fa xloo

Vfaxn{ul Jlovfalo ogfas n|d clo hlonooslo ]bn`nslo nkhlkgbcls x|{clo !thb/ @glvlb)Klocgq

;==7/ V/ 31;'/

>XlgÙ |oc Vfaxn{u xl{clo go cl{ hlvnjslo N{klgs h{iÙ hlvfa{glklo/ Cnjgs jôfasl gfa tl{cl|sbgfalo" cnvv lv

vgfa agl{klg |j @iovs{|`sgiolo anoclbs" clolo lgo {nvvgvfal{ Cgv`|{v u|h{|ocl bglhs/



;

Go Ulgslo tio vifgnb jlcgn losaãbs cgl Govs{|jlosnbgvgl{|oh cl{ ‟Nocl{lo‒ lgol xlgsl{l

Cgjlovgio" go cl{ vgfa Kgbcv}{nfal jgs cl{ Tg{s|nbgsãs cl{ Hlol{nsgio cl{ cghgsnb onsgtlv

tl{jlohs/ Lgol xlgsl{l Lklol cl{ Agl{n{fagvgl{|oh tio ‟Losxgf`b|oh‒ aãbs cnjgs go clo Cgv`|{v

Lgou|h/ Jl{fanocgvgoh" Iobgol*Xlssklxl{kl |oc tg{nb tgcliv l{xlgsl{o cnv V}l`s{|j cl{

Ôddlosbgfa`lgsvn{klgs tio O[Iv l{alkbgfa |oc l{ôddolo cgl Nov}{nfal lgol{ ol|lo Uglbh{|}}l

dl{o nk tio s{ncgsgiolbblo Bgfas*gov*C|o`lb*V}loclovloc|ohlo |oc C{lg*@ôoghv*N`sgio" xgl vgl

klgv}glbvxlgvl go Ôvsl{{lgfa jgssbl{xlgbl dò{ cgl Hlol{nsgio 3= lsnkbgl{s vgoc/

Go cl{ ti{bglhloclo N{klgs jôfasl gfa jgfa o|o clvanbk jgs cl{ Kgbcv}{nfal n`s|lbbl{

V}loclo`nj}nholo tio bi`nb sãsghlo O[Iv n|vlgonocl{vlsulo" |oc cglvl n|d cgl tio @glvlb |oc

]agbg}} gclosgdgugl{slo alhljiognblo @iovs{|`sgiolo Nd{g`nv |oc Vfaxn{ul{ Jlovfalo ago

|osl{v|falo/ Cgl hlxãabslo @nj}nholo tl{xloclo vixiab V}loclo}bn`nsl nbv n|fa dnflkii`*]{idgbl |oc lghlol Xlkvlgslo" |j n|d ga{l N`sgiolo n|djl{`vnj u| jnfalo/ Jg{ hlas lv cnklg

ti{ nbblj |j cgl Kliknfas|oh" xlbfal Kgbcl{ tio XlgÙvlgo |oc Vfaxn{uvlgo cnklg goaã{los

òkl{jgsslbs xl{clo" ik Agl{n{faglo n|dhlbôvs icl{ tl{dlvsghs" Klx|vvsvlgo n|d lgol{ {ldblqgtlo

Lklol hlvfanddlo xg{c icl{ ogfas" |oc xlbfal [ibbl cnklg cgl Lgokgoc|oh tio Gosl{ols*N`sgiolo

v}glbs/ U|{ Tl{tibbvsãocgh|oh clv n`s|lbblo Kgbccgv`|{vlv jôfasl gfa lklodnbbv cgl @nj}nhol

‟@iow ;=>;‒ oãal{ klbl|faslo/ Go nbblo nohlvs{lkslo Nonbwvlo xl{cl gfa cnklg vixiab cgl

]i{s{ãsgl{|oh Nd{g`nv |oc Vfaxn{ul{ Jlovfalo n|d vlgolo ìbiognblo Hlanbs ago kls{nfaslo" nbvn|fa cgl ]i{s{ãsgl{|oh clv XlgÙlo Hlhloòkl{v gj Vgool cl{ `{gsgvfalo XlgÙvlgovdi{vfa|oh"

vixgl cnv Tl{aãbsogv uxgvfalo cglvlo ]iblo/

;/ Nd{g`n gj Kbgf` ‖ [l}{ãvlosnsgio |oc [lul}sgio c|{fa

V}loclo}bn`nsl

;/> Sal }ixl{ id Xagslolvv

‟Sal l~|gsnsgio id klgoh xagsl xgsa klgoh a|jno vlf|{lv n }ivgsgio id }ixl{/ Xagsl }li}bl antl

}ixl{ noc klbgltl sans salw sago`" dllb noc nfs bg`l noc di{ nbb }li}bl0 xagsl }li}bl" |onkbl si vll

salg{ }n{sgf|bn{gsw" fnoois sn`l nffi|os id isal{ }li}bl‗v0 xagsl }li}bl f{lnsl sal cijgonos gjnhlv

id sal xi{bc noc cio‗s ~|gsl vll sans salw fiovs{|fs kw xagfa salw n{l ki|oc si v|ffllc noc isal{v

ki|oc si dngb/ Jivs id sagv gv ois ciol clbgkl{nslbw i{ jnbgfgi|vbw․ hiicxgbb gv ois |oaln{c id go

xagsl }li}bl‗v lohnhljlos xgsa isal{v/‚ !Cwl{ >778" V/7'/



6

Cgl `{gsgvfal XlgÙvlgovdi{vfa|oh kls{nfasls l{vsjnbv ‟|ovl{lo;‒ XlgÙlo Kbgf` n|d ‟Nocl{l‒

|oc cnjgs {nvvgdgugl{sl Jnfascgddl{loulo" cgl vgfa go goì{}i{gl{slo ]{gtgblhglo ulghlo |oc kbgocl

Dblf`lo go ‟|ovl{l{‒ Xna{olaj|oh agosl{bnvvlo/ Go cglvlj @ioslqs cgv`|sgl{sl XlgÙl

Anocb|ohlo vgoc xloghl{ klx|vvsl Agl{n{fagvgl{|ohlo" nbv |oklx|vvsl ]{iulvvl go clolo

alhljiognbl Tl{aãbsogvvl {l}{ic|ugl{s xl{clo n|dh{|oc goì{}i{gl{sl{ |oc |o{ldbl`sgl{sl{

klvslalocl{ Jnfascgddl{loulo/ Go cl{ Nonbwvl tio Kgbcl{o" cgl tio XlgÙlo }{ic|ugl{s xl{clo"

|j Kisvfandslo òkl{ Vfaxn{ul u| ìjj|ogugl{lo" gvs cgl Lgoonajl lgol{ `{gsgvfalo XlgÙvlgov*

]l{v}l`sgtl cnal{ |ol{bãvvbgfa !thb/ N{ocs ;==<" V/ 63=dd/) Fn{b ;==4" V/ ;>8) Jngvan Lhhl{v

;==<" V/ <4) Vs{iavfalgo ;==<" V/ <=4dd/'/

Cnklg hlas lv ogfas o|{ |j Kgbcs{ncgsgiolo go losxgf`b|ohv}ibgsgvfal @nj}nholo" viocl{o n|fa

|j cgl @ijj|og`nsgio cn{òkl{" xnv ‟Losxgf`b|oh‒ klcl|sls |oc jgs xlbfalo Vsnocn{cv cglvlhljlvvlo xg{c/ Ltlbwo Anwo v}{gfas go cglvlj U|vnjjloanoh tio cl{ Hlhloòkl{vslbb|oh

alhljiognb h{iÙuòhghl{ Anoclbocl{ |oc cl}{gtgbghgl{s*ljnoug}nsi{gvfal{ Hlvlbbvfandslo" cl{lo

lghlojãfasghl N`sgtgsãs xlcl{ nol{`noos oifa gj jlcgnblo Cgv`|{v {lug}gl{s xò{cl/ Cgl

‟Losxgf`b|ohvvsnocn{cv‒ cl{ O[Iv i{glosgl{slo vgfa no l|{iulos{gvsgvfalo Xl{slo |oc dô{cl{slo

cnjgs ‟hbiknbYxg{svfandsbgfal Nvwjjls{glo‒" cgl XlgÙl nbv Xiabsãsl{Ygoolo cn{vslbblo xò{clo"

xãa{loc Di{cl{|ohlo onfa [l}n{nsgiovunab|ohlo nkhlxla{s |oc snsvãfabgfal \{vnfalo cl{

Nvwjjls{glo tl{vfablgl{s |oc losagvsi{gvgl{s xò{clo !thb/ N{ocs)Ai{ovfalgcs ;==3" V/ >1dd) Anwo ;=>=" V/ >=7) Al{sblgo ;=>=" V/ ;4'/

N|fa cglvl Lgovslbb|oh bãvvs vgfa n|d lgol |o{ldbl`sgl{slv !}ivs*' ìbiognblv L{kl u|{òf`dòa{lo"

cn vgfa cl{ ‟l{uglal{gvfal‒ Nov}{|fa cl{ Alhljiognbjãfasl n|fa go cl{ godnosgbgvgl{slo

Cn{vslbb|oh tio Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo xgcl{v}glhlbs/ Gj Isal{goh*]{iulvv xò{clo vgl nbv

Nkxlgfa|oh u|{ XlgÙlo Oi{j ìovs{|gl{s |oc `ôoolo cnal{ ogfas nbv lklokò{sgh gbb|vs{gl{s

xl{clo !thb/ @glvlb)Klocgq ;==7" V/ 376'/ Vi `noo cgl }bn`nsgl{sl N{j|s Nd{g`nv lklodnbbv nbv

Nkxlgfa|oh u|{ xlvsbgfalo [lgfas|jv*Oi{j hlblvlo xl{clo" ikxiab cglvl vsnsgvsgvfa hlvlalo

n|fa gj Oi{clo lal{ cgl N|vonajl cn{vslbbs/

;/; Kgbcjnfas

C|{fa cgl noviovslo v}ã{bgfal ]{ãvlou tio Vfaxn{ulo |oc ]li}bl id Fibi|{ go nbbsãhbgfalo

jlcgnblo Kgbcxlbslo" xl{clo Jlovfalo nocl{l{ An|sdn{kl n|d V}loclo}bn`nslo n|sijnsgvfa u|

Vslbbtl{s{lsl{Ygoolo cl{ ‟Jnvvl cl{ Nocl{lo‒ !thb/ Al{sblgo ;=>=" V/ 77'/ Òkl{an|}s d|ohgl{l

elcl{ Jlovfa vlbkvs nbv Ulgfalos{ãhl{Ygo go slqs|lbblo [l}{ãvlosnsgiolo d|ohgl{lo" vi Jivknfa; Gfa cldgogl{l jgfa hblgfaulgsgh nbv XlgÙl |oc vijgs nbv Slgb cl{ cgv`|{vgt ‟XlgÙ anoclboclo‒ ]l{violo lgo/



3

!;==<'/ Cgl ]{ikbljnsg` klvslal nbbl{cgohv cn{go" cnvv dò{ ‟}{ãhonosl‒ Cn{vslbb|ohlo jlgvs

{lhlbjãÙgh cglvlbklo Vsl{lisw}l * klg cl{ N|vxnab cl{ u| ulghloclo ]l{violo * hlxãabs xò{clo"

xnv lgol{vlgsv u| lgol{ |on|dbôvbgfalo Tl{xikloalgs jgs clj cn{hlvslbbslo L{vfalgo|ohvkgbc cl{

]l{vio dòa{l" |oc hblgfaulgsgh u|{ Tl{vfablgl{|oh clv òk{ghlo ]iibv no jôhbgfalo Jl{`jnblo"

cgl gj Tl{ki{hlolo kblgklo/ Cgl Xna{olaj|oh xl{cl cnc|{fa ‟ôìoijgvgl{s‒/ @|{u5 cgl

aã|dghl Cn{vslbb|oh tio Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo gj @ioslqs tio A|ohl{ |oc Agbdvklcò{dsgh`lgs

dòa{s u|{ Nvviugnsgio tio N{j|s klg cl{ Klhlho|oh jgs Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo |oc ]li}bl id

Fibi|{/ XlgÙl N{j|s xg{c n|v cglvl{ Ti{vslbb|oh hlon|vi n|vhl`bnjjl{s" xgl cgl Lqgvslou tio

xlgÙlo Nd{g`nol{Ygoolo !thb/ Jivknfa ;==<" V/ 66<dd) @|{gn ;=>=" V/ ;6>'/

Cgl vsãocghl [l}{ic|`sgio cglvlv Kgbclv {nvvgdgugl{s cgl ]{ikbljnsg` vijgs/ Cnv ulos{nb

tl{kgoclocl Lbljlos cl{ N|vkl|s|oh xg{c hãoubgfa n|vhl`bnjjl{s |oc c|{fa Kn{jal{ugh`lgsl{vlsus !thb/ @glvlb)]agbg}} ;==8" V/ 6<) @glvlb)Klocgq ;==7" V/ 373) Al{sblgo ;=>=" V/ <1d/" V/

47" V/ 8<'/

O|o xã{l cgl N{h|jlosnsgio u|bãvvgh" cnvv cgl {lgol Lqgvslou tio Kgbcl{o ogfasv òkl{ cl{lo

Xg{`|oh n|vvnhs/ Klgv}glbvxlgvl `ôooslo vgfa Jlovfalo n|fa òkl{ cgl Cn{vslbb|oh tio

Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo go V}loclo`nj}nholo los{òvslo/ Go lgolj klvsgjjslo N|vjnÙ ans lgol

Los{òvs|oh n|d cglvl{ Lklol vihn{ vsnsshld|oclo |oc lgolo @iclq klxg{`s" clo

losxgf`b|ohv}ibgsgvfal O[Iv vgfa o|o go Klu|h n|d cgl Tl{xloc|oh tio V`nocnbkgbcl{o

n|dl{blhs anklo !thb/ @glvlb)]agbg}} ;==7" V/ 313'/ Nbbl{cgohv ulghs cgl Nonbwvl tio @glvlb |oc

]agbg}} !;==7'" cnvv vlbkvs cgl N|vxnab clv Kgbcjnsl{gnbv cgl ìbiognbgvsgvfal Kgbcv}{nfal ogfas

ãocl{s !thb/ Oc|`n*Nhx|) Ai{ovfalgcs ;=>=" V/ <=;'/

C|{fa cgl Tl{k{lgs|oh |oc ‟Bnohblkgh`lgs‒ cglvl{ V}loclo}bn`ns*Kgbcv}{nfal `noo cglvl{ lgol

‟cgv`|{vìovsgs|gl{locl‒ Govsnou u|hlvfa{glklo xl{clo !thb/ Vfaifa ;==<" V/ 6>3'/ Al{sblgo

klulgfaols go cglvlj U|vnjjloanoh Disih{ndglo nbv Ci`|jlosl tio ‟Xg{`bgfa`lgs‒" cgl

hblgfaulgsgh Kisvfandslo no cgl [lul}glosYgoolo vloclo |oc cl{lo Jlgo|ohlo vs{|`s|{gl{lo !thb/

Al{sblgo ;=>=" V/ 1<d'/

‟Vgl vgoc Lqgvslouklul|h|oh" Klxlgvvgfal{|oh |oc Snsi{sdisi go lgolj/ Cgl jlcgnbl Kisvfands

`noo xn{olo" tl{bif`lo" nkvfa{lf`lo icl{ klxlgvlo‒ !Al{sblgo ;=>=" V 17'/

Cgl {lul}sgiovbihgvfal Dibhl gvs cgl Òkl{s{nh|oh cl{ Jl{`jnbl tio Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo n|d

V}loclo}bn`nslo n|d ]li}bl id Fibi|{ gj l|{i}ãgvfalo \jdlbc |oc cnjgs cl{lo

N|v`bnjjl{|oh n|v cl{ XlgÙlo Jla{algsvhlvlbbvfands/



<

‟Vfaxn{ul @ô{}l{ `looulgfaolo lgolo !n|vhlcnfaslo |oc cnc|{fa ons|{nbgvgl{slo' hlih{ndgvfalo

I{s gj @i }d tio tglblo xlgÙlo Cl|svfalo/ Ogfas xlgÙ u| vlgo P․Z klcl|sls lgo ‟ogfas

Cl|svfavlgo‒ P․Z" lv klcl|sls" cl}bnsugl{s u| vlgo/ Lv algÙs Nd{g`nogvfavlgo ‖ n|Ùl{anbk clv

l|{i}ãgvfalo Sl{{gsi{g|jv‒ !@|{gn ;=>=" V/ ;6; ) thb/ Oonljl`n ;==<" V/ 73d/'/

Hblgfavnj ans cnv Kgbc clv n|vhljl{hlbslo nd{g`nogvfalo @ô{}l{v c|{fa cgl Tl{k{lgs|oh go

xlvsbgfalo ]{gosjlcglo lgolo Lgohnoh gov ìbbl`sgtl XlgÙl Klx|vvsvlgo l{bnohs" cnv xgl `lgo

nocl{lv cnv Jnfastl{aãbsogv uxgvfalo clj Xlvslo |oc clo vihlonooslo ‟Losxgf`b|ohvbãocl{o‒

xgcl{v}glhlbs !thb/ Lvfikn{ >77<" V/ >=6'/ Lgol Vs|cgl tio Vfajgcs*X|bddlo ulghs

klgv}glbvxlgvl" xgl vgfa cl|svfal @gocl{ gj An|}svfa|bnbsl{ klg lgol{ Kld{nh|oh n|Ùl{ Vsnocl

vlalo" vgfa Nd{g`n nbv jicl{olo @iosgolos ti{u|vslbblo" cglv vihn{ nhh{lvvgt nkblaolo |oc

vsnssclvvlo u| cldgugsi{glosgl{slo Klvfa{lgk|ohlo h{lgdlo !thb/ Oc|`n*Nhx|)Ai{ovfalgcs ;=>="

V/ <=3'/

Cn{n|v bãvvs vgfa dibhl{o" cnvv cgl Losagvsi{gvgl{|oh cl{ U|vnjjloaãohl uxgvfalo

@ibiognbjãfaslo |oc Nd{g`n vixlgs h{lgds" cnvv c|{fa cl{lo ìovl~|losl N|vbnvv|oh n|d

V}loclo}bn`nslo o|{ jla{ lgo ‟Vfaxn{ul vgoc n{j" xlgb vgl Vfaxn{u vgoc‒ òk{gh kblgks !@glvlb)

Klocgq ;==7" V/ 373) thb/ Al{sblgo ;=>=" V/ 4;'/

;/6 @ibiognbl Cgv`|{vl n|d V}loclo}bn`nslo

H{|ocvãsubgfa bnvvlo vgfa cgl Cn{vslbb|ohvdi{jlo tio Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo n|d

V}loclo}bn`nslo |osl{ uxlg h{iÙlo @nslhi{glo u|vnjjlodnvvlo5 >/' Cldgugsi{glosgl{|oh |oc ;/'

Tl{xla{|oh lgolv V|kel`svsns|v !thb/ Xngongon ;==<) @glvlb)Klocgq ;==7" V/ 316dd/) ]agbg}}

;=>>" V/ ;>dd'/

Cn{òkl{ agon|v klvslas cl{ Lgoc{|f`" cnv Nd{g`n ogfas o|{ lgo @iosgolos viocl{o lgo lgoughlv

Bnoc vlg" cnv uxn{ òkl{ tl{vfaglclol @|bs|{lo |oc ‟Cgnbl`sl‒ tl{dòhl" elcifa gj H{iÙlo |oc

Hnoulo lgol aijihlol Jnvvl klvfa{lgkl/ Blqg`nbgvfal Lgos{ãhl gj C|clo vgoc cglvkluòhbgfa

`lgol N|vonajl" lklovi xlogh bgsl{n{gvfal N|dn{klgs|ohlo XlgÙl{ N|si{Ygoolo !thb/ Hi|chl

;==6" V/ >;3) Xngongon ;==<) @|{gn ;=>=" V/ ;6=d/) Oc|`n*Nhx|) Ai{ovfalgcs ;=>=" V/ <=<'/

Cldgugsl

Clv Xlgsl{lo losvslas go cl{ Kls{nfas|oh tio V}loclo}bn`nslo cnv Hldòab" cnvv N|vkgbc|oh"

vsãcsgvfal{ [n|j" Goc|vs{gl" Hlv|ocalgsvvwvsljl |vx/ go `lgolj lgoughlo Bnoc Nd{g`nv

ti{anoclo vlglo/ Go @glvlb |oc Klocgq \osl{v|fa|oh `nj |osl{ ;== ]bn`nslo klgv}glbvxlgvl o|{lgo lgoughlv ti{" xlbfalv vsãcsgvfalv \jdlbc ulghs !@glvlb) Klocgq ;==7" V/ 314'/ Vsnssclvvlo



4

klal{{vfalo @iovs{|`sgiolo tio Agbdbivgh`lgs" N{j|s" @{noàlgs" \osl{losxgf`b|oh" Jnohlb no

Kgbc|oh cgl Gbb|vs{nsgiolo !thb/ Lvfikn{ >77<" V/ ><<d/) Hi|chl ;==6" V/ >46) Oc|`n*Nhx|)

Ai{ovfalgcs ;=>=" V/ <=<'/ ]l{viogdgugl{s xl{clo cglvl Saljlo ti{ nbblj c|{fa cgl Disih{ndglo

tio @gocl{o |oc blgcloclo D{n|lo !thb/ Oc|`n*Nhx|)Ai{ovfalgcs ;=>=" V/ <=>'/

‟Cgl Jnohlbkgbcl{ vgoc lgol [l@iovs{|`sgio lgolv cl{ Kgbcl{" jgs clolo vfaio xãa{loc cl{

@ibiognbulgs cgl ‟jgvvgio fgtgbgvns{gfl‒" nbvi cgl Ugtgbgvgl{|ohvjgvvgio" tio clo l|{i}ãgvfalo

Jãfaslo jgs @ibiognbnjkgsgiolo hl{lfasdl{sghs x|{cl/ Vgl ghoi{gl{lo n|fa al|sl xlgsl{ago cgl

L{dibhl |oc Blgvs|ohlo cl{ vi govulogl{slo n|Ùl{l|i}ãgvfalo Kltôb`l{|ohlo" goclj

|ogtl{vnbgvgl{sl Cldgugsl !n|v xlvsbgfal{ Vgfas' klsios xl{clo" |oc cgl l|{i}ãgvfal Tl{nosxi{s|oh

dò{ hlon| cglvl òkl{clf`s |oc al{|osl{hlv}glbs xg{c ‒!Oc|`n*Nhx|) Ai{ovfalgcs ;=>=" V/377d/)

thb/ Jivknfa ;==<" V/ 63>'

Fno sal v|knbsl{o v}ln`96

Jgs cl{ cldgugsã{lo Cn{vslbb|oh Nd{g`nv |oc Vfaxn{ul{ Jlovfalo hlas cgl Tl{xlghl{|oh cl{lo

V|kel`svsns|v lgoal{/ Cglv ulghs vgfa klgv}glbvxlgvl cn{go" cnvv cgl nkhlkgbclslo ]l{violo jlgvs

}nvvgt icl{ o|{ klh{lous n`sgt3 cn{hlvslbbs xl{clo" vlbslo nbv Gocgtgc|lo klanoclbs |oc oifa

vlbslol{ jgs lgol{ lghlolo Vslbb|ohonajl cnv Xi{s l{anbslo/ Vfaxn{ul Jlovfalo |oc ]li}bl id

Fibi|{ vgoc ogljnbv Albdl{Ygoolo n|d V}loclo}bn`nslo/ Vsnssclvvlo vfalgolo vãjsbgfal hlulghsl

N`sgtgsãslo o|{ jôhbgfa" xlgb Xiabsãsl{Ygoolo cglvl l{jôhbgfas anklo !thb/ @glvlb)Klocgq ;==7"V/ 318'/ Cnc|{fa losvslas cl{ Lgoc{|f`" nbv xò{clo

‟Vfaxn{ul Jlovfalo |oc ]li}bl id Fibi|{ ogfas cgl Dãagh`lgs klvgsulo" ga{ Blklo vlbkvs go cgl

Anoc u| olajlo‒ ! lkc/) thb/ Xngongon ;==<'/

Jgs cl{ cn{hlvslbbslo \odãagh`lgs vgfa vlbkvs u| albdlo" hlas cgl Onjlobivgh`lgs cl{ nkhlkgbclslo

]l{violo lgoal{/ Xãa{loc Vbihnov cl{ O[Iv cgl V}locl{Ygoolo l{j|sghlo" n`sgt u| xl{clo"

|oc }{ijgolosl xlgÙl ]nslo)]nsgoolo Vsnsljlosv u| ga{l{ Agbdvsãsgh`lgs nkhlklo" kblgklo cgl

‟n{jlo a|oh{ghlo @gocl{‒ jlgvs onjlobiv |oc iaol oãal{l Klvfa{lgk|oh/ Kisvfandslo xgl

‟Vfalo`lo Vgl U|`|ods‒ {lc|ugl{lo cnklg cnv Blklo cl{ nkhlkgbclslo Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo n|d

lgol ‟|ougtgbgvgl{sl‒ Tl{hnohloalgs" xãa{loc XlgÙlv Blklo agohlhlo cgl Hlhloxn{s |oc

Òkl{blhloalgs go cglvl{ Bihg` klcl|sls !thb/ @glvlb)Klocgq ;==7" V/ 317'/

6Hnwns{g V}gtn` onfa Cglsul" Hnkw ;==<

3

Xg{c N`sgtgsãs cn{hlvslbbs" vi klvfa{ão`s vgfa cglvl vla{ aã|dgh n|d vsl{lisw}l Sãsgh`lgslo xgl Xnvvl{ aiblo"ìfalo icl{ n|d clj Dlbc n{klgslo/ @glvlb |oc Klocgq kloloolo cglv jgs ‟klh{lous n`sgt‒" cn Vfaxn{ul Jlovfalo

|oc ]li}bl id Fibi|{ ogljnbv nbv Albdl{Ygoolo cn{hlvslbbs xl{clo !thb/ @glvlb)Klocgq ;=7" V/ 318'/



8

Cnv Nkv}{lfalo lgol{ lghlolo Vfaxn{ulo ]l{v}l`sgtl v}glhlbs vgfa elcifa ogfas o|{ n|d

V}loclo}bn`nslo" viocl{o n|fa go elcxlclo nocl{lo Di{jlo clv ‟Kl{gfasvxlvlov‒/ Vi vgoc

]li}bl id Fibi|{ ti{ nbblj elol" òkl{ cgl kl{gfasls xg{c" xlgb vgl vgfa klgv}glbvxlgvl ‟klviocl{v

h|s‒ goslh{gl{s anklo/ Vgl vgoc nkl{ vlbslo elol" cgl vlbkvs cnv Xi{s l{h{lgdlo !cò{dlo'/

Nd{g`nogvfal Bgsl{ns|{ gvs go L|{i}n lklovi vfaxl{ |oc vlbslo l{aãbsbgfa xgl xgvvlovfandsbgfal

]|kbg`nsgiolo n|v Nd{g`n/ Cgl noanbslocl Cgv`|vvgio cn{òkl{" xlbfal Vsnocn{cv lgo

xgvvlovfandsbgfal{ Slqs l{dòbblo j|vv" dãbbs lklovi go clo alhljiognblo Agl{n{faglcgv`|{v xgl

cgl Clknssl òkl{ Losxgf`b|ohv}ibgsg`/ XlgÙl Vsnocn{cv xl{clo go nbblo Kl{lgfalo lgohldi{cl{s"

xijgs vgfa cgl kl{lgsv l{xãaosl ‟Ugtgbgvgl{|ohvjgvvgio‒ lklodnbbv n|d Lklol cl{ Slqs}{ic|`sgio

di{svfa{lgks !thb/ @gbijkn ;==<" V/ ;;) @gbijkn ;==<" V/ 1=dd/) Oonljl`n ;==<" V/ 73'/

XlgÙl Jlovfalo n|d V}loclo}bn`nslo vgoc gj Hlhlovnsu u| clo nkhlkgbclslo Vfaxn{uloJlovfalo jlgvs n|vhlxãabsl ]{ijgolosl/ Vgl k{gohlo lgol lghlol Hlvfagfasl jgs" jòvvlo

n|dh{|oc ga{lv Kl`noosalgsvh{nclv ids ogfas lgojnb jla{ jgs Onjlo hlonoos xl{clo ‖ ga{

hlvlbbvfandsbgfal{ Vsns|v v}{gfas dò{ ga{l Lq}l{sgvl/ Cnc|{fa xl{clo vgl gj}bgugs u| Anoclboclo"

cl{lo Gclosgsãs nbv aôal{xl{sgh ìovs{|gl{s xg{c/ Vgl vgoc cgleloghlo jgs cl{ Dãagh`lgs"

V}locl{Ygoolo u| jikgbgvgl{lo kux/ vlbkvs u| albdlo/ Go elclj Dnbb gvs ga{l ]ivgsgio gjjl{ cgl"

cl{ n`sgtlo Albdl{Ygoolo" cgl dò{ lgol O[I v}{lfalo icl{ òkl{ nkhlkgbclsl Vfaxn{ulo

Jlovfalo/ Nkl{ ogljnbv jgs gaolo go Cgnbih s{lslo/ XlgÙl Albdl{Ygoolo xl{clo nbvi ti{ nbblju| vibfalo" cn vgl Vfaxn{ulo I}dl{o hlhloòkl{vslalo/ Cl{ ‟Xagsl Vntgi{ Fij}blq‒ ìjjs

agl{ u|vãsubgfa nbv ìbiognblv Jisgt u|j S{nhlo !thb/ @glvlb)Klocgq ;==7" V/ 37=d/) @goh ;=>;)

Fibl ;=>;'/

6/ Xal{l antl nbb sal jlo hiol9

Klg cl{ Kls{nfas|oh tio V}loclo}bn`nslo c{ãohs vgfa |osl{ nocl{lj cgl D{nhl n|d" xn{|j `lgol

Vfaxn{ulo Jãool{ nkhlkgbcls xl{clo/ Xãa{loc vgfa Jãool{ |oc D{n|lo n|d Vlgslo cl{ XlgÙlo

Albdl{Ygoolo cgl Xnnhl anbslo" cijgogl{lo D{n|lo |oc @gocl{ ‖ go vlbslolo Dãbblo n|fa nbsl

Jlovfalo ‖ cnv Kgbc Nd{g`nv !thb/ Ngcii >771" V/ 67) Oc|`n*Nhx|)Ai{ovfalgcs ;=>=" V/ <=>'/

Cnu| hgks lv tl{vfaglclol Òkl{blh|ohlo/ L{vslov5 gj ìbiognblo Cgv`|{v gvs cgl Cn{vslbb|oh tio

godnosgbgvgl{slo Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo go `n{g`gl{sl{ Di{j lgol hãohghl ]{nqgv !cgl vgfa gj

Òk{ghlo ti{ nbblj n|d Jãool{ kluglas'/ Govidl{o gvs cl{ aã|dghl [òf`h{gdd n|d Kgbcjnsl{gnb jgs

@gocl{o lgol bihgvfal @iovl~|lou/ Lgo Vbihno xgl ‟Vfagf`lo Vgl U|`|ods‒ tl{ci}}lbs cglvl

Kisvfands go cl{ @ijkgonsgio jgs nkhlkgbclslo @gocl{o vihn{ !thb/ N{ocs ;==4" V/ ><'/



1

Lgol uxlgsl ìbiognbl Nkkgbc|ohv}{nqgv gvs cgl vlq|nbgvgl{sl |oc lsaogvgl{sl Cn{vslbb|oh tio

Vfaxn{ulo D{n|lo !thb/ lkc/) K{noclv ;==7" V/ ;;='/ N|d ìbiognblo ]ivs`n{slo x|{clo D{n|lo

ids o|{ slgbxlgvl kl`blgcls nkhlkgbcls" xãa{loc go clo Algjnsbãocl{o cl{ @ibiognbjãfasl lgol

cl{n{sghl Cn{vslbb|oh cl{ XlgÙlo D{n| |oclo`kn{ hlxlvlo xã{l/ Hblgfaulgsgh o|sul jno ga{l

Nkkgbc|oh idsjnbv gj [najlo lgol{ l{xlgsl{slo Klvfa{lgk|oh lgol{ Lsaogl go kgbcandsl{ Di{j/

Clo jãoobgfalo Tl{s{lsl{o x|{cl !|oc xg{c n|fa oifa al|sl' cljhlhloòkl{ lgol klviocl{l

[ibbl nbv ‟vsibul‒ Jnvvng |oc ‟U|b|*@ãj}dl{‒ u|hlvfa{glklo" cgl jgs cl{ lqisgvfalo Dnosnvgl

clv ‟lcblo Xgbclo‒ lgoal{hlas/ Vi kblgks cgl Vfaxn{ul D{n| go elclj Dnbb cnv Ikel`s0 cl{

Vfaxn{ul Jnoo agohlhlo `noo hlhloòkl{ cl{ Vfaxn{ulo D{n| lgolo V|kel`svsns|v lgoolajlo/

No cglvl{ Vslbbl tl{jlohlo vgfa }ns{gnfanb vlqgvsgvfal |oc l|{iulos{gvsgvfa lsaoih{n}agvfal

Cgv`|{vl !thb/ Aii`v >773" V/ 1;) Jivknfa ;==<" V/ 661) Oonljl`n ;==<" V/ 78dd/)Vfaifa

;==<" V/ 6>3) K{noclv ;=>=" V/ ;=>'/

Cgl !}ivs*'ìbiognbl ]anosnvgl clv ‟lcblo Xgbclo‒" cl{ uxn{ `lgo ‟{gfasghlv‒ V|kel`s" elcifa

u|jgoclvs lgolo Jijlos cl{ l|{i}ãgvfalo }ivsìbiognblo Vlaov|fas onfa ‟Nocl{vn{sgh`lgs‒

tl{`ô{}l{s" bãvvs vgfa vijgs tio cl{ xlgkbgfa ìooisgl{slo I}dl{*[ibbl òkl{vfa{lgklo" xgl vgl n|d

V}loclo}bn`nslo u| dgoclo gvs/ \onkaãohgh cntio tl{bgl{s cl{ ‟lcbl Xgbcl‒ cglvl U|vfa{lgk|oh"

viknbc l{ cnv l|{i}ãgvfal Dlvsbnoc kls{gss/ Vsnssclvvlo sn|falo ol|l U|vfa{lgk|ohlo cgl lgol

Knock{lgsl tio @iooisnsgiolo u|bnvvlo ‖ tio jgocl{xl{sgh kgv hldãa{bgfa/ Vibnohl vgfa cl{Vfaxn{ul Jnoo elcifa n|d ‟vlgolj‒ ‟c|o`lbo @iosgolos‒ kldgocls ‖ vi vfalgos lv ‖ kblgks cgl

]anosnvgl tio cl{ ‟|{v}{òohbgfalo |oc n{fangvfalo‒ Jãoobgfa`lgs |onohlsnvsls0 |oc lklovi cnv

Tl{aãbsogv uxgvfalo clo Hlvfablfasl{o !thb/ Aichvio >777) N{ocs ;==4" V/ ><) Hl{vsol{ ;==8"

V/ 4d'/

Lgo xlgsl{l{ H{|oc dò{ cgl Nkxlvloalgs clv Vfaxn{ulo Jnoolv n|d V}loclo}bn`nslo òò}ds no

cnv Vsl{lisw} clv vlq|lbb òkl{blhlolo |oc hlxnbssãsghlo Vfaxn{ulo/ Cgl Tl{`ô{}l{|oh cglvlv

N{falsw}v n|d lgolj V}loclo}bn`ns nbv I}dl{ cn{u|vslbblo" ti{ clj !XlgÙl{' jno!o' hljlgoago

dò{fasls vlq|lbb |osl{blhlo u| vlgo" xò{cl jgs cl{ @iovs{|`sgio clv Vfaxn{ulo Jnoolv nbv

alhljiognb \osl{blhlolo |oc hblgfal{jnÙlo nbv ‟lcblo Xgbclo‒ Klx|ocl{slo k{lfalo !thb/

Oonljl`n ;==<" V/ 74) N{ocs ;==4" V/ ><'/

Lklodnbbv cgl jlcgnbl ìjj|ogugl{sl ‟]{ãvlou‒ tio Vfaxn{ulo C{ihloclnbl{o vslas cl{ XlgÙ

hloi{jslo Kisvfands cl{ Agbdvklcò{dsgh`lgs cl{ Vfaxn{ulo cgnjls{nb hlhloòkl{/ Cnv jlcgnbl

Kgbc Vfaxn{ul{ Xn{bi{cv |oc nocl{lo v`{|}lbbivlo nd{g`nogvfalo Al{{vfal{o dòhs vgfa go cglvl

]{ikbljvslbb|oh onasbiv lgo/ Vijgs kblgks o|{ cgl }nvvgtl Vfaxn{ul D{n|" cgl lhnb ik nbv



7

Vlq|nbikel`s icl{ cgl ]l{viogdgugl{|oh tio N{j|s xlfavlbxlgvl ‟iaol ]{ikbljl‒ dò{ vãjsbgfal

Kgbc}{ic|`sgiolo tl{xlocls xl{clo `noo" cn clj Vsl{lisw} D{n| cglvl U|vfa{lgk|oh iaolago

vfaio goolxiaolo/ Go nocl{lo @ioslqslo gvs cgl Vfaxn{ul D{n| n|v l|{iulos{gvsgvfal{

]l{v}l`sgtl iddlovgfasbgfa ogfas ti{vslbbkn{/ Hlon|vi xlogh xgl cl{ Vfaxn{ul Jnoo" cl{ o|{ nbv

@goc ‟|olclb‒ |oc |ovfa|bcgh‒ clj XlgÙlo Jnoo nbv I}dl{ hlhloòkl{s{lslo `noo !thb/

Oonljl`n ;==<" V/ 78dd/) Oc|`n*Nhx|) Ai{ovfalgcs ;=>=" V/ <=>'/

C|{fa cglvl nvwjjls{gvfal Kgbcn|vxnab xg{c }l{di{jnsgt lgol }ns{gn{fanbl [ibblon|dslgb|oh

tij n`sgtlo !`{glhl{gvfalo' Jnoo |oc cl{ }nvvgtlo !I}dl{*' D{n| di{shlvfa{glklo" nbv n|fa cnv

alhljiognbl Vlbkvstl{vsãocogv jgs clj cl{ Xlvslo ‟Al{{‒ òkl{ cnv ‟vfaxnfal‒ Nd{g`n xl{clo

j|vv" |j cglvlv u| {lsslo !thb/ Fibl ;=>;) @goh ;=>;'/

3/ Kbgf`{gfas|ohlo n`s|lbbl{ Agbdv`nj}nholo

3/> Jlgol blks go K|{|ocg

Cgl Fn{gsnv vslbbs go Ôvsl{{lgfa lgol cl{ h{ôÙslo Agbdvi{hnogvnsgiolo cn{" vgl vgfa go tglblo

tl{vfaglclolo Kl{lgfalo lohnhgl{s/ Vgl vlsus vgfa dò{ viugnb Vfaxnfal go Ôvsl{{lgfa hlon|vi lgo"

xgl dò{ Jlovfalo n|v laljnbghlo @{glhvhlkglslo go Ivsl|{i}n" nbv n|fa dò{ unab{lgfal ]{iel`sl

go Òkl{vll/ Vlgs ;=>= dòa{s cgl Fn{gsnv di{sbn|dloc cgl N`sgio ‟Vfalo`lo jgs Vgoo‒ c|{fa/ \osl{nocl{lj `ôoolo Algu`ô{}l{ |oc Vfa|bvnfalo dò{ Jlovfalo go Ôvsl{{lgfa nkl{ n|fa Vnnsh|s"

Lvlb" Uglhlo |oc Vfa|ben|vlo dò{ Jlovfalo n|v Nd{g`n gj Vgool tio Hlvfalo`h|svfalgolo

‟tl{vfalo`s‒ xl{clo/ Nbv Cno`lvfaôo vgoc cnu| H{nsgv*S*Vag{sv jgs V}{òfalo l{aãbsbgfa/

Gosl{lvvnos vfalgos cnklg" cnvv dò{ nbbl V}loclo lgo {islv H{nsgv*S*Vag{s jgs clj Xi{s Bglkl go

tl{vfaglclolo V}{nfalo ti{hlvlalo gvs" kgv n|d cgl Algu`ô{}l{* |oc cgl Uglhlo*N`sgio/ Dò{

V}locl{Ygoolo tio Alguìvslokls{ãhlo hgks lv lgo h{n|lv Vag{s jgs kbn|lj Algu`ô{}l{ |oc cl{

Òkl{vfa{gds ‟Xã{jlv}locl{‒/ V}locl{Ygoolo tio Uglhlo l{anbslo lgo xlgÙlv Vag{s jgs lgol{`blgolo vfaljnsgvfalo Uglhl |oc cl{ N|dvfa{gds ‟Jlgol blks go K|{|ocg‒/ N|dh{|oc cl{

Lgohãohgh`lgs cglvlv V}{|fav" x|{cl cgl Uglhl u|j ‟@nvvlovfabnhl{‒ cl{ N`sgio/ !N|fa jg{

}l{vôobgfa x|{cl lgol Uglhl go K|{|ocg hlvfalo`s/ Jlgol J|ssl{ v}locgl{sl lgolo Lvlb/'

Klxl{k|oh go Xi{s |oc Kgbc

U|{ Klxl{k|oh xl{clo gjjl{ xglcl{ ]bn`nsl tl{xlocls ‖ jgs |osl{vfaglcbgfalo

Vfaxl{}|o`slo/ N`s|lbb vslalo xglcl{ cgl Algu`ô{}l{ gj Ti{cl{h{|oc/ U|vãsubgfa dgocls cgl

Klxl{k|oh vsn{` òkl{ J|oc}{i}nhnocn |oc vifgnb jlcgn vsnss/ \osl{ cl{ [|k{g` V}loclo dgocls



>=

vgfa n|d cl{ iddguglbblo Aijl}nhl cl{ Fn{gsnv cgl [|k{g` ‟V}loclo jgs Vgoo‒ |osl{ cl{ |osl{

nocl{lj n|fa cgl hlonoosl Uglhl n|dhlbgvsls xg{c/

Nkk/ > Nkk/ ;

Nkk/ 6 Nkk/ 3

Cl{ Klhblgsslqs u|{ Uglhl l{uãabs tio Dnjgbgl [|ì !Nkk/ 6' " cgl elsus xglcl{ ‟n|dnsjlo‒ `noo"

xlgb c|{fa clo Tl{`n|d tio e|ohlo Uglhlo xglcl{ Hlbc gj An|v dò{ N{usklv|fal |oc

Vfa|bjnsl{gnbglo vlg/ N|Ùl{clj xò{clo cgl ]dbnoulo c|{fa clo Uglhlojgvs klvvl{ hlclgalo/ Cl{

H{|oc dò{ cgl Klcò{dsgh`lgs xg{c jgs clj Kò{hl{`{glh go K|{|ocg l{`bã{s/ \osl{ cl{ Òkl{vfa{gds

‟[gfasghl Sgl{anbs|oh‒ xg{c u|vãsubgfa cn{n|d tl{xglvlo" cnvv cgl Jlovfalo go K|{|ocg jlgvs

tio lgolj `blgolo Vsòf` Bnoc blkslo" |oc clj xnv vgl n|d clj Jn{`s tl{`n|dlo xò{clo/ Cnjgs

vgl o|o tio Ol|lj !onfa ga{l{ [òf``la{ tio cl{ Db|fas ti{ clj Kò{hl{`{glh' nodnohlo

`ôooslo" xò{clo vgl tio cl{ Fn{gsnv ‟n|fa Vfa|b|ohlo go {gfasghl{ Sgl{anbs|oh vixgl lgol

jlcgugogvfal Tl{vi{h|oh dò{ ga{l Sgl{l l{anbslo/‒< Ãaobgfa hlvsnbsls gvs cl{ Slqs u|{ {lh|bã{lo

]{iel`sklvfa{lgk|oh n|d cl{ Xlkvlgsl cl{ Fn{gsnv go cl{ [|k{g` ]{iel`svfaxl{}|o`sl/ ‟Onfa

<ass}5))vai}/fn{gsnv/ns)goclq/}a}9gc:>$}gc:6;



>>

clj Kò{hl{`{glh vslalo òkl{ lgol Jgbbgio Jlovfalo ti{ clj Ogfasv/ Cgl Fn{gsnv agbds jgs

Uglhlo" Vfa|b|ohlo dò{ cgl {gfasghl Sgl{anbs|oh" D|ssl{jgsslb" Vsnbb|ohlo/‒4

Xg{`|oh

Xãa{loc cgl hlulghslo Kgbcl{ Vfaxn{ul{ Jlovfalo dò{ nocl{l ‟Hlvfalo`l jgs Vgoo‒ !Nkk/ >|oc ;5 Vnnsh|s" Uglhlbvslgol" Oãajnvfagol" Vfa|ben|vl' u|jgoclvs oifa go cgl @nslhi{gl

klh{lous n`sgt dnbblo" tl{c{ãohlo Lvlb |oc Uglhl clo V|kel`svsns|v cl{ kls{iddlolo Jlovfalo

ìj}blss/ Cnv An|}skgbcjnsl{gnb u|j hlonooslo ]{iel`s xg{c tio lgol{ Uglhloal{cl cijgogl{s/

Xl{ lgol Uglhl vfalo`s" l{aãbs lgol H{|Ù`n{sl lklodnbbv jgs Uglhlokgbc/ N|d cl{ klghlblhslo

‟Hlvfalo`v*\{`|ocl‒ dgocls vgfa vfabglÙbgfa lgo bnfaloclv @goc ‖ lqisgvgl{s * go s{ncgsgiolbbl{

S{nfas |jhlklo tio lgol{ Al{cl Uglhlo/ Cgl klonoosl Dnjgbgl [|ì xg{c xlcl{ nkhlkgbcls"

viocl{o d|ohgl{s o|{ nbv Vwoiowj/ Ga{l ]{ikbljl clf`lo cgl ‟òkbgfalo‒ Cldgugsl nk !@{noàlgs"Kgbc|oh' |oc `ôoolo nbblgo jgs lgol{ Uglhl c|{fa xlvsbgfal V}locl{Ygoolo hlbôvs xl{clo/ Cgl

Agosl{h{òocl clv Kò{hl{`{glhv" cgl Dbòfasbgohvvs{ôjl |oc cgl òk{ghlo 8 Jgbbgiolo

Lgoxiaol{Ygoolo K|{|ocgv8 xl{clo ogfas xlgsl{ saljnsgvgl{s/ N|d Vlgslo cl{ Vfalo`loclo kblgks

lgol [lgal tio jnsl{glbblo Hiicglv5 lgol H{|Ù`n{sl jgs Uglhlokgbc" lgol \{`|ocl |oc lgo

H{nsgv*S*Vag{s1!Nkk/ 3' jgs ‟fiiblj‒ V}{|fa" vixgl cgl Lq}l{sgvl" xgl Uglhlo {gfasgh hlanbslo

xl{clo/ Cgl Agl{n{faglo kblgklo klg cglvl{

V}loclo`nj}nholo `bn{ tl{slgbs5 Xgvvlo" @n}gsnb |ocJnsl{gnb n|d Vlgsl cl{ XlgÙlo * Ogfas*Kgbc|oh"

Agbdvklcò{dsgh`lgs" V}{nfabivgh`lgs vihn{ L{vlsukn{`lgs c|{fa

Sgl{l n|d Vlgslo cl{ Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo" cgl gj Nkvfab|vv*

Hlvfalo`vdisi lgol u|vãsubgfal Lqisgvgl{|oh !Nkk/ </' |oc

cnjgs Xglcl{al{vslbb|oh lgolv xlgsl{lo ìbiognblo Cgv`|{vlv l{dna{lo/ Cgl Kisvfands n|d cl{

Fn{gsnv*Aijl}nhl" cnvv vgfa ‟|ovl{lgov‒ ogfasv u| vfalo`lo k{n|fas" cn xg{ iaolago vfaio nbblv

klvgsulo" |oc klvvl{ go cgl U|`|ods nocl{l{ gotlvsgl{lo" aãbs cgl Jnfas*Nvwjjls{gl n|d{lfas/

Cglvl Xg{`|oh xg{c jgs clj @ijjlosn{ lgol{ V}locl{go n|d cl{ Dnflkii`*Vlgsl cl{ Fn{gsnv

vihn{ òkl{cl|sbgfa !Nkk/4'5

4ass}5))xxx/fn{gsnv/ns)n|vbnocvagbdl)}{iel`svfaxl{}|o`sl)a|ohl{xnvvl{)uglhlo*d|l{*k|{|ocg)

8

Bs/ ass}5))k|{|ocg*si|{gvj|v/cl)godi{jnsgiolo) ans K|{|ocg 1"> Jgbbgiolo Lgoxiaol{Ygoolo" bs/ Fn{gsnv vslas lgolJgbbgio cntio ti{ clj Ogfasv/1

Cgl S*Vag{sv xl{clo go Vfaxlclo tio lgol{ nocl{lo O[I }{ic|ugl{s/ ‖ xxx/ol|s{nb/fij

Nkk/ <

http://burundi-tourismus.de/informationen/






>;

Nkk/ 4

Cnv XlgÙl ]{gtgblh" snsvãfabgfa cgl Jgsslb u|{ Tl{dòh|oh u| anklo uxgvfalo klgclo @iosgoloslo

ago* |oc al{ u| {lgvlo |oc cgl ìj}blssl N|vkbloc|oh cl{ Lgoxiaol{Ygoolo K|{|ocgv c|{fa cgl

di{fgl{sl Cl}bnsugl{|oh jgsslbv lgol{ Uglhl xg{c agl{ go lgolj `|{ulo Vsnsljlos iddlovgfasbgfa/

Lklovi ulghs vgfa cgl N|v`bnjjl{|oh |oc cl{ ogfas ti{anoclol V|kel`svsns|v cl{l{" clolo

hlaibdlo xl{clo vibb/ XlgÙl klvsãsghlo vgfa hlhloòkl{ XlgÙlo kluòhbgfa ga{l{ Xiabsãsgh`lgs|oc blhlo clo Klvgsunov}{|fa `bn{ !‟jlgol Uglhl‒'/ C|{fa cgl hlonooslo Hiicglv xg{c cl{

Lgoc{|f` clv Klvgsulv iddlovgfasbgfa tl{vsã{`s0 vihn{ vixlgs" cnvv cgl Gclosgdg`nsgio jgs clj Sgl{

vi vsn{` gvs" cnvv cglvlv xgl lgo Jlovfa ‟klv|fas‒ xl{clo `noo/ Ogfas o|{ gj @ioslqs tio

[lgvlbgsl{ns|{ n|fa gj ‟losxgf`b|ohv}ibgsgvfalo‒ olajlo Sgl{l iddlovgfasbgfa lgolo

ìj}blql{lo Vsns|v nbv Vfaxn{ul Jlovfalo kux/ ]li}bl id Fibi|{ lgo !thb/ Xngongon ;==<)

Xngongon ;==8) Oc|`n*Nhx| ;=>=" V/ <=<'/ Cl{ S*Vag{s V}{|fa ‟Jlgol blks go K|{|ocg‒ blhs

cgl Jnfastl{aãbsogvvl |oc Klvgsunov}{òfal jla{ nbv iddlo |oc tl{dlvsghs cglvl ]l{v}l`sgtl

u|vãsubgfa c|{fa ôddlosbgfalv U|{*Vfan|*Vslbblo u|/

Gj Tl{hblgfa cnu| xg{ks cgl n`s|lbb hlbn|ofasl @nj}nhol cl{ Fn{gsnv jgs lgolj Vfaxn{ulo

ul{un|vs |oc |ohbòf`bgfa n|vvlaloclo @goc nbv Sgslbkgbc" vixgl clj Vbihno ‟[lssl jgs 8 L|{i

lgo Jlovfaloblklo go cl{ Vnalbuiol‒/ N|fa agl{ xl{clo nbbl @{gsl{glo dò{ Kgbcv}{nfal gj

ìbiognblo Vsgb l{dòbbs5 lgo Onjlobivlv @goc nbv Vslbbtl{s{lsl{Ygo Nd{g`nv" cgl kgbcbgfal

Govulogl{|oh vsgbgvgl{s Nd{g`n)cgl Vnalbuiol u| lgolj bll{lo Bnoc cl{ Lgoôcl" cgl ]l{v}l`sgtl

tio blgfas iklo xg{`s" nbv xò{clo cgl Kls{nfasl{Ygoolo cg{l`s n|d cnv @goc !clo @iosgolos'al{nkvlalo" cgl Nov}{nfal cl{ V}locl{Ygoolo jnfas cglvl u| N`sl|{Ygoolo xãa{loc cnv



>6

Jlovfaloblklo u| lgolj

l{vfaxgohbgfalo ]{ic|`s vsgbgvgl{s

xg{c/ Cgl Tl{kgoc|oh uxgvfalo

XlgÙ |oc Vfaxn{u xg{c o|{ òkl{

cgl Xiabsns al{hlvslbbs" cl{ [lvs

kblgks losagvsi{gvgl{s/ Gj Tl{hblgfa

jgs clo >< ₢ dò{ cgl Uglhl go

K|{|ocg" vfalgos cl{ al{n|vhlvslbbsl Xl{s lgolv Blklov |j 8 ₢ |jvi klulgfaolocl{/ Cgl

Dãagh`lgs u| {lsslo kblgks elclodnbbv lgol clv Xlvslov" cn cglvl Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo cglv

‟iddlovgfasbgfa ogfas `ôoolo‒/

Nkk/ 8



>3

3/; Kbgocloulgfalo*Xlssklxl{k

Lgolo ãaobgfalo @|{v tl{dibhs cgl I{hnogvnsgio ‟Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs‒ jgs cl{ @nj}nhol

‟Kbgocloulgfalo‒/ ]l{ Gosl{ols7 !Nkk/ 1' |oc jgs lgol{ h{iÙlo ]bn`ns`nj}nhol {gldlo XlgÙl

]{ijgolosl !Nkk/ 7' cnu| n|d" no lgolj Ulgfaloxlssklxl{k jgs u| jnfalo |oc cnv cl|svfal

Kbgocloulgfalo |ju|hlvsnbslo/ Òkl{ 8=== Lqlj}bn{l !Nkk/ >=' x|{clo lgohlvfagf`s" klxl{sls

|oc vfabglÙbgfa 46 cntio n|vhlxãabs |oc gj Xglol{ J|vl|j dò{ Tôb`l{`|ocl n|vhlvslbbs/ Go

lgol{ nkvfabglÙloclo Tl{ogvvnhl jgs tglblo ]{ijgoloslo x|{clo vfabglÙbgfa no cgl >= === ₢ dò{

Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs hlvnjjlbs/

Nkk/ 1 Nkk/ 7

Nkk/ >=

Nkk/>>

Klxl{k|oh go Xi{s |oc Kgbc

Cgl N`sgio ‟Kbgocloulgfalo‒ vlbkvs tl{ugfasls ìj}blss n|d cgl Cn{vslbb|oh tio Vfaxn{ulo

Jlovfalo |oc vlsus vsnssclvvlo n|d kl`noosl XlgÙl ]l{violo" cgl ga{l Slgbonajl nj

Ulgfaloxlssklxl{k vghonbgvgl{lo/ Nbbl xl{clo cnklg go lgolj @ioslqs cn{hlvslbbs" cl{ jgs ga{l{

N{klgs u| s|o anklo `ôoosl |oc xg{`lo n|d clo ]bn`nslo" nbv xã{lo vgl hl{ncl cnklg lsxnv ‟u|

7ass}5))xxx/ai{guios/ns)aijl)clsngb)c{lg*jnb*c{lg*d|l{*cgl*

xlbs/asjb9fAnva:>31kn;1dn11l7c4k43=1kff;cfcfn61>



><

s|o‒ |oc |osl{k{lfalo cglvl Anocb|oh o|{ vfaolbb |j ga{ ‟Xl{`‒ u| }{ãvlosgl{lo/ Cnc|{fa xg{c

lgol{vlgsv ga{ V|kel`svsns|v hlvsã{`s |oc hblgfaulgsgh tl{jgsslbs ‟Albdlo gvs lgodnfa |oc hlas

vfaolbb/ Lv gvs `lgo N|dxnoc/‒ Klhblgsls xl{clo cgl ]{ijgoloslo n|d clo ]bn`nslo jgs clj

Vbihno ‟Jgsulgfaolo/ N|hlobgfas vfalo`lo‒ vixgl ga{lj lghlolo Onjlo |oc clj U|vnsu

‟․dò{ kbgocl Jlovfalo go Nd{g`n/‒

Xg{`|oh

Uglb cl{ @nj}nhol gvs lv" N|djl{`vnj`lgs dò{ cnv Saljn u| l{{lhlo/ Go lgolj uxlgslo Vfa{gss

vibb lv c|{fa Tl{novsnbs|ohlo icl{ lklo c|{fa cgl l{{lgfasl N|djl{`vnj`lgs u| V}loclo

ìjjlo/ C|{fa cgl @nj}nhol vlbkvs" xg{c nbbl{cgohv v|hhl{gl{s" cnvv nbblgo cgl Slgbonajl nj

Ulgfaloxlssklxl{k lgolo Agbdvn`s cn{vslbbs !‟Jgsulgfaolo/ N|hlobgfas vfalo`lo/‒' Cgl

N|djl{`vnj`lgs dò{ cnv ‟]{ikblj‒ xg{c ‖ vixlgs ogfas tij Ulgfaloxlssklxl{k nkhlblo`s * n|d

cgl ]n|vfanbgvgl{|oh ‟go Nd{g`n vgoc Jlovfalo kbgoc‒ hlblo`s/ Dò{ cgl Tl{kgoc|oh uxgvfalo

N`sl|{Ygo |oc Agbdvklcò{dsghlo xg{c n|Ùl{clj ìjj|ogugl{s" cnvv lgolY{ ogfas lgojnb lgolo

Vsgds go cgl Anoc olajlo j|vv" hlulgfaols xl{clo `noo n|fa tg{s|lbb>= ‖ nbblv vfaolbb |oc

cgvsnougl{s/ Nd{g`n |oc cgl kbgoclo Jlovfalo kblgklo noiowjgvgl{s |oc xlgs xlh/ Xlcl{ cnv

kls{lddlocl Bnoc xg{c go cl{ @nj}nhol hlonoos" oifa xg{c lgo gocgtgc|lbblv Vfagf`vnb

klvfa{glklo/ Lv losvslas cl{ Lgoc{|f`" cnvv vgfa Bgfas |j cgl Xlbs cnoo vfaio |j clo [lvs

`òjjl{o xò{cl/ Cgl Xiabsãsl{Ygoolo*Nvwjjls{gl kblgks xglcl{|j l{anbslo |oc xg{c c|{fa

hlvlbbvfandsbgfal Ltlosv" cgl {|oc |j cgl @nj}nhol nohlvglclbs vgoc jgs clo }{ijgoloslo

Klvlsu|ohlo xlgsl{ tl{vsã{`s/ Cgl ]bnsugl{|oh cl{ Tl{ogvvnhl gov J|vl|j dò{ Tôb`l{`|ocl hgks

clo ‟Kbgoclo go Nd{g`n‒ vfabglÙbgfa clo blsuslo l|{iulos{gvsgvfa lsaoih{ndgvfalo Vfabgdd jgs clj

Novs{gfa clv ‟|ougtgbgvgl{s lxgh Tl{hnohlolo‒/ N|fa agl{ kblgklo cgl alhljiognblo [ibblo

xglcl{|j `bn{ tl{slgbs/

Klviocl{v vn{`nvsgvfa l{vfalgos u|clj cgl L{xãao|oh clv A|oclv lgol{ ]{ijgoloslo

!Òkl{vfa{gds ‟Vag{blw agbds‒' go cl{ ]{lvvljgsslgb|oh>>

u|j Dgonbl cl{ N`sgio5 ‟ ―Vag{blw agbdsn|fa‑ ‖ vi cl{ bn|oghl Sgslb clv }l{vôobgfalo Kbgocloulgfalov tio Hiicxgbb*Njknvvnci{ Fa{gv

Biaol{>;/ Cgl Vfan|v}glbl{go P․Z ans cgl c{lg vfaxn{ulo ]|o`sl u| ga{l{ 6eãa{ghlo Fng{o*

Sl{{gl{*Aòocgo |jhlvsnbsls/ P․Z Govhlvnjs `njlo >=/86> L|{i dò{ n|hlo`{no`l" kbgocl |oc

nocl{v klagocl{sl Jlovfalo go Nd{g`n u|vnjjlo.‒ ‖ Go cglvl{ @nj}nhol hlas Nd{g`n ogfas o|{

gj Vwoiowj dò{ Agbdvklcò{dsgh`lgs ìj}blss n|d |oc xg{c iaol elhbgfal Cgddl{lougl{|oh nbv

Klh{gdd tl{xlocls/ N|fa n|d cl{ nbbhljlgolo V}loclovlgsl tio Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs l{anbslo cgl

>=

ass}5))xxx/kbgocloulgfalo/ns)>>

ass}5))xxx/bgfasd|l{cglxlbs/ns)fioslos)h{nocgivlv*kbgocloulgfalo*dgonbl >;

kl`noosl ôvsl{{lgfagvfal Vfan|v}glbl{go" N|si{go |oc Jicl{nsi{go

http://www.lichtfuerdiewelt.at/content/grandioses-blindenzeichen-finale






>4

nkhlkgbclslo Vfaxn{ulo !jgs Dbglhlo klclf`slo' @gocl{ o|{ cgl Kgbc|osl{vfa{gds ‟c{lg @gocl{‒

!Nkk/ >>'" gj Hlhlovnsu u|{ gocgtgc|lbblo Klvfa{lgk|oh clv An|vsgl{lv lgol{ ]{ijgoloslo gj

[najlo cl{ ]{lvvln|vvloc|oh u|{ @nj}nhol/ Cgl vòddgvnosl Kljl{`|oh Xngongonv go lgolj

N{sg`lb òkl{ cgl XlgÙl ]l{v}l`sgtl cl{ Losxgf`b|ohv}ibgsg`" bãvvs vgfa go cglvlj U|vnjjloanoh

h|s onfatibbuglalo/

‟Gfa ankl hlbl{os" cnvv xg{ lgo Lgo*Cibbn{*nj*Snh*Tib` vgoc ‖ |oc cnv gvs vfa{lf`bgfa" vnhlo vgl"

cloo lgol @|a go En}no gvs ol|o Cibbn{ }{i Snh xl{s/ Cnv klcl|sls5 Lgol en}nogvfal @|a `ôoosl go

@logn u|{ Jgsslb`bnvvl hlaô{lo/ Lgol Lgo*Cibbn{*nj*Snh*]l{vio `noo ogfas xgvvlo" xnv h|s dò{ vgl

gvs/ Cn{n|v `noo jno vfab|vvdibhl{o5 Lgol en}nogvfal Ol|o*Cibbn{*nj*Snh*@|a `ôoosl vla{ h|s

lgol a|jnogsã{l Ogfas{lhgl{|ohvi{hnogvnsgio go @logn blgslo‒!Xngongon ;==8'/

VfabglÙbgfa kblgks cl{ Agoxlgv n|d cl{ V}loclovlgsl>6 tio Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs" cnvv nbbl V}loclovsl|l{bgfa nkvlsukn{ vgoc ‖ oifa ti{ clj lghlosbgfalo Di{j|bn{/ ‖ N|fa cglvl N|djnfa|oh ulghs

hnou cl|sbgfa" xgl ‟Losxgf`b|ohvu|vnjjlon{klgs‒ onfa xlvsbgfal{ ]l{v}l`sgtl tl{vsnoclo xg{c/

N|d cl{ Xlkvlgsl tio Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs vgoc uxn{ Godi{jnsgiolo òkl{ cgl tl{vfaglclolo

@{noàlgslo u| dgoclo" cgl u| Vlaklagocl{|ohlo dòa{lo/ Cl{lo N|ds{lslo gvs jgs awhglogvfalo

Klcgoh|ohlo>3 l{`bã{s0 xgl lv u| elolo ìjjs" kblgks nbbl{cgohv iddlo/ D{lg onfa @glvlb |oc

Klocgq !thb/ ;==7' `ôoosl gosl{}{lsgl{s xl{clo ‟Vfaxn{ul vgoc kbgoc" xlgb vgl Vfaxn{u vgoc‒/

Lgol sgldl{hlalocl [lfal{fal u| Jnsl{gnblo" go clolo jla{ Godi{jnsgio u| clo Agbdv}{iel`slo

tio Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs u| dgoclo gvs" dòa{s u| clo \osl{{gfasvjnsl{gnbglo dò{ Vfa|blo/ \j jla{

Klx|vvsvlgo dò{ cgl ]{ikbljnsg` cl{ ‟Kbgoclo go Nd{g`n‒ u| vfanddlo" xl{clo Fn{siiov

tl{xlocls" cgl lklovi ìbiognbl Kgbcs{ncgsgiolo nov Snhlvbgfas dô{cl{o/ N| lgolj cl{ Fn{siiov

òkl{ lgo @goc jgs Ul{lk{nb}n{lvl xl{clo nbbl cn{hlvslbbslo Vfaxn{ulo @gocl{ |oc Jãool{

godnosgbgvgl{s jgs {glvghlo N|hlo |oc Onvlo hlulgfaols" gj Hlhlovnsu u|{ l{xnfavlolo

Vfaxn{ulo D{n| jgs bnvugtlj Kbgf`></ Cl{ Fn{siio gvs Slgb lgol{ ‟hbiknblo Kgbc|ohv`nj}nhol‒

|oc klcglos vfabglÙbgfa jgs vlgol{ Cn{vslbb|oh tio Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo |oc ]li}bl id Fibi|{

nbbl ìbiognblo Vsl{lisw}lo" cgl kgvbnoh oifa ogfas tio cl{ @nj}nhol ‟Kbgocloulgfalo‒

nkhlclf`s x|{clo !thb/ @n}gslb ‟Xal{l antl nbb sal jlo hiol9'/ ‖ N|fa Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs bãvvs

vijgs `lgolo Uxlgdlb nj alhljiognblo Xlbskgbc/

>6

ass}5))xxx/bgfasd|l{cglxlbs/ns)fioslos)iobgol*v}loclo>3

ass}5))xxx/bgfasd|l{cglxlbs/ns)fioslos)cgl*anl|dghvslo*kbgocalgsv|{vnfalo><

ass}5))xxx/bgfasd|l{cglxlbs/ns)vgslv)cldn|bs)dgblv)fijjio)Fijgf/}cd



>8

3/; @iow ;=>; ‖ |oc cgl Noslgbonajl tio Jgbbgiolo XlgÙlo

Nj </ Jã{u ;=>; hgoh lgo Tgcli jgs clj Sgslb @IOW ;=>; cl{ |/v/*njl{g`nogvfalo O[I

‟Gotgvgkbl Fagbc{lo Gof/‒ iobgol |oc tl{k{lgslsl vgfa òkl{ vifgnb jlcgn ‖ Olsul {nvloc vfaolbb"

vicnvv lv kl{lgsv uxlg Snhl v}ãsl{ vfaio no cgl 6= Jgbbgiolo @bgf`v tl{k|falo ìoosl/ CnvTgcli vlbkvs c{las vgfa |j Eivl}a @iow" Dòa{l{ cl{ B[N go \hnocn" cl{ xlhlo Jnvvloji{c

|oc |osl{ nocl{lj xlhlo [l`{|sgl{|oh tio @gocl{vibcnslo hlv|fas xg{c/ Uglb clv Tgcliv vlg lv"

Klx|vvsvlgo u| vfaò{lo" cnjgs lsxnv hlhlo @iow |osl{oijjlo xl{clo kux/ cglvl{ agosl{

Hgssl{>4 hlk{nfas xl{clo `noo/ Kgvbnoh vfalgos cglv iddlovgfasbgfa ogfas hlb|ohlo !thb/ Ohf|`n

;=>;'/

Xagsl Vntgi{ Fij}blq

Cnv Tgcli ans lgol Bãohl tio 6= jgo |oc `noo cnal{ no cglvl{ Vslbbl ogfas xlgsl{ nonbwvgl{s

xl{clo" nbbl{cgohv olajl gfa Klu|h n|d cgl an{vfal @{gsg` tio jla{l{lo Vlgslo/ \osl{ nocl{lj

xg{c @iow ;=>; tio Ei|{onbgvsYgoolo n|v \hnocn nbv ]{i}nhnocn*Tgcli dò{ XlgÙl klvfa{glklo"

cnv lgough cl{lo ‟Xagsl Vntgi{ Goc|vs{gnb Fij}blq‒ vfaò{l !thb/ Fibl ;=>;) @goh ;=>;'/ Go

!}ivs*'ìbiognbl{ Kgbcs{ncgsgio xò{clo Vfaxn{ul agbdv* |oc {nsbivl Jlovfalo cn{hlvslbbs/ Lv xg{c

xlcl{ cn{n|d lgohlhnohlo" xlbfal }ibgsgvfalo N`sgiolo \hnocn vlbkvs vfaio go Klu|h n|d @iow

hlvlsus ans" oifa cgl @ij}blqgsãs clv Saljnv xg{c klbl|fasls/ Vsnssclvvlo xl{clo cgl

U|vlal{Ygoolo cnu| l{j|osl{s" vgfa u| lohnhgl{lo jgs vsl|l{bgfa nkvlsukn{lo V}loclo tioxloghvslov >= # |oc clo @n|d tio S*Vag{sv |oc Nfsgio @gsv !jgs Vsgf`l{o" N{jkãocl{o"

K{ivfaò{lo |vx/'/ XlgÙl V}locl{Ygoolo xl{clo l{j|osl{s vgfa nbv N`sgtgvsYgoolo u| dòablo"

xãa{loc n|d cgl ]l{violo òkl{ cgl go h{iÙlj Vsgb kl{gfasls xg{c" `lgol{blg Klu|h hloijjlo

xg{c !thb/ @goh ;=>;'/ Go lgolj Nosxi{s*Tgcli>8 n{h|jlosgl{s cgl |hnocgvfal Ei|{onbgvsgo

[ivklbb @nh|jg{l5

‟ Gd wi| n{l vaixgoh jl nv n tigflblvv" nv ai}lblvv" wi| antl oi v}nfl slbbgoh jw vsi{w" wi|

vai|bco‗s kl slbbgoh jw vsi{w‚!@goh lkc/'/

Kgbcv}{nfal cl{ Xlkvlgsl

Cgl Aijl}nhl>1 vlbkvs v}{gfas lgol lgocl|sghl V}{nfal5 Cgl N`sgio @iow ;=>; l{xlf`s c|{fa

Dn{k* |oc Bihixnab" vixgl cgl Vbihnov ‟Fitl{ sal Oghas‒ |oc ‟Klwioc dnji|v‒ cnv Hldòab

tio h{iÙlj Nfsgio`goi !Nkk/ >; |oc >6'/ Hnou nkhlvlalo cntio" cnvv vfaxn{u |oc {is

òkbgfal{xlgvl nbv Dn{kvwjkibg`lo dò{ Nd{g`nbgsl{ns|{ tl{xlocls xl{clo !thb/ Xiic ;===)

>4

ass}5))gotgvgkblfagbc{lovsi{l/jwvai}gdw/fij)}nhlv)nki|s*|v>8

ass}5))xxx/wi|s|kl/fij)xnsfa9dlns|{l:}bnwl{Yljklcclc$t:@BTW<eKoC*L>1

ass}5))xxx/gotgvgkblfagbc{lo/fij)



>1

Xngongon ;==<'/ \j no cl{ N`sgio slgbu|anklo" gvs clj Vai} tio Gotgvgkbl Fagbc{lo vihn{ lgol

lghlol Xlkvlgsl>7 hlxgcjls n|d clj vgfa lgol ‟gosl{lvvnosl‒ N|vxnab tio N{sg`lbo dgocls5

Nkk/ >; Nkk/ >6

Nkk/ >3 Nkk/><

Gotgvgkbl Fagbc{lo dòa{s uxlg @nslhi{glo go vlgolj Iobgol*Vai}5 ‟S*Vag{sv‒ |oc ‟Jncl go

Nd{gfn‒/ N|d cl{ nbbhljlgolo Vlgsl bnvvlo vgfa u|vãsubgfa cnv Nfsgio @gs |oc lgo ‟@iow

N{jknoc‒ klvslbblo/ Cnv Clvgho cl{ Vag{sv tn{ggl{s tio cl{ [lc|`sgio n|d lgo vswbgvfalv

@nj}nholo*C{lglf`" cnv ogfas uxgohloc jgs @iow ;=>; go Tl{kgoc|oh hlk{nfas xl{clo j|vv"

òkl{ clo Vfa{gdsu|vnsu ;=>;" cl{ klg ogfas godi{jgl{slo ]l{violo hlon|vi h|s n|d lgol @ioul{s*

Si|{ agoxlgvlo `ôoosl" vixgl cgl Tl{xl{s|oh cl{ }ibgsgvfalo Jnvìssfalo !Lbldnos |oc Lvlb'cl{ \/V/*H{iÙ}n{slglo" xijgs vfabglÙbgfa cgl ìj}blssl Lgotl{onajl clv ]{ikbljv tio XlgÙl{

Vlgsl !Vbihno ‟Iol sagoh xl fno nbb nh{ll io‒' }{i}nhgl{s xg{c/ Cgl S*Vag{s*S{ãhl{Ygoolo vgoc

u|clj nbbl XlgÙ/ Gj Hlhlovnsu cnu| xl{clo cgl N{jkãocl{ Vfaxn{ulo Jlovfalo u|hli{cols0

vixiab c|{fa cgl [|k{g` ‟Jncl go Nd{gfn‒ nbv n|fa c|{fa cgl Vfaxn{ul nkhlkgbclsl Anoc/ Cnv

Clvgho dò{ cgl N{jkãocl{ klcglos vgfa lgol{ Jgvfa|oh n|v Fnji|dbnhl*I}sg`" Tgosnhl*Bii`

|oc sw}gvfalo D{glclov{alsi{g` ![lhlokihlo" ‟//sans fijlv d|bb fg{fbl‒'/ Go V|jjl losvslas

cnc|{fa lgo lqisgvfal{ Lgoc{|f`" cl{ c|{fa cgl Snsvnfal" cnvv lv vgfa klg lgolj N{jknoc |j>7

ass}5))gotgvgkblfagbc{lovsi{l/jwvai}gdw/fij)



>7

Vfaj|f` anoclbs |oc cnjgs lgol lsaoih{ndgvfal Tl{kgoc|oh hluihlo xl{clo `ôoosl" tl{dlvsghs/

\VN |oc \h|ocn xl{clo i}sgvfa `bn{ tiolgonocl{ hls{loos tgv|nbgvgl{s5 @bn{lv Clvgho kux/

Gclosgdg`nsgio jgs sw}gvfalo \/V/*Vwjkiblo tv/ Lsaoi*Vfaj|f`/

Vfaxn{ul Jlovfalo sn|falo klg cglvlo ]{ic|`slo u|clj o|{ nbv Anoc" nbv `blgol Vfaxn{ul

Dgh|{lo gj Agosl{h{|oc icl{ nbv Hlvgfas n|d clo klghlblhslo FCv n|d" cgl losxlcl{ jgs Onjlo

icl{ Xô{sl{o xgl ‟[lvf|l‒" ‟Gooiflos‒ |oc ‟H{nfl‒ klvfa{gdsls vgoc/ Cnv ]ivsl{ gj Nfsgio @gs

hlas hnou go cl{ {islo Dn{kvwjkibg` n|d !cgl n|fa cgl Nvviugnsgio Kb|s u|bãvvs'" go cl{ lgo

Vfaxn{ul{ Jlovfa go N{jll*@blgc|oh lgovnj |oc tl{bnvvlo go cl{ Lgoôcl !cnagosl{ K|vfabnoc'

vgsus/ ‖ Xgl @nh|jg{l lv n|vc{òf`s5 Go cl{ V}loclo`nj}nhol tio @iow ;=>; gvs `lgo ]bnsu dò{

cgl Kltôb`l{|oh \hnocnv vlbkvs u| Xi{s u| ìjjlo !thb/ @goh ;=>;'/ Cgl Ei|{onbgvslo Noc{lx

J/ Jxlocn |oc B|wibi Ofh|`n v}{lfalo hn{ cntio" cnvv cgl @nj}nhol ga{ lghlosbgfalvUglb}|kbg`|j ti{ I{s ìj}blss tl{dlabs ans5

‟@iow ;=>; xnv ngjlc ns sal x{ ioh n|cglofl/ Sal {lnbgsw gv sans @iow gv nb{lncw òixo go Nd{gfn/

Agv tgfsgjv jnw antl kllo gotgvgkbl si sal Xlvsl{o xi{bc" k|s salw antl kllo tgvgkbl si jgbbgiov id

}li}bl xaivl bgtlv antl kllo nddlfslc kw sal B[N itl{ sal bnvs sxi clfnclv‚ !Ohf| n ;=>;'/

‒Sal blvvio d{ij @iow ;=>; gv sans sal{l gv n bis si bln{o d{ij gsv }{ic|fsgio noc jn{`lsgoh di{ |v

si slbb n klssl{ vsi{w nki|s i|{vlbtlv sano bls isal{v ci gs di{ |v‚ !Jxlcn ;=>;'/

N|fa gj Dnbb tio @iow ;=>; xl{clo vijgs vãjsbgfal [lhgvsl{ go !}ivs*'ìbiognbl{ S{ncgsgio

hluihlo/ Cgl Agbdvklcò{dsgh`lgs |oc V|kel`sbivgh`lgs cl{ |hnocgvfalo Kltôb`l{|oh xg{c gj}bgugs

n|d h{iÙlo Knool{o hls{nhlo" xãa{loc cl{ @iov|j tio Xl{kljnsl{gnbglo clo N`sgtgvj|v clv

‟XlgÙlo Jnoolv‒ vwjkibgvgl{s/

Go clo Iobgol*Fijj|ogsglv;= hnk lv s{isu cl{ h{iÙlo Tl{k{lgs|oh |oc Noslgbonajl ]{islvsl |oc

`{gsgvfal Vsgjjlo/ Cglvl ìoulos{gl{slo vgfa ti{ nbblj n|d cgl Ti{xò{dl cl{ Tl{|os{l||oh tio

V}loclohlbcl{o |oc cl{ d{nhxò{cghlo }ibgsgvfalo Tl{i{s|oh tio Gotgvgkbl Fagbc{lo" vixgl clj

N{h|jlos" cnvv vgfa cl{ Xlvslo Go Xna{algs ogfas xg{`bgfa |j Nd{g`n `òjjl{l" viocl{o o|{ no

clvvlo Ôb{lvl{tlo gosl{lvvgl{s vlg |oc vlgolo Lbl`s{ivfa{iss ci{s u| losvi{hlo/;>

N|d cl{ Xlkvlgsl tio Xg`g}lcgn;; vgoc tglbl cglvl{ @{gsg`}|o`sl hlhloòkl{ Gotgvgkbl Fagbc{lo

u|vnjjlohldnvvs" cgl cl{ |hnocgvfalo Ei|{onbgvsYgoolo" cgl gjjl{ xglcl{ go cl|svfalo |oc

lohbgvfalo Ulgs|ohlo lklodnbbv hlonoos x|{clo" xl{clo elcifa ogfas lq}bgugs hlonoos/ Cgl @{gsg`

;=

ass}5))xxx/wi|s|kl/fij)xnsfa9t:f8euxo3<**W;>

ass}5))xxx/wi|s|kl/fij)xnsfa9t:8nnA4dQ6QS1$dkYvi|{fl:jlvvnhl;;

ass}5))cl/xg`g}lcgn/i{h)xg`g)@iowY;=>;&fgslYoisl*snu*;<



;=

no cl{ Tgcli*Kgbcv}{nfal xg{c lklodnbbv o|{ vla{ tl{`ò{us nohlv}{ifalo/ U|vnjjlodnvvloc

kblgks cgl Cgv`|vvgio elcifa gj ìbiognblo Cgv`|{v aãohlo" cl{ Nd{g`n u| lgol{ agbdv* |oc

aiddo|ohvbivlo Jnvvl clh{ncgl{s |oc clo Xlvslo nbv lgoughlo anoclboclo N`sl|{ xna{ogjjs/

</ U|vnjjlodnvv|oh |oc Dnugs

Nbbl ti{hlvslbbslo @nj}nholo tl{ugfaslo gj H{iÙlo |oc Hnoulo n|d V`nocnbkgbcl{ tio

a|ohl{oclo Jlovfalo n|v ‟Cl{ C{gsslo Xlbs‒/ Clooifa xg{c cgl alhljiognbl Vfagldbnhl go

`lgovsl{ Xlgvl n|dhlaiklo/ Xãa{loc @iow ;=>; tio lgol{ O[I onjlov Gotgvgkbl Fagbc{lo

tl{jn{`sls xg{c" kblgklo cgl Jlovfalo" |j cgl lv lghlosbgfa hlas ‟gotgvgkbl‒" lklovi cgl

snsvãfabgfalo U|vnjjloaãohl uxgvfalo clj Xlvslo |oc Nd{g`n kux/ clo kls{lddloclo Bãocl{o

xl{clo go `lgol{ lgoughlo @nj}nhol saljnsgvgl{s/ Go `lgol{ cl{ @nj}nholo xg{c Vfaxn{ulo

Jlovfalo lgol Vsgjjl hlhlklo/ C|{fa cgl vsn{`l jlcgnbl ]{ãvlou tio @iow ;=>; anklo

u|jgoclvs vla{ tglbl Jlovfalo @{gsg` nohljlbcls" cgl @{gsg` tio Vfaxn{ulo @{gsg`l{goolo kbglk

elcifa tio tglblo Vlgslo |ohlaô{s kux/ o|{ vla{ v}ã{bgfa go ugsgl{s !thb/ J|j|un ;=>;'/ * Klg cl{

@nj}nhol Kbgocloulgfalo tio Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs xg{c cgl lghlosbgfal Goslosgio agosl{ clj

Ulgfaloxlssklxl{k ìj}blss nkvs{n`s |oc tl{vfaxgocls go cl{ Cgvsnou/ Òk{gh kblgklo ti{ nbblj

jlcgnb hlxò{cghsl Ltlosv jgs ]{ijgoloslo/ ‖ VfabglÙbgfa ul|hlo oifa cgl S*Vag{sv tio cl{

lghlolo Uglhl go K|{|ocg tio cl{ Xiabsns cl{ V}locl{Ygoolo |oc tl{lclbo cglvl vfab|vvlocbgfau| H{iÙh{|ocklvgsul{Ygoolo/

V}loclo`nj}nholo vfalgolo ;=>; ti{ nbblj tg{s|lbb |oc ìov|jnsi{gvfa u| vlgo |oc s{lddlo

cnjgs tl{j|sbgfa clo Ulgshlgvs cl{ cghgsnb onsgtlv/ Cgl Hlol{nsgio cl{ ]{n`sg`nosYgoolo |oc

Tibiosã{Ygoolo go Bãocl{o clv Vòclov xgbb ‟lsxnv s|o‒" ti{ nbblj klg cl{ [ltib|sgio ‟cnklg

vlgo‒/ Nbbl{cgohv kblgks cl{ N`sgtgvj|v nj @iov|j |oc go dnflkii` nbblgo andslo" iaol vgfa

xg{`bgfa òkl{ clo Slbbl{{noc agon|vu|klxlhlo/ Lv xg{`s dnvs vi" nbv xò{cl cl{ N|daãohl{ ‟n{jl{

Jlovfa go Nd{g`n‒ bnohvnj òkl{dbòvvgh xl{clo |oc xagsl fan{gsw o|{ jla{ vlbkvs{ldblqgt

nhgl{lo/ Sle| Fibl ans cnu| hlsxgssl{s5

‟Sal xagsl vntgi{ v|}}i{sv k{|snb }ibgfglv go sal ji{ogoh" di|ocv fan{gsglv go sal ndsl{oiio" noc

{lflgtlv nxn{cv go sal ltlogoh‚ !Fibl ;=>;'/

Cgl snsvãfabgfalo agvsi{gvfalo |oc xg{svfandsbgfalo Tl{kgoc|ohlo {òf`lo c|{fa cgl n`s|lbb

}{i}nhgl{slo @nj}nholo u|olajloc go clo Agosl{h{|oc/ Jgs clj vslghloclo Lgovnsu tio

wi|s|kl |oc dnflkii` kblgks nbbl{cgohv cgl Fanofl" cnvv n|fa Nd{g`nol{Ygoolo vlbkvs" jla{cntio xna{olajlo" xnv cgl xlvsbgfal Xlbs agosl{ ga{lj [òf`lo no Kgbcl{o òkl{ Nd{g`n jnbs"



;>

|oc cglvl Slfaoibihglo n|fa u|olajloc dò{ vgfa lgou|vlsulo xgvvlo |oc ol|l Kgbcl{ u|

vfanddlo !thb/ Jxlocn ;=>;'/ Vifgnb jlcgn hgks Ei|{onbgvsYgoolo" Lq}l{sYgoolo |oc

Xgvvlovfandsbl{Ygool{o nd{g`nogvfal{ Vsnnslo cgl Jôhbgfa`lgs n|fa nkvlgsv tio Tl{bnhlo |oc

Dl{ovlavsnsgiolo gj Xlvslo {lug}gl{s u| xl{clo/ Cglv }nvvgl{s cl{xlgb oifa vla{ uôhl{bgfa" nkl{

u|jgoclvs gj Dnbb @iow ;=>; vgoc jgssbl{xlgbl tglb |hnocgvfal Vslbb|ohonajlo |oc Ti{vfabãhl

iobgol onfau|blvlo/ Xloo XlgÙl xg{`bgfa lsxnv ‟s|o xibblo‒ dò{ Nd{g`n" vfabãhs SJV [|hl ‖

|hnocgvfal{ N`sgtgvs * ti{" cgl Jlovfalo go Nd{g`n cn{n|d n|djl{`vnj u| jnfalo" cnvv vgl

vlbkvs lgol Vsgjjl anklo" novsnss dò{ vgl u| v}{lfalo !thb/ [|hl ;=>;'/



;;

4/ Bgsl{ns|{tl{ulgfaogv

Ngcii" Njn Nsn !>771'5 Sal Nd{gfno xijno sicnw/ Go5 Oonljl`n" Ikgijn !A{vh/'5 Vgvsl{aiic"

dljgogvjv noc }ixl{5 D{ij Nd{gfn si sal Cgnv}i{n/ S{losio5 Nd{gfn Xi{bc ]{lvv" V/ 67 * <=

N{ocs" V|vno !;==<'5 Jwsalo clv xlgÙlo V|kel`sv5 Tl{bl|ho|oh |oc Agl{n{fagvgl{|oh tio

[nvvgvj|v/ Go5 Jngvan Lhhl{v" Jn|{llo) @gbijkn" H{ncn) ]glvfal" ]lhhw) N{ocs" V|vno !A{vh/'5

Jwsalo" Jnv`lo |oc V|kel`sl/ @{gsgvfal XlgÙvlgovdi{vfa|oh go Cl|svfabnoc/ Jòovsl{5 \o{nvs"

V/ 63= * 64;

N{ocs" V|vno !;==4'5 Gj}{lvvgiolo/ [nvvgvj|v |oc cl{ cl|svfal Nd{g`ncgv`|{v/ Go5 N{ocs" V|vno

!A{vh/'5 Nd{g`n Kgbcl{/ Vs|cglo u| [nvvgvj|v go Cl|svfabnoc/ Blg}ugh5 \o{nvs" V/ 7 * 3<

N{ocs" V|vno) Ai{ovfalgcs" Nosel !A{vh/' !;==3'5 Nd{g`n |oc cgl cl|svfal V}{nfal/ Lgo `{gsgvfalv

Onfavfabnhxl{`/ Jòovsl{5 \o{nvs

Fn{b" Dbi{gno !;==4'5 [lgvlo gj ìbiognblo [n|j/ J|vg`" Jnfas |oc cgl S{novdi{jnsgio clv

xlgÙlo @ô{}l{v/ Go5 Klfaan|v*Hl{vs" Jn{gnool) Hglvl`l" V|oon !Ah/'5 @ibiognbl |oc

}ivsìbiognbl @iovs{|`sgiolo tio Nd{g`n |oc Jlovfalo nd{g`nogvfal{ Al{`|ods go cl{ cl|svfalo

Nbbsnhv`|bs|{" Kc/ >/ D{no`d|{s)Jngo5 ]lsl{ Bnoh" V/ ;>< * ;6=

Fibl" Sle| !;=>;'5 Sal xagsl vntgi{ goc|vs{gnb fij}blq/ Go5 Sal Nsbnosgf/ Tl{ôddlosbgfas nj

;>/6/;=>;/ Tl{dòhkn{ |osl{5 ass}5))nbbnd{gfn/fij)vsi{glv);=>;=3=3=733/asjb P>=/=3/;=>;Z

Cglsul" Hnkw !;==<'5 }ivsfibiognb sali{w/ Go5 Fa{gvsgon tio K{n|o" Gohl Vsl}ano5 Hlocl{MXgvvlo/ Lgo

Anockn|fa cl{ Hlocl{*Sali{glo/ @ôbo5 Kôabn|

Cwl{" [gfan{c !>778'5 Xagsl/ Biocio5 [i|sblchl

Lvfikn{" N{s|{i !>77<'5 Lofi|osl{goh Cltlbi}jlos/ Sal jn`goh noc |ojn`goh ids al sag{c

xi{bc/ ]{goflsio5 Olx El{vlw

Hl{vsol{" Eno !;==8'5 ‟cgl nkvib|sl Olhl{lg‒/ @ibiognbcgv`|{vl |oc [nvvgvj|v go cl{

Ntnoshn{cl/ Bgsl{ns|{ ‖ @|bs|{ ‖ Slqs5 @blgol Vfa{gdslo u|{ Bgsl{ns|{xgvvlovfands0 Kc/ 6/

Jn{k|{h5 Slfs|j !@n}/ ;/> |oc 6/>='

Hi|chl" ]n|blssl !;==6'5 Sal ]ixl{ id Xagslolvv/ [nfgvj go sal sag{c xi{cb cltlbi}jlos noc

ngc/ Biocio5 Bn|{lofl $ Xgvan{s

http://allafrica.com/stories/201204040944.html






;6

Anwo" Ltlbwo !;=>='5 ‟Losxgf`b|oh‒" ‟L/*u|vnjjlon{klgs‒" ‟*agbdl‒" ‟* }ibgsg`‒ Go5 Oc|`n*

Nhx|" Ncgklbg) Ai{ovfalgcs" Nosel Bnoo !A{vh/'5 [nvvgvj|v n|d h|s Cl|svfa/ Lgo `{gsgvfalv

Onfavfabnhlxl{` u| {nvvgvsgvfalo V}{nfaanocb|ohlo/ K{noclv$N}vlb" V/ >=4*>>3

Al{sblgo" Noc{ln !;=>='5 [l}{ãvlosnsgio |oc @iovs{|`sgio clv D{ljclo go Kgbcl{o/ Ibclok|{h5

KGV*Tl{bnh

Aichvio" Ci{isaw B/ !>777'5 +Iofl Gos{l}gc Xn{{gi{v+5 Jicl{ogsw noc sal ]{ic|fsgio id Jnnvng

Jnvf|bgogsglv/ Go5 Lsaoibihw" Tib/ 61" Oi/ ; !V}{goh" >777'/ \ogtl{vgsw id ]gssvk|{ha* Id sal

Fijjioxlnbsa Vwvslj id Aghal{ Lc|fnsgio" V/ >;> * ><=

Aii`v" Klbb !>773'5 Kbnf` Bii`v/ ]i}`|bs|{ ‖ Jlcglo ‖ [nvvgvj|v/ Kl{bgo5 I{bnocn

@l{vsgo K{noclv !;==7'5 G{hlocxnoo ogjjs jno ogfas jla{ g{hlocxnv !ago'/ Lqisgvj|v"

Lbgsgvj|v |oc cgl H{loulo clv L{s{ãhbgfalo/ Icl{5 cnv `{ãdsghl N|hlouxgo`l{o cl{ Xl{klkgbcl{/

Go5 Anool Bi{lf`) @ns{go Jnwl{ !Ah/'5 Tgv|lbbl Bl`sò{lo *Bl`sò{lo clv Tgv|lbblo/ Anjk|{h5

slqslj" V/;=8* ;;4/

@glvlb" Sgji $ Klocgq" Cnoglb !;==7'5 ‟Xagsl Fan{gsw5 Lgol }ivsìbiognbl"

{nvvgvj|v`{gsgvfal Nonbwvl cl{ losxgf`b|ohv}ibgsgvfalo ]bn`nsxl{k|oh go Cl|svfabnoc/

Cgv`|vvgio/‒ Go5 ‟]l{g}al{gl/ Ulgsvfa{gds dò{ ]ibgsg` |oc Ôìoijgl go cl{ C{gsslo Xlbs/‒ O{/

>;=);==7/ Tl{bnh Xlvsdãbgvfalv Cnj}dkiis/ Jòovsl{/ V/ 31; * 37<

@glvlb" Sgji $ ]agbg}}" Fn{ibgo !;==8'5 ‟Vfagf`lo Vgl U|`|ods.‒ – Vfaxn{uvlgo |oc Xlgvvvlgo

n|d ]bn`nslo tio Agbdvi{hnogvnsgiolo" Go5 ‟Tio S{ijjbl{o |oc Albdl{o/ Klgs{ãhl u| lgol{ ogfas*

{nvvgvsgvfalo losxgf`b|ohv}ibgsgvfalo Kgbc|ohv ‖ |oc ]{iel`sn{klgs/ A{vh5 Kl{bgol{

Losxgf`b|ohv}ibgsgvfal{ [nsvfabnh l/T/ !KL['" V/ 63 * 6<

@gbijkn" H{ncn !;==<'5 Klfijgoh n V|kelfs/ Go5 Jngvan Lhhl{v" Jn|{llo) @gbijkn" H{ncn)

]glvfal" ]lhhw) N{ocs" V|vno !A{vh/'5 Jwsalo" Jnv`lo |oc V|kel`sl/ @{gsgvfal

XlgÙvlgovdi{vfa|oh go Cl|svfabnoc/ Jòovsl{5 \o{nvs" V/ ;; ‖ ;6

@gbijkn" H{ncn !;==<'5 Oi Jnv`/ Go5 Jngvan Lhhl{v" Jn|{llo) @gbijkn" H{ncn) ]glvfal"

]lhhw) N{ocs" V|vno !A{vh/'5 Jwsalo" Jnv`lo |oc V|kel`sl/ @{gsgvfal XlgÙvlgovdi{vfa|oh go

Cl|svfabnoc/ Jòovsl{5 \o{nvs" V/ 1= * 17



;3

@goh" Enjgbna !;=>;'5 @iow‗v v|fflvv vaixv sal{l‗v kgh jiolw nssnfalc si xagsl vntgi{v/ Go5

Fibi{bgolv/ Olxv di{ nfsgio/ Tl{ôddlosbgfas nj >3/=6/;=>;/ Tl{dòhkn{ |osl{5

ass}5))fibi{bgolv/fij)n{fagtlv);=>;)=6)ìowY;=>;YxagslYvntgi{v/asjb P>=/=3/;=>;Z

@|{gn" Ljgbw Oh|kgn !;=>='5 ‟ND[G@N.‒ ‖ vlgol Tl{`ô{}l{|oh go lgolj cl|svfalo @ioslqs/ Go5

Oc|`n*Nhx|" Ncgklbg) Ai{ovfalgcs" Nosel Bnoo !A{vh/'5 [nvvgvj|v n|d h|s Cl|svfa/ Lgo

`{gsgvfalv Onfavfabnhlxl{` u| {nvvgvsgvfalo V}{nfaanocb|ohlo/ K{noclv$N}vlb" V/ ;;6* ;68

Jngvan Lhhl{v" Jn|{llo !;==<'5 [nvvgdgugl{sl Jnfascgddl{lou nbv Cl|s|ohv}l{v}l`sgtl go cl{

`{gsgvfalo XlgÙvlgovdi{vfa|oh go Cl|svfabnoc/ Go5 Jngvan Lhhl{v" Jn|{llo) @gbijkn" H{ncn)

]glvfal" ]lhhw) N{ocs" V|vno !A{vh/'5 Jwsalo" Jnv`lo |oc V|kel`sl/ @{gsgvfal

XlgÙvlgovdi{vfa|oh go Cl|svfabnoc/ Jòovsl{5 \o{nvs" V/ <4 * 8;

Jivknfa" Ci{gv !;==<'5 Xnv jnfas Kgbcl{ }ibgsgvfa goì{{l`s9 Tij \jhnoh jgs Kgbcl{o

lsaogvfal{ Jgoi{gsãslo go cl{ cl|svfalo |oc \V*njl{g`nogvfal ]i}|bã{`|bs|{/ Go5

H{nc|gl{sloìblh Gclosgsãs |oc Cgddl{lou !A{vh/'5 Lsaogugsãs |oc Hlvfablfas/ !]ivs*'ìbiognbl

Tl{anocb|ohlo go Hlvfagfasl" @|ovs |oc Jlcglo/ Xglo5 Kôabn| Tl{bnh V/ 666 * 637

J|j|un" [icolw !;=>;'5 @iow ;=>;5 Tgcli fnj}ngho ‑ji{l bg`l n dnvagio sagoh"‗ vnwv

\hnocnov/ Go5 Sal Vsn{ iobgol/ Tl{ôddlosbgfas nj 7/6/;=>;/ Tl{dòhkn{ |osl{5ass}5))xxx/salvsn{/fij)olxv)xi{bc)n{sgfbl)>>36<4=**ìow*;=>;*tgcli*fnj}ngho*ji{l*bg`l*n*

dnvagio*sagoh*vnwv*|hnocnov9ko:> P=1/=3/;=>;Z

Jxlcn" Noc{lx J/ !;=>;'5 \hnocn5 Blvviov d{ij @iow ;=>;/ Go5 Sal Gocl}loclos !@nj}nbn'/

Tl{ôddlosbgfas nj 6=/=6/;=>;/ Tl{dòhkn{ |osl{5 ass}5))nbbnd{gfn/fij)vsi{glv);=>;=3=3=733/asjb

P>=/=3/;=>;Z

Oc|`n*Nhx|" Ncgklbg) Ai{ovfalgcs" Nosel Bnoo !;=>='5 [nvvgvj|v go Kgbcl{o/ Go5 Oc|`n*Nhx|"

Ncgklbg) Ai{ovfalgcs" Nosel Bnoo !A{vh/'5 [nvvgvj|v n|d h|s Cl|svfa/ Lgo `{gsgvfalv

Onfavfabnhlxl{` u| {nvvgvsgvfalo V}{nfaanocb|ohlo/ K{noclv$N}vlb" V/ 37> * <>6

Ohf|`n" B|wibi !;=>;'5 Flos{nb Nd{gfn5 @iow ;=>; anv jgvvlc gvs s{|l sn{hls/ Go5 Govsgs|sl di{

Vlf|{gsw Vs|cglv !Svaxnol)]{lsi{gn'/ Tl{ôddlosbgfas nj =3/=3/;=>;/ Tl{dòhkn{ |osl{5

ass}5))xxx/gvv/fi/un)gvvYsicnw/}a}9GC:>34= P>=/=3/;=>;Z

http://colorlines.com/archives/2012/03/kony_2012_white_saviors.html


http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/1143560--kony-2012-video-campaign-more-like-a-fashion-thing-says-ugandans?bn=1%20





http://www.iss.co.za/iss_today.php?ID=1460









;<

Oonljl`n" Ikgijn !;==<'5 Kicglv sans cio‗s jnssl{/ Go5 Jngvan Lhhl{v" Jn|{llo) @gbijkn"

H{ncn) ]glvfal" ]lhhw) N{ocs" V|vno !A{vh/'5 Jwsalo" Jnv`lo |oc V|kel`sl/ @{gsgvfal

XlgÙvlgovdi{vfa|oh go Cl|svfabnoc/ Jòovsl{5 \o{nvs" V/ 7= * >=3

]agbg}}" Fn{ibgo !;=>>'5 ‟Slgblo vnhs ogfasv òkl{ Noslgbl n|v ‖ Cgl @iovs{|`sgio

tio XlgÙvlgo |oc Vfaxn{uvlgo n|d ]bn`nslo tio °Agbdvi{hnogvnsgiolo Go5 Jnsl{gnbalds u| clo

Gosl{onsgionblo Xifalo hlhlo [nvvgvj|v ;=>;" V/ ;= * ;6

[|hl" SJV !;=>;'5 ‟@iow ;=>;‒ gv ois n {ltib|sgio/ Go5 Olx Wi{` Sgjlv/ Tl{ôddlosbgfas nj

>3/6/;=>;/ Tl{dòhkn{ |osl{5 ass}5))xxx/owsgjlv/fij){iijdi{clknsl);=>;)=6)=7)ìow*;=>;*

noc*sal*}islosgnb*id*vifgnb*jlcgn*nfsgtgvj)ìow*;=>;*gv*ois*n*{ltib|sgio P=1/=3/;=>;Z

Vfaifa" Fa{gvsgon !;==<'5 Ncn}sgiolo clv ‟Nocl{lo‒/ Govulogl{|ohlo tio ‟ogfas *xlgÙlo‒

Cn{vslbbl{o go }i}|bã{lo J|vg`tgcliv ‟xlgÙl{‒ Gosl{}{lslo/ Go5 H{nc|gl{sloìblh Gclosgsãs |oc

Cgddl{lou !A{vh/'5 Lsaogugsãs |oc Hlvfablfas/ !]ivs*'ìbiognbl Tl{anocb|ohlo go Hlvfagfasl"

@|ovs |oc Jlcglo/ Xglo5 Kôabn| Tl{bnh V/ 6>6 * 66>

Vs{iavfalgo" E|bgnol !;==<'5 Nbv xlgÙl Vs|cgl{locl go lgol{ xlgÙlo \ogtl{vgsãs5 L{vsl

]ivgsgiogl{|oh/ Go5 Jngvan Lhhl{v" Jn|{llo) @gbijkn" H{ncn) ]glvfal" ]lhhw) N{ocs" V|vno

!A{vh/'5 Jwsalo" Jnv`lo |oc V|kel`sl/ @{gsgvfal XlgÙvlgovdi{vfa|oh go Cl|svfabnoc/ Jòovsl{5\o{nvs" V/ <=4 * <>6

Xngongon" Kgowntnohw !;==<'5 Xgl jno òkl{ Nd{g`n vfa{lgklo vibb/ Lgol Hlk{n|favnoxlgv|oh ‖

go5 Vòcgoc* Jnhnugo dò{ gosl{onsgionbl ]ibgsg`" @|bs|{ |oc Losxgf`b|oh/ Tl{dòhkn{ |osl{

ass}5))xxx/v|lcxgoc*jnhnugo/ns)vsn{s/nv}9GC:;616=4${|k{g`:6>$n|vh:;=>==3 P=1/=3/;=>;Z

Xngongon" Kgowntnohw !;==8'5 Bnssl Jnffagnsi go Ong{ikg/ Xn{|j lv ol{ts" xgl nbbl Nd{g`n

albdlo xibblo/ Go5 @|bs|{n|vsn|vfa/ Ulgsvfa{gds dò{ Gosl{onsgionbl ]l{v}l`sgtlo" ;);==8"

Tl{dòhkn{ |osl{ ass}5))xxx/gdn/cl)}|k)`|bs|{n|vsn|vfa)n{fagt)`|bs|{n|vsn|vfa*;==8)|osl{xlhv*

xgl*xg{*{lgvlo)bnssl*jnffagnsi*go*ong{ikg) P=1/=3/;=>;Z

Xiic" Kn{kn{n !;==='5 [isl Viool" vfaxn{ulv Bnoc/ D{no`d|{s5 Dgvfal{

Iobgol*^|lbblo P>=/=3/;=>;Z

Fn{gsnv

ass}5))k|{|ocg*si|{gvj|v/cl)godi{jnsgiolo)

http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/03/09/kony-2012-and-the-potential-of-social-media-activism/kony-2012-is-not-a-revolution



http://www.suedwind-magazin.at/start.asp?ID=238306&rubrik=31&ausg=201004


http://www.ifa.de/pub/kulturaustausch/archiv/kulturaustausch-2007/unterwegs-wie-wir-reisen/latte-macchiato-in-nairobi/













;4

ass}5))vai}/fn{gsnv/ns)

ass}5))vai}/fn{gsnv/ns)goclq/}a}9gc:>$}gc:6;

ass}5))xxx/fn{gsnv/ns)

ass}5))xxx/fn{gsnv/ns)n|vbnocvagbdl)}{iel`svfaxl{}|o`sl)a|ohl{xnvvl{)uglhlo*d|l{*k|{|ocg)

ass}5))xxx/uissl{/ns)cl)cnv*gvs*uissl{)}{iel`sl)uglhlo*d|l{*k|{|ocg/asjb&f>;===

xxx/ol|s{nb/fij

Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs

ass}5))xxx/kbgocloulgfalo/ns)

ass}5))xxx/ai{guios/ns)aijl)clsngb)c{lg*jnb*c{lg*d|l{*cgl*

xlbs/asjb9fAnva:>31kn;1dn11l7c4k43=1kff;cfcfn61>

ass}5))xxx/bgfasd|l{cglxlbs/ns)fioslos)cgl*anl|dghvslo*kbgocalgsv|{vnfalo

ass}5))xxx/bgfasd|l{cglxlbs/ns)fioslos)h{nocgivlv*kbgocloulgfalo*dgonbl

ass}5))xxx/bgfasd|l{cglxlbs/ns)fioslos)iobgol*v}loclo

ass}5))xxx/bgfasd|l{cglxlbs/ns)vgslv)cldn|bs)dgblv)fijjio)Fijgf/}cd

@iow ;=>;

ass}5))cl/xg`g}lcgn/i{h)xg`g)@iowY;=>;&fgslYoisl*snu*;<

ass}5))gotgvgkblfagbc{lovsi{l/jwvai}gdw/fij)}nhlv)nki|s*|v ass}5))gotgvgkblfagbc{lovsi{l/jwvai}gdw/fij)}nhlv)dn~

ass}5))xxx/gotgvgkblfagbc{lo/fij)

ass}5))xxx/wi|s|kl/fij)xnsfa9dlns|{l:}bnwl{Yljklcclc$t:@BTW<eKoC*L

Wi|s|kl ‖ @{gsg`

Tgcli*Nosxi{s tio [ivklbb @nh|jg{l5

ass}5))xxx/wi|s|kl/fij)xnsfa9dlns|{l:}bnwl{Yljklcclc$t:@BTW<eKoC*L

Sal Nbn{jgoh S[\SA nki|s @iow ;=>; ‖ \vl{ CnoSalH{lnsAC5ass}5))xxx/wi|s|kl/fij)xnsfa9t:f8euxo3<**W

@loDJ òkl{5 Eivl}a @iow ;=>; ‖ \vl{ @loDJ5

ass}5))xxx/wi|s|kl/fij)xnsfa9t:8nnA4dQ6QS1$dkYvi|{fl:jlvvnhl

Nkkgbc|ohlo

Nbbl Nkkgbc|ohlo x|{clo jgsslbv Vf{llovais tio dibhloclo Xlkvlgslo l{vslbbs5

Fn{gsnv

ass}5))vai}/fn{gsnv/ns)

http://shop.caritas.at/


http://shop.caritas.at/index.php?id=1&pid=32


http://www.caritas.at/


http://www.caritas.at/auslandshilfe/projektschwerpunkte/hungerwasser/ziegen-fuer-burundi/


http://www.zotter.at/de/das-ist-zotter/projekte/ziegen-fuer-burundi.html#c12000


http://www.neutral.com/


http://www.blindenzeichen.at/


http://www.horizont.at/home/detail/drei-mal-drei-fuer-die-welt.html?cHash=148ba28fa88e9d6b6408bcc2dcdca381



http://www.lichtfuerdiewelt.at/content/die-haeufigsten-blindheitsursachen




http://www.lichtfuerdiewelt.at/content/online-spenden


http://www.lichtfuerdiewelt.at/sites/default/files/common/Comic.pdf


http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kony_2012#cite_note-taz-25


http://invisiblechildrenstore.myshopify.com/pages/about-us


http://invisiblechildrenstore.myshopify.com/pages/faq


http://www.invisiblechildren.com/


http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=KLVY5jBnD-E




http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7jzwn45--Y


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aaH6fX3XT8&fb_source=message



























;8

ass}5))vai}/fn{gsnv/ns)goclq/}a}9gc:>$}gc:6;

ass}5))xxx/fn{gsnv/ns)

ass}5))xxx/vioosnhvkbnss/ns)`g{fal*agl{*|oc*nocl{vxi)xlbs`g{fal9c:uglhl*|osl{j*kn|j

ass}v5))xxx/dnflkii`/fij)Fn{gsnvIlvsl{{lgfa)}ivsv)>;=<16=>>;17>;7

Bgfas dò{ cgl Xlbs

ass}5))xxx/kbgocloulgfalo/ns)

ass}5))xxx/ai{guios/ns)aijl)clsngb)c{lg*jnb*c{lg*d|l{*cgl*xlbs/asjb9fAnva:>31kn;1dn11l7c4k43=1kff;cfcfn61>

ass}5))xxx/bgfasd|l{cglxlbs/ns)fioslos)iobgol*v}loclo

ass}v5))xxx/dnflkii`/fij)bgfasd|l{cglxlbs9v`:n}}Y;>;7=8==<3=<147

@iow ;=>;

ass}5))gotgvgkblfagbc{lovsi{l/jwvai}gdw/fij

xxx/ìow;=>;/fij



http://www.sonntagsblatt.at/kirche-hier-und-anderswo/weltkirche?d=ziege-unterm-baum


https://www.facebook.com/CaritasOesterreich/posts/120583011289129





https://www.facebook.com/lichtfuerdiewelt?sk=app_212907005405869


http://www.kony2012.com/










Documents

Afrika Braucht Deine Hilfe