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American Geographical Society Agricultural Maps and Their Use Landwirtschaftliche Karten als Unterlagen wirtschaftlicher und kulturgeschichtlicher Untersuchungen by Paul Krische Review by: C. F. Marbut Geographical Review, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Jan., 1934), pp. 174-175 Published by: American Geographical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/209520 . Accessed: 09/05/2014 00:51 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . American Geographical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Geographical Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Fri, 9 May 2014 00:51:31 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Agricultural Maps and Their Use

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American Geographical Society

Agricultural Maps and Their UseLandwirtschaftliche Karten als Unterlagen wirtschaftlicher und kulturgeschichtlicherUntersuchungen by Paul KrischeReview by: C. F. MarbutGeographical Review, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Jan., 1934), pp. 174-175Published by: American Geographical SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/209520 .

Accessed: 09/05/2014 00:51

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

.

American Geographical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access toGeographical Review.

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This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Fri, 9 May 2014 00:51:31 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW

for the explanation of the origin of many discontinuous areas. Especially is this true in regard to the areas separated by the seas and oceans. Explanation of the structure of many plant areas by factors now in operation is, therefore, not possible. The solution of the problem must be sought in the history of the continents them- selves.

Wulff discusses the theories of "land bridges," of the permanence of continents and oceans, and of the polar origin of floras. The last, developed on the investiga- tions of the fossil floras of the Arctic region by Heer, supposes the origin of the

existing vegetation to be from a center around the North Pole, whence it spread southwards through Europe into Africa, through Asia and Melanesia into Australia- then a continuous land mass-and through North America into South America.

Finally Wulff discusses Wegener's theory of continental drift, which, he considers, furnishes the most adaptable hypothesis so far advanced.

C. C. NIKIFOROFF

AGRICULTURAL MAPS AND THEIR USE

PAUL KRISCHE. Landwirtschaftliche Karten als Unterlagen wirtschaftlicher und

kulturgeschichtlicher Untersuchungen. 112 pp.; maps, diagrs. Deutsche

Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H., Berlin, I933. I2 2 x 9K inches.

In the face of the prediction, persisting until less than half a century ago, from the narrow knowledge-range of the Middle Ages that man was facing starvation, his sudden submergence beneath a surplus of such staples as bread and other grains, fibers, and meats has taken him by surprise and aroused his interest in the reason for the sudden revolution from a crisis of threatened scarcity to a crisis of actual excess of supplies. During the last half century, with slowly accelerated speed, the in- vestigation of the world's capacity for primary production has been in progress. The results are already considerable in the aggregate, but only lately has much effort been expended in assembling their material, making it easily available.

Such is the service rendered by Dr. Krische in the work now under review and in his "Bodenkarten" published in I928. The present work represents Dr. Krische's continued efforts to bring together into one publication the total results of soil map- ping in the field throughout the world. This work has extended to all the countries of Europe; it includes Dr. Stremme's soil map of Europe and also soil maps of the several countries and of many smaller political divisions, especially of the states of Germany. Many of these maps have been redrawn and brought into harmony by Dr. Krische, at the cost of a great deal of work, with the other maps of the atlas. In his earlier publication he was concerned mainly with Bodenkarten, or what in the United States would be called soil-texture maps. In the "Landwirtschaftliche Karten " his maps in many cases do not merely show soil texture but are differentiated according to soil types, the nomenclature being brought uniformly into agreement with modern usage in that respect. American pedologists will, however, criticize his selection of a soil map of the United States. The designation of the prairie soils as degraded podsols and gray forest soils cannot be accepted by American pedologists, nor can we accept the designation of the "black waxy soils" of Texas as chernozems.

In addition to soil maps, the new publication contains a great many agricultural maps showing not only the distribution of the most important crops but their yields and acreage as well. In this part of his work Dr. Krische has included the great grain crops, fibers, tobacco, vegetables, fruit, oil, rubber, and the distribution of the most important livestock products as well as the distribution of the lands of the world subjected to the several broad kinds of cultural treatments.

Nor does Dr. Krische stop here. Expressing the inevitable philosophic thought tendency of the Germans he has introduced chapters of broader considerations than national or even continental production studies. The first chapter gives, by two

for the explanation of the origin of many discontinuous areas. Especially is this true in regard to the areas separated by the seas and oceans. Explanation of the structure of many plant areas by factors now in operation is, therefore, not possible. The solution of the problem must be sought in the history of the continents them- selves.

Wulff discusses the theories of "land bridges," of the permanence of continents and oceans, and of the polar origin of floras. The last, developed on the investiga- tions of the fossil floras of the Arctic region by Heer, supposes the origin of the

existing vegetation to be from a center around the North Pole, whence it spread southwards through Europe into Africa, through Asia and Melanesia into Australia- then a continuous land mass-and through North America into South America.

Finally Wulff discusses Wegener's theory of continental drift, which, he considers, furnishes the most adaptable hypothesis so far advanced.

C. C. NIKIFOROFF

AGRICULTURAL MAPS AND THEIR USE

PAUL KRISCHE. Landwirtschaftliche Karten als Unterlagen wirtschaftlicher und

kulturgeschichtlicher Untersuchungen. 112 pp.; maps, diagrs. Deutsche

Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H., Berlin, I933. I2 2 x 9K inches.

In the face of the prediction, persisting until less than half a century ago, from the narrow knowledge-range of the Middle Ages that man was facing starvation, his sudden submergence beneath a surplus of such staples as bread and other grains, fibers, and meats has taken him by surprise and aroused his interest in the reason for the sudden revolution from a crisis of threatened scarcity to a crisis of actual excess of supplies. During the last half century, with slowly accelerated speed, the in- vestigation of the world's capacity for primary production has been in progress. The results are already considerable in the aggregate, but only lately has much effort been expended in assembling their material, making it easily available.

Such is the service rendered by Dr. Krische in the work now under review and in his "Bodenkarten" published in I928. The present work represents Dr. Krische's continued efforts to bring together into one publication the total results of soil map- ping in the field throughout the world. This work has extended to all the countries of Europe; it includes Dr. Stremme's soil map of Europe and also soil maps of the several countries and of many smaller political divisions, especially of the states of Germany. Many of these maps have been redrawn and brought into harmony by Dr. Krische, at the cost of a great deal of work, with the other maps of the atlas. In his earlier publication he was concerned mainly with Bodenkarten, or what in the United States would be called soil-texture maps. In the "Landwirtschaftliche Karten " his maps in many cases do not merely show soil texture but are differentiated according to soil types, the nomenclature being brought uniformly into agreement with modern usage in that respect. American pedologists will, however, criticize his selection of a soil map of the United States. The designation of the prairie soils as degraded podsols and gray forest soils cannot be accepted by American pedologists, nor can we accept the designation of the "black waxy soils" of Texas as chernozems.

In addition to soil maps, the new publication contains a great many agricultural maps showing not only the distribution of the most important crops but their yields and acreage as well. In this part of his work Dr. Krische has included the great grain crops, fibers, tobacco, vegetables, fruit, oil, rubber, and the distribution of the most important livestock products as well as the distribution of the lands of the world subjected to the several broad kinds of cultural treatments.

Nor does Dr. Krische stop here. Expressing the inevitable philosophic thought tendency of the Germans he has introduced chapters of broader considerations than national or even continental production studies. The first chapter gives, by two

I74 I74

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GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEWS GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEWS

small maps and a brief text, the results of the investigations of Penck, Fischer, and

Hennig into the ultimate future capacity of the earth for population. In this connec- tion he has logically included a map showing the world use of fertilizers and another showing the distribution throughout the world of institutions devoted to research in the many phases of the agricultural industry. This is followed by a somewhat longer chapter on "The Eternal Migration," beginning with brief reference to the theories of Wegener and Arlt regarding the origin of the continents and the migration of animals, plants, and man through the ages, and by an instructive small map show-

ing the conclusions of Vavilov regarding the origin of the cultivated plants with brief mention of their migrations since man began to use them.

A third section is concerned with the influence of man on his environment, illus- trated by a number of extremely interesting maps. One is a reproduction of Treitz's map of the Hungarian Plain with a brief discussion of his somewhat revolutionary con- clusions regarding the changes in the character of Hungarian soils. Treitz's results, postulating a change since man began to cultivate the region from a forest-steppe and, therefore, a humid soil on the Hungarian Plain to a steppe or sub-humid to semiarid soil under the influence of man and his change in the character of the vegetation, are in harmony with the most recent results of soil investigation in this country showing that the direct action on the soil of the vegetation growing on it is of more importance in determining the character of the soil than is the direct action of the climate. This section contains also an interesting map of the.middle Rhine showing the distribution of cultivated land, forest, and swamp 500 years after the birth of Christ. Krische dis- cusses the recent development of the study and the significance of pollen preserved in peat deposits as a basis for determining the character of vegetation and succession of forests in the past.

Krische and his publishers have rendered an important service to agricultural workers, economists, and sociologists in collecting this great body of valuable ma- terial and making it available at a reasonable price. C. F. MARBUT

THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA AND EGYPT

YOUSSOUF KAMAL. Monumenta cartographica Africae et Egypti. Vol. I, Efpoque avant Ptolemee, 1926, 107 fols. Vol. 2, Ptolemee et epoque greco-romaine, Part I, 1928, I25 fols.; Part 2, 1932, 126 fols.; Part 3, 1932, 119 fols.; Part 4, Atlas antiquus et index, 1933, 130 fols. Vol. 3, fEpoque arabe, Part I, 1930, IOI fols.; Part 2, 1932, 109 fols. Folios numbered consecutively. 294 x 233 inches.

Seven volumes of this giant publication have appeared to date, each weighing more than 30 pounds. The compiler's main purpose has been to gather together geographical and cartographic materials relating to ancient and medieval Africa and Egypt. Incidentally he has sought to "assemble in a single work all the docu- ments, written or drawn, necessary for forming an idea of the development of the conception of the world during the course of the centuries." How far down the centuries he aims to go is not announced. Dr. F. C. Wieder states in a brochure accompanying the work that "l'auteur reserve, pour un volume final, la communica- tion des renseignements sur la composition de son ouvrage, sur l'etendue des re- cherches et sur les divers collaborateurs."

As completed so far, the Monumenta covers the period from the beginnings of Egyptian history to about the year IOOO A.D. Texts and maps of the most diverse character are presented, for the most part in chronological order. A place has been found for every kind of document that in any way bears on the subject, how- ever remotely. The texts, printed in parallel columns with French translations, include writings in hieroglyphics, Greek, Latin, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, Arabic, and even Chinese. Papyri, inscriptions, and hitherto unpublished manuscripts are represented, together with the published works of historians, poets, dramatists,

small maps and a brief text, the results of the investigations of Penck, Fischer, and

Hennig into the ultimate future capacity of the earth for population. In this connec- tion he has logically included a map showing the world use of fertilizers and another showing the distribution throughout the world of institutions devoted to research in the many phases of the agricultural industry. This is followed by a somewhat longer chapter on "The Eternal Migration," beginning with brief reference to the theories of Wegener and Arlt regarding the origin of the continents and the migration of animals, plants, and man through the ages, and by an instructive small map show-

ing the conclusions of Vavilov regarding the origin of the cultivated plants with brief mention of their migrations since man began to use them.

A third section is concerned with the influence of man on his environment, illus- trated by a number of extremely interesting maps. One is a reproduction of Treitz's map of the Hungarian Plain with a brief discussion of his somewhat revolutionary con- clusions regarding the changes in the character of Hungarian soils. Treitz's results, postulating a change since man began to cultivate the region from a forest-steppe and, therefore, a humid soil on the Hungarian Plain to a steppe or sub-humid to semiarid soil under the influence of man and his change in the character of the vegetation, are in harmony with the most recent results of soil investigation in this country showing that the direct action on the soil of the vegetation growing on it is of more importance in determining the character of the soil than is the direct action of the climate. This section contains also an interesting map of the.middle Rhine showing the distribution of cultivated land, forest, and swamp 500 years after the birth of Christ. Krische dis- cusses the recent development of the study and the significance of pollen preserved in peat deposits as a basis for determining the character of vegetation and succession of forests in the past.

Krische and his publishers have rendered an important service to agricultural workers, economists, and sociologists in collecting this great body of valuable ma- terial and making it available at a reasonable price. C. F. MARBUT

THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA AND EGYPT

YOUSSOUF KAMAL. Monumenta cartographica Africae et Egypti. Vol. I, Efpoque avant Ptolemee, 1926, 107 fols. Vol. 2, Ptolemee et epoque greco-romaine, Part I, 1928, I25 fols.; Part 2, 1932, 126 fols.; Part 3, 1932, 119 fols.; Part 4, Atlas antiquus et index, 1933, 130 fols. Vol. 3, fEpoque arabe, Part I, 1930, IOI fols.; Part 2, 1932, 109 fols. Folios numbered consecutively. 294 x 233 inches.

Seven volumes of this giant publication have appeared to date, each weighing more than 30 pounds. The compiler's main purpose has been to gather together geographical and cartographic materials relating to ancient and medieval Africa and Egypt. Incidentally he has sought to "assemble in a single work all the docu- ments, written or drawn, necessary for forming an idea of the development of the conception of the world during the course of the centuries." How far down the centuries he aims to go is not announced. Dr. F. C. Wieder states in a brochure accompanying the work that "l'auteur reserve, pour un volume final, la communica- tion des renseignements sur la composition de son ouvrage, sur l'etendue des re- cherches et sur les divers collaborateurs."

As completed so far, the Monumenta covers the period from the beginnings of Egyptian history to about the year IOOO A.D. Texts and maps of the most diverse character are presented, for the most part in chronological order. A place has been found for every kind of document that in any way bears on the subject, how- ever remotely. The texts, printed in parallel columns with French translations, include writings in hieroglyphics, Greek, Latin, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, Arabic, and even Chinese. Papyri, inscriptions, and hitherto unpublished manuscripts are represented, together with the published works of historians, poets, dramatists,

I75 I75

This content downloaded from 169.229.32.137 on Fri, 9 May 2014 00:51:31 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions