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Akustik und Schallforschung Wolfgang Kreuzer October 2, 2020 Kreiza (ÖAW) Acoustics October 2, 2020 1 / 33

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Page 1: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Akustik undSchallforschungWolfgang KreuzerOctober 2, 2020

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Page 2: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Ausblick

Was ist Akustik/Schall/Lärm ?GrundbegriffeBeispiele und Modelle aus:

Signalverarbeitung (Fourier, Kurzzeitfourier, Spektrogramm)1D-Schwingung, 1D-Wellengleichung/Helmholtz (Saite,Vokaltraktmodell)Erweiterung auf 2D, 2.5D, 3D, FEM-BEM

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Page 3: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Was ist Akustik?

Duden: Lehre vom Schall

ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including itsproduction, transmission, and effects, including biological andpsychological effects, (b) Those qualities of a room that, together,determine its caracter with respect to auditory effects

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Page 4: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Was umfasst der Begriff’Akustik’?

Kreiza (ÖAW) Acoustics October 2, 2020 4 / 33

Page 5: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Akustik

Die interdisziplinäre Akustik

ARTS

LIFE

SCIENCES

ACOUSTICS

PS

YC

HO

AC

OU

ST

ICS

INSTRUMENTS

ROOM ACOUSTICS

SHOCK

ANDVIBRATION

ELECTRO

ACOUSTICS

CO

MP

UT

AT

ION

AL

AC

OU

ST

ICS

NON-INVASIVE

PHYSIOLOGY

PHOTOA

COUST

IC

IMAGIN

G

SEISMIC WAVES

UNDERWATER

OTHERS

MEDICIN

E

BIOLOGY

PS

YC

HO

LOG

Y

HU

MA

N

CO

MM

UN

ICATIO

N

MUSIC

MULTIMODAL

ARCHITECTURE

ME

CH

AN

ICA

LA

ND

PH

YS

ICA

LE

NG

INE

ER

ING

ELECTRICAL

AND CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING

OTHERS

SOCIAL

SCIENCES

PHYSICSAND

ENGINEERING

EARTHSCIENCES

SPEECH

PRO

DU

CTIO

N

SPEECH

PERCEPTION

MATH

EMATIC

S

AC

OU

STICAL

SIG

NAL

PR

OC

ESS

ING E

NVIRONMENTAL

NOISE

AUDIO

ENGINEERING

CO

MP

UT

ER

SC

IEN

CE

FORMAL

PHYSICS OF

EARTH, OCEAN,

AND ATMOSPHERE

SOUND INATMOSPHERE

SINGING

MUSIC THEORY

BIOACOUSTICS

INVASIVE

PHYSIOLOGY

ULTRASOUNDQ

UANTUM

ACOUSTICS

Vielen Dank an Piotr Majdak

WHEEL OF ARI

Frei nach: Lindsay, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37(2), 361, (1965)

Kreiza (ÖAW) Acoustics October 2, 2020 5 / 33

Page 6: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Akustik

Die interdisziplinäre Akustik

ARTS

LIFE

SCIENCES

ACOUSTICS

PS

YC

HO

AC

OU

ST

ICS

INSTRUMENTS

ROOM ACOUSTICS

SHOCK

ANDVIBRATION

ELECTRO

ACOUSTICS

CO

MP

UT

AT

ION

AL

AC

OU

ST

ICS

NON-INVASIVE

PHYSIOLOGY

PHOTOA

COUST

IC

IMAGIN

G

SEISMIC WAVES

UNDERWATER

OTHERS

MEDICIN

E

BIOLOGY

PS

YC

HO

LOG

Y

HU

MA

N

CO

MM

UN

ICATIO

N

MUSIC

MULTIMODAL

ARCHITECTURE

ME

CH

AN

ICA

LA

ND

PH

YS

ICA

LE

NG

INE

ER

ING

ELECTRICAL

AND CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING

OTHERS

SOCIAL

SCIENCES

PHYSICSAND

ENGINEERING

EARTHSCIENCES

SPEECH

PRO

DU

CTIO

N

SPEECH

PERCEPTION

MATH

EMATIC

S

AC

OU

STICAL

SIG

NAL

PR

OC

ESS

ING E

NVIRONMENTAL

NOISE

AUDIO

ENGINEERING

CO

MP

UT

ER

SC

IEN

CE

FORMAL

PHYSICS OF

EARTH, OCEAN,

AND ATMOSPHERE

SOUND INATMOSPHERE

SINGING

MUSIC THEORY

BIOACOUSTICS

INVASIVE

PHYSIOLOGY

ULTRASOUNDQ

UANTUM

ACOUSTICS

Vielen Dank an Piotr Majdak

WHEEL OF ARI

Frei nach: Lindsay, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37(2), 361, (1965)

Kreiza (ÖAW) Acoustics October 2, 2020 5 / 33

Page 7: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Akustik

Die interdisziplinäre Akustik

ARTS

LIFE

SCIENCES

ACOUSTICS

PS

YC

HO

AC

OU

ST

ICS

INSTRUMENTS

ROOM ACOUSTICS

SHOCK

ANDVIBRATION

ELECTRO

ACOUSTICS

CO

MP

UT

AT

ION

AL

AC

OU

ST

ICS

NON-INVASIVE

PHYSIOLOGY

PHOTOA

COUST

IC

IMAGIN

G

SEISMIC WAVES

UNDERWATER

OTHERS

MEDICIN

E

BIOLOGY

PS

YC

HO

LOG

Y

HU

MA

N

CO

MM

UN

ICATIO

N

MUSIC

MULTIMODAL

ARCHITECTURE

ME

CH

AN

ICA

LA

ND

PH

YS

ICA

LE

NG

INE

ER

ING

ELECTRICAL

AND CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING

OTHERS

SOCIAL

SCIENCES

PHYSICSAND

ENGINEERING

EARTHSCIENCES

SPEECH

PRO

DU

CTIO

N

SPEECH

PERCEPTION

MATH

EMATIC

S

AC

OU

STICAL

SIG

NAL

PR

OC

ESS

ING E

NVIRONMENTAL

NOISE

AUDIO

ENGINEERING

CO

MP

UT

ER

SC

IEN

CE

FORMAL

PHYSICS OF

EARTH, OCEAN,

AND ATMOSPHERE

SOUND INATMOSPHERE

SINGING

MUSIC THEORY

BIOACOUSTICS

INVASIVE

PHYSIOLOGY

ULTRASOUNDQ

UANTUM

ACOUSTICS

Vielen Dank an Piotr Majdak

WHEEL OF ARI

Frei nach: Lindsay, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37(2), 361, (1965)

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Page 8: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Das Institut für Schallforschung

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Page 9: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Geschichte

Pythagoras (um 550 BC): Schwingende SaiteAristoteles (um 350 BC): Schall als Verdichtung andVerdünnung (von Luft)Vitruvius (um 20 BC): Raumakustik und ArchitekturHuygens: Schall als WellenphänomenBernouli, D’Alembert, Euler, Lagrange (um 1750-1800), Eulerpubliziert Wellengleichung, Chladni visualisiert PlattenmodenHelmholtz (um 1850, Über die Tonempfindung), Rayleigh (um1900, Theory of Sound)

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Page 10: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Was ist Schall?

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Page 11: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Was ist Schall?

Schall stellt die Ausbreitung bzw. die hörbaren Schwingungen(Schallwellen) von Druck- und Dichteschwankungen in einemelastischen Medium (Gase, Flüssigkeiten, Festkörper) dar.1

Luftschallwellen setzen sich aus abwechselnden Regionen mithohem und geringen Luftdruck zusammen, die sich mit einerbestimmten Geschwindigkeit ausbreiten

1https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SchallKreiza (ÖAW) Acoustics October 2, 2020 9 / 33

Page 12: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Grundbegriffe

p(t,x) =Asin(kx−ωt+φ)

A: Amplitude/Schalldruck p(x)Einheit: Pascal [Pa]f = ω

2π = ck2π : Frequenz

Einheit: Hertz [Hz], Schwingungenpro Sekundeλ= c

f : WellenlängeEinheit [m]φ: Phase [rad]c: SchallgeschwindigkeitEinheit [m/s]

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Page 13: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Grundbegriffe (Mechanik)

Geschwindigkeitspotential (Velocity potential): u(x, t)

Schalldruck: p(x, t) = ∂u(x,t)∂t

Schallschnelle: v(x, t) =∇u(x, t) ·n(x)

B Schallgeschwindigkeit 6= Schallschnelle B

Schallgeschwindigkeit c: globale Geschwindigkeit derDruckwelle

Ï Schallschnelle v(x): lokale Geschwindigkeit einesTeilchen(pakets)

Ï Impedanz: Z(ω) = p̂(ω)v̂(ω) , wobei f̂ (ω) die Fouriertransformierte

von f (t) bezeichnet

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Amplitude

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Page 15: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Amplitude

from http://www.chartvalley.com/decibel-scale-chart

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Page 16: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Amplitude

Ein kleines Ratespiel

Normale Luftdruck auf Seehöhe: pa = 105 Pa.Kleinste Luftdruckschwankung, die das Ohr registriert?

p0 = 2 ·10−5 Pa = 0 dB SPLAb wann wird es wirklich laut:

p1 = 10 Pa ≈ 113 dB SPL

1dB= 20 log10

(pp0

)

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Page 17: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Amplitude

Ein kleines Ratespiel

Normale Luftdruck auf Seehöhe: pa = 105 Pa.Kleinste Luftdruckschwankung, die das Ohr registriert?

p0 = 2 ·10−5 Pa corresponds to 0 dB SPLAb wann wird es wirklich laut:

p1 = 10 Pa ≈ 113 dB SPL

1dB= 20 log10

(pp0

)

Kreiza (ÖAW) Acoustics October 2, 2020 14 / 33

Page 18: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Amplitude

Ein kleines Ratespiel

Normale Luftdruck auf Seehöhe: pa = 105 Pa.Kleinste Luftdruckschwankung, die das Ohr registriert?

p0 = 2 ·10−5 Pa corresponds to 0 dB SPLAb wann wird es wirklich laut:

p1 = 10 Pa corresponds to ≈ 113 dB SPL

1dB= 20 log10

(pp0

)

Kreiza (ÖAW) Acoustics October 2, 2020 14 / 33

Page 19: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Isophone

Doppelter Schalldruck: ≈ 6dB, aberdoppelt empfundene Lautheit: ≈ 10dB

1 Sone entspricht doppelter LautheitAußerdem werden verschiedene Frequenzen verschieden lautwahrgenommen (Phon)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Akustik_db2phon.jpg,

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautst%C3%A4rke#/media/Datei:Akustik_phon2sone3.jpg

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Frequenz, Tonhöhe

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Page 21: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Frequenz

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Page 22: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Frequenz

Mel/Bark Skala: Abbildung der “akustischen” Frequenz auf diewahrgenommene Frequenz

fMel = 2595 log10(10(1+ f /700)),1 Bark= 100 Mel

Verdoppelung des Bark Werts, verdoppelteTonhöhenwahrnehmung.Kritische Bandbreite: 2 simultan präsentierte Tönen könnennicht als zwei verschiedene Töne wahrgenommen werden

BWcritical = 25+75(1+1.4(f /1000)2

)0.69

Frequenzunterscheidung3.5Hz für ∆f ≤ 500Hz∆f ≈ 0.0007f für f > 500Hz

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Page 23: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Wellenlänge

λ= cf

Wichtig z.B für Schwingung einer Seite oder Schallreflexion anObjekten

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Page 24: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Phase

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Page 25: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Phase

Addition von Sinustönen mit gleicher Frequenz

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Page 26: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Phase

Kombination von Schallquellen

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Page 27: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Phase

Lokalisation von Schallquellen (I):Zeitunterschied zwischen Empfängern

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Page 28: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Zusammenfassend

Schall entsteht durch Druckschwankungen im Medium undbreitet sich mittels eine longitudinal Welle (mitSchallgeschwindigkeit c) ausWichtige Kenngrößen

Schalldruck

Frequenz

Phase

Schnellepotential (velocitypotential)

Schallschnelle

Wellenzahl und Wellenlänge

Impedanz/Admittanz

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Page 29: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Wahrnehmung

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Page 30: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Menschliches Gehör

PinnaMittelohrCochlea

Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2).

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Page 31: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Die Menschliche Pinna

Lokalisation von Schallquellen

Quelle oben

Quelle vorne

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HRTFs

Reflexionen von Schall an der Pinna wirkt wie einrichtungsabhängiger FilterKopfbezogene Übertragungsfunktionen (HRTFs)

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Page 33: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Lokalisation von Schallquellen

HorizontalZeitdifferenz zwischen rechtemund linkem Ohr (ITD)Unterschied in derAmplitude/Level (ILD)

VertikalSpektrale Cues also HRTFs

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Die Menschliche Cochlea

Basilarmembran:Frequenzanalyse, nichtlinearInnere Haarzellen:Bewegung wird in neuronaleAntwort umgewandeltÄußere Haarzellen: aktivesElement, nichtlineareVerstärkung von leisemSchall https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cochlea-

crosssection-de.png

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Page 35: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Psychoakustik

Hören wir alle Komponenten im Schall?Zeit/FrequenzmaskierungIrrelevance FiltersDatenkomprimierung (ogg, mp3, ...)

Hören wir etwas, das nicht da ist?Residualton/Missing FundamentalAuditorische Illusionen

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Page 36: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Darstellung

Wie können wir Schall darstellen?

1) Wellenform (Zeitbereich)

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Darstellung

Wie können wir Schall darstellen?

2) Spektrum (Frequenzbereich)

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Page 38: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Darstellung

Wie können wir Schall darstellen?

3) Das gute alte Notenblatt (Zeit-Frequenzebene)

https://www.freejazzlessons.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/summertime-chord-chart-lead-sheet.jpg

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Darstellung

Wie können wir Schall darstellen?

4) Spectrogram (Zeit-Frequenzebene)

44

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Verschiedene Instrumente

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Page 41: Akustik und Schallforschung - oeaw.ac.at · 2020. 10. 2. · ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 Standard: (a) Science of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects, including biological

Verschiedene Instrumente

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