54 SONNENENERGIE JULI 06

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Brasiliens Markt für erneuerbare Energien wächst/Energy Generation

Using Renewable Resources Gains Force in Brazil

Was machen dieWeltmeister?Pünktlich zur Fußballweltmeisterschaft richten wir unseren Blick Richtung Zuckerhut und fragen, was der

amtierende Weltmeister in der Energieversorgung so drauf hat. Die Fachautorin Juliana Radler, die in

Brasilien seit Jahren zu umweltpolitischen Themen arbeitet, stellt exklusiv für die SONNENENERGIE die

neuen Initiativen vor und sprach dafür mit zahlreichen Energieexperten ihres Heimatlandes. Eine deutsch-

sprachige Zusammenfassung des englischen Artikels finden Sie auf Seite 59.

Von Juliana Radler

Brazil is vulnerable to being almost totally dependable on hydroelectric power plants. There was an electricity shortage in 2002 when the whole country had to cutdown its consumption of electricity due to lack of rain. Picture: Caro/Hoffmann

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Solarwärme Solarstrom Solares Bauen Biomasse MARKTBRASILIEN

Due to the necessity to reduce fossil fuelburning and thus the emissions of green-house gases, Brazil puts itself as one of themain countries with an enormous potentialto generate energy using renewable sources. “Among all countries Brazil is the most im-portant one considering the usage potentialof renewable energy. We have a huge coastarea where wind energy could be producedeasily and also a lot of solar radiation, besidesthese we have an enormous potential to pro-duce biomass energy. It is important to havehowever, a conjunction of all renewablesources as they are incredibly complemen-tary”, points out Hamilton Moss de Souza,the coordinator to the Reference Center forSolar and Wind Energy (CRESESB), based inRio de Janeiro. To stimulate the segment the Braziliangovernment has launched a program toencourage electric light production usingrenewable sources, the PROINFA. Normallyenergy produced by alternative sources areused by specific factories in Brazil. However,this program expects to generate 3300 MWwhich will be bought and incorporated to theNational Integrated Electric System – SIN.This means that the energy produced willbe used by the whole population.

One third of the total amount (3300MW) ofthe energy produced will come from windfarms, the other third will come from smallcentral hydroelectric power plants (PCHs)and the final third from biomass projects.The energy produced by these units will thenbe bought by Eletrobrás, the national elec-tricity estate company. Beside the environmental matter, which hasbeen stimulated as a result of the KyotoProtocol coming into force on February, 2005,there is in Brazil a real necessity to provideelectric light for communities living in re-mote areas. As a result, the use of renewablesources is expanding. According to theMinistry for Mining and Energy, there arearound 12 million Brazilians without electriclight. This corresponds to around 7 per centof the country's population. In a programcreated in 2004 Electric light for all, the cur-rent government aims to reduce that numberto zero by 2008. “There is a huge electricity gap in the coun-try that must be dealt with and resolved byinvesting in infrastructure projects. Oftenthese people are too far from the electricdistribution system. Due to that we went onto work with renewable energy. We had tokeep it simple by generating and delivering

the energy all in the same place. By usingsolar modules – Photovoltaics (PV), an oldproblem could be resolved converting sun-light directly into electricity” says Fábio Rosa,an engineer who founded the Institute forthe Development of Alternative Energy(Ideaas), which in 1997 was created to strivefor electric light in rural areas through theuse of renewable energy.

According to Mr. Rosa to have a service whichis based in only one source, like the Brazilian,contributes to making that system vulnerable.The energy used in Brazil depends mainly onlarge hydro-electrics. There was an electrici-ty shortage in 2002 when the whole countryhad to cut down its consumption of electric-ity due to lack of rain. This caused a hugecrisis affecting the economy of the countrydirectly. Solar energy became then even moreimport for Brazil. “Solar energy, in some rural areas, is the onlypossible solution and at a lower cost thanbuilding extension wiring from the distribu-tion net. In urban areas it has advantages be-cause of the energetic efficiency since it canbe used not only to generate energy but alsoto heat water. The latter would reduce theelectric shower consumption problem.”

“Among all countries Brazil is the most important one considering the usage potential of renewable energy. We have a huge coast area where wind energy could beproduced easily and also a lot of solar radiation, besides these we have an enormous potential to produce biomass energy. It is important to have however, a conjunc-tion of all renewable sources as they are incredibly complementary”, points out Hamilton Moss de Souza, the coordinator to the Reference Center for Solar and WindEnergy (CRESESB), based in Rio de Janeiro. Picture: Juliana Radler

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According to the Sociedade do Sol, a NGOthat works with the dissemination of the useof low cost solar heating, around 36 millionpeople in Brazil use electric shower. Thistechnology as it is used today, at peak time

energy consumption (from 6pm to 9pm)uses up something like 6 GW (Gigawatt).In other words, electric shower consumptionresponds for 10 % of the whole energy usedin Brazil.

Sociedade do Sol believes that it is possible todiminish electric shower huge energy con-sumption by using energy produced by solarheating instead. To illustrate this if Brazili-ans stopped to use electric shower we couldsave 6 GW of energy per year which corres-pond approximately to US$ 9 billion.

For Mr. Rosa, solar energy in Brazil has re-ached a maturity stage, where we have reli-able equipments and good knowledge to dotheir maintenance. “The collectors that weuse have 3-day autonomy, which means 3days receiving no light whatsoever. Even ina cloudy day it can still be charged as whatensures energy production is luminosity”,says the specialist.However, the biggest obstacle for the dissem-ination of solar energy (both for heating andelectricity generation) is still the high cost ofthe initial implantation and the lack of loanprograms with low interest that would stim-ulate the sector. “High interest gets on theway and frustrates the development and thepropagation of renewable energy in Brazil.The advancing of thermal solar energy inBrazil is fundamentaly only a question ofcost”, says Hamilton Moss from Cresesb.

For Martin Green, from the New South WalesUniversity, Australia, the problem of highcost will only be overcome with time sincethe industry still needs to develop as a wholenot only in Brazil but generally in the wholeworld. Mr. Green believes that with maturityof this market, solar energy will be able to

Like in many other countries there is a real necessityin Brazil to provide electric light for communities liv-ing in remote areas. As a result, the use of renewablesources is expanding. According to the Ministry forMining and Energy, there are around 12 million Bra-zilians without electric light. This corresponds toaround 7 per cent of the country's population. In aprogram created in 2004 Electric light for all, thecurrent government aims to reduce that number tozero by 2008.Picture: Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit(GTZ)

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achieve the same platform of usage as fossilfuels (petroleum, coal and natural gas).

“If we use the photovoltaic model at largescale, we can stimulate the industry andtherefore we will be able to obtain lowerprices”, says Mr. Green. According to him,the development of a cheaper electricity pro-duction through solar energy that combinesoptical and glass fiber in a material knownas thin film can bring down costs and pricesfor solar. In Mr. Green opinion solar energywill respond for 1 % of the whole worldenergy produced in 2020, 10 % in 2030, and25 % in 2040.

PotencialAccording to the Swera Project (The Solarand Wind Energy Resource Assessment),financed by the United Nations EnvironmentProgram, the most appropriated areas to ex-plore solar energy in Brazil are the states ofBahia, Pernambuco, and Piauí, along withthe South, South East and Central regions, inthis order.

“On a cloudy day with no sun light at all, theincidence of solar radiation in Rio de Janeirois 3.6 kWh per square meter per day and inthe state of Ceará it is 4.5kWh. In Germany,where this type of energy is most used, the

daily incidence is only about 1.0 kWh persquare meter”, says Stefan Krauter, theLatin America president for the RenewableEnergy World Board. According to him, thesolar energy generation capacity in one yearis 14 thousand times bigger than the worldenergy consume in the same period.

Talking now about wind energy there is inBrazil, at present, only 28.6 MW (megawatts)installed in 11 projects which represents0.03 % of the total energy generation capac-ity in the country. With the PROINFA projectthere will be a significant leap in the Brazili-an installed capacity of wind energy. This isbecause of 53 new projects which have beenselected in nine different states totalizing1.4 GW of installed potency. This volume issuperior than 1.1 GW initially expected. Sofar, 145 different wind energy business ven-tures have been granted by the government,adding up to 6.6 GW of energy potency.

The biggest of these projects will be the WindFarm based in the state of Rio Grande doSul in the South of Brazil which will have ainvestment of US$ 240 million and the ca-pacity to generate 150 MW of electricity.This will be the largest project in Brazil andthe second in the world. The program has

Only 28.6 MW wind energy are installed in 11 projects at present in Brazil. This represents 0.03 % of the totalenergy generation capacity in the country. With the PROINFA project there will be a significant leap in theBrazilian installed capacity of wind energy. This is because of 53 new projects which have been selected in ninedifferent states totalizing 1.4 GW of installed potency. This volume is superior than 1.1 GW initially expected. Sofar, 145 different wind energy business ventures have been granted by the government, adding up to 6.6 GWof energy potency. Picture: Mucuripe Windfarm, Brazil

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Solarwärme Solarstrom Solares Bauen Biomasse MARKTBRASILIEN

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been financed by the National Bank for Eco-nomic and Social Development (BNDES)from Brazil and it is also part of thePROINFA.

One of the positive points in investing inwind energy, according to specialists, is itscontribution for the diversification of theBrazilian energetic model. This adds a newrenewable source of energy without any riskof having a energy shortage due to lack ofrain. Brazil is vulnerable to being almosttotally dependable on hydroelectric powerplants.

Apart from this, wind farms do not emitgreenhouse gases thus it could create an enor-mous market for carbon credit in Brazil. Inrelation to Biomass, according to the Schoolof Pharmaceutical Science of University ofSao Paulo, Brazil is one of the world’s larg-est producers of alcohol from biomass atlow cost and is responsible for more than1 million direct jobs. In 1973, the BrazilianProgram of Alcohol (Proalcool) stimulatedthe creation of a bioethanol industry that hasled to large economic, social, and scientificimprovements. In the year 1984, 94.5 % ofBrazil's cars used bioethanol as fuel. In2003/2004, 350.3 million tonnes of sugar-cane produced 24.2 million tonnes of sugarand 14.4 billion litres of ethanol for an aver-age 4.3 million cars using ethanol.

Since its inception, cumulative investmentin Proalcool totals US$ 11 billion, and Brazilhas saved US$ 27 billion in oil imports. Theethanol production industry from sugarcanegenerates 152 times more jobs than wouldhave been the case if the same amount offuel was produced from petroleum, and theuse of ethanol as a fuel is advantageous forenvironmental reasons. In 2003, one of thebiggest Brazilian ethanol industries startedconsuming 50 % of the residual sugarcanebagasse to produce electrical energy (60MW),a new alternative use of bioenergy for theBrazilian market. Other technologies forcommercial uses of bagasse are in develop-ment, such as in the production of naturalfibers, sweeteners (glucose and xylitol), single-cell proteins, lactic acid, microbial enzymes,and many other products based on fermen-tations (submerged and semisolid).

Furthermore, studies aimed at the increasein the biosynthesis of sucrose and, conse-quently, ethanol productivity are being con-ducted to understand the genetics of sug-arcane.

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Although, at present, there remain technicalobstacles to the economic use of some etha-nol industry residues, several research pro-jects have been carried out and useful datagenerated. Efficient utilization of ethanol in-dustry residues has created new opportuni-ties for new value-added products, especiallyin Brazil, where they are produced in highquantities.

The main objective of PROINFA is to diversi-fy the Brazilian energetic model. Created inApril 2002, by a law numbered 10.438,PROINFA aims to achieve a production of3.3 GW from alternative renewable sources.With this amount, Brazil will double itsproduction by using sources such as wind,biomass and small central hydroelectrics thatat the moment correspond to 3.8 % of the to-tal produced and which until the end of thisyear, could reach 5.9 %. The PROINFA counts on the National Bankfor Economic and Social Development(BNDES) to support financially such projects.It has created a program to support invest-ments in renewable energy.

The program offered by the bank expects tofinance up to 70 % of the total investmentsliving out only, assets and services whichmight come from abroad as much as the landfor premises building.The investors will have to guarantee 30 % ofthe project with their own capital. The financ-ing conditions will have long term interestrate (called TJLP in Brazil) plus 2 % of basicspread and up to 1.5 % of risk spread per year.The first installment will only be due sixmonths after the operation starts. Also therewill be a ten year period to pay off the loansand there will be no interest charged duringthe plant building.Eletrobrás, the national electricity estate com-pany, will buy the energy produced by thesenew plants throught long terms contracts(called PPAs). This will guarantee to the en-trepreneur a minimum revenue of 70 % ofits contracted energy during the financingperiod and also an integral protection con-cerning short term market exposition risks.Contracts will have a 20-year duration andwill involve select projects which will haveto start operating by December 2006.

According to Martin Green from the New South Wales University, Australia, the development of a cheaperelectricity production through solar energy that combines optical and glass fiber in a material known as thinfilm can bring down costs and prices for solar. In Mr. Green opinion solar energy will respond for 1 % of thewhole world energy produced in 2020, 10 % in 2030, and 25 % in 2040. Picture: CEPEL (Centro de Pesquisasde Energia Elétrica – Center of Research in Eletric Energy, Rio de Janeiro)

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The PROINFA program implementation es-timates to create 150 thousand direct and in-direct jobs during the construction and oper-ation of these new businesses. The privatesector expected investments are aroundUS$ 4.3 billion. One of the PROINFA lawrequirements is that 60 % of the total costof the project will come from national capital.Brazil withholds the knowledge to producemachines for the small hydro-electric powerstations (PDHs) and also for the biomasspower plants and is progressing in wind tech-nology. There are already two equipmentfactories installed in Brazil, one in the Southand the other in the North East of the country.

The regionalization criteria anticipated by thePROINFA law N° 10.762 establishes to un-dertake a limit of 20 % per state of the totalenergy generated there by wind and biomasssources and a 15 % limit by the small hydro-electrics power stations (PDHs). This will al-low all states with vocation to generate energyby using renewable sources to take part inthe program. The objective of this policy isto avoid a possible centralization of projectshappening in only a few states.In relation to electricity supplying, PROINFAintends to be a complementary instrument tothe energy produced by hydro-electrics whichare responsible for 80 % of the energy pro-duced in the country. This is because the rainperiod is the opposite to the period whenwind is most blown. The same will happenwith biomass in the South and South East re-gions where the harvest time for crops favor-able for electric energy generation (sugar caneand rice for example) occurs also at the op-posite time to the rainy season.

According to the Balanço Energético Nacio-nal (a national study which analysis theworld energy scenery) whereas the generalworld average for energy produced fromrenewable sources is 14 % and in developedcountries only 6 %, in Brazil this numbergoes up to 41 %. This is mainly due to theuse of hydro-electrics. With the PROINFAproject the use of renewable sources to pro-duce energy in Brazil will reduce the emis-sion of carbon dioxide by 2.5 million tons.Surely there will be an increase for theBrazilian Carbon Credit market as stated inthe Kyoto Protocol. Another goal of the pro-ject is to allow a larger insertion of the smallenergy producer, diversifying the number ofagents in the sector.

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The electricity exclusion map in Brazil revealsthat families without access to electricity aremostly in areas with the lowest HumanDevelopment Index and also in low incomefamilies. This indicates that the lack of electricity isconnected to a low Human DevelopmentIndex (HDI).Around 90 % of these families earns lessthan 3 minimum wages per month, whichcorrespond to about US$ 500 in total; 80 %of the families are in rural areas.

Therefore, the Brazilian government aimsto use electricity as a vehicle of social andeconomic development for such communi-ties, contributing in this way for poverty re-duction and for an increase in families in-come. With electricity people will have easieraccess to health care services, education (andthat would also allows digital inclusion), watersupply and sanitation.

With the Luz para Todos Program (Electriclight for all), the federal government intendsto antecipate in 7 years the universalizationof electricity in the country, allowing 100 %of the Brazilian homes to have electric lightby the end of 2008. According to the currentlegal legislation, the electricity companieshave to guarantee that electricity reaches everyhome in Brazil until December 2015.

About the authorJuliana Radler is a freelancer journalist based in Riode Janeiro, Brazil. She has been writing aboutenvironmental matters since 2000 for importantnewspapers and news agency in Brazil, such asGazeta Mercantil, Jornal do Brasil and Agência CartaMaior. Now, Juliana Radler works also with social andenvironmental documentaries for an NGO calledSumaúma Documentários.julianaradler@hotmail.com/juliana@sumauma.org

To stimulate the segment the Brazilian government has launched a program to encourage electric light production using renewable sources, the PROINFA. Normallyenergy produced by alternative sources are used by specific factories in Brazil. However, this program expects to generate 3300 MW which will be bought andincorporated to the National Integrated Electric System – SIN. This means that the energy produced will be used by the whole population.Picture: CEPEL (Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica – Center of Research in Eletric Energy, Rio de Janeiro)

Solarwärme Solarstrom Solares Bauen Biomasse MARKTBRASILIEN

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Erneuerbare Energien in Brasilien – ZusammenfassungVor dem Hintergrund steigender CO2-

Emissionen und des enormen Kaufkraft-

verlustes durch den Import fossiler Ener-

gien will Brasilien den Anteil erneuerba-

rer Energien drastisch vergrößern. Der

aktuelle Energiemix am Zuckerhut sieht

wie folgt aus:

Wasserkraft: 75,7 %

Stromimporte: 8,8 %

Erdgas: 4,5 %

Erneuerbare Energien

(Wind- Bio- und Solarenergie): 3,8 %

Erdöl: 2,8 %

Kernenergie: 2,7 %

Steinkohle: 1,7 %Quelle: Ministry for Mining and Energy (MME),Brasilien, Stand Mai 2006

Der geplante Ausbau von erneuerbaren

Energien soll auch Brasiliens jetzige Ab-

hängigkeit von der Wasserkraft aufheben.

Längere Trockenzeiten führten in der Ver-

gangenheit zu zahlreichen Stromausfäl-

len. Gleichzeitig haben etwa 12 Millionen

Brasilianer überhaupt keinen Zugang zur

Elektrizität – dies entspricht immerhin 7 %

der gesamten Bevölkerung. Programme

zur ländlichen Elektrifizierung versuchen

vor allem durch den Einsatz von Solar-

energie dieses Problem zu beseitigen. Mit

der Nutzung solarer Wärme will man die

im Land immer noch stark verbreiteten

elektrischen Boiler verdrängen. Die elek-

trische Warmwasserbereitung benötigt

insgesamt 6 GW Leistung und verbraucht

damit allein 10 % der installierten Strom-

kapazität des Landes.

Der Anteil der Windenergie in Brasilien ist

zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt immer noch ver-

schwindend gering: Nur 28,6 MW (in insg.

11 Windparks) bedeuten einen Anteil von

0,03% der am Netz befindlichen Leistung.

Im Rahmen des sog. PROINFA-Programmes

sollen weitere 1,4 GW an das Netz gehen.

In der Planung befinden sich 145 verschie-

dene Windenergieprojekte, die ein Poten-

zial von weiteren 6,6 GW haben.

PROINFA, das auf ein Gesetz aus dem Jah-

re 2002 zurückgeht, versucht mit staat-

licher Subventionierung und zinsgünstigen

Krediten den Anteil erneuerbarer Energien

von jetzt 3,8 auf 5,9 % anzuheben. Im

Bereich Bioenergie gibt es bereits zähl-

bare Erfolge: durch Bio-Ethanol aus Zu-

ckerrohr konnte Brasilien seine Ölimporte

reduzieren und 27 Milliarden US-Dollar

sparen.