台灣生物誌六足總綱 - TaiBIFtaibif.tw/BiotaTaiwanicaAlt/pdf/Ethmiinae.pdf · 2009-07-31 · for Ceylon, Sulawesi for Celebes, and Myanmar for Burma. Pictures of adult specimen,

BIOTA TAIWANICAHexapoda: Lepidoptera, Elachistidae - Ethmiinae

國立中山大學行政院國家科學委員會

計畫編號：NSC 96-2621-B-110-006-MY 2

台灣生物誌六足總綱鱗翅目草潛蛾科篩蛾亞科

顏聖紘、韋家軒 KUN Andras

YEN Shen-Horn, WEI Chia-Hsuan KUN Andras

BIOTA TAIWANICAHexapoda: Lepidoptera,

Gelechioidea, Elachistidae, Ethmiinae

國立中山大學行政院國家科學委員會

National Sun Yat-Sen University & National Science Council

台灣生物誌六足總綱鱗翅目旋蛾總科

草潛蛾科篩蛾亞科

顏聖紘、韋家軒、Kun AndrasYEN Shen-Horn, WEI Chia-Hsuan, KUN Andras

Contents

Preface 3

The subfamily Ethmiinae 4

The genus Ethmia 6

Ethmia assamensis 9

Ethmia crocosoma 11

Ethmia dentata 12

Ethmia epitrocha 13

Ethmia lapidella 15

Ethmia lineatonotella 17

Ethmia maculata 19

Ethmia maculifera 21

Ethmia nigroapicella 22

Ethmia octanoma 24

Ethmia okinawana 25

Ethmia penesella 27

Ethmia praeclara 28

Ethmia pseudozygospila 29

Ethmia susa 30

Ethmia zygospila 32

References 33

Appendix 1. Acronyms of the depository 36

Legends of Figure Plates 37

Fig. 1. The distribution of spots/stripes and wing area for Ethmia wing pattern 38

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the maculation on head and thorax of Ethmiinae 39

Fig. 3. Structures of Ethmia genitalia 40

Fig. 4. Adult specimens of the Ethmiinae species 41

Fig. 5. Adult specimens of Ethmiinae species 42

Fig. 6. Male genitalia of Ethmia of Taiwan 43

Fig. 7. Male genitalia of Ethmia of Taiwan 44

Fig. 8. Female genitalia of Ethmiinae species 45

Fig. 9. Female genitalia of Ethmiinae species 46

Fig. 10. Adults of Ethmiinae species 47

Fig. 11. Immature stages of Ethmiinae species 48

Index to taxa 49

Preface

The project “Biota Taiwanica” was first launched in 2007 under the sponsorship of the National Science Council (NSC). The aim of the whole series is to present a contemporary account of Taiwan’s native fauna and flora for various purposes, such as scientific research, education, professional training, resource management and interest of the general public. Although our knowledge of the island’s Lepidoptera fauna remains far from complete, the immediate and potential value of the series is beyond doubt. This series is aimed to provide a synopsis of the native Lepidoptera species of Taiwan, and to serve as a concise manual for identification. This series also incorporates colour pictures of each taxon, dichotomous keys, diagnoses of all taxa, valid names and synonymys, followed by references, geographical distributions and general biology and citation of representative museum collections.

The arrangement of the whole series does not follow any taxonomic system of high category taxa because the backbone phylogeny of the Lepidoptera has been undergoing a dramatic change during the last 10 years. We therefore decided to take the taxa of which the monophyletic status is confirmed or less suspicious with higher priority. In the whole series, all the synonyms that have ever appeared in literature are included. Reference citation is generally limited to the original publication. Chinese names of all taxa are given in traditional Chinese characters. A selected number of museum collections examined by the author(s) are cited for each specific taxon to represent the distribution pattern of a taxon in different areas and altitudes of Taiwan. We also include some specimens collected outside Taiwan to show that the Taiwanese material has been compared with other material or closely related species. The most importantly, examination of type specimen of each taxon is included when the type material is accessible. Because the chaotic and inconsistent anglicized spelling of locality names of Taiwan by various collectors of different nationalities, we follow the spelling appearing on the collection labels, but give annotations or corrections whenever necessary. The acronym for museum or private collection where specimens are deposited is cited. The order of geographical distribution in Taiwan is given from west to east and from north to south. The names of several areas follow current usage; for example, Sri Lanka for Ceylon, Sulawesi for Celebes, and Myanmar for Burma. Pictures of adult specimen, genitalia, larva, pupa, hostplant(s) and habitat are provided whenever available. The scale of the figures is not always indicated. Some figures contain a scale bar or indicate the scale within the legend.

We acknowledge the generous and continuous financial support provided by the National Science Council of the Taiwan (ROC). We also thank the following persons who offered great help in various aspects during our preparation of this volume: Geoff Martin, Martin Honey, Klaus Sattler (The Natural History Museum, London), Jerry Powell (University of California, Berkeley), Mei-Lin Chang, Cheng-Shing Lin (National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung), Jung-Tai Chao, Shen-Shan Lu (Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei), Li-Cheng Shih (Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou), Chi-Ling Su, Ying-Ling Tsai (National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaoshiung), Hou-Hun Li (Nankai University, Tianjin), and Dayong Xue (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing).

Shen-Horn YenNational Sun Yat-Sen University

July 2009

2 3BIOTA TAIWANICA Hexapoda: Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea, Elachistidae, Ethmiinae

Ethmiinae (ELACHISTIDAE) 篩蛾亞科 (=草蛾亞科) (草潛蛾科)

Shen-Horn YEN1, Chia-Husna WEI1, Andras KUN2 顏聖紘、韋家軒、Kun Andras

1Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan2Department of Zoology, Hungarian Museum of Natural History, Budapest, Hungary

1國立中山大學生物科學系，高雄，台灣

2匈牙立自然史博物館，布達佩斯，匈牙利

AbstractIn the present volume, the Ethmiinae distributed in Taiwan are revised. In total 14 species in 1 genus are confirmed and recognized. The suspicious record of Ethmia assamensis (Butler, 1879) is confirmed to be the misidentification of E. okinawana (Matsumura, 1931); the record of E. crocosoma Meyrick, 1914 has not been confirmed by any specimen examination and needs further investigation. The adult external features, genitalia, biological information as well as geographical distribution of each species occurring in Taiwan are provided.

Keywords: Lepidoptera, Ditrysia, Microlepidoptera, Gelechioidea, Ethmiinae

The subfamily Ethmiinae Busck, 1909

Azinidae Walshingham, 1906, Annals & Magazine of Natural History 18: 177.Ethmiidae Busck, 1909, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 11: 91;

Sattler, 1967, Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 2: 9; Moriuti, 1982, Moths of Japan 1: 254.

Ethmiadae Meyrick, 1909, Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 17: 422.Ethmiinae Brues, Melander & Carpenter, 1954, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, Harvard University 108: 257; Hodges, 1998, Handbook of Zoology 1: 131.; Kun & Szab ky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 46(1): 53; Wei et al., 2007, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 53(suppl. 1): 61.

Systematic history of the Ethmiinae

Historically the higher classification of the Ethmiinae within the Gelechioidea varies with different authors (Powell 1973, Wei et al. 2007). This group was considered as either a good family (Sattler 1967, 2002; Powell 1973, Kuznezov & Stekolnikov 1978, Common

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1990, Robinson et al. 1994), listed in Yponomeutidae (Meyrick 1914, 1928), or associated with Oecophoridae (Hodges 1978, Scoble 1992). Since Minet (1990) and Hodges (1999)’s discussions on Gelechioidea phylogeny based on adult and immature morphology, it has gradually been accepted that Ethmiinae should be placed as a subordination of the Elachistidae. Kaila (2004) investigated the phylogeny of Gelechioidea using morphological and ecological characters and recovered the relationship of Ethmiinae (based on Orophila and Ethmia) as the sister group of the clade comprising (Aeolonthinae + (Parametriotinae + (Agonoxeninae + Elachistinae))). Bucheli & Wenzel (2005) reconstructed the phylogeny of the Gelechioidea based on mitochondrial COI and COII sequence data and morphological characters. Their work, however, indicates that the current concept of Elachistidae might not be monophyletic and the Depressarinae is shown to be the sister group of Ethmiinae. These studies have greatly improved our knowledge of the phylogeny and character evolution of Gelechioidea, but the systematic problems of Ethmiinae remain unsolved due to the very limited taxon sampling and character sources being adopted in these works.

Wei et al. (2007) examined the internal relationship of Ethmiinae and inferred the evolution of hostplant use. The result shows neither the subfamily Ethmiinae nor the genus Ethmia is monphyletic. The Boraginaceae-feeding behaviour may represent the ancestral state of hostplant use, followed by several independent colonisations on other angiosperm families in different geographical regions.

Diagnosis

Adult – Wingspan 14-50 mm. Head with smooth or appressed scales. Ocelli absent. Maxillary palpus 1-4 segments. Labial palpus 3-4 segments covered with smooth or appressed scales. Forewing shape narrow to broad from base to margin, length about 2-5 times longer than width. Hindwing triangle-like. Ground colour yellow, white, grey, or brown. Abdomen with one or two more spots on tergite or spot absent.

Male genitalia – Uncus developed or rudimentary, completely fused with upper margin of tegumen. Gnathos broad with thorns or absent. Labis thin to broad when present. Valva variable, cucullus, sacculus and costa divided significantly or joined. Aedeagus bended. Cornuti dentate when present.

Female genitalia – Papillae anales membranous or slightly sclerotized, conical. Apophyses broad and short, or elongated into 8th segment and thin. Antrum membranous or slightly sclerotized with dentate on inner wall. Ductus bursae membranous, coiled or straight. Corpus bursae memebrnous. Signum fold with dentate. Appendix bursae present or absent.

Immature stages – Larva with secondary setae in the SV group. Abdominal legs elongated. Pupa with anal legs.

5BIOTA TAIWANICA Hexapoda: Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea, Elachistidae, Ethmiinae

Global distribution and diversity

The Ethmiinae (Elachistidae) is a megadivse group of Gelechioidea consisting of more than 350 species of worldwide distribution (Sattler 1967, 2002; Powell 1973, 1983, 1985). Compared with most microlepidopteran genera, the adult colour patterns, sizes (10-12 mm in Ethmia alba versus 40-50 mm in E. lineatonotella), genitalic structures, and corematal organs of Ethmiinae exhibit remarkable diversity in shapes and forms. According to the opinion integrated from previous authors (Clarke 1965, Sattler 1967, Danilevsky 1969, Powell 1973, Kaila 2004), the following seven genera are associated with the Ethmiinae: Ethmia Hübner, 1819, Agrioceros Meyrick, 1928, Pyramidobela Braun, 1923, Pseudethmia Clarke, 1950, Chrysethmia Diakonoff, 1966, Dasyethmia Danilevsky, 1969, and Orophia Hübner, 1825. The genera Agrioceros and Chrysethmia comprise only a few species with bright colouration distributed in the Indo-Australian and Pacific regions (Diakonoff 1967, 1969, Clarke 1965). The genera Pseudethmia, Pyramidobela and Dasyethmia are putatively included in this subfamily because of their superficial similarity with some dull coloured Ethmia species. The genus Orophia was previously included Oecophorinae (Oecophoridae), but Kaila’s (2004) phylogenetic analysis suggests its affinity with Ethmiinae. Powell (1973) pointed out that some genera, e.g. Ectaga Walsingham, 1912, Atopotorna Meyrick, 1932, Maesara Clarke, 1968 and Sphyrelata Meyrick, 1883 are involved in the Ethmiinae systematics and the monophyly of Ethmiinae is questionable. Although the taxonomic contents of the Ethmiinae seem to be debatable, most authors agree that the genus Ethmia harbours the greatest diversity of the subfamily.

Species diversity in Taiwan

According to Heppner et al. (1992) and Kun & (2000), only the major genus of Ethmiinae, Ethmia, is distributed in Taiwan.

General biology

Most Ethmiinae moths are nocturnal and distribute in low elevation except a group distributed in Europe is day flying and can be found in high mountains. In general, larvae of ethmiid moths are defoliator, skeletonizer or flower-eater on Boraginaceae, while some European and American species switch to use other angiosperm families, such as Rosaceae (Powell, 1973) or Ranunculaceae (Sattler, 1967).

The Genus Ethmia (草蛾屬)

Ethmia Hübner, 1819, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, 163 (Type-species: Ethmia pyrausta Hübner, 1819, pl. 79, fig. 370)

Psecadia Hübner, 1825, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, 412 (Type-species: [Tinea] decemguttella Hübner, 1816, pl. 44, fig. 303)

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Anesychia Hübner, 1825, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, 413 (Type-species: Phalaena Tinea pusiella Linnaeus, 1758, 534)

Disthymnia Hübner, 1825, Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge, 413 (Type-species: Tinea funerella Fabricius, 1787: 247)

Melanoleuca Stephens, 1829, Insecta Haustellatam, 2: 202 (Type-species: Phalaena Tinea pusiella Linnaeus, 1758: 534)

Aedia Duponchel, 1836, Historie naturelle des Lépidoptéres de la France, 305 (Type-species: Tinea echiella [Denis & Scguffer-müller], 1775: 140)

Chalybe Duponchel, 1836, Historie naturelle des Lépidoptéres de la France, 343 (Type-species: Chalybe pyraustella Duponchel, 1836: 296, 343)

Azinis Walker, 1863, List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British museum, 541 (Type-species: Azinis hilarella Walker, 1863: 542)

Tamarrha Walker, 1864, List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British museum, 816 (Type-species: Tamarrha nivosella Walker, 1864: 817)

Ceratophysetis Meyrick, 1887, Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, 1044 (Type-species: Ceratophysetis sphaerosticha Meyrick, 1887: 1045)

Theoxenia Walsingham, 1887, Annals & Magazine of Natural History, 506 (Type-species: Theoxenia penicillata Walsingham, 1887: 506, pl. 209, fig. 4)

Babaiaxa Busck, 1902, Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 10: 95 (Type-species: Psecadia delliella Fernald, 1891: 29)

Wiltshireia Amsel, 1949, Bulletin Société Fouad Premier d’Entomologie 33: 317 (Type-species: Wiltshireia alba Amsel, 1949: 317, pl. 10, fig. 68, pl. 11, fig. 76)

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 14-50 mm. Head normal, scales on top smooth or appressed. Maxillary palpus 1-4 segments, scale smooth, folded by proboscis. Labial palpus short to elongate, curved near or over top of eye. Antenna filiform, male often more dilated than female. Forewing narrow to broad from base to margin. Ground colour white, grey or brown with black spots or strips. Hindwing ground color single yellow, brown, or white, with apical brown or grey patch. M3 stalked with or very close to CuA1. Abdomen yellow, grey, or white. Single or pair spot(s) on each tergite, or spot absent.

Male genitalia - Uncus well developed, reduced or absent, well sclerotized or membranous. Gnathos developed with thorns, or absent. Labis broad to thin. Valva divided below costa or before cucullus. Aedeagus with cornuti, bended.

Female genitalia – Papillae anales membranous or slightly sclerotized, conical. Apophyses thin, short or elongate to 8th segment. Antrum membranous or slightly sclerotized, dentate in antrum present or absent. Ductus bursae membranous, coiled. Corpus bursae membranous. Signum present as crease with dentate or absent. Appendix bursae present or absent.


Immature stages – Larva with significant colour patterns. Head single colour, with primary setae as Gelechiidae and Oecophoridae. Pupa with anal legs.

Global distribution and diversity

Due to the remarkable variations of wing patterns and genitalic structures, Ethmia has been separated into many species-groups or “sections”. Sattler (1967) first attempted to establish an infrageneric classification of the genus for the Palaearctic fauna using genitalia characters, wing patterns, and other external morphological characters (e.g. androconial organs). Powell (1973) recognized 24 species groups for the New World fauna and conducted a phenetic analysis to investigate the relationships and validity of the species groups. Subsequently Powell (1985) used almost the same array of morphological characters of adult to define the species groups in Australia and five of them are partly overlapped with some defined by Sattler (1967) and Kun (2004). Liu & Xu (1982) re-analysed the phenetics of the Palaearctic species by following Sattler’s (1967) discussion on morphological characters and adding 8 Chinese species. They compared the morphological similarity between species groups and considered that the 23 Palaearctic species groups defined by Sattler should be lumped to 15. Up to date 51 species groups in total are proposed for this genus and many more species discovered in recent decades and from Africa have not been assigned to any species group.

Species diversity in Taiwan

Meyrick (1910) documented the first species of Ethmiinae, Ethmia preclara, from Taiwan. Subsequently the Ethmiinae diversity of Taiwan was accumulated by various authors (e.g. Matsumura 1931, Diakonoff 1969, Liu 1980, Inoue et al. 1982, Heppner 1992). The most current advances in Ethmiinae study were almost made by Kun Andras, who has been steadily revising the Asian, including Taiwanese Ethmiinae fauna. In 2000, he summarized the taxonomy of Taiwan Ethmiinae and to date 14 Ethmia species belonging to 5 species-groups are recognized from Taiwan.

General biology

About 80% of the Ethmia species with hostplant records is known to utilize Boraginaceae (including Ehretiaceae) (Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian regions) and Hydrophyllaceae (Nearctic region) (Sattler 1967, Powell 1973, 1985). Other major hostplant records include Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Phytolaccaceae, and Malvaceae, and these only occur in N. America. Powell (1973) considered that different host associations of the Ethmia moths may have evolved independently because there is no significant correlation between hostplant uses and species groups in the New World. This pattern is very intriguing because it can be used to address if the Boraginaceae-feeding behaviour, which is rare in the Lepidoptera (Ehrlich &

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Raven 1964), represents an ancestral state originated from the Old World, or if the non-Boraginaceae-feeding behaviour is more ancestral and originated from the New World.

Key to the species of Ethmia in Taiwan

1. Ground colour of forewing whitish yellow, wingspan > 40 mm E. lineatonotella-. Ground colour of forewing grey or whitish grey, wingspan < 40 mm 22. Ground colour of hindwing brightly yellow 3-. Ground colour of hindwing whitish grey or grey 53. Black spots present on each segment of tergite 4-. Black spots present on 5th-7th segments of tergite E. dentata4. Wingspan > 30 mm, black spot on base of tegulae E. preclara-. Wingspan < 30 mm, no black spot on tegulae E. nigroapicella5. Labial palpus black 6-. Labial palpus white or grey 76. Papillae anales subconical, anterior apophyses broadly triangular E. epitrocha-. Papillae anales elongate-conical, anterior apophyses slightly curved E. susa7. A transverse black stripe from base of forewing to margin 8-. No transverse black stripe from base of forewing to margin 98. Wingspan 20-25 mm, transverse black stripe clear, uncus deeply

bifurcated E. zygospila-. Wingspan 14-16 mm, t ransverse black st r ipe obscure, uncus half

bifurcated E. pseudozygospila9. A black transverse stripe on forewing from middle of cell to margin E. maculata-. No transverse stripe on forewing 1010. Abdomen yellow 11-. Abdomen grey 12

11. Wingspan 26-28 mm, a black spot on vertex of head present, one black spot on anterior part of mesoscutum E. okinawana

-. Wingspan 30-32 mm, a black spot on vertex of head absent, two black spots on anterior part of mesoscutum E. penesella

12. Uncus reduced to two toungue-shaped 13-. Uncus well developed, hood-like E. maculifera

13. Four black spots on apical part of forewing E. lapidella-. Three black spots on apical part of forewing E. octanoma

Ethmia assamensis (Butler, 1879) (阿薩密草蛾)Figs. 2A, 4A, 6A-B, 8A-B

Hyponomeuta assamensis Butler, 1879, Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 1879: 6. (Type locality: India. Type in NHM)

Psecadia hockingella Walsingham, 1880, Proceedings of Zoological Society, London 1880: 90 (Type locality: India. Type in NHM)


Ethmia assamensis, Sattler, 1967, Microlepidoptera Palaearctica, 2: 123, pl. 8, 60, 102, fig. 62; Kun & Szabóky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 46: 59, fig. 6-7, 28, 44

Specimens examined

A large series from the following localities: Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, China, Bhutan, Nepal (87 specimens in NHM, 14 specimens in HNHM, 8 specimens in coll. Cs. Szabóky).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 24-34 mm. Proboscis almost as long as labial palpus, and base with white scales. Maxilla palpus four segments, and top with white scales. Labial palpus long and thin, 2 to 2.5 segment whitish grey. Midleg with one black ring and one stripe to the end, and the top of midleg white. Hindleg with dark stripes on the base and hind of mid-part, and the top of hindleg white. Scapus with whitish grey scales, top side with one black spot on the base and the end. Antenna lash-shaped, brownish grey predominantly with whitish grey scales. Head grey. Edge of eye dark and spotty. Base of patagia dark. Tegula with two black spots at base. Thorax with six black spots, one unpaired at front of edge and one at base of scutellum, one pair beneath the tegulae and the other pair at scutellum. Abdomen orange-yellow. Legs grey with black regions. Tarsus black with white top. Trochanter, femur, tibia, and half base of Hindleg orange-grey. Forewing grey with black lines predominantly. A more roundish spot at 1/5 inside of edge. A row of black spots from quarter of costa to tornus , and one short line at the end. Hindwing grey with yellow hair at the base.

Male genitalia - Uncus long, hook-like, the top cleaved. Gnathos glossy, shield-like, without thorns or teeth. Anellus uneven dorsally and as long as labis. Costal node at almost ½ valva. Cucullus with widely, roughly triangular part and variable distally hunch. Aedeagus without cornuti.

Female genitalia - Ovipositor without strongly sclerotized part. A deep notch extended to the middle of 8th tergite. Anterior apophyses wide. The 8th sternite near the base of anterior apophyses as a bottle bag. Region behind ostium bursae membranous. Hind part of antrum soft. Anterior part of antrum sclerotized. Ductus bursae as long as abdomen. Signum densely dentate and plate-shaped, and folding about 1/3.

Global distribution

India, China (Sattler, 1967; Kun & Szabóky, 2000), Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and Nepal (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).

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Distribution in Taiwan

Not found in Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).

General biology

Unknown.

Remarks

Historically E. assamensis and E. okinawana were confused in literature for a long time until Kun & Szabóky (2000) clarified their taxonomic status. According to the present concept of these two species, E. assamensis does not occur in Taiwan, and all the records of this species from Taiwan should refer to E. okinawana.

Ethmia crocosoma Meyrick, 1914 (黃腹草蛾)Figs. 2B, 4B, 6E-F, 8C

Ethmia crocosoma Meyrick, 1914, Exotic Microlepidoptera 1: 173 (Type locality: Sikkim. Type in NHM)

Specimens examined

Nepal: 1 specimen (unsexed), Koshi, Taplejung area, SW of Mamankhe, 1700m, 87º57’E, 27º26’N, 6-7.IV.1996, Slide No. 13, leg. G. Csorba, S. T. Kovács and L. Ronkay (HNHM).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wing span 24-35 mm. Base of proboscis and maxilla palpus white-grey. Labial palpus white-grey. Foreleg and basal half of midleg blackish. Hindleg ½ shorter than Midleg and basal half blackish. One-third antenna from base white-grey, and grey-brown to the end. Head white-grey. Basis of Patagia and tegula blackish-brown. Thorax with a pair of black spots on the front edge and a pair on scutellum. Abdomen orange-yellow with three pairs of black spots on 5th-7th tergites. Forewing whitish-grey, with black spots. The beginning of costa with conspicuously marginal spots. Hindwing darker brownish-grey, lighter on fringe of apex.

Male gentalia - Uncus wide as tegumen, and behind 1/3 uncus with a notch. Posterior part of gnathos ½ wide as anterior part and with horns densely. Anterior part as wide as tegumen. Labis tapered. Costa long ½ valva. Cucullus forming a thumb-shaped projection, distal part narrow, rounded. Sacculus sharp on top distally.

BIOTA TAIWANICA Hexapoda: Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea, Elachistidae, Ethmiinae

Female genitalia - Anterior apophyses short. Antrum short, ostium bursae as a sclerotized ring. Corpus bursae strangulated. Signum small, horned.

Global distribution

India and Nepal (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).


Occurrence of this specie in Taiwan was first documented by Diakonoff (1969). However, after an overall survey of museum collection and field work, Kun & Szabóky (2000) concluded that this species might not be present in Taiwan.

General biology

Unknown.

Ethmia dentata Sattler & Diakonoff, 1966 (齒紋草蛾)Figs. 2C, 5A & E, 6I, 8D-E

Ethmia dentata Sattler & Diakonoff, 1966, Entomologische Berichten Amsterdam 26: 189, fig. 1, 2, 3 (Type locality: Taiwan. Type in NHM )

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Kaohsiung City: 5♂♂5♀♀, paratypes, Takow (now Chai-Shan), Formosa, 21.IV.1905. A. E. Wileman leg. (NHM). JAPAN. Okinawa: 1♀, Ishigaki island, 8.V.1981., A. Yamashita leg. (HUFA).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 23-28 mm. Antenna filiform; scape with black scales apically, flagellum with grey scales; maxillary palp consisting of four segments. Labial palp whitish, with two black rings on second and third segments; proboscis longer than labial palp, its base whitish. Frons and vertex grey, with black scales on top. Thorax grey with four black spots; tegulae grey with a pair of black spots at base. Forewing overlaid with 15-17 black dots on grey background and with a row of 10 marginal dots. Hindwing orange-yellow, dark brown apical patch covering about 1/5 of wing; cilia yellow. Forelegs and midlegs grey with black rings, hindleg orange-yellow with black tarsal rings. Abdomen orange-yellow, tergites 5, 6 and 7 with small, rounded dots, sternites 2-7 with pairs of rounded dots on each segment.

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Male genitalia - Uncus apically bifurcate with long, pointed arms, and with bristles at base; anterior part of gnathos forming sclerotized. rounded capitulum, covered with equally long teeth; posterior part membranous; Labis long, finger-like. Valva elongate, apical third tapering, cucullus slightly broadened, covered with hairs and bristles. ventral margin with wedge-shaped extension. Costa of valva long, strong, quadrangular, saccular part large, setose. Aedeagus with convex dorsal margin and with strongly sclerotized thin ring of carina. Vesica armed with large, pectiniform bundle of long spinules.

Female genitalia - Ovipositor strongly sclerotized, papillae anales conical, setose, posterior apophyses slender, twice as long as papillae. Anterior apophyses fused with lamella postvaginalis. Lamella postvaginalis large, sclerotized, with very short apical processi, scobinated, inflated emergences large, foot-shaped. Antrum with fine sclerotized half-ring, ventral surface with broader, smoothly sclerotized plate, dorsal surface with strongly dentate zone. Ductus bursae long, tubular, helicoid with several coils. Corpus bursae globular, with well-developed appendix, signum large, more or less smoothly sclerotized, with laced margins, deep crease horizontally.

Global distribution

Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines (Sattler & Diakonoff 1966).


The only known locality of this species is around Chia-Shan of Kaohsiung City. This species, however, has not been collected again since it was described from Taiwan.

General biology

Unknown.

Ethmia epitrocha (Meyrick, 1914) (微點草蛾)Figs. 2D, 4C, 6C-D, 8F, 10A, 11A

Ceratophysetis epitrocha Meyrick, 1914, Supplementa Entomologica 3: 54. pl. 79, fig. 370 (Type locality: Taiwan. Type in DEI)

Ethmia epitrocha, Sattler, 1967, Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 2: 129, pl. 9, 64, 105, fig. 67; Kun & Szabóky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 46: 53, fig. 12-13, 32, 48

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Taichung County: 1 specimen (unsexed), Pashenshan, 1000m, 16.III.1996, C. M. Fu. leg. Nantou County: 2 specimens (unsexed), 6 km E Wushe, 1300 m, 24°01’82”N,


121°10’65”E, 21.IV.1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg.; 2 specimens (unsexed), Huisun Forest Area [=Huei-sun Forest], 15 km N of Puli, 500 m, 7-8.VI.1997, B. Herczig & L. Ronkay leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), Huisun Forest Area, 15 km N of Puli, 500 m, 12-13.IV.1997, G. Csorba & L. Ronkay leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), Huisun Forest Area, 15 km N of Puli, 770m, 29.VII.1996, H. R. Tzuoo leg.; 1 specimen (unsexed), Dongpuu, 1300m, 10.IX.1993, H. R. Tzuoo leg.; 5 specimens (unsexed), Jenai, Chunyang, 21-22.VIII.1995, UV Light, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg. (NMNS); 1 specimen (unsexed), Wushe, 28-29. IV. 1993; 1 specimen, Wushe, 30-1.IV.1993; 2 specimens (unsexed), Ursung Forest [=Huei-sun Forest], 16 km E of Kuohsing, 560 m, 8.VI.1997 and 16.VI.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 8 specimens (unsexed), Ursung Forest Camping, 17 E of Kuohsing, 560 m, 23.V.1997 and 6-7.VI.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 4 specimens (unsexed), 3 km E of Tili, 550 m, 28.VI.1997, T. Csővári leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), Hui-Sun Experimental Forest Area, Guandaushi LTER site, 15 km N of Puli, 950 m, 24°04’49”N, 121°02’08”E, 12-13.IV.1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg. (HNHM); 4 specimens (unsexed), 3 km E of Tili, 550 m, 27-28.V.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM). Kaohsiung County: 4 specimens (unsexed), Liu-Kuei, San-Ping Forest Research Station, 700 m, 22°58’16”N, 120°41’15”E, 14-15.IV.1997; 2 specimens, 5 km W of Chihpen, 350 m, 5. VII. 1996, G. Csorba & L. Németh leg.; 28 specimens (unsexed), 26 km SE of Taoyuan, 1370 m, 4.XI.1996, 2.VI.1996, and 15.XI.1996, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 26 km SE of Taoyuan, 1370 m, 29.VI.1997, T. Csővári leg. Pingtung County: 37 specimens (unsexed), Kenting National Park, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, 300 m, 21°57’62”N, 120°48’89”E, 17-18.IV.1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg. (HNHM); 18 specimens (unsexed), Kenting National Park, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, 300 m, 21°57’62”N, 120°48’89”E, 15-20.VIII.1999, A. Kun & E. Juhász leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), Kenting, 17-18.V.1993, leg. C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg. (NMNS); 1 specimen (unsexed), 10 km E of Mutan, 400 m, 7-8.IV.1997, G. Csorba & L. Ronkay leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), on the road No. 199, 500 m, 22°14’38”N, 120°51’51”E, 19. IV. 1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg. (HNHM). Taitung County: 21 specimens (unsexed), 4 km N of Tupan, 390 m, 31.V.1997, 13-14.XI.1996 and 10.VI.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 30 specimens (unsexed), 3 km W of Hungyeh village, 13.VI.1997 and 1.VI.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 3 specimens (unsexed), 7 km E of Taimali, 710 m, 30.V.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 19 specimens (unsexed), Lanyu, Szudaugou, 25-26.IV.1997. UV Light, M. L. Chan leg. (NMNS).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 20-22 mm in male, 22-25 in female. Male antenna filiform, grey, basal segments strongly dilated, with white scales. Scape also with white scales; maxillary palp reduced, labial palp black with white ring on last segment; proboscis white. Frons black, vertex whitish. Thorax whitish with four black spots; tegulae white with a pair of black spots at base. Forewing overlaid with black markings on white background, consisting mostly of elongate, rather big black patches. Hindwing grey, without costal brushes; cilia whitish. Forelegs and midlegs grey with black rings, hindlegs whitish grey, abdomen yellow, 3rd to 7th segments with two black spots on each segment.

1514

Male genitalia - Uncus hood-like, flattened, bifid with deep, more or less V-shaped medial incision; anterior and posterior parts of gnathos well-developed, posterior part dentate, anterior part wide, covered with small warts. Labis membranous, rather short, broad at base, tapering apically. Valva elongate, apically acute, covered with hairs, ventral margin with long, acute, wedge-shaped lobe at distal end of sacculus. Costa forming long, sclerotized triangular plate; dorsal margin of aedeagus convex, carina with small, sclerotized ventral tooth, without cornuti.

Female genitalia - Ovipositor sclerotized, papillae anales subconical, setose, posterior apophyses thin, as long as papillae anales, anterior apophyses short, broadly triangular, finely pointed. Ductus bursae long, tubular; corpus bursae rather long, spherical; signum absent.

Global distribution

Japan, China, and Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).


Secondary and indigenous lowland forests in Nantou, Kaohsiung, Pingtung and Taitung.

General biology

Adults are nocturnal. Larvae feed on on Ehretia acuminata (Boraginaceae) (Wei et al., 2007). The species can found from low- to mid-elevation, and adults occur from March to September.

Ethmia lapidella (Walsingham, 1880) (厚殼樹篩蛾)Figs. 2E, 4D, 8G-I, 10B, 11C

Hyponomeuta lapidellus Walsingham, 1880, Proceedings of Zoological Society, London 1880: 86, pl. 12, fig. 1 (Type locality: India. Type in NHM)

Psecadia decempunctella Matsumura, 1931, 6000 Illustrated insects of the Japanese empire: 1085 (Type locality: Japan. Type in Hokkaido University)

Ethmia lapidella Sattler, 1967, Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 2: 133, pl. 9, 66, 106, fig. 70; Kun & Szabóky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 46: 61, fig. 8-9, 29, 45

Specimens examined TAIWAN. Nantou County: 5 specimens (unsexed), 6 km E Wushe, 1300 m, 24°01’82”N, 121°10’65”E, 21.IV1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg. (HNHM). Pingtung County: 1 specimen (unsexed), on the Road 199, 500 m, 22° 14’38”N, 120° 51’ 51”E, 19.IV.1997,


L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg. (HNHM); 27 specimens (unsexed), Kenting National Park, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, 300 m, 21° 57’62”N, 120° 48’89”E, 17-18.IV.1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg. (HNHM); 11 specimens (unsexed), Kenting National Park, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, 300 m, 21°57’62”N, 120°48’89”E, 15-20.VIII.1999, A. Kun. & E. Juhász leg.; 1 specimen (unsexed), 10km SE of Mutan, 400 m, 7-8.IV.1997, Csorba & L. Ronkay leg. (HNHM). Taitung County: 4 specimens (unsexed), 7 km E of Taimali, 710 m, 30. V. 1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 4 specimens (unsexed), 3 km W of Hungyeh village, 350 m, 1.VI.1997 and 5.XI.1996, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), 4 km N of Tupan, 390 m, 10.VI.1996, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 13 specimens (unsexed), Lanyu, Szudaugou, 25-26.IV.1997. UV light, M. L. Chan leg.; Kenting Park, 9.IX.1996, C. S. Lin leg. (NMNS); Lanyu Yonghsingnungchuang, 24-25.IV.1997, W. T. Yang leg. (NMNS).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 19-21 mm. Antenna filiform; scape with grey, flagellum with brown scales; maxillary palp, labial palp and base of proboscis grey. Frons and vertex grey with black scales on top. Thorax grey, with four black spots; tegulae grey, with black scales apically. Forewing overlaid with black spots on grey background; altogether ten spots and one small group of black scales; apical group consisting of four spots, one of them bigger than others, one larger spot in middle of cell, another spot below it, one spot between costa and cell, three smaller spots at basal 1/5 of wing, base of wing with small group of black scales. Hindwing bright grey, marginal area somewhat darker; costal brush absent; cilia grey. Legs bright yellow, abdomen greyish.

Male genitalia - Uncus reduced to two tongue-shaped, densely setose lobes. Gnathos weak, posterior and anterior parts undeveloped. Labis membranous, narrow, valva simple, narrowly elliptical with rounded apex, ventral surface sparsely covered with long bristles. Costal area short, costal margin strongly angled at basal third, sacculus with small, rounded, sclerotized ventral extension proximally. Aedeagus dorsally convex, carina with short, strong, hooked ventral plate. Vesica with two strong, flattened, arrow-shaped cornuti.

Female genitalia - Ovipositor conical, weakly sclerotized. Papillae anales elongate, with scarce, fine setae, apices rounded. Apophyses posteriores very long, slender, apophyses anteriores relatively thick, medium-long. Antrum sclerotized, short, f lattened, with upturned lateral margins. Ductus bursae very long membranous, tubular, with several coils. Corpus bursae large, elliptical-ovoid, signum “notched keel” (sensu Powell, 1973), with rows of variably large teeth, basal plate with deep, V-shaped emargination.

Global distribution

India, Japan, China, and Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).

16


Secondary and indigenous forests in Nantou, Pingtung and Taitung.

General biology

Adult is nocturnal. Larva is known feeding on Ehretia resinosa (Boraginaceae) (Wei et al., 2007). The species can be found in low-elevation. Two generations occur in march to May and September to October, respectively.

Remarks

The wing pattern of E. lapidella shows a great variability, making identification based on wing pattern not always promising. Ethmia heptasema Turner, 1898, from Australia, is allied to this species, and some other species recently described from Celebes, Vietnam, and Pakistan may also be related.

Ethmia lineatonotella (Moore, 1867) (線紋篩蛾)Figs. 2F, 5B, 6J-K, 8J-K, 10C, 11E

Hyponomeuta lineatonotella Moore, 1867, Proceedings of Zoological Society London 1867: 669, pl. 33, fig. 18 (Type locality: Sikkim. Type in NHM)

Psecadia vitattopunctata Matsumura, 6000 Illustrated insects of the Japanese empire: 831 (Type locality: Taiwan. Type in Hokkaido University)

Ethmia lineatonotella Sattler, 1967, Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 2: 124, pl. 8, 61, 103, fig. 63; Kun & Szabóky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 46: 55, fig. 2-3, 26, 42

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Taipei County: 5 specimens (unsexed), Pi Hu, cca 50 km SE Taipei, 450 m, 24°54’02”N, 121°45’27”E, 4-5.IV.1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg. (HNHM). Taoyuan County: 29 specimens (unsexed), 16 km E of Fuhsing, 870 m, 16.VII.1997 and 4.X.1995, T. Csővári leg. Taichung County: 1 specimen (unsexed), Anmashan, 2100 m, 19.VIII.1995, C. M. Fu leg. Nantou County: 8 specimens (unsexed), Ursung Forest [=Huei-sun forest], 560 m, 16 km E of Kuoshing, 29-30.X.1996, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 8 specimens (unsexed), 3 km E of Tili, 555 m, 27-28.V.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 27 specimens (unsexed), 15 km N of Puli, 500 m, 28.II.1996, Gy. Fábián & L. Németh leg.; 1 specimen (unsexed), 3 km E of Tili, 555 m, 28.VI.1997, T. Csővári leg.; 6 specimens (unsexed), Ursung Forest, 16 km E of Kuohsing, 560 m, 24.VI.1997, T. Csővári leg.; 1 specimen (unsexed), Dongpuu, 1300 m, 10.IX.1993, H. R. Tzuoo leg.; 1 specimen (unsexed), Tonpu, 1200 m, 22.IX.1994, H. R. Tzuoo leg.; 3 specimens (unsexed), Huisun


Forest Area, 770 m, 28.III.1996, H. R. Tzuoo leg.; 1 specimen (unsexed), Fenghuangku, 6.VI.1994, collector unknown. Pingtung County: 48 specimens (unsexed), 10 km SE of Mutan, 470 m, 07-10.III.1997, Gy. Fábián & L. Németh leg. Taitung County: 2 specimens (unsexed), 4 km N of Tupan, 390 m, 13.XI.1996 and 14.VI.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 2 specimens (unsexed), 2 km N of Tupan, 500 m, 25.X.1995, T. Csővári leg.; 2 specimens (unsexed), 3 km W Hungyeh village, 350 m, 13.VI.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), 7 km E of Taimali, 710 m, 30.V.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM). Ilan County: 3 specimens (unsexed), 3 km S of Suao, 400 m, 6.X.1995, T. Csővári leg.; 4 specimen (unsexed), Fu-Shan Botanical Garden, LTER site, 700 m, 24°45’47”N, 121°35’75”E, 4-7.VIII.1999, A. Kun & E. Juhász leg. (HNHM). VIETNAM. N. Vietnam: 1 specimen, Tam Dao, 800m, 28. XI. 1992, Sinjaev leg.; 1600m, Mt. Fan-si –Pan (Nord), primary forest, Cha-pa, 22°17’N, 103°44’E, 20-30. IV. 1995, Sinjaev & local collector leg.; 10 specimens, 2400m, Mt. Fan-si -Pan, Cha-pa, 22°15’N, 103°46’E, 8-29. V. 1993 Sinjaev & Simonov leg.; 1 specimen, Tam Dao (Sek. Wald) 60km NW Hanoi, 1200m, 21°34’N, 105°20’E, 1-5. V. 1993, Sinjaev & Simonov leg.; Tonkin, Mt. Fan-si-Pan (Nord), Cha-pa, 22°15’N, 103°45’E, 2-4. III. 1993, Dr. R. Brechlin leg. (coll. HNHM, Budapest, coll. Szabóky, NMNS, Taichung, coll. C. M. Fu, coll. H. R. Tzuoo, coll. Museum WITT).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 40-50 mm. Antenna filiform; scape with yellow scales, flagellum yellowish, with brown scales distally. Maxillary palp yellow, consisting of four segments. Labial palp yellow with black ring on medial segment. Proboscis yellowish. Frons and vertex yellowish with black scales on top (apically). Thorax yellowish with six black spots; tegulae white with a pair of black spots at base. Forewing overlaid with black marking on yellowish background: seven spots at basal part, four characteristic long striae; two larger spots at outer edge of cell between veins Cu2 and M2, these spots may fuse into a larger patch. Hindwing brownish, orange at base; with strong costal brushes; cilia yellow. Forelegs and midlegs faint yellow with clack rings. Tarsus black with light tip. Hindleg orange; abdomen similarly orange-coloured.

Male genitalia - Uncus sclerotized, very long, slender, hooked. Posterior part of gnathos lacking, anterior part broad. Anellus with small, stocky dorsal heel, labis finger-shaped. Valva wide, bean-shaped, covered with bristles, cucullus wth long, strong, acute, variably curved process; sacculus wide. Dorsal margin of aedeagus convex, vesica with long, wide cornutus terminating in stronger, apically bi- or trifid thorn. Female genitalia - Ovipositor strongly sclerotized, papillae anales conical, setose, posterior apophyses thin, longer than papillae, anterior apophyses wedge-shaped, acute. Antrum with sclerotized ventral half-ring and small, quadratic, medially twisted medial plate. Ductus bursae long, tubular, helicoid with a few coils, membranous with rather strong Scobination. Corpus bursae rather big, spherical, signum very large, trilobate, covered with more or less equal teeth.

1918

Global distribution

India, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky 2000).

Distribution in Taiwan Secondary and indigenous lowland forests in Taipei, Taoyung, Taichung, Nantou, Pingtung, Taitung, and Ilan.

General biology

Adults are nocturnal. Larvae feed exclusively on Ehretia longiflora (Boraginaceae) (Wei et al., 2007). Adults fly in most months of the year.

Ethmia maculata Sattler, 1967 (圓斑篩蛾)Figs. 2G, 4E, 11H

Ethmia maculata Sattler, 1967, Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 2: 121 pl. 8, 59, 101, fig. 60 (Type locality: China. Type in ZFMK)

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Taichung County: 1 specimen (unsexed), Pashenshan, 1000 m, 4, 6.IV.1995, C. M. Fu leg; 6 specimens (unsexed), Henglung, 1.X.1983, 8.VIII.1983, 11.VII.1983, B. S. Chang leg. (coll. NHM London, HNHM, coll. Szabóky, NMNS, Taichung, coll. C. M. Fu, coll. H. R. Tzuoo). Nantou County: 11 specimens (unsexed), 6 km E of Wushe, 1300 m, 24°01’82”N, 121°10’65”E, 21.IV.1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun (HNHM) leg.; 8 specimens (unsexed), 3 km E of Tili, 555 m, 16.XI.1996 and 27-28.V.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 8 specimens (unsexed), Ursun Forest [=Huei-sun forest], 16 km E of Kuoshing, 560 m, 29-30.X.1996 and 8.VI.1997 and 24.V.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), 3 km SW of Tsuifeng, 2100 m, 31.X.1996, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 2 specimens (unsexed), 3 km E of Tili, 555 m, 28.V.1997, T. Csővári leg.; 1 specimen (unsexed), Ursun Forest ,560 m, 16 km E of Kuoshing, 24.VI.1997, T. Csővári leg.; 7 specimens (unsexed), Dongpuu [=Dong-pu], 1300 m, 10.IX.1993, H. R. Tzuoo leg.; 1 specimen (unsexed), Tonpu [= Dong-pu], 1200 m, 22.IX.1994, H. R. Tzuoo leg.; 2 specimens (unsexed), Jenai, Chunyang, IX.1.1995, UV light, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg., Kun Gen. No.: 142; Wushe, 28-29.IV.1993; Meifeng, 28-29.VII.1997, UV light, C. S. Lin. & W. T. Yang leg., Kun Gen. No.: 138 (NMNS). Tainan County: 1 specimen (unsexed), Kanshirei, 1000 ft., 3.V.1908, A. E. Wileman leg., slide no: GU-7481 BM (NHM). Kaoshiung County: 5 specimens (unsexed), 26 km SE of Taoyuan, 1370 m, 4 and 15.XI.1996 and 2.VI.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM). Taitung County: 1 specimen (unsexed), 3 km W Hungyeh village 350 m., 14.XI.1996, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM).


Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 25-27 mm. Antenna filiform, with slightly dilated basal segments; scape with black scales above and white scales below, flagellum with brown scales; maxillary palp whitish grey. Labial palp white with black scales on medial and last segments; proboscis basis white; frons and vertex white, similarly with black scles on top; thorax white with five black spots; tegulae white with a pair of black spots at base. Forewing overlaid with black markings on whitish background; characteristic marking of forewing a long, arrow-shaped marking from middle of cell to outer margin of wing, rest of markings consisting of elongate spots. Hindwing whitish grey; without costal brushes; cilia whitish. Forelegs and midlegs whitish with black rings, especially on tarsus, hindleg whitish grey. Abdomen grey, yellow from 5th to 8th segments, with two black spots on dorsal surface of each segment.

Male genitalia - Uncus bifid with deep medial incision, apices rounded. Posterior part of gnathos lacking, anterior part well developed, finely dentate, fused with large, sclerotized dorsal plates on each side. Labis rudimentary; dorsal part of anellus sclerotized more or less rectangular. Valva with bristles; costal margin with well-developed triangular, sclerotized basal plate. Cucullus strong bristles. Sacculus with short, characteristic fold at base; vinculum without developed saccus. Aedeagus gun-shaped, cornuti long, fine, bristle-like.

Female genitalia - Ovipositor strongly sclerotized, anterior apophyses short, thick. Antrum membranous, with a sclerotized caudal ring. Ductus bursae thin, twice as long as abdomen; signum ”dentate bar” (sensu Powell 1973, meaning a shallow crease with numerous, more or less equal sized teeth).

Global distribution

China, and Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky 2000).


Secondary and indigenous lowland forests in Taichung, Nantou, Tainan, Kaohsiung, and Taitung.

General biology

Adult is nocturnal. Larva is known feeding on Ehretia dicksonii (as macrophylla) (Boraginaceae) (Lin 2004).

2120

Remarks

The species-group contains also an undescribed species from Nepal; the Nepalese species is considerably larger than its relatives, with the wing span about one and half times larger than those of E. maculata and E. autoschista (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).

Ethmia maculifera (Matsumura, 1931) (橫斑篩蛾)Figs. 2H, 4F, 7A-B, 8L-M, 11B

Symmoca maculifera Matsumura, 1931, 6000 Illustrated insects of the Japanese empire: 1086 (Type locality: Japan. Type in Hokkaido University)

Ethmia mesozyga Meyrick, 1935, Exotic Microlepidoptera 4: 603 (Type locality: Japan. Type in NHM)

Ethmia maculifera Sattler, 1967, Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 2: 130, pl. 9, 65, 105, fig. 68; Kun & Szabóky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 46: 66, fig. 14-15, 33, 49

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Nantou County: 1 specimen (unsexed), 3 km E of Tili, 555 m, 120°58’E, 23°47’N, 27-28.V.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); Ursun Forest, 16 km E of Kuoshing, 560 m , 121°00’E, 24°05’N, 8.VI.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM). Kaoshiung County: 1 specimen (unsexed), 26 km SE of Taoyuan, 1370 m, 120°52’E, 23°17’N, 2.VI.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM). Pingtung County: 3 specimens (unsexed), Kenting National Park, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, 300 m, 21°57’62”N, 120°48’89”E, 17-18.IV.1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), 10 km SE of Mutan, 400 m, 7-8.IV.1997 G. Csorba & L. Ronkay leg. (HNHM).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 20-22 mm. Antenna filiform, with grey scales, scape with white scales, maxillary palp rudimentary, whitish. Labial palp whitish; proboscis grey; frons and vertex whitish with black scales on top. Thorax whitish, with four black spots; tegulae white with a pair of black spots at base. Forewing overlaid with black markings on whitish grey background; two apical spots; a larger costal spot at 1/3 of wing, twin spots at middle of wing, three spots below cell in submedian fold, one of them near to base. Hindwing grey, without costal brushes; cilia whitish. Legs and abdomen whitish grey. Male genitalia - Uncus typically hood-like; socii short, sclerotized, falciform bars, fused partly with base of uncus. Anterior part of gnathos absent, posterior part thin, dentate; labis membranous, narrow. Valva hairless, costa of valva long, thin; cucullus with long, arcuate, geniculate process, distal part of sacculus with seta-bunch. Aedeagus dorsally convex, vesica without cornuti.


Female genitalia - Ovipositor strongly sclerotized, papillae anales conical, setose, posterior apophyses thin, as long as papillae. 8th segment narrow, ring-like anterior apophyses very short, wedge-shaped. Lamella postvaginalis large, strongly sclerotized, broadly law-like, basal part with inflated, rounded, scobinated emergence. Antrum small, weakly sclerotized, ductus bursae long, tubular, membranous, helicoid with several coils. Corpus bursae rather big, bilobate, signum large, quadrate, a “notched keel” but without emargination, with more or less equal teeth.

Global distribution

Japan and Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).


Secondary and indigenous forests in Natou, Kaohsiung, and Pingtung.

General biology

Adult is nocturnal. Larva is known feeding on Ehretia dicksonii (Boraginaceae) (Wei et al., 2007). The species can be found in low-elevation.

Ethmia nigroapicella (Saalmüller, 1880) (端黑篩蛾)Figs. 2I, 5C & F, 6B, 7E-F, 9A-B, 10D, 11D

Psecadia nigroapicella Saalmüller, 1880, Jahresbericht Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft 1879/80: 310 (Type locality: Madagascar. Type in SNG)

Ethmia colonella Walsingham, 1907, Fauna Hawaiiensis 1: 507 (Type locality: Hawaii. Type in NHM)

Ethmia meteoris Meyrick, 1911, Transactions of Linnaean Society London 14: 289 (Type locality: Seychelles. Type in NHM)

Ethmia systematica Meyrick, 1922, Exotic Microlepidoptera 2: 552 (Type locality: Myanmar. Type in NHM)

Psecadia apicalis Matsumura, 1931: 6000 Illustrated insects of the Japanese empire: 1084. (Type locality: Japan. Type in Hokkaido University)

Ethmia nigroapicella Sattler, 1967, Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 2: 127, pl. 9, 63, 104, fig. 65 ; Kun & Szabóky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 46: 69, fig. 18, 36, 52.

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Kaohsiung city: 1♂, Takow, Formosa, 21.IV.1905, A. E. Wileman leg. (NHM); 7♂♂8♀♀, National Sun Yat-Sun University, IV.2004. L. C. Shih leg. (NSYSU).

2322

Pingtung county: 5♂♂5♀♀, Kenting National Park, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, III.2005. C. H. Wei leg. (NSYSU).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 24-28 mm. Antenna filiform; scape with black scales basally; flagellum with grey scales and cilia; Labial palp whitish, second and third segments with black rings, one and a half on medial, two on apical, segment. Basal part of proboscis greyish; frons and vertex grey with black scales on top. Thorax grey with four black spots; tegulae grey with a pair of black spots at base. Forewing overlaid with 15 black dots on grey background, and a row of 7 marginal dots. Hindwing orange-yellow, apical patch dark brown, covering 1/7 of hindwing; cilia yellow. Forelegs and midlegs grey with black rings, hindleg orange-yellow with black tarsal rings. Abdomen orange-yellow, tergites with small round dots, sternites 1-6 with pairs of rounded dots on each segment.

Male genitalia - Uncus bifurcate with deep medial incision; anterior part of gnathos long, with more or less equal, strong teeth, posterior part wide, membranous; labis long, thin, hairy. Valva elongate, distally curbed, saccular and apical parts covered densely with strong hairs, costa of valva long; cucullus sclerotized falciform, with apex rounded. Aedeagus gun-shaped carina with strong, tin sclerotized ring, vesica armed with long, pectiniform bundle of long spinules.

Female genitalia - Ovipositor strongly sclerotized, anterior apophyses fused with lamella postvaginalis. Lamella postvaginalis large, sclerotized; scobinated, inflated emergence large, elongated. Antrum with fine sclerotized half-ring, dorsal surface with diffusely dentate zone. Ductus bursae long, tubular, helicoid with several coils. Signum very large, more or less smoothly sclerotized, with crenulated margins, a deep crease horizontally.

Global distribution

One of the most widely distributed Ethmia species in the world, ranging throughtout Madagascar, Seychelle Islands, India, Myanmar, Kei Island, Samoa, Hawaii, and Taiwan.


Only occurring in the coastal forests in Kaohsiung, Pingtung, Green Island (Lu-Tao) and Orchid Island (Lanyu).

General biology

Adulte are nocturnal. Larvae making simple silk web and feed on leaves of Ehretia resinosa (Boraginacae) in Taiwan (Wei, et al., 2007). The population in Hawaii also


utilizes Cordia subcordata and C. sebestena (Moriuti, 1963; Legrand, 1965; Sattler, 1967) as the hostplant. It is occasionally regarded as pest species in Hawaii. Sattler also noticed the differences in size, wing colouration and female genitalia between populations of different regions, but if these differences reflect genetic differentiation or morphological plasticity due to environmental factors is yet to be investigated in the future.

Ethmia octanoma Meyrick, 1914 (八斑篩蛾)Figs. 2J, 4G, 6G-H, 9C-D

Ethmia octanoma Meyrick, 1914, Supplementa Entomologica 3: 55 (Type locality: Taiwan. Type in DEI)

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. County unknown: 1 specimen (unsexed), locality and collection data unknown, GB-7473 BM (NHM). Kaohsiung City: 5♂♂3♀♀, National Sun Yat-Sen University, IV.2004, L. C. Shih leg. (NSYSU); 4♂♂5♀♀, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 14.IV.2009, C. H. Wei leg. (NSYSU); Pingtung County: 2 specimens (unsexed), on the road No. 199, 500 m, 22°14’38”N, 120°51’51”E, 19.IV.1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg. (HNHM); 10 specimens (unsexed), Kenting National Park, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, 300 m, 21°57’62”N, 120°48’89”E, 17-18.IV.1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg. (HNHM); 6♂♂5♀♀, Kenting National Park, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, 26.IV.2009, L. Y. Tsai leg. (NSYSU).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 20-23 mm. Antenna filiform; scape with bright grey scales, flagellum with grey scales; maxillary palp, labial palp and base of proboscis grey. Frons and vertex grey, with black scales on top. Thorax grey, with four black spots; tegulae grey, with black scales terminally. Forewing overlaid with black spots on grey background; wing pattern consisting of six black spots, three spots in apical area, one larger spot at middle of wing, two further black spots at basal and at medial thirds of veins an1+2, an additional, elongate group of black scales near base of costa and at base of wing. Hindwing bright grey, basal part yellowish; without costal brushes cilia bright grey. Legs bright yellow, abdomen greyish. Male genitalia - Uncus reduced to two tongue-shaped, slightly hairy lobes. Gnathos weakly sclerotized, posterior and anterior parts undeveloped; labis long, narrow, rather strong, stick-like. Vinculum strong, U-shaped, with flattened, rounded saccus-lobes. Valva short, ventral margin arcuate, with angular ventro-apical edge, ventral surface covered with hairs. Costa long, “cucullus” forming elongate, crook-like process; sacculus with sclerotized fold at base. Aedeagus curved dorsally convex, vesica armed with about a dozen small, sclerotized, acute cornuti.

2524

Female genitalia - Ovipositor conical, weakly sclerotized. Papillae anales elongate with apices rounded, setose with scarce, fine setae. Apophyses posteriores very long, slender, apophyses anteriores short, weak. Ventral plate of antrum sclerotized, ductus bursae very long, one and half as long as abdomen, membranous, tubular with several coils, posterior part dilated, flattened, falcate, with strongly sclerotized crests. Corpus bursae large, spherical, signum absent.

Global distribution

Endemic to Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).


Only found in the coastal forests of Kaohsiung, Pingtung and Orchid Island (Lanyu).

General biology

Adults are nocturnal. Larvae feed on Ehretia resinosa and E. dicksonii (Boraginaceae) (Wei et al., 2007).

Remarks

Sattler (1967) proposed the synonymy of E. octanoma with E. lapidela, Kun & Szabóky (2000) indicated that these two taxa represent two, clearly separable distinct species. However, Wei et al.’s (2007) phylogenetic analysis does not suggest a close relationship between them.

Ethmia okinawana (Matsumura, 1931) (沖繩篩蛾)Figs. 2K, 5D, 7C-D, 9E-F, 10E, 11F

Symmoca okinawana Matsumura, 1931, 6000 Illustrated insects of the Japanese empire: 1086 (Type locality: Japan. Type in Hokkaido University)

Ethmia okinawana Kun & Szabóky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 46: 58, fig. 4-5, 37, 43

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. County Unknown: 1 specimen (unsexed), locality unknown, 17.V.1908, A. E. Wileman leg. (NHM). Nantou County: 1♀, 3km E of Tili, 550m, 16. IX.1996, Cs. Szabóky leg., Slide No. 30. (HNHM); 5 specimens (unsexed), 3km E of Tili, 555 m, 27-28.V.1997, 120°58’E, 23°47’N, Cs. Szabóky leg., Slide No. 28 (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), Ursung Forest, 560 m, 16 km E of Kuohsing, 29-30.X.1996, Cs. Szabóky


leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), Jenai, Chunyang, 22-31.V.1995, UV Light, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg., Kun Gen. No.: 139 (NHMS). Kaoshiung County: 3 specimens (unsexed), 26 km SE Taoyuan, 1370 m, 29.VI.1997, T. Csővári leg., Slide No. 29; 11 specimens (unsexed), 26 km SE Taoyuan, 1370 m, 15.XI.1996 and 4.XI.1996, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM). Taitung County: 1 specimen (unsexed), 3 km of Hungyeh village, 350 m, 1. VI. 1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); Huishun 9.III.1984, B. S. Chang leg. (NMNS).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 26-28 mm. Antenna filiform; scape with black scales above and white below. Maxillary palp grey. Labial palp grey, with black ring on last segment and with two black rings on second segments; base of proboscis whitish grey. Frons and vertex grey, vertex with black scales at top. Thorax with five black spots, tegulae grey with black spot at base. Forewing overlaid with black markings on grey background; with three characteristic, apical area with three elongate spots; cilia grey. Hindwing grey with yellowish base; male with costal brushes; cilia grey. Forelegs and midlegs grey with black scales; hindleg yellow with black tarsal rings. Abdomen yellow.

Male genitalia - Uncus long, sclerotized, narrow; gnathos poorly recognizable as a weakly sclerotized medial plate with narrow, bar-like lateral arms. Labis membranous digitiform; basal plate of anellus rounded, mall, weak, postero-lateral arms stronger, elongate. Valva rather broad, ventral surface hairy, basal part of valva with more or less triangular costal area. Cucullus small, narrow triangular with apex finely rounded, distal process long, twisted. Sacculus large, sclerotized, densely hairy. Dorsal margin of aedeagus convex, narrow, distal third tapering, carina with strongly sclerotized ring; vesica without cornuti.

Female genitalia - Ovipositor strongly sclerotized, papillae anales conical, setose, with apex finely rounded, posterior apophyses slender, as long as papillae. 8th segment sclerotized, narrow, anterior apophyses short, weak, broadly triangular. Antrum short, sclerotized, distal part strongly broadened. Ductus bursae long, tubular, membranous, helicoid with several coils. Corpus bursae spherical, with small, rounded appendix, signum large, covered with more or less equal teeth.

Global distribution

Japan and Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).


Coastal forests in Nantou, Kaohsiung, and Taitung.

2726

General biology

Unknown.

Ethmia penesella Kun, 2000 (扇平篩蛾)Figs. 2L, 4H, 7G-H, 9G-H

Ethmia penesella Kun & Szabóky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungarica 46: 72, fig. 23, 39, 55 (Type locality: Taiwan. Type in HNHM)

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Kaohsiung: Holotype: 1♂, Liu-Kuei, San-Ping Forest Research Station, 700 m, 22°58’16”N, 120°41’15”E, 14-15.IV.1997, L. Peregovits & A. Kun leg., slide No. Kun 42. (HNHM); 3♂♂, paratypes, same data as the holotype, slide No. Kun 41 (NMNS).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 30-32 mm. Antenna filiform, with whitish grey scales; scape, maxillary palp, labial palp and proboscis whitish grey. Frons and vertex grey, vertex with black scales on top. Thorax whitish, with four black spots, terulae with black basal dots. Forewing grey marked with ten black spots arranged into two main groups which contain five spots each. Dots of basal group somewhat larger, especially those of costal area. Basal streak of submedian fold short, marked with white scales, terminal line represented by 8-9 small black dots. Hindwing whitish grey; with costal brushes, cilia as ground colour. Forelegs grey with black rings; midlegs and hindlegs grey with black scales on tarsus. Abdomen yellow, without black markings.

Male genitalia: uncus well-developed, hood-like, weakly hairy. Socii small, short, bar-like, posterior part of gnathos mace-like, strongly dentate, anterior part membranous. Labis membranous, narrow, finely curved, densely setose; anellus sclerotized, trapezoidal, with long, slender dorso-lateral arms. Valva rather short, rounded quadrangular, distal part with heavily sclerotized “seta-brunches”, costa long, narrow, cucullus with very long, acute, almost straight apical processus, base of sacculus slightly hairly. Aedeagus narrowly tubular, convex, distal part with narrow, long, sclerotized dorsal and ventro-lateral plates. Vesica with long row of fine, pointed denticuli.

Female genitalia: Ovipositor sclerotized, papillae anales conical. Posterior apophyses thin and elongated. Anterior apophyses curved, broad to narrow from base to tip. Antrum slightly sclerotized with small pellets on inner surface. Ductus bursae membranous. Corpus bursae spherical, membranous. Signum sclerotized with small spines. Appendix bursae present.


Global distribution

Endemic to Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).


Lowland secondary or indigenous forests in Kaohsiung.

General biology

Unknown.

Ethmia praeclara Meyrick, 1910 (黃翅篩蛾)Figs. 2M, 4I, 9I-J

Ethmia praeclara Meyrick, 1910, Transactions of Entomological Society London 1910: 460 (Type locality: Taiwan. Type in NHM)

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Kaohsiung: 1 specimen (unsexed), Takow, Formosa, 30.VII.1905, A. E. Wileman leg. (NHM); Taitung County: 1♀, Lanyu, Yonghsingnungchuang (=Yonghsing Farm), 28.VII.2008, Wang, W. C. & Tsai, N. Y. leg. (NSYSU). INDONESIA. Celebes: 1♀, G. Tompoe, Paloe, 2700, I.1937, J. P. A. Kalis leg. (HNHM).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 33-37 mm. Antenna filiform; scape with black scales apically, flagellum with grey scales; labial palp greyish with black rings, one and half on medial, two on last segment. Base of proboscis greyish; frons and vertex grey, with black scales on top. Thorax grey with four black spots; tegulae grey with a pair of black spots at base. Forewing overlaid with 18 black dots on grey background, a row of eleven marginal dots. Hindwing orange-yellow, apical patch dark brown, covering outer 1/6 wing. Forelegs and midlegs grey with black rings, hindleg orange-yellow with black rings on tarsus. Abdomen orange-yellow, tergites with small, rounded dots, sternites with pairs of rounded dots on each segment.

Male genitalia - uncus bifurcate with deep medial incision; anterior part of gnathos with wide, head-like apical part, covered with more or less equal teeth; labis long, finger-shaped, hairy. Valva elongate, ventrally curved, saccular and apical parts covered densely with strong hairs, costa of valva long; cucullus sclerotized, elongate, apically rounded, densely hairy, ventral margin with small, sclerotized process at base of cucullus. Aedeagus gun-shaped, carina with narrow, strongly sclerotized ring.

2928

Female genitalia - ovipositor strongly sclerotized, papillae anales conical, setose, posterior apophyses thin, one and half times longer than papillae, anterior apophyses very short, inflated, fused with lateral margins of lamella postvaginalis. Lamella postvaginalis strongly sclerotized with large, flat scales. Antrum with fine, sclerotized half-ring, ventral and dorsal surfaces with sclerotized, dentate plates. Ductus bursae very long, tubular, membranous, helicoid with several coils. Corpus bursae rather big, ovoid, appendix well-developed, signum very large, smoothly sclerotized, a deep crease horizontally.

Global distribution

Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).


Only found in Chai-Shan of Kaohsiung City and Orchid Island (Lanyu).

General biology

Unknown.

Ethmia pseudozygospila Kun & Szabóky, 2000 (擬寡斑篩蛾)Figs. 2N, 4J, 9F, 7K-L, 9K-L, 11G

Ethmia psedudozygospila Kun & Szabóky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 46: 71, fig. 21-22, 38, 54 (Type locality: Taiwan. Type in HNHM)

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Nantou County: 7 specimens (unsexed), Wushe, 28-29.IV, 30-1.VI.1993, 25-27.V.1993, UV light, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg; 1 specimen (unsexed), Jenai, Chunyang, 10-12.VIII.1998, UV light, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg. (NMNS). Tainan County: 1 specimen (unsexed), Kanshirei, 1000ft, 16.IV.1906, A. E. Wileman leg. (abdomen absent)(NHM). Kaohsiung County: 2 specimens (unsexed), 26 km SE of Taoyuan, 1370 m, 2.VI.1997, 120°52’E, 23°17’N, Cs. Szabóky leg., slide No. 34, (HNHM). Kaohsiung City: 3 ♂♂3 ♀♀, Chaishan, V.2007, C. H. Wei leg. (NSYSU). Pingtung county: 1♀, holotype, Kenting National Park, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, 300 m, 21°57’62”N, 120°48’89”E, 17-18.IV.1997, A. Kun & L. Peregovits leg., Slide No. 36. (HNHM); 1♀, locality unknown, 9.V.1907, A. E. Wileman, BM Genitalia Slide No. 7436 (NHM); 1♀, locality unknown, 29.VIII.1907, A. E. Wileman leg., 1913-180 (NHM); 3♂♂2♀♀, Kenting National Park, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, 1.X.2005, C. H. Wei leg. (NSYSU). Taitung County: 4 specimens (unsexed), 3 km W of Hungyeh village, 350 m, 14.XI.1996, 1.VI.1997 and 13.VI.1997, 120°52’E, 22°28’N, Cs. Szabóky leg., slide No. Kun 35 (HNHM); 2 specimens (unsexed), 4 km N of Tupan, 390 m, 31.V.1997, Cs.


Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 2 specimens (unsexed), Lanyu, Szudaugou, 25-26.IV.1997. UV Light, M. L. Chan leg. CHINA. Guangdong Province: 1♀, locality unknown, A. E. Wileman, Com. Inst, Ent. Coll. No. 11555 (NHM).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 14-16 mm. Antenna filiform; scape with brown scales above and white scales below; flagellum covered with brown scales and bristles. Maxillary palp and labial palp white, with two black rings on first and last segments; proboscis also white. Frons white, vertex shite with black scales on top. Thorax whitish grey with four black spots; tegulae whitish grey, with black basal dots. Forewing overlaid with black markings on whitish grey background; forewing markings less distinct, blackish posts fused into broad, diffuse, more or less V-shaped fascia; cilia as ground colour. Hindwing whitish grey; male with costal brushes, cilia also grey. Legs whitish grey, hindlegs with black scales on tarsus. Abdomen grey. Male genitalia: uncus long, bifid, with pointed arms; posterior part of gnathos dentate with six thorns, anterior part wide, covered with fine teeth; labis membranous, broad. Costa of valva triangular, naked, cucullus with long, knob-like, strongly hairy processus distally, sacculus triangular, hairy. Aedeagus with convex dorsal margin; its dorsal, membranous “coat” (manica) large, humped; carina with sclerotized, narrow ring, vesica with a sclerotized, flat, plate. Female genitalia: ovipositor sclerotized, papillae anales conical, apically curved, with long bristles at base. Posterior apophyses as long as papillae anales, anterior apophyses short, basally widened, subtriangular. Antrum short, funnel-like, with stronger, quadrangular caudal plates on both surfaces. Ductus bursae rather short, tubular. Corpus bursae spherical signum narrow, very long, with a fine, long medial increasion.

Global distribution

China, and Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky, 2000)


Secondary and indigenous forests in Nantou, Kaohsiung, and Pingtung.

General biology

The adults can be found in lowland forests, and the larvae skeletonise the leaves of Ehretia acuminata (Boraginaceae) (Wei et al., 2007).

Ethmia susa Kun & Szabóky, 2000 (國姓篩蛾)Figs. 2O, 4K, 9M

Ethmia susa Kun & Szabóky, 2000, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 46: 77, fig. 23, 39, 55 (Type locality: Taiwan. Type in HNHM)

3130

Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Nantou County: 1♀, holotype, Ursun Forest [=Huei-Sun forest], 16km E of Kuohsing, 560m, 8.IV.1997, 120°00’E, 24°05’N, Cs. Szabóky leg.” Slide No. Kun 73 (HNHM).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 22-24 mm. Antenna filiform, with whitish grey scales; scape and maxillary palp whitish grey. Labial palp black with grey tip; proboscis whitish grey. Frons black, vertex grey. Thorax whitish with four black spots, tegulae with distinct black basal spots. Forewing grey, marked with twelve black spots arranged into four oblique, parallel rows. Base of costa black, terminal line consisting of ten small black dots. Hindwing grey; cilia as ground colour. Forelegs grey with black rings; midlegs and hindlegs grey with black scales on tarsi. Abdomen yellow, last four tergites with pairs of black dots.

Male genitalia - Unknown.

Female genitalia - Ovipositor less sclerotized, papillae anales elongate-conical, apically pointed, densely setose, posterior apophyses long, slender, anterior apophyses short, slightly curved, apically rounded. Antrum small, cup-shaped, with a fine, sclerotized half-ring. Ductus bursae very long, tubular, coiled, corpus bursae elongate-sacculiform, membranous with fine Scobination, signum absent.

Global distribution

Endemic to Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky, 2000)


Only found in Nantou (Kun & Szabóky, 2000).

General biology

Unknown.

Ethmia zygospila Meyrick, 1934 (寡斑篩蛾)Figs. 2P, 4L, 7M-N, 9N-O

Ethmia zygospila Meyrick, 1934, Exotic Microlepidoptera 4: 459 (Type locality: Taiwan. Type in MGAB)


Specimens examined

TAIWAN. Nantou County: 1 specimen (unsexed), Ursung Forest [Huei-Sun Forest], 16 km E of Kuoshing, 560 m, 29-30.X.1996, Cs. Szabóky leg (HNHM); 2 specimens (unsexed), 3 km E of Tili, 555m, 27-28.V.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg (HNHM). Tainan County: 1 specimen (unsexed), Kanshirei, 1000ft, 21.IV.1908, A. E. Wileman leg., GU-7478-BM (NHM). Kaoshiung County: 26 km SE of Taoyuan, 1370 m, 4.XI.1996, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM); Chiai Meishan Juili, 3-4.XI.1995, M. L. Chan & W. T. Yang leg. Taitung County: 1♂, Chihpen Hot Springs, 400 m, 10-11.VI.1997, B. Herczig & L. Ronkay leg., Slide No. Kun 37 (HNHM); 1♂, Chihpen Hot Springs, 400 m, 6.IV.1997, Csorba & L. Ronkay leg., Slide No. 38 (HNHM); 1♀, 4 km N of Tupan, 390 m, 14.VI.1997, 120°52’E, 22°28’N, Cs. Szabóky leg., Slide No. 40 (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), 7 km E of Taimali, 710 m, 20.V.1997, Cs Szabóky leg. (HNHM); 1 specimen (unsexed), 3 km W of Hungyeh village, 350 m, 13.VI.1997, Cs. Szabóky leg. (HNHM).

Diagnosis

Adult - Wingspan 22-24 mm. Antenna filiform; scape with black scales above and with white ones below; flagellum covered with brown scales and bristles. Maxillary palp white with black scales, labial palp white, with ne black ring on each segment. Proboscis whitish, frons and vertex white, thorax with four black spots; tegulae white with black basal dot. Forewing overlaid with black markings on white background; a long, rather broad, bisinuate black stripe running from base of costa, below cell towards apex into cilia, consisting of partly or fully fused, elongate spots characteristic of this species. Hindwing grey; with black costal brushes; cilia grey. Legs and abdomen greyish.

Male genitalia - Uncus bifid, with long, slender, acute arms. Posterior part of gnathos forming a rather long, sclerotized, pointed medial process, anterior part wide, divided into two symmetrical lobes, covered with strong bristles and teeth; labis sclerotized, broad, finger-shaped. Valva rather broad, slightly curved, apically tapering, with apex finely rounded, ventral margin with slight incision below cucullus. Ventral surface covered densely with long hairs, costal plate of valva small, rounded triangular. Aedeagus convex, rather flat, hook-like, vesica with a long, flattened, apically pointed cornutus.

Female genitalia - Ovipositor sclerotized, papillae anales conical, setose, posterior apophyses thin, longer than papillae; anterior apophyses short, narrow, pointed. Antrum short, sclerotized, a ring-like tube. Ductus bursae rather broadly tubular with “tightly appressed” coils posterior end flattened, with strongly sclerotized bar. Corpus bursae spherical, signum narrow, elongate, a “shallow crease”,

Global distribution

Only known from Taiwan (Kun & Szabóky, 2000)

3332


Secondary and indigenous forests in Nantou, Chiayi, Tainan, Kaohsiung, and Taitung.

General biology

Unknown.

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Kuznezov, V. I., Stekolnikov, A. A. 1978. Systematic position and phylogenetic relationsships of the superfamily Coleophoroidea (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae, Coleophoridae, Ethmiidae) treated on the base of functional morphology of the male genitalia. Revue d’entomologie de l’URSS 57(1):131-149.

Legrand, H. 1965. Lépidoptères des Îles Seychelles et d’Aldabra. Memoirs du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 37: 47.

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio décima. Holmiae : Impensis Direct. 824 pp.

Liu, Y. Q. 1980. A study of Chinese Ethmia Hübner (Lepidoptera: Ethmiidae) in classification, distribution and numerical taxonomy. Entomotaxonomia 2: 267-284.

Matsumura, S. 1931. 6000 Illustrated insects of the Japanese empire. Tokyo: Tôkôsyoin. 1497 pp.

Meyrick E. 1910. Description of Malayan Micro-Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society London 1910: 430-478

Meyrick, E. [1928]. A revised handbook of British Lepidoptera, London: Watkins & Doncaster. 914 pp.

Meyrick, E. 1887. Descriptions of new Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of New South Wales. 1(2): 1037-1048.

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Appendix 1. Acronyms of the depository

DEI Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde, GERMANY HNHM Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, HUNGARYHUFA Hokkaido University, Faculty of Agriculture, Entomology Laboratory, Sapporo, JAPANNHM The Natural History Museum, London, UNITED KINGDOMMGAB Muzeul de Istorie Naturală “Grigore Antipa”, Bucharest, ROMANIANMNS National Museum of Natural Sciences, Taichung, TAIWANNSYSU National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, TAIWANSNG Natur-Museum und Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M. GERMANYZFMK Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, GERMANY

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Legends of Figure Plates

Fig. 1. The distribution of spots/stripes and wing area for Ethmia wing pattern. ML = Marginal line; SM = Sub-marginal zone; ST = Sub-termial zone; PM = Post-medial zone; M = Medial zone; AM = Ante-medial zone; SB = Sub-basal zone; B = Basal zone.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the maculation on head and thorax of Ethmiinae. A: E. assamensis; B: E. crocosoma; C: E. dentata; D: E. epitrocha; E: E. lapidella; F: E. lineatonotella; G: E. maculata; H: E. maculifera; I: E. nigroapicella; J: E. octanoma; K: E. okinawana; L: E. penesella; M: E. praeclara; N: E. pseudozygospila; O: E. susa; P: E. zygospila.

Fig. 3. Structures of Ethmia genitalia. A. Male genitalia; B. Aedeagus; C. Female genitalia.

Fig. 4. Adult specimens of the Ethmiinae species. A: Ethmia assamensis ♂ ; B: E. crocosoma ♀ ; C: E. epitrocha ♂ (Taiwan); D: E. lapidella ♀ ; E: E. maculata ♂ ; F E. maculifera ♂; G: E. octanoma ♀; H: E. penesella ♂; I: E. praeclara ♂; J: E. pseudozygospila ♂; K: E. susa ♀; L: E. zygospila ♂. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 5. Adult specimens of Ethmiinae species. A: Ethmia dentata ♀ (Japan); B: E. lineatonotella ♂ (Taiwan); C: E. nigroapicella ♀ (Japan); D: E. okinawana ♂ (Japan); E: Holotype specimen of E. dentata ♀; F: Lectotype of E. systematica (= E. nigroapicella) ♀ (photo by Kun, A; courtesy of NHM). Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 6. Male genitalia of Ethmia of Taiwan. A-B. Ethmia assamensis; C-D. E. epitrocha; E-F. E. crocosoma; G-H. E.octanoma; I. E. dentata; J-K. E. lineatonotellaa. A, C, E, G, I & J. Genitalia excluding aedeagus. B, D, F, H & K. Aedeagus.

Fig. 7. Male genitalia of Ethmia of Taiwan. A-B. Ethmia maculifera; C-D: E. okinawana; E-F: E. nigroapicella; G-H: E. penesella; I-J: E. octanma; K-L: E. pseudozygospila; M-N: E. zygospila. A, C, E, G, I, K & N: genitalia excluding aedeagus; B, D, F, H, J, L & N: aedeagus.

Fig. 8. Female genitalia of Ethmiinae species. A-B: Ethmia assamensis; C: E. crocosoma; D-E: E. dentata; F: E. epitrocha; G-I: E. lapidella; J-K: E. lineatonotella; L-M: E. maculifera.

Fig. 9. Female genitalia of Ethmiinae species. A-B: Ethmia nigroapicella; C-D: E.octanoma; E-F: E. okinawanaa; G-H: E. penesella; I-J: E.praeclara; K-L: E. pseudozygospila; M: E. susa; N-O: E. zygospila.

Fig. 10. Adults of Ethmiinae species. A: Ethmia epitrocha; B: E. lapidella; C: E. lineatonotella; D: E. nigroapicella; E: E. okinawana. Photo credit: A & E: Andras Kun; B & D: Chia-Hsuan Wei; C. Shipher Wu.

Fig. 11. Immature stages of Ethmiinae species. A: Ethmia epitrocha; B: E. maculifera; C: E. lapidella; D: E. nigroapicella; E: E. lineatonotella; F: E. okinawana; G: E. pseudozygospila; H: E. maculata. Photo credit: A-E & G: Chia-Hsuan Wei; F & H: Andras Kun.


Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing the wing areas defined for describing wing patterns of Ethmia. ML = Marginal line; SM = Sub-marginal zone; ST = Sub- termial zone; PM = Post-medial zone; M = Medial zone; AM = Ante-medial zone; SB = Sub-basal zone; B = Basal zone.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the maculation on head and thorax of Ethmiinae. A: E. assamensis; B: E. crocosoma; C: E. dentata; D: E. epitrocha; E: E. lapidella; F: E. lineatonotella; G: E. maculata; H: E. maculifera; I: E. nigroapicella; J: E. octanoma; K: E. okinawana; L: E. penesella; M: E. praeclara; N: E. pseudozygospila; O: E. susa; P: E. zygospila.

Antenna

Collar

Tegula fringe

Compound eye

Tagula

Mesoscutum

Mesoscutellum

Postscutellum

A

E

I

M

B

F

J

N

C

G

K

O

D

H

L

P


3938

Uncus

Gnathos

Labis

Cucullus

Sacullus

Apophyese posterioris

Analis papillae

Ostium

Apophyses anterioris

Ductus bursaeCorpus bursae

Appendix bursae

Signum

Antrum

Costa

B

VesicaCornutus

Phallobase

Ductus ejaculatorius

A

C

Fig. 3. Genitalic structures of Ethmia. A. male genitalia without aedeagus, ventral view; B. aedeagus; C. female genitalia.

Fig. 4. Adults of the Ethmiinae species. A: Ethmia assamensis ♂ ; B: E. crocosoma ♀ ; C: E. epitrocha ♂ (Taiwan); D: E. lapidella ♀ ; E: E. maculata ♂ ; F E. maculifera ♂; G: E. octanoma ♀; H: E. penesella ♂; I: E. praeclara ♂; J: E. pseudozygospila ♂; K: E. susa ♀; E. zygospila ♂. Scale bar = 1 cm.

A B

C D

E F

G H

I J

K L


4140

Fig. 5. Adult specimens of Ethmiinae species. A: Ethmia dentata ♀ (Japan); B: E. lineatonotella ♂ (Taiwan); C: E. nigroapicella ♀ (Japan); D: E. okinawana ♂ (Japan); E: Holotype specimen of E. dentata ♀; F: Lectotype of E. systematica (= E. nigroapicella) ♀. Photo credit: Chia-Hsuan WeiScale bar = 1 cm.

A

C

E

B

D

F

Fig. 6. Male genitalia of Ethmia of Taiwan. A-B. Ethmia assamensis; C-D. E. epitrocha; E-F. E. crocosoma; G-H. E.octanoma; I. E. dentata; J-K. E. lineatonotellaa. A, C, E, G, I & J. Genitalia excluding aedeagus. B, D, F, H & K. Aedeagus. Photo credit: Andras Kun

A C

E

F

I J

H

K

G

B D


4342

Fig. 7. Male genitalia of Ethmia of Taiwan. A-B. Ethmia maculifera; C-D: E. okinawana; E-F: E. nigroapicella; G-H: E. penesella; I-J: E. octanma; K-L: E. pseudozygospila; M-N: E. zygospila. A, C, E, G, I, K & N: genitalia excluding aedeagus; B, D, F, H, J, L & N: aedeagus. Photo credit: Andras Kun

A

E

I K

N

L

G

M

J

C

F

B

D

H

Fig. 8. AFemale genitalia of Ethmiinae species. A-B: Ethmia assamensis; C: E. crocosoma; D-E: E. dentata; F: E. epitrocha; G-I: E. lapidella; J-K: E. lineatonotella; L-M: E. maculifera. Photo credit: Andras Kun

A

BE

C D F

G I

H J

M

K L


4544

Fig. 9. Female genitalia of Ethmiinae species. A-B: Ethmia nigroapicella; C-D: E.octanoma; E-F: E. okinawanaa; G-H: E. penesella; I-J: E.praeclara; K-L: E. pseudozygospila; M: E. susa; N-O: E. zygospila. Photo credit: Andras Kun

A

B C E

D G

F

H

M

K

L

N O

IJ

Fig. 10. Adults of Ethmiinae species. A: Ethmia epitrocha; B: E. lapidella; C: E. lineatonotella; D: E. nigroapicella; E: E. okinawana. Photo credit: A & E: Andras Kun; B & D: Chia-Hsuan Wei; C. Shipher Wu.

A

B

C E

D


4746

Fig. 11. Immature stages of Ethmiinae species. A: Ethmia epitrocha; B: E. maculifera; C: E. lapidella; D: E. nigroapicella; E: E. lineatonotella; F: E. okinawana; G: E. pseudozygospila; H: E. maculata. Photo credit: A-E & G: Chia-Hsuan Wei; F & H: Andras Kun.

A

C

E

H

B

D

GF

Index to taxa

acuminate 15, 30Aedia 7Aeolonthinae 5Agonoxeninae 5Agrioceros 6alba 6Anesychia 7apicalis 22assamensis 9, 10, 11, 39, 41, 43, 45Atopotorna 6autoschista 21Azinidae 4, 7Azinis 7Babaiaxa 7Boraginaceae 5, 6, 8, 9, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 30Ceratophysetis 7, 13Chalybe 7Chrysethmia 6colonella 22Cordia 24crocosoma 11, 39, 41, 43, 45Dasyethmia 6decemguttella 6decempunctella 15delliella 7dentata 12, 39, 42, 43, 45Depressarinae 5dicksonii 20, 22, 25Disthymnia 7echiella 7Ectaga 6Ehretia 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 30Ehretiaceae 8Elachistidae 6Elachistinae 5epitrocha 13, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48Ethmia 6Ethmiadae 4Ethmiidae 4Ethmiinae 4funerella 7


4948

Gelechioidea 4, 5, 6heptasema 17hilarella 7hockingella 9Hydrophyllaceae 8Hyponomeuta 9, 15, 17lapidella 15, 17, 39, 41, 45, 47, 48lapidellus 15lineatonotella 17, 39, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48longiflora 19macrophylla 20maculate 19, 21, 39, 41, 48maculifera 21, 39, 41, 44, 45, 48Maesara 6Malvaceae 8mesozyga 21meteoris 21nigroapicella 22, 39, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48nivosella 7Oecophoridae 5, 6, 8okinawana 11, 25, 39, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48Orophia 16Parametriotinae 51penesella 27, 39, 41, 44, 46penicillata 7Phalaena 7Phytolaccaceae 8praeclara 28, 29, 41, 46Psecadia 6, 7, 9, 15, 17, 22Pseudethmia 6pseudozygospila 29, 39, 41, 44, 46, 48pusiella 7Pyramidobela 6pyrausta 6pyraustella 7Ranunculaceae 6, 8resinosa 17, 23, 25Rosaceae 6, 8Scrophulariaceae 8sebestena 24sphaerosticha 7

Sphyrelata 6subcordata 24susa 30, 39, 41, 46Symmoca 21, 25systematica 22, 37, 42Tamarrha 7Theoxenia 7Tinea 6, 7vitattopunctata 17Wiltshireia 7Yponomeutidae 5zygospila 31, 39, 41, 44, 46


5150

Biota Taiwanica Hexapoda LepidopteraGelechioidea Elaschidae EthmiinaeAuthors/ Shen-Horn Yen, Chia-Hsuan Wei, Kun Andras

Cover photo/ Shipher Wu

Editor-in-Chief/ Chang Ching-Fong

Editorial board/ Tin-Yam Chan, Tzen-Yuh Chiang,

Chang-Fu Hsieh, Liang-Kong Lin, Kuang-Yang Lue,

Ching-I Peng, Kwang-Tsao Shao, Shean-Shong Tzean,

Jenn-Che Wang, Sheng-Hua Wu, Wen-Jer Wu

Publisher/ National Sun Yat-Sen University

Address/ 70, Lien-Hai Rd., Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan

Telephone/ 07 - 5252000

Printer/ Choice Lithograph

Designer/ Dawn Cultural Enterprises

Publishing date/ July 31, 2009

Price/ 1250 NTD

Edition/ First edition

台灣生物誌六足總綱鱗翅目旋蛾總科草潛蛾科篩蛾亞科

作者/ 顏聖紘、韋家軒、Kun Andras

封面攝影/ 吳士緯

總編輯/ 張清風

編輯委員/ 陳天任、蔣鎮宇

謝長富、林良恭、呂光洋

彭鏡毅、邵廣昭、曾顯雄

王震哲、吳聲華、吳文哲

出版/ 國立中山大學

地址/ 高雄市鼓山區蓮海路70號

電話/ 07 - 5252000

印刷/ 秋雨印刷股份有限公司

編排設計/ 天晴文化事業

出版日期/ 中華民國九十八年七月三十一日

定價/ 新台幣1250元整

版次/ 初版

ISBN: 978-957-9014-43-4 (平裝)

GPN: 1009801869

ISBN:978-957-9014-43-4

Documents

台灣生物誌 六足總綱 - TaiBIFtaibif.tw/BiotaTaiwanicaAlt/pdf/Ethmiinae.pdf · 2009-07-31 · for Ceylon, Sulawesi for Celebes, and Myanmar for Burma. Pictures of adult specimen,

台灣生物誌六足總綱 - TaiBIFtaibif.tw/BiotaTaiwanicaAlt/pdf/Ethmiinae.pdf · 2009-07-31 · for Ceylon, Sulawesi for Celebes, and Myanmar for Burma. Pictures of adult specimen,