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Ch. 7 ReviewCh. 7 Review

Share THREE things you learned Monday with THREE different people

Share THREE things you learned Monday with THREE different people

-Landmark documents-Terminology Box 7.2-Difference in two types of fitness-Define the FITT acronym-Training principles-Difference in norm- & criterion-referenced testing

-Landmark documents-Terminology Box 7.2-Difference in two types of fitness-Define the FITT acronym-Training principles-Difference in norm- & criterion-referenced testing

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Chapter 8:Fitness Programs and Professions

Chapter 8:Fitness Programs and Professions

HPHE 1500Dr. Ayers

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Introduction Introduction

Government focus on importance of health & PA:Government focus on importance of health & PA:Healthy People 2000 (1991)

Surgeon General’s Report on PA & Health (1996)Healthy People 2010 (2000)Healthy People 2020 (2010)

National health objectives tracked for progress (T 8.1)

National health objectives tracked for progress (T 8.1) Overarching goals relative to national health: Overarching goals relative to national health:Improve health of all people

Eliminate health disparities between groups

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Fitness Levels Among Children and Youth

Fitness Levels Among Children and YouthFitness of U.S. youth questioned since

the 1950’sFitness of U.S. youth questioned since the 1950’s

Changing definitions of “fitness”Different types of tests used

Comparisons across decades difficult/inappropriateComparisons across decades difficult/inappropriate

Shift in focus: Shift in focus: FROM: Improving fitness (outcome)TO: Increasing PA (process)

Today’s youth underperform on:Today’s youth underperform on: Body composition (↑ levels of overweight/obesity) Cardiovascular capacity

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One’s health and fitness . . .personal responsibility? (Box 8.1, p. 187)

One’s health and fitness . . .personal responsibility? (Box 8.1, p. 187)

What about the environment in which we live(that we have created for ourselves)?

What, how, where, and how much do we eat?

How has PA been squeezed out of daily life?

So what?Measures of childhood health/PA are predictive!

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Sample key findingsSample key findingsHR readings indicate most are meeting ACSM’s

recommendations for adult PA levels

Most do not get regular PE from a specialist

Only half of 12-21 year-olds engage in vigorous PA regularly; 25% never do so

Boys are more active than girls

6-11 year-olds are the most active population group

PA Patterns Among Children and Youth

PA Patterns Among Children and Youth

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Steepest PA decline occurs between ages 12-17

Only 21% of adolescents participate in school Physical Education 1 or more days a week

WHY?WHY?Reduced access (“exclusionary” sport model)

Competing interests

“It’s no longer fun”

Alternative activity choices

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Body shape, looks

Managing stress

Peer approval

Desire for independence

What factors motivate adolescents?What factors motivate adolescents?

From Sallis (1994)From Sallis (1994)

Inactive teens become inactive adults . . . Inactive teens become inactive adults . . .

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Fitness & PA Levels Among AdultsFitness & PA Levels Among Adults

Difficult to assess/estimate fitness & PA levelsDifficult to assess/estimate fitness & PA levelsCan be viewed from various perspectives:Can be viewed from various perspectives:PA estimates range widely . . . (Fig. 8.1, p.

191)Patterns of CVD risk factors among adults (Box 8.2, p. 192)Inactive adults are twice as likely to

die from CVD than active adultsInactive adults are twice as likely to die from CVD than active adults

PA level is a more critical health indicator than fitness test resultsPA level is a more critical health indicator than fitness test results

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Self-acceptancePhysical activityNormalized eating (base intake on physiological

hunger & fullness)

Health at Every Size (www.welcoa.org)Health at Every Size (www.welcoa.org)

Older adults, the good news:Older adults, the good news:Live longerAre increasing PA levelsMore commonly participating in resistance exercise

Older adults, the bad news:Older adults, the bad news:85% of the 65+ age group 1+ one chronic disease35-50% women 70+ have mobility problemsIncur the highest amount of health-care costs

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Fitness & PA Programs for Children and Youth

Fitness & PA Programs for Children and YouthImportance of school Physical Education

programs is recognized by parents & federal gov’t

Importance of school Physical Education programs is recognized by parents & federal gov’tCDC’s guidelines targets schools, delivery of Physical Education and Health Education programs, policies, personnel, environment/infrastructure, training of personnel, parental involvement, and evaluation as key elements (Box 8.4, p. 197)

CDC’s guidelines targets schools, delivery of Physical Education and Health Education programs, policies, personnel, environment/infrastructure, training of personnel, parental involvement, and evaluation as key elements (Box 8.4, p. 197)

School Physical Education programs alone cannot meet all guidelinesPA opportunities must be created for all youth throughout communities

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Examples of creative program expansions: Examples of creative program expansions:Use of school-wide daily PA breaksFitness remediation programsFour year fitness programDaily fitness programsIn-school fitness centersState-requirement approach

School fitness clubsRequired fitness coursesElective fitness courses

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Fitness & PA for People With Disabilities

Fitness & PA for People With DisabilitiesHistorically, PA programs had a

rehab/medical focus

Current efforts target people’s health

Often, major barriers prevent access to PA

With accommodations in place, PA health benefits realistic for people with disabilities

PL 94-142 has helped increase sport & other PA levels

Historically, PA programs had a rehab/medical focus

Current efforts target people’s health

Often, major barriers prevent access to PA

With accommodations in place, PA health benefits realistic for people with disabilities

PL 94-142 has helped increase sport & other PA levels

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AAHPERD Efforts to PromotePhysical Activity and Fitness AAHPERD Efforts to PromotePhysical Activity and Fitness

Physical BestEducational arm of health-related fitness

programming

FitnessgramAssessment arm of health-related fitness

instruction Brockport Physical Fitness Test

Adapted fitness test FitSmart TestCognitive assessment of health-related fitness

knowledge

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More commonplace over the past 25 yearsMore commonplace over the past 25 years

Worksite Fitness and Wellness Programs

Worksite Fitness and Wellness Programs

Health-care cost, employee turnover, & absenteeism

Can help reduce:Can help reduce:

Employee productivity and moraleCan help improve:Can help improve:

Programs typically include:Programs typically include:

Fitness (e.g., programs, facilities, testing)

Nutrition (e.g., programs, guidance, weight management)

General health (e.g., healthy back programs, screenings)

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Examples of Federal Government involvement since early 20th Century:Examples of Federal Government involvement since early 20th Century:

National Efforts to Promote Fitnessand Physical Activity

National Efforts to Promote Fitnessand Physical Activity

Improvement of fitness in military

1956: President’s Council on Youth Fitness formedNow President’s Council on Fitness, Sport & Nutritionhttp://www.fitness.gov/about/index.html1978: USDHHS > Exercise recognized as an important determinant of health status

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1990: 34 National Health Objectives developed specifically for fitness and health

1996: Surgeon General’s Report on PA & Health2000: “Promoting Better Health for Young People Through Physical Activity and Sport” published2001: CDC publishes Increasing Physical Activity: A Report on Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services

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2004: Federal School Lunch Act renewed . . . Targets nutrition, nutrition education and physical activity

2004: Federal School Lunch Act renewed . . . Targets nutrition, nutrition education and physical activity

Legislative Efforts to ImproveChild and Youth Fitness

Legislative Efforts to ImproveChild and Youth Fitness

HR 3257 (Fit Kids Act): Proposed amendment to No Child Left BehindHR 3257 (Fit Kids Act): Proposed amendment to No Child Left Behind

States have passed legislation that defines requirements for food services & time requirements for PA and Phys. Educ.

States have passed legislation that defines requirements for food services & time requirements for PA and Phys. Educ.

2001: Carol M. White Physical Education Program (PEP) grant program initiated2001: Carol M. White Physical Education Program (PEP) grant program initiated

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Who teaches in the almost 30,000 health clubs in the US, that serve over 41m members?

Who teaches in the almost 30,000 health clubs in the US, that serve over 41m members?

Physical Fitness Instruction: By Whom?

Physical Fitness Instruction: By Whom?

Individual organizations do offer certification (e.g., ACSM, IAR, NCSA, IDEA, AFAA)

Individual organizations do offer certification (e.g., ACSM, IAR, NCSA, IDEA, AFAA)

Value of such certification? . . . .Not all are created equallyValue of such certification? . . . .Not all are created equally2003: National Board of Fitness Examiners formed to develop national standards & examination for fitness instructors (http://nbfe.org)

2003: National Board of Fitness Examiners formed to develop national standards & examination for fitness instructors (http://nbfe.org)

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National Athletic Training Association (NATA) www.nata.org

National Athletic Training Association (NATA) www.nata.org

Athletic TrainingAthletic Training

Main function: Oversee AT certification processMain function: Oversee AT certification processPreparation includes significant clinical componentPreparation includes significant clinical componentHighly rigorous examination processHighly rigorous examination process

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Offers two certification tracks:Health and Fitness Clinical

Offers two certification tracks:Health and Fitness Clinical

ACSM Fitness-Instruction Certification

ACSM Fitness-Instruction Certification

Also provides continuing education for its membersAlso provides continuing education for its members

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International non-profit organization with 30,000 members from 52 countriesInternational non-profit organization with 30,000 members from 52 countries

Strength & Conditioning Coach Qualifications

Strength & Conditioning Coach Qualifications

Certifies strength and conditioning specialistsCertifies strength and conditioning specialistsCertification requites degree in Ex. Science, CPR certif, and 2+ yrs. of employment as G.A. at NSCA-recognized program

Certification requites degree in Ex. Science, CPR certif, and 2+ yrs. of employment as G.A. at NSCA-recognized program

NSCA released new standards & guidelines in 2009 http://www.nsca-lift.org/Publications/SCStandards.pdf

NSCA released new standards & guidelines in 2009 http://www.nsca-lift.org/Publications/SCStandards.pdf

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American Fitness Professionals and Associates (AFPA) certifies personal trainers and fitness professionals via distance education (http://afpafitness.com)

American Fitness Professionals and Associates (AFPA) certifies personal trainers and fitness professionals via distance education (http://afpafitness.com)

AFPA CertificationAFPA Certification

Certification in 23 specializations, such as:Certification in 23 specializations, such as:

Senior Strength Specialist

Personal Trainer

Pre-/Post-natal Ex. Specialist

Yoga Instructor

Pilates Instructor

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American Council on Exercise (ACE) (www.acefitness.org)Has certified > 40,000 fitness professionals in more than 100 countries

American Council on Exercise (ACE) (www.acefitness.org)Has certified > 40,000 fitness professionals in more than 100 countries

ACE CertificationACE Certification

Areas of certification:Areas of certification:

Clinical Exercise Specialist Advanced Health & Fitness Specialist

Certification eligibility requirements:Certification eligibility requirements:18 years of ageAdult CPR certificationDegree in Ex. Science (or related field)Current ACE Personal Trainer certification300 hours of related work experience

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Physical TherapyPhysical Therapy

American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) is main organizing bodyAmerican Physical Therapy Association (APTA) is main organizing body

Requires extensive specialized training at grad school levelRequires extensive specialized training at grad school levelCertification is governed at the state levelCertification is governed at the state level

Specialization certification also possible in:Specialization certification also possible in:

Orthopedics

Pediatrics

Sports Phys. Therapy

Neurology

Geriatrics

Cardio-pulmonary

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Typical program specializations include:Typical program specializations include:

Master’s Degree in FitnessMaster’s Degree in Fitness

Adult FitnessCardiac RehabilitationStrength DevelopmentCorporate FitnessExercise Physiology

Most require ACSM CertificationMost require ACSM Certification

Typical prerequisite courses include:Typical prerequisite courses include:

Anatomy, Physiology and Exercise PhysiologyChemistry, Math, Physics, and MeasurementStrength DevelopmentCorporate Fitness

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SummarySummary

Share one thing you learned todayShare one thing you learned today

Monday:Ch 7-8 quiz

Ch 10 for class