CHE Last Module Sri Lanka

8/14/2019 CHE Last Module Sri Lanka

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University of Connecticut MPS HAS

Complex Humanitarian Emergencies

Fall 2009

In these photos are represented the suffering of all those internal displaced persons, photos that say thousands of words.

Photos taken by Boston.com, The Big Picture

http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/04/refugees_in_sri_lanka.html

U !"E#S!$% &F C& EC$!CU$1
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/04/refugees_in_sri_lanka.htmlhttp://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/04/refugees_in_sri_lanka.html


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MPS HSA

$HE C&MP'E( HUMA !$A#!A EME#)E C% ! S#! 'A *A

Instructor: Dr. Rodney AllenStudent: Madelen Muriel-Drew

Fall 2009

Table of Contents

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Sri anka an! the Comple" #umanitarian $mergenc% in conte"t. &o!ule '. (..pg. 4

The global response network in Sri anka !uring the Comple" #umanitarian $mergenc%.

&o!ule 2((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.pg. ')

Sri anka an! the applicabilit% of the Sphere *ro+ect !uring the Comple" #umanitarian$mergenc%. &o!ule ,(((((((((((((((((((((((((pg.,0

Sri anka an! the *lanning factors !uring the Comple" #umanitarian $mergenc%.&o!ule 4((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.pg.-2

Sri anka an! the ogistics !uring the Comple" #umanitarian $mergenc%.

&o!ule -((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.pg. 2

Sri anka an! the isplace! *ersons !uring the Comple" #umanitarian $mergenc%.

&o!ule )((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((pg.

Sri anka an! the *s%chological an! Social aspects !uring the #umanitarian Comple"$mergenc%. &o!ule ((((((((((((((((((((((((.pg.'04

Conclusions

ist of 1nne"es

ibliograph%

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S#! 'A *A A +

$HE C&MP'E( HUMA !$A#!A EME#)E C% ! C& $E($

Mo,ule -

Case Study 1. Module 1

Complex Humanitarian Emergencies in context

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Through the irst Case Study is my goal to analy!e the complex humanitarian emergency in

Sri "an#a rom the point o $ie% o its history& etiology& political& social and cultural. 'n the

case o Sri "an#a& the con lict has (een originated (y the ethnical di erences (et%een theTamils rom 'ndia and the Sinhalese.

The con lict until May 2009 in$ol$ed the Tamil Tigers Eelam )"TTE* and the Sri "an#an go$ernment. The "TTE %as re+uesting a ree state or the Tamil minority %ho are mainlylocate in the north and east o Sri "an#a.

S#! 'A *A MAP (Commons)

Sri Lanka has a history with origins since the 6 th century B.C. when the first Sinhalese,

arrived on the island. In the 14 th century, the Ta il arrived fro South India esta!lishing a

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kingdo in northern Sri Lanka. "or any years the island was controlled !y different

civili#ations such as $ortuguese in the 16 th century, %utch in the 1& th century and British in 1&'6,

when the island was ceded to the !y the %utch. In 1(1) British had the total control of the

island. By that ti e, its na e was Ceylon, it was inde*endent in "e!ruary 4, 1'4( and its na e

was changed to Sri Lanka in 1'&+.

Tensions !etween the Sinhalese a ority and Ta il se*aratists !egan in 1'(-,

re*resented !y the Li!eration Tigers of Ta il ela /LTT 0 / elu*illai $ra!hakaran, a2i u

ilitary leader0 which is an insurgent grou* founded in 3ay 1'&6 and fights for a se*arate state

for the Ta il *eo*le. This grou* is notorious for recruiting child soldiers, carrying out civilian

assacres and suicide !o !ing. It is considered a terrorist grou* !y countries such as Thenited States. Ta il *eo*le have different origins5 there are the Sri Lankan Ta il *eo*le or

Ceylon Ta ils and the other two Ta il s*eaking inorities in Sri Lanka, the Indian Ta ils and

the 3oors. The Sri Lankan Ta il are an ethnic grou* native to the island since the second

century BC5 they s*eak Ta il language, and are ostly 7indus and Christian. The other Ta il

*eo*le are originally fro India, descendents fro workers sent fro South India to Sri Lanka in

to work in coffee, tea and ru!!er *lantations in the 1' th and +8 th centuries. They also i igrated

!y the selves as erchants and other service *roviders. 9t their arrival to the island, they

located es*ecially in central highlands such as the 3alayaka , in ur!an areas, and in the

:orthern $rovince. Their standard way to live was always !elow that of the national average of

the Sri Lankan citi#ens. In 1'64, any of the were sent !ack to India !ut under !ad conditions

and those who stayed, without a state or designated *lace to live.

Since Sri Lanka was inde*endent fro Britain in 1'4(, relations !etween the a ority

Sinhalese and inority Ta il co unities have !een strained through *olitical tensions, ethnic

riots and *ro!le s *articularly during 1')6, 1')(, 1'&&, 1'(1 and 1'(-. 3ilitant grou*s have

strongly advocated inde*endence for the Ta ils. The Sri Lankan Civil ;ar has !een the scenario

for +6 years of conflicts after it !egan on


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of terror was co on, and the Indian $eace ee*ing "orce /I$ "0 agreed !etween India and Sir

Lanka in 1'(& as an effort to find *eace and negotiations, had not !een enough to sto* the

cruelty. In +886, !oth the Ta il Tigers /LTT 0 and the Sri Lankan govern ent started another

eeting to reaffir a *eace agree ent !ut a suicide !o !er attacked on the Sri Lankan ar y

head uarters *ointing out the Ta il Tigers /LTT 0 as res*onsi!le increasing aggressions

!etween !oth sides.

Today, the Sri LankaDs *rosecution of the war against the Ta il Tiger insurgency see s

to have ended after 3ay +88' with the govern entDs stunning defeat of the Ta il Tigers on a

narrow stri* of !each at the north of Sri Lanka. The co ander of the se*aratist grou*,

elu*illai $ra!hakaran was killed, along with any others Ta il civilians, who were used !y theLTT as hu an shields. The Ta il inority has suffered discri ination and violence at the

hands of various Sinhalese do inated govern ents through any decades. Sadly, although the

war ended three onths ago, there is still incredulity a!out the silent of the Ta il Tigers ar ed

grou*.

9ccording to the Sri LankaDs $resident, 3r. =a a*aksa, and his co ents a!out what

ha**ened this *ast 3ay, he said Eto share *ower with the Ta il inority wonDt !e done now,

any agree ent would have to wait until after the ne2t *residential election, scheduled for

:ove !er +88'F, which kee*s in li !o Ta ilsD rights through de ocracy.

=elated to International Law and 7u an =ights, Sri Lanka is *arty to the International

Covenant on Civil and $olitical =ights /ICC$=0 and the Convention against Torture and other

Cruel, Inhu an or %egrading Treat ent or $unish ent. In the sa e su! ect, this country ust

follow international law as an act that seeks to regulate Ethe conduct of hostilities and *rotects

*ersons affected !y ar ed conflictF /i.e. civilians and ca*tured co !atants0.

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Since 1'(4, Sri Lanka has !een under a state of e ergency, which allows Sri Lankan

govern ent to sus*end te *orarily so e *rovisions E!ut only to the e2tent strictly necessary

under the circu stancesF. EThe right to life and *rotection fro torture is considered non

derogatory and thus, can never !e sus*endedF. nforced disa**earances is a violation of the

*ersonsD hu an rights and it is sti*ulated that !y the ti e there are detainees, ust !e infor ed

the *lace of the detention, co unicate to their fa ilies, to *rovide access to a lawyer and to

*rovide an official registry of all successes ha**ened to the detainees. International hu anitarian

law clai s for a hu anely treat ent of detainees under enforced disa**earances and *oints out

as intolerant that detainees !e urdered, su! ects of utilation, cruel treat ent, torture and,

e2ecutions, without a udg ent under a regularly constituted court.

9 co on activity during Sri LankaDs conflict was a!ductions. 9!ductions are hu an

rights a!uses and were *er*etrated !y LTT , with a!ductions !eing followed !y e2ecutions.

Those activities are Eenforced disa**earancesF if the a!duction ha**ens on LTT territory or

do inance area. %eclaration on nforced %isa**earances indicates the *rocedure that the State

ust follow in accordance with International Law. Sri Lanka has !een o!ligated to offer

Ere*arationsF to all of those suffering fro hu an rights violations. =e*arations according to the

: 7u an =ights Co ittee involve Erestitution, reha!ilitation and easures of satisfaction,

such as *u!lic a*ologies, *u!lic e orials, and guarantees of non re*etitionF and others

entioned. =e*aration to victi s are also stated under the Basic Principles and Guidelines on

the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human

Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law , which clai s for the

ade uate and sooner re*aration to victi s of acts that atte *t actions violating International

7u an =ights.

Sri LankaDs constitution includes the right to Elife, li!erty, and security of *erson, the

right to a fair trial, and the *rohi!ition against tortureF, however, those rights have not !een

continuous since 1'&1 !ecause e ergency laws which have !een odified and used !y various

Sri Lankan govern ents to gain *ower. In other as*ects, under hu anitarian law, Sri Lanka had

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su**ressed and avoided, *artial or totally, *rocedures through ergency =egulations ainly

e2*lained through two regulations, the 3iscellaneous $rovisions and $ower of 9ugust +88) and

the $revention and $rohi!ition of Terroris and S*ecified Terrorist 9ctivities of %ece !er

+886. Those regulations also include that Esecurity forces swee* *owers of arrest and detention,

unnecessarily restricting freedo of ove ent, cri inali#ing a range of *eaceful activities

*rotected under Sri Lankan and International Law, introduced a wide i unity clause shielding

e !ers of the security forces fro cri inal *rosecutionF. ergency =egulations used !y the

Sri Lankan govern ent were used in *arallel and not in accordance with the countryDs

constitution. 3odifications on li iting detention, duration of the detention and lack of

infor ation a!out detention facilities which was a clear atte *t against detaineesD lives !ecause

of the lack of infor ation and not having the knowledge a!out what govern ent ar ed force or

*olice de*art ent is res*onsi!le for that detainee. In any cases, the security forces routinelyignored the instructions and face no conse uences for doing so.

9ccording to the International Crisis >rou* 1, Sri LankaDs udiciary syste has failed in

*rotecting *ersonDs hu an rights and the constitution and worsened ethnic conflicts. 9s an

e2a *le the grou* notes through the 9sia =e*ort :o. 146, +88(, E=ather than constraining

ilitari#ation and *rotecting inority rights, a *olitical !ench under the ust retired chief ustice

has entrenched favored allies, *unished foes and !locked co *ro ises with the Ta il

inoritiesF a de onstration of favoritis s and *ersonal inter*retations of law a**lied to the

*eo*le of Sri Lanka. It was not usual for agistrate courts intervene to *revent or conde n ill

treat ent, torture, or *rolonged illegal detention.

s*ecially i *ortant ele ent of the udiciary syste in Sri Lanka, the Su*re e Court, a

centrali#ed institution located in Colo !o, is characteri#ed as aking a**lica!ility of

international law difficult including the difficult access for Ta il litigants who have only one

onth to suite a case after the violation. ?ther fact heavy cases involving torture !y *olice or

1 The International Crisis >rou* /Crisis >rou*0 is an inde*endent, non *rofit, non govern ent organi#ation, with 14) staff e !ers on )continents, working through field !ased analysis and high level advocacy to *revent and resolve deadly conflict. Crisis >rou*Ds a**roach isgrounded in field research, nearly countries at risk of out!reak, escalation or recurrence of violent conflicts. Its infor ation is *rovided fro thefield and *roduces analytical re*orts with *ractical reco endations.

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ilitary officials are treated !ut without an o**ortunity to introduce testi onial evidence,

nothing it ore difficult for clai s and counter clai s to !e sustained. The *ressure on udges

and lawyers also !eco es uch worse when they try to have legal rights recogni#ed while !eing

victi s of inti idation and violence. Cases related to a *olitically un*o*ular client or detained

*ersons involve the lawyers related to those cases !eing under risk of detention, harass ent or

!eing !eaten. EIn ?cto!er +88(, for e2a *le, one lawyer was detained and threatened in

Ba !ala*itiya *olice station in Colo !o after he advises his client in detention not to confess,

invoking *olice wrathF />rou* I. C., "e!ruary +88(0.

"ailure to *rotect funda ental rights is reflected in the a!sence of re edies in lower

courts for illegal detention. 9vaila!le are resources and funda ental rights such as the right to !eing *resent a Ewrit of ha!eas cor*usF to a agistrate which challenges the detentionDs legal

!asis or a funda ental rights *etition *rovides an effective resolution on detaining authorities

!ecause udges are under e ergency laws which li it their functions and agistrate courts

functions. $olice functions include also, not so o!vious, the i *edi ent of investigations

through the lack of !asic tools which are necessary to investigate cases related to torture,

ignoring for e2a *le, the rule a!out *resenting a detainee to a agistrate within +4 hours or the

rule of notification to the detaineeDs fa ily and the national 7u an =ights Co ission. In the

case of those e2a *les, there are not sti*ulations to enforce the rules.

"ro the 9ttorney >eneralDs office, there are generally no *ositive actions related to

hu an rights violations. Cases against state officials, when they do ha**en, take any years to

*rosecute and a case related to torture ight take even longer than on other charges. Those

delays are !ased on Enon su ary *roceedingsF or !ecause the agistrate court decides whether

there is sufficient evidence to hear a case involving serious charges in the high court. The :>?Coalition for an ffective 7u an =ights Council descri!ed the Sri Lankan govern ent forces

indicating Efor the *ast two years have !een i *licated in a wide range of serious a!uses,

including hundreds of e2tra udicial killings and enforced disa**earances, wides*read torture, and

ar!itrary detentionF. Sri Lankan govern ent is thus, *ointed out as a !arrier to the councilDs

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work, ignoring their reco endations, attacking senior : officials who s*eak out and clai on

7u an =ights issues, having a non res*onsive *osition a!out discussions regarding : hu an

rights and refusing to face *ro!le s of torture and enforced disa**earances.

The :orwegian role in the Sri Lankan conflict failed and causes are *ointed out as the

isunderstanding of the conflict and its nature. It offered inaccurate infor ation to the

:orwegian officials involved in the *rocess. The ethnic conflict includes the two *arts5 the LTT

and the Sri Lankan govern ent which ight not !e ready for a *eace agree ent or do not have

the ade uate alternatives to negotiate the *eace. ;hile this ha**ens, third *arties could *lay a

role of Euseful foolsF /3uttukrishna, +88(05 useful !ecause you win without !eing on the

!attlefield and fools !ecause you are easy to ani*ulate. The *ro!le with :orway and its *eace aker functions, according to 3uttukrishna and Soysa, ight !e the *oor knowledge of the

Ta il culture, and astern and :orthern $rovinces including their *ro!le s since early (8s.

:orwayDs *eace aking role is defined here as facilitated !y their develo* ent work of s*onsors

at the grassroots level through various local :>?s, which facilitate the access to local

infor ation.

Infor ation sources ight !e, thus full of !ias and isunderstandings. Sources !eing

used !y :orwegian e2*erts on the Sri Lankan conflict to have a *icture of the culture,

co unities, data, etc., were therefore funda ental isinfor ed. Bias on the infor ation

sources are !asically in that they are Sri Lankan e igrants fro other localities within the island

and are living outside the country which are not facing the cruelty of the war and are not

e2*ressing the right *icture. :orway failed to understand the wide differences !etween Ta il

s*eaking co unities in the astern and :orthern $rovinces, 3usli s, ;anniars and the

astern Ta ils. The a or fallacy was to reali#e and understand that the real truth of the conflict

is within the sa e Sri Lanka, in its fields. Sa e reasons the ceasefire agree ent /C"90 and the

:orwegian *eace *rocess and ceasefire have not succeeded are !ased on the violent actions !y

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air and naval raids, a !ushes and use of ines, and also hu an rightsD violations. Brutal attacks

are not only on civilians !ut also ournalist and dissenting *oliticians including a!uses such as

disa**earances, forci!le child recruit ent, and *olitical killings and a!ductions that include

%e ocratic institutions.

International *artici*ants in the conflict e2*ressed their concerns on the resolution of the

conflict, countries such as India, ?s, and es*ecially the interaction of the

four co chairs of the *eace *rocess, te Ltd. Sewa Lanka "oundation, all of theinsisting that there is not a ilitary solution to the conflict in Sri Lanka !ut they would su**ort a

negotiated settle ent />rou* I. C., "e!ruary +88(0. 9ll of the also agree that the architecture

of the +88+ *eace *rocess is no longer a**ro*riate to the changed nature of the conflict and

needs to !e cleared away so new structures can !e develo*ed. 9 ilitary action fro Sri Lankan

ar ed forces against LTT seeks to ake their life ore and ore unco forta!le, es*ecially for

the :orth of the Island, while LTT seeks si *ly to survive !ut, !eyond that, increasing recruits

of children to serve as a front line. The goal of the govern ent was to attack and *ressure the

to ake the return to negotiations. The Sri Lankan govern ent considered neither sharing

*ower nor offering an o**ortunity to the Ta ils to ad inister their own affairs. Instead, they

are deter ined to e2tend their strategy to the north. 9ntecedents and develo* ent of the conflict

indicates that the Sri Lankan govern ent *refers to co *lete the o!, in ilitary ter s, as

ha**ened last 3ay +88' when the Sri Lankan ilitary forces killed the LTT leader elu*illai

$ra!hakaran.

The conflict ight !e descri!ed as a crisis of the state and the failure of the centrali#ed,

Sinhalese do inated state to cater to inority as*irations. But, !eyond what could !e the

conse uences of the conflict, there are dee*er fra eworks that could !e the answer to the root

causes of this conflict.

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Still there is not a co *rehensive and acce*ta!le theory of the causes and conse uences

of ethno *olitical conflict, !ut there are factors that lead to those conflicts and the *olitici#ation

of ethnic dis*utes have aggravated the violence and tragedy in Sri Lanka. The E*ri ordiala**roachF clai s that ethnic identity, inter*reted !y language, culture, and religion and also

genetically deter ined characteristics such as *ig entation and *hysiogno y li it the ethnic

identity which increases nationalis , a natural *heno enon. The constructive theory defines

ethnic identities within a grou* of hu an actions and choices which are collected fro the *ast.

:ationalis was ore evident in uro*ean States, which ight !e related to the *re colonial

roots of the ethno *olitical conflict in Sri Lanka. Before 1)8) the Ta il and Sinhalese kingdo s

were located in Sri Lanka and were fighting !ack the $ortuguese colonialis with the goal of

kee*ing and e2tent their territories. 3any colonial history theorists define that the ethnic

conflicts in Sri Lanka have roots in its colonial history due to the colonial *rocess that divide

colonies, ake !orders and define and identify their *o*ulations and culture. But the *ro!le is

when colonial rulers seek to favor *articular grou*s, es*ecially inorities, which o*en doors for

ore educational, social, *olitical and econo ical *ower. ;hen a ority grou*s gain *ower, the

inority grou*s are arginali#ed and struggle for *ower. Sinhalese a ority have !een

challenging inorities, es*ecially Ta ils, which had ad inistrative *ositions during British

coloni#ation. %uring the *ost colonial *eriod tensions !etween those grou*s increased due to the

ethnici#ation of *olitics which included the Sinhala ?nly language *olicy in the 1')8Ds and the

use of ethnic ideas to handle the feelings of Sinhalese and get their votes. The constitution of

1'&+ conferred *references to Buddhis as the national religion and any Ta ils were killed,

ai ed, ro!!ed and rendered ho eless due to culturally !iased *olicies. The ethnici#ation of the

Sinhala *olicy *roduced the Ta il ilitants or LTT as a guerrilla ove ent !ut, !efore this,

Ta ils were seeking their rights through *eaceful *rotests which soon degenerated into violence.

The arks of the Sinhalese attacks have !een the ins*iration for the ESinhalese ins*iredF LTTwhich argues that E the "TTE sho%s that %hen a particular community eels it is (eing

continuously terrori!ed (y the dominant ethnic,religious or political group& many %ill -oin a

politico military mo$ement to resist the oppression and $iolence o the persecutors F /Sisk0.

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The Sri Lankan conflict has !een arked !y aggravated tensions !y *olitical leaders,

recruiting *eo*le to instigate acts of violence and then condone and *rotect the and the

govern ent indifference a!out seeking a non violent resolution of the conflict.

$HE )'&.A' #ESP& SE E$/* ! S#! 'A *A +U#! )

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M&+U'E 2


The /lo(al esponse et%or#

Through this module& some o the most representati$e organi!ations are chosen to explain

their participation during the Sri "an#a s complex emergency& including their structure&

operating philosophy and methods

The hu anitarian crisis in Sri Lanka is characteri#ed ostly !y the *resence of the

internally dis*laced *ersons /I%$s0, which have !een located in different ca *s since the

!eginning of the fighting, in the north and east of Sri Lanka. The largest ca *s are@


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*ossi!ility to return to their original residences would !e during the cro**ing season of 9*ril and

3ay +818.

%uring al ost -8 years, any organi#ations have !een involved in the hu anitarian

res*onse to the ar ed conflict. The nited :ations is *erha*s, the first organi#ations that !egan

its work in Sri Lanka in 1')+, which ade of this country one of the first ones in the world to

have a : *rogra e. /:ations . , nited :ations in Sri Lanka0. The goals of : in Sri

Lanka, through *artnershi*s with the govern ent, civil society and other :>?s as well as

donors and international financial institutions, are to address challenges during e ergencies, !ut

also su**orting the country in eeting the 3illenniu %evelo* ent >oals. Today, : is

a**ealing for S% 14) illion to carry out its assistance *rogra es for victi s !y the conflictEin the after ath of disaster, the : fa ily of organi#ations su**lies food, shelter, edicines

and logistical su**ort to the victi s ost of who are children, wo en and the elderlyF

/:ations . , nited :ations in Sri Lanka0. The first : agency res*onding to the e ergency in

Sri Lanka was The ;orld 7ealth ?rgani#ation /;7?0 which s*eciali#es in health and !egun

o*erations in 1')+. ;7? seeks to address the challenges in health needs and the *ro otion of

e uita!le access to health care for the *oor and the arginali#ed as a *riority. $artners of ;7?

are the inistry of 7ealthcare and :utrition, : agencies, all e !ers of the Inter 9gency

Standing Co ittee /I9SC0. The agency focuses in the following issues@

7ealth Syste

7u an resources for health

Co unica!le diseases

:on co unica!le diseases and ental health

ergency *re*aredness and res*onse

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?ver the years of conflict, as the health sector co coordinator for the : fa ily, ;7?

su**orts areas such as e*ide iology, disease surveillance la!oratory ca*acity !uilding, water

and sanitation, *sychological and ental health care and health infor ation syste .

In general, the : tea in Sri Lanka is co *osed !y the following agencies in Sri

Lanka@

"9?, IL?, I?3, ?C79, :9I%S, :%$, :"$9, : 79BIT9T, :7C=, :IC ",

:?$S, : , ;"$, ;7?, and ;orld Bank.

So e of the are here related with their su**ort during the conflict@

3esponse of orl! 5oo! *rogramme 6 5*7:

9lthough the war ended in 3ay +88', this organi#ation is still su**orting o*erations

*roviding full rations to over +'8,888 *eo*le located in transit ca *s. $rovisions with fortified

food have !een su**lied es*ecially to *rovide for children under the age of five years, *regnant

and lactating wo en. 9t the sa e ti e, ;"$ is continuing to re uest su**ort fro donors in the

a ount of SG-) illion for +88'. It is not !ecause this organi#ation does not have food su**ly,

!ut !ecause it takes 6 onths to translate oney to food for the I%$s.

;orld "ood $rogra e activities in Sri Lanka seek to hel* the ost vulnera!le grou*s.

It has three !asic co *onents@

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:utritional su**le entation to *regnant, nursing wo en and children 6 onths to )

years.

Schools eals in *ri ary and secondary schools.

"ood for work for une *loyed *eo*le and landless la!orers. ;ork in Sri Lanka is

seasonal.

ergency assistance for those who have e igrated fro the conflict area to the ca *s.

This e ergency assistance is used when it is necessary.

In general, for the ;orld "ood $rogra e good nutrition is funda ental, es*ecially in

the first years of life !ecause it is the su**ort for growth and ental develo* ent. The ;"$Ds

food !asket includes a sta*le such as wheat flour or rice, lentils, chick*eas or other *ulses,

vegeta!le oil /fortified with vita in 9 and %0, sugar and iodi#ed salt. It also could !e

co *le ented with a !lended food such as Corn Soya Blend /CSB0.

It is i *ortant to note that under an agree ent with :IC ", ;"$ addresses oderate

alnutrition and :IC " focuses on severe alnutrition. 9ccording to 9dnan han, ;"$

country director in Sri Lanka in ;"$ we! site, !y 3ay +88', ;"$ was *roviding full rations of

food to (8,888 I%$s located in avuniya district which received cooked eals and ;"$

together with a *artner in ? anthai /a town in the northern avuniya district0, Sevelanka have

!een cooking round the clock. Today, ;"$ is feeding al ost +88,888 I%$s ust in northern Sir

Lanka, located in +4 govern ent controlled te *orary transit centers and villages in avuniya,


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3esponse of the orl! #ealth 8rgani ation 6 #87:

?ne of the res*onses of the ;orld 7ealth ?rgani#ation /;7?0 during the conflict ti e

was the Co on 7u anitarian 9ction $lan /C79$0. It is a strategic *lan for hu anitarian

res*onse in a given country or region and is !ased on the following ele ents@

9 co on analysis of the conte2t which hu anitarian action takes *lace

9 clear state ent of longer ter o! ectives and goals

"ra ework for onitoring the strategy and revising if it is necessary.

In +88&, different organi#ations *artici*ated with ;orld 7ealth ?rgani#ation /;7?0 in

its goal of su**lying all necessary ite s to Sri Lankans I%$s. Through the Sri Lanka Co on

7u anitarian 9ction $lan +88& /:ations, +88&0 those organi#ations were registered !y their

su**ort and *artici*ation in areas such as 7ealth, "ood, ducation, 9griculture, ShelterA:on

food ite s, 7u an =ights, cono ic =ecovery and Infrastructure, Coordination and Su**ortServices and Security. ;ithin the "ood cha*ter I chose as e2a *les of *artici*ation two, the

%anish =efugee Council /%=C0 and nited :ations ChildrenDs "und / :IC "0.

%anish =efugee Council /%=C0 *artici*ated with *rovisions to 18,888 fa ilies in the

districts of


22/138

nited :ations ChildrenDs "und / :IC "0 is another organi#ation that *artici*ated in

this 9ction $lan in +88&. ItDs res*onse !etween


23/138

trau atic stress disorders5 chronic ental health *ro!le s, de*ression and ho*elessness which

co !ined with a lack of inco e, disru*ts the co unityDs a!ilities to *artici*ate in any

activities. ;7? res*onses include also offering uality *reventive and curative health services

including re*roductive, ental and e ergency care.

3esponse of nite! ;ations 6 ;#C37:

nited :ations in Sri Lanka had a deter inant role *rotecting and assisting internally

dis*laced *ersons /I%$s0 and also refugees arriving fro other countries, Sri Lankan refugeesreturning fro overseas and stateless *eo*le who resided in Sri Lanka.

9fter the war, any organi#ations are continuing arriving to Sri Lanka. In general, any

of those interventions are focused on esta!lishing nor ality in the area which ight take long

ti e. ?n 9ugust 4, +88',


24/138

))+ returnees fro I%$ ca *s in avuniya. In uiding $rinci*les in Internal

%is*lace ent and other internationalAnational guidelines such as the Inter 9gency Standing

Co ittee /I9SC0 >ender 7and!ook on 7u anitarian 9ction, S$7 = *ro ect, :7C=

7and!ook for ergencies and the SCC ergency Shelter in Sri Lanka 7and!ook of ?*tions.

3$S*8;S$ 85 1 65187:

"9? is in charge of i ediate assistance to I%$s, returnees, host fa ilies and other

conflict affected fa ilies in the districts of Batticaloa, Trinco alee, avuniya, 3annar, and


25/138

Contri!ute to a return to nor ality !y *ro oting alternative co*ing echanis s and inco e

generating o**ortunities e ually a ongst en and wo en.

reduce *ost harvest losses and *ro ote efficient use of agricultural, fishery and livestock

resources.

"9? E onitors the *rice of fish /dry and fresh0, eggs, vegeta!les and the cost of

agricultural livestock and fisheries in*uts to *rovide early warning to *revent and itigate the ill

effects of *otential food shortagesF - Those activities are done together with ;"$, :IC " and

IL? with the goal of a faster res*onse interventions.

3$S*8;S$ 85 nite! ;ations Chil!ren?s 5un! 6 ;=C$57:

:IC " in Sri Lanka is in charge of education, nutrition, health, *rotection, hu an

rights, rule of law and ;9S7 /;ater, Sanitation and 7ygiene0. %escri*tion of duties is@

Juality education for children affected !y conflict.

3aternal and Child :utrition increasing e *hasis on anage ent of severe acute alnutrition.

3aternal and :eonatal 7ealth.

$rotection of children affected !y conflict and dis*lace ent.

3 The nited :ations. Co on 7u anitarian 9ction $lan /C79$0, Sri Lanka. +88'. $g ++

25


26/138

ergency ;ater, Sanitation and 7ygiene /;9S70 in conflict affected districts.

:IC " understands that the co *le2 conflict and the returning of I%$s in the :orth

and the ast of the country re uire a continuous ;9S7 res*onse. ergency res*onses to

reduce vulnera!ility are !ased in the S$7 = standards and E%o not har F *rinci*les.

"ollowing those will guarantee an ade uate standardsA uality of drinking water su**ly, hygiene

and services to I%$s. It is a crucial issue due to the vulnera!ility of conta ination !y out!reaks

of diarrhoea and other water related diseases. ;9S7 res*onse includes *lanning,

i *le entation, onitoring and evaluation activities.

C13=T1S

Caritas is a =o an Catholic organi#ation that seeks to ensuring assistance to the *oorest

and the ost arginali#ed during an e ergency res*onse focusing in si2 key areas such as@

$eace K =econciliation

ergencies

cono ic


27/138

Caritas has 164 e !ers5 a e !er is a national charita!le organi#ation or a collective

grou* that work with the su**ort of their res*ective church. Caritas works is e2tended worldwide

with locations in 9frica, uro*e, Latina 9 erica K the Cari!!ean, the 3iddle ast and :orth9frica, :orth 9 erica and ?ceania. The glo!al re*resentative of Caritas today, is the current

cardinal ?scar =odrigue# 3aradiaga. In :orth 9 erica, CaritasD e !ers are@ Catholic

Charities S9 /CC S90, Catholic Ca *aign for 7u an %evelo* ent /CC7%0, Catholic =elief

Services /C=S0 and Canadian Catholic ?rgani#ation for %evelo* ent and $eace /CC?%$0. 9ll

of the share the sa e goal of e *owering and engaging Catholics in ustice issues.

Caritas Internationalis /Caritas0 is co *osed !y 16+ e !ers and seek fight *overty and

in ustice. :ational e !ers are under the u !rella of Caritas Internationalis which has its

head uarters in the atican City and re*resentatives at the nited :ations in :ew ork and

>eneva, =o a, and $aris. Caritas Internationalis *rovides food, shelter, water or edicine

through a ra*id res*onse to the crises and also su**ort co unities to !eco e *rotagonist of

their own develo* ent through e *owering. Caritas offers su**ort for the elderly and school for

the for er child soldier as well as 7I care *rovider. The ain three areas of work are@

ergencies@ %uring a disaster, Caritas offers a safe *lace, is the neigh!or who organi#es

food and !lankets and seeks glo!al su**ort to, in the sa e anner, su**ort the victi s.

Sustaina!le develo* ent@ Caritas work with the victi s to hel* the recovering and

work on their own solutions. Caritas offers social services and long ter environ entally

sustaina!le develo* ent.

$eace !uilding@ Caritas su**ort *eace and reconciliation es*ecially through inter

religious dialogue.

27


28/138

T#$ 83@ 85 C13=T1S =; S3= 1;@1

Caritas Sri Lanka and its Social and cono ic %evelo* ent Centre /C % C0, was

founded in 1'6( !y the *riest, "ather


29/138

the res*onse is in general, to ensure that victi s are involved in the reha!ilitation *rocess such as

e *owering co unities and re!uilding a stronger !ase.

Table 1.

Displacement figures as of 30 September 2008. By UN, ommon

!umanitarian "ction #lan $ !"#%. Sri &an'a. 200(

3istrict located in the

north.

4opulation 5 o. o '34s 6 7 o population

displaced


30/138

Batticaloa )1),()& 1+,))1 +.4-M

9 *ara 618,1&' 4,++- 8.6'M

Trico alee --4,-6- 4,&&) 1.4+M

Su( total East 1&5:0&899 21&659 1.5;7


31/138


The


32/138

agencies together and creating strategies as an i *ortant tool. %uring the years +888 +88+, there

are the following *ilot agencies using the S*here in South 9sia@

isaster -iti.ation /nstitute

Caritas /ndia

Sarvoda a

Consortium o! *umanitarian .encies'

In Sri Lanka, for e2a *le, the S*here has !een used !y the International "ederation of

=ed Cross and =ed Crescent Societies /I"=C0 and :ational =ed Cross Society which undertook

a vulnera!ility survey of a drought affected *o*ulation in areas such as health, water and

nutrition. By this ti e /+888 +88+0, the *o*ulation was only eeting half of S*here calorie

re uire ents. ?2fa also worked to !ring welfare ca *s fro 48M of the S*here indicators to

(8M, while Caritas S % C were ca *aigning S*here $ro ect with the *o*ulation, hel*ing the

to think of their needs through S*here indicators of which the *o*ulation was *reviously

infor ed.

The Consortiu of 7u anitarian 9gencies in Sri Lanka set u* a S*here ;orking >rou*

in +881. They develo*ed the S*here Toolkit that includes a Sri Lanka S*here video and a

hand!ook in + versions@ one for the lay an and other for the *ractitioner !oth translated into

Ta il and Sinhala.

Between +888 through +88+, Catholic =elief Services i *le ented syste s a**roach to

S*here through the 7u anitarian Charter and 3ini u Standards into *olicy, *rocedures and

training. S*here has !een ada*ted in this way@

32


33/138

An international program of Emergency Preparedness and Response raining for local

partners Emergency !orps training for the !RS rapid response team

Referred to Sphere in the !RS echnical Re"iew format that pro"ides guidelines for pro#ect appraisal

he !RS Emergency Response and Preparedness Hand$oo%

he Strategic Humanitarian Response Plan


34/138

Caritas sought to i *le ent@

South,South learning and e-perience sharing

Inclusion of Sphere into emergency preparedness training

raining material related to the reality in the South

.issemination process mo"e forward $y local interest

Caritas goals using the S*here@

Strengthen the implementation effort within !aritas

Better coordination of training and $etter use of human resources within the

!onfederation

.istri$ution of case studies on good practice and highlight the importance of Sphere

Caritas S % C /Sri Lanka0 i *le ents S*here Standards through the Consortiu for

7u anitarian 9gencies /C790, which is a consortiu of 7u anitarian 9gencies and works as a

$ilot 9gency for the S*here $ro ect that organi#es and *lans to syste atically, introducing

S*here into *olicies for disaster res*onse. The e !ers of C79, S*here grou* in Sri Lanka are@

Caritas S C

Cordaid

%*C+

% +esident Coordinators !!ice

!am

SC

34


35/138

Sarvoda a

The concern of :>?s in Sri Lanka was to ensure that the *olicy environ ent a ong

govern ent agencies and the ilitary had an understanding of the notion of internationally

acce*ted standards in hu anitarian assistance. The other concern was related to the availa!ility

training the :>?s in Sri Lanka on the 7u anitarian Charter and 3ini u Standards. The

toolkit of training ite s has !een very useful for that *ur*ose which was released in 3ay +88+ to

the >overn ent 3inisters and *u!lic servants together with other :>?s and : *ersonnel.

Through al ost -8 years of ar ed conflict, so e e2a *les on the field of the

a**lica!ility of the Standards were availa!le@

By +886 for e2a *le, S*here standards and their a**lica!ility were vulnera!le in I%$s

ca *s due to overcrowding and es*ecially for the i *le entation of ;9S7 cluster due to the

onsoon rains. 3ost of the ca *s, !y that ti e, were located around surrounding the town of

avuniya which had a high rate of over*o*ulation that e2ceeds its ca*acity. In 3enik "ar , a

refugee ca * with (8'ha and located a!out )8 outside of avuniya which is divided into 6

#ones, had overcrowding *ro!le s. ?ne of the #ones for e2a *le, held a!out )),888 I%$s, and

there is a single latrine caters to u* to (8 *ersons5 tents designed for ), which u* to 14 *ersons

occu*ied the . It is an indication that due to any difficult conditions, S*here Standards and

they a**lica!ility vary de*ending on the location and accessi!ility to the ca *s.

In the sa e year, the *ro otion of the S*here standards had a significant advance

through the *u!lication of 1,888 versions of the S*here anual in a Sinhala version, including

training versions of e ergency and *re*aredness and training of trainers.

Caritas Internationalis also had its own guidelines, Caritas ergency >uidelines which

were a**roved !y the Bureau of Caritas Internationalis in 3arch 1), +88&. These guidelines seek35


36/138

to guide the hu anitarian res*onse during e ergencies and all e !ers of Caritas are re uested

to own and i *le ent the to o*ti i#e and coordinate the res*onse. This anual has the

descri*tion of the organi#ational structures availa!le and e ergency res*onse echanis to !e

a**lied in order to su**ort the national Caritas. The definition of a a or disaster !y Caritas

Internationalis is as follows@

>'n the context o this document a ma-or disaster is de ined as a situation %here there is

su(stantial loss o li e& increased $ulnera(ility& great human su ering and distress and large

scale material damage including damage to the en$ironment. 't is a situation %ith %hich the

a ected population& go$ernment and the Caritas 'nternationalis Mem(er ?rgani!ation cannot

su iciently cope and need assistance rom others@ )'nternationalis& 200;*.

Caritas Internationalis 3e !er ?rgani#ations /CI 3?s0 work on the !asis of the CI

Statutes and =ules, CI $artnershi*s $rinci*les, the =ed Cross :>? Code of Conduct, the S*here

$ro ectDs 7u anitarian Charter and 3ini u Standards in %isaster =es*onse, the *rovision of

gender e uity, CIDs Child $rotection $olicy and the *rotection of civilians. Caritas Internationalis

and =ed Cross :>? have agreed to !lend !oth of their statutes and codes of conduct to define

the eaning of hu anitarian aid. $artnershi* is thus, a vital *art of Caritas within the glo!al

hu anitarian res*onse. In situations where the si#e and s*ecific e2*ertise of the national Caritas

cannot su**ly the need, the Confederation Structures should !e conditioned to increase ca*acity

in solidarity, su!sidiary, *artnershi* and stewardshi*. %uring an e ergency res*onse, CI 3?s

!ase their su**ort on the following fra eworks@

!I Emergency )unding Appeals

!I *andated /perational Support to the national !aritas .

36


37/138

C' Emergency Funding


38/138

*ri ary function and the affected national Caritas is to esta!lish the ost effective assistance to

reduce the suffering and loss of life with a ra*id assess ent, design, coordination,

i *le entation of and re*orts of the res*onse *hase.

The continuity of this res*onse is through the Solidarity Tea for ergency $artnershi*

/ST $0. This grou* is co *osed of technical andAor anage ent e2*erts, assigned only after the

=ST grou* is ready to de*art. The ST $ grou* is used for long ter res*onses in order to

ensure and re*ort the e ergency according to international hu anitarian standards. ?ther grou*s

such as Country ;orking >rou* and $artners "oru have in co on the su**ort of the national

Caritas in the develo*ing res*onse. In relation with security issues it is i *ortant to ention that

if security levels in the conflict area e2ceed the level 1 of : security assess ent, =ST

security guidelines co e into effect although a *rior evaluation of the security levels have !een

done *rior sending the =ST grou*, this is only to guarantee their safety and it is related to a safe

access to the conflict areas. 9ll e !ers are free to evacuate the area or deny *artici*ation

without re*ercussion.

The Co on 7u anitarian 9ction $lan /C79$0 goals are the *rotection and

safeguarding !asic rights of I%$s and refugees !ut also are the key challenges raised !y the

conflict. In +88& for e2a *le, fighting re*resented the loss of hundreds of civilian lives, the

dis*lace ent of over -8(,888 *eo*le and the suffering of countless others. $u!lic infrastructure

and essential services had !een co *ro ised, aking it ore difficult for national and

internationally su**orted hu anitarian *rogra es to address the significant needs of !oth

conflict affected and return co unities. 9t the sa e ti e, the hu anitarian co unity is

o*erating under e2tre ely difficult circu stances, which have affected its a!ility to reach asany *eo*le as need su**ort.

38


39/138

The C79$ has !een develo*ed as Sri LankaDs hu anitarian strategy to su**ort essential

interventions during +88(. The *riorities include e ergency relief, *rotection, and early

recovery, and !uilds on the +88& C79$Ds co it ent a ong hu anitarian stakeholders to

*rotect and *reserve life. C79$ *resents an su ary every year a!out the *rior year

acco *lish ents !y sector, an analysis of the hu anitarian conte2t and needs of vulnera!le

grou*s in *articular conflict affected and isolated co unities, I%$s and returnees, current and

worst case scenarios, strategic *riorities including e ergency relief, early recovery and

*rotection, sector res*onse *lans5 and a onitoring fra ework, which links *riorities, sector and

*ro ect o! ectives.

9s a *rogra ing and coordination *latfor , the C79$ outlines *riorities and areas ofintervention for affected *o*ulations in need. Interventions include assistance for dis*laced and

return co unities in the areas of *rotection, shelter, food, water and environ ental sanitation

/;9S70, food aid, nutrition, health, education, food security /including agriculture and

fisheries0, econo ic recovery and infrastructure, and logistics. =oles and res*onsi!ilities have

!een assigned for the various sectors, with sector lead agencies accounta!le for delivering

efficient and effective services to the targeted *o*ulation. Coordination a ong sectors is

fostered through inter agency coordination structures as well as co on logistic and security

services.

C79$ *ro ects will co *le ent govern ent ca*acity and ongoing efforts in e ergency

assistance. Si ilarly, activities for recovery efforts will su**ort the >overn ent of Sri Lanka

lead. Coordination of efforts will !e su**orted through the Consultative Co ittee for

7u anitarian 9ffairs /CC790, the high level structure for coordination !etween the

>overn ent of Sri Lanka, donor govern ents and the Inter 9gency Standing Co ittee

/I9SC0.

39


40/138

The nited :ations 7igh Co issioner for =efugees / :7C=0 has also *artici*ated

year !y year in the res*onse to the co *le2 e ergency in Sri Lanka. This is a resu e of the

res*onse fro +888 until today.

By this year, seventeen years of conflict has left the country e2tre ely unsta!le. :7C=

re ains the only organi#ation working with *eo*le in need through the cycle of dis*lace ent@

fro the *rovision of e ergency assistance to dura!le solutions. 7owever, :7C= kee*s

working under *artnershi* with one govern ent agency@ =esettle ent and =eha!ilitation

9uthority of the :orth, one : 9gency, si2 international and ) local :>?s, anaging a

strategic alliance with the ;orld Bank, :IC ", ;orld "ood $rogra e, >esell shaft fur

Technishce Nusa enar!eit and the 9sian %evelo* ent Bank. Together, those organi#ations

were develo*ing strategies for +881. ntil +888, :7C= saw a *rofound shift of a**roach in its

Sri Lanka o*eration under the use of the >uiding $rinci*les on Internal %is*lace ent as the !ase

of the *rotection of work. Those >uidelines hel*ed the organi#ation to identify *ro!le s and

40

%*C+ Sri $an a in 2000

Sri &an'a )D#s* +0 ,-00


41/138

analy#e *atterns of intervention. :7C= *ro oted the use of the >uiding $rinci*les !y the

authorities and hu anitarian agencies, strengthening its *rotection role in the country.

Conditions in the ca *s were !ad due to overcrowded conditions and it re uired the

construction of eighteen co unity centers, one girlDs or*hanage was reha!ilitated as well as

any other !uildings. =e*airs were ade in +4 agrarian wells, two water reservoirs, irrigation

channels and water *u *s. %istri!ution of non food ite s for a!out 11,+88 I%$s included

-8,6+8 *lastic sheets, 16,6&8 ats, +(,+68 *lates, ++,+-8 !ars of soa*. Sanitation facilities were

constructed conserving the ini u standards which *revented e*ide ics. In total, -&) new

latrines were constructed, and (&6 latrines at 14 welfare centers were reha!ilitated.


Sri &an'a )D#s* +0 ,-00

:7C= sought to enhance its work with :IC " to address the situation of underage

recruit ent. Strategies such as *ro oting school attendance and other *artnershi*s as with the

:ational 7u an =ights Co ission were ade in order to hel* and *rotect I%$s. :7C=

continuities its use of the >uiding $rinci*les on Internal %is*lace ent and encourage the Sir

Lankan govern ent and :>?s to use those >uiding $rinci*les. By this year, the Situation

9nalysis $rotect had !egun, !ased on the >uiding $rinci*les and seeks to *rovide an evaluation

of the *resent and real situation of I%$s in Sri Lanka. So e of the activities and assistance are

reflected in the construction of &68 se i *er anent houses for I%$sAreturnees, distri!ution of

41


Sri &an'a )D#s* 83,300


42/138

shelter aterials to 41- fa ilies, re*airs on ore than +8 of roads in nine different locations,

construction of 4'8 latrines, schools and villages, renovation of childrenDs ho es for a!out +88

children and sanitation *rogra es for -,)88 fa ilies and construction of 18- tu!e and o*en

wells to i *rove access to *ota!le water.

By this year, *ros*ects of *eace were visi!le which increased the likelihood of the return

of I%$s and refugees fro India. 7owever, the LTT Ds forced recruit ent continued, es*ecially

for children. The >overn ent started to su**ort *rogra s in favor of the return of I%$s to their

ho es. $rogra s such as :ational "ra ework for =elief, =eha!ilitation and =econciliation and

also oined a strategy with the : Country Tea . :7C= continued !eing the lead agency

*roviding *rotection, relief ite s and e ergency shelters to returnees.

To strength I%$s rights, :7C= esta!lished *artnershi*s with the ?ffice of the

Co issioner >eneral for Co ordination of =elief, =eha!ilitation and =econciliation /?C>0, the

42


Sri &an'a )D#s* +,100

/eturnees $former )D#s%* 23 ,200


43/138

3inistry of =eha!ilitation, =esettle ent and =efugees /3===0, the :ational 7u an =ights

Co ission /7=C0 and the Legal 9id foundation of the Bar 9ssociation of Sri Lanka /L9"0.

I%$s rights include *ro*erty rights in areas under ar ed conflict, docu entation and I%$s

registration.

In activities issues, I%$s received training and inco e generation o**ortunities,

es*ecially for wo en and children, distri!ution of non food relief ite s to 1),(-( fa ilies

/a**ro2. 6-,-)+ *ersons0, re*airs in clinics including a !oat a !ulance to assist island villages in

uiding $rinci*les on Internal %is*lace ent.

9ctivities to hel* I%$s still in ca *s included the construction of 1,1-& latrines in return

areas, te *orary shelters for +,6+4 fa ilies and se i *er anent shelters for 1,-)- fa ilies in

return villages, while another 6,)&& fa ilies received shelter aterials. :7C= i *le ented

43


Sri &an'a )D#s* 38 ,100


44/138

si2ty *ro ects with the goal of *rotecting the rights of I%$s and returnees and enhancing their

access to ustice / :7C=, +88-0.

The Sri Lankan govern ent and The :orwegian !rokered Ceasefire 9gree ent, signed

!y the >overn ent of Sri Lanka and the LTT in "e!ruary +88+ was still held while atte *ts to

kee* *eace were ade. I%$s were still returning to their original *laces under crude conditions

of violations of hu an rights, recruit ent of children and adults which was lowering the return

rate. The Tsuna i of %ece !er +6, +884 struck the coast of the country and affected *eo*le

increasing the actual devastation. The !alance !y that ti e was -8,888 *eo*le dead and (68,888

dis*laced. :7C= initiated a *rocess to increase activities related to education, sanitation,

44


Sri &an'a )D#s* 3-2, 00

/eturne )D#s* 33,+00

)n ia $returnees%* (,(00


45/138

shelter and infrastructure, and water. ?ther *rogra es were ke*t toward *rotection and dura!le

solutions to I%$s. "or those still in ca *s, :7C= *rovided over -4,888 *ackages with

household ite s such as !uckets and os uito nets to so e 1)-,888 I%$s in welfare centers to

*ersons returning and relocating, ca*acity !uilding and skills develo* ent training for over

1,188 I%$s and &,688 returnees in areas such as agriculture, tailoring and icrocredit. fforts to

*revent out!reaks of disease to 11,888 I%$s entailed the construction of a!out 1,188 latrines in

welfare centers and -)8 wells were chlorinated hel*ing to clean drinking water for 6',888 I%$s.

In +88), increasing fears of the return of violence and conflict a**eared due to the

insta!ility of the govern ent and its *olitics. 9fter elections in +88), the violence !egun again

and !y the end of the year a!out 1,888 Sri Lankan fa ilies were dis*laced this resulted in

:7C= to cancel its return *rogra for refugees living in southern India. :7C= focused on

increasing the well !eing of I%$s through !etter shelter infrastructure, 48 new latrines and

renovated 14( others, dug +8 new wells. 7ere the *riority was given to households headed !y

wo en and e2tre ely vulnera!le *ersons which received su**ort through icrocredit enter*rise

training in areas such as agriculture, livestock, fisheries and others. The 4=s Initiative

45


Sri &an'a )D#s* 32-,000

/eturne )D#s* 2+,200

)n ia $returnees%* 2,+00

"sylum see'ers $#a'istan%* 100


46/138

/ :7C=,The : =efugee 9gency, +88)0 which eans the =e*atriation, =eintegration,

=eha!ilitation and =econstruction /4=s0 *ilot *ro ect and started in +88- to kee* the su**ort to

other agencies in i *le entation. In +884, an initiative eet :, :7C=, :%$, :IC "

and IL? with assistance for S% ) illion, targeting +8 co unities in three war affected

districts and included *rotection, livelihood and inco e generation, co unity infrastructure,

health, water and sanitation, education and local governance. This *ro ect seeks to ensure that the

relief to develo* ent *rocess is transferred !etween the : hu anitarian and develo* ent

agencies.

The security situation worsened. 7u an rights violations led to the dis*lace ent of a!out

+88,888 *ersons within the country. :7C= offered to those I%$s shelter and non food ite s,

and with the coordination of other agencies, esta!lished ore than )6 e ergency sites to ensure

the su**ly of food, health care and other services. :7C= advised the >overn ent of Sri Lanka

on the International Standards of treat ent for I%$s. The ilitary was given the >uidelines on

how to ensure the voluntariness of returns. To face this e ergency, :7C= covered costs and

i *roved the security in the welfare sites with the goal of eeting the International Standards.

So e of the activities and assistance services include non food ite s and installations to cook

hot eals, shelter aterials and guidance in infrastructure. In addition, 46,888 *ersons received

!asic edical assistance and there was the construction of +4 co unal and 6' individual toilets

for a!out (88 *ersons.46


Sri &an'a )D#s* (,200

/eturne )D#s* 8(, 00


47/138

The *eace environ ent !rought an underesti ation of the need for staff and resources

which i *acted the o*erations in a negative anner. By this ti e, :7C=Ds !udget was

insufficient and with the agree ent fro the govern ent, the : launched the C79$.

In +88&, the hu anitarian conditions also worsened leading to ore dis*lace ents. The

work of hu anitarian organi#ations was difficult due to *olitical and security concerns. :7C=

distri!uted 6)(,888 non food relief ite s such as os uito nets and shelter aterials. Shelter

assistance was !ased in the >uidelines together with technical assistance in their i *le entation.

This office distri!uted ore than 4,-88 tents and *rovided 4,&88 e ergency shelter constructionkits. 9ccess to* roads were constructed or re*aired to hel* the trans*ortation and distri!ution of

food and non food ite s.

47


Sri &an'a )D#s* -(, 00

/eturne )D#s* 1-8, 00

/efugees* 180

"sylum see'ers* 200

/eturnees $refugees%* 2,020


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:on food ite s to newly dis*laced I%$s were i *ortant !ecause that ensured the the

*rotection of :7C=, *revented further dis*lace ent and reduces out!reak of disease. ?n the

other hand, for those who were a!le to return !ack, :7C= hel*ed a!out 1)(,688 I%$s through

shelter reha!ilitation and livelihood assistance. ?ther issues such as tensions !etween ethnic

grou*s were treated with s all scale and uick i *act *ro ects. S all scale *ro ects also hel*ed

1'8 fa ilies to su**ort the selves while dis*laced.

Type of populatio

n

Origin Dec 2 !"#an 2 $ By Dec 2 $ %estimated&

Total incountry

Of whomassisted by'()*+

Total incountry

Of whomassisted by'()*+

+e!u.ees a istan 140 140 130 130

arious 40 40 20 20

s lumsee ers

a istan 110 110 100 100

arious 30 30 30 30

+eturnees(+e!u.ees

)

1,000 100 3,000 250

/ s 787,000 787,000 665,000 665,000

+eturnees(/ s)

102,000 102,000 100,000 100,000

t"ers o! concern

15,000 5,000 20,000 5,000

48

%*C+ Sri $an a in 2008 2009


49/138

Total 905,310 9!,!10 " ,#"0 ""0,530

Source@ :7C= >lo!al 9**eal +88( +88'. htt*@AAwww.unhcr.orgA4&4ac(dc8.ht l

By +88( +88', :7C= clai ed that a *eace *rocess should include res*ect for hu anrights !y all *arties, security, reconciliation of co unities, dura!le solutions for I%$s,

*rotection of inority rights, co *ensation and the resolution of land and *ro*erty issues.$rotection, legal assistance, *revention of se2ual and gender !ased violence, decreasing conflicts

!etween co unities, res*onding to new dis*lace ents, and *rovision of shelter, non foodrelief and raise awareness of the International >uidelines are still the goals of :7C= in SriLanka.

The >uidelines $rinci*les on International %is*lace ent !y ?C79, nited :ations

/>uiding $rinci*les on Internal %is*lace ent0 is a anner of enhance the ca*acity of the nited

:ations as a whole to res*ond to situations of internal dis*lace ents through coordination and

division of institutional res*onsi!ilities. It is divided into -8 *rinci*les titled@

General Principles Principles Relating to Protection )rom .isplacement Principles Relating to Protection .uring .isplacement Principles Relating to Human Assistance Principles Relating to Return3 Resettlement and Reintegration+

Consortiu of 7u anitarian 9gencies />T 0 Li ited, /C790, is an organi#ation that

res*onds to the right of all *eo*le to a life of security, dignity and access to !asic needs. Since

the end of +88), and with the *artnershi* of other hu anitarian organi#ations, C79 //C7900

assisted I%$s. %uring


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The ;orld "ood $rogra e started in Se*te !er +886 a s*ecial o*eration 18)-'.8 that

!rought -8 ;"$ trucks with a ca*acity of 488 t to increase storage for ca *s located in

avuniya, Trinco alee and Colo !o. Those trucks delivered food and non food ite s. By this

ti e, under constant fighting, the ;"$ ke*t its !enefits fro its relationshi* with the Sri Lankan

>overn ent and security forces which allowed delivery and trans*ortation through un clear

areas. %uring the *eriod of Se*te !er +886 through ?s lacking funding to continue co unal cooking. =elated to health issues, .:.

$o*ulation "und is o*ening five fa ily health clinics in five #ones of 3anik "ar s which covers

*regnancy e2a s, fa ily *lanning, e ergency deliveries, *sychological counseling, and other

services. Since


51/138

availa!ility of access to ca *s is a concern today, due to the difficulty in delivering food and

non food ite s.

%uring +88', S9I%A?"%9 *rovided nearly S G( illion to assist I%$s and returnees

in issues such as health, logistics, *rotection, disaster risk reduction, agriculture and food

security, econo ic recovery and arket syste s, shelter and settle ents, hu anitarian

coordination and infor ation anage ent and ;9S7 *rogra s.

Today, at the end of the ar ed conflict, the International Crisis >rou*Ds Co unications

%irector, 9ndrew Stroehlein, gave his testi ony on ?cto!er 1, +88'. In this docu ent, heconfir s that the ost crucial *ro!le is the vulnera!ility of freedo for ore than a uarter of

a illion thnic Ta ils dis*laced !y the conflict who are locked in the ca *s, in the north of the

country !y the Sri Lankan >overn ent. Ca *s are descri!ed to !e surrounded !y E!ar!ed wireF

/Stroehlein0 and anyone who tries to esca*e is shot !y the Sri Lankan ar y. The Crisis >rou* is

*ronouncing these acts as the violation of !oth national and international law and says that today,

since the end of the war last 3ay5 ca *s are overcrowded with edical installations and access

to clean water and sanitation inade uate or insufficient, es*ecially during the onsoon season.

The situation in the ca *s is !eing aggravated !y the Sri Lankan >overn ent and its

*ur*ose of a screening *rocess to weed out Ta il Tigers fro the +64,888 *ersons in the ca *s.

9fter co *leting the screening, however, the >overn ent does not free the as those who

*assed the test are !eing sent !ack to the ca *s.

The o! ective of the refugee ca *s is lost when I%$s are not free to stay or leave and

their safety and dignity are vulnera!le.

51


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S#! 'A *A A +

$HE P'A ! ) FAC$S

+U#! ) $HE C&MP'E( HUMA !$A#!A EME#)E C%

Mo,ule

52


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The 4lanning actors

Through this module there is a description and e$aluation o the su iciency o the protection

pro$ided or the displaced persons in Sri "an#a. Caritas and other organi!ations pro$ided

series o responses (ased on ho% them identi y the pro(lem& analysis o causes and de$eloping

o e ecti$e solutions. The planning actors must (e accorded %ith the implementation phase

under a realistic en$ironment %here the o(-ecti$es& descri(ed in the planning process& are a(le

to (eing reali!ed

C13=T1S S$ $C S3= 1;@1

Caritas O S % C /Social and cono ic %evelo* ent Centre0 was founded in 1'6( !y

visionary *riest, "ather


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dead in Sri Lanka alone. Caritas Sri Lanka hel*ed +4,888 fa ilies in the i ediate after ath of

the tsuna i, *roviding cooking utensils, clothing and os uito nets to those whose ho es were

destroyed.

Caritas S % C, with su**ort fro Caritas Internationalis e !er organi#ations, have

!uilt so e 6,)88 transitional shelters and co *leted a!out (,888 *er anent houses. ?ther work

included@

Child su**ort@ 1&,888 children returned to school after the distri!ution of schoolunifor s, shoes and stationery *acks.

Livelihood recovery@ 6),888 working days were su**orted !y Caritas Sri Lanka under its

cash for work *rogra e.

otional su**ort@ trau a counseling was given to +,888 adults and children5 +88

counselors were trained.

The work of Caritas O S % C has oved into the reha!ilitation *hase. This includes

re!uilding ho es and aking the ore resilient to disaster !ut also su**orting long ter

livelihoods.

Caritas S % C runs different *rogra es that ai to evaluate and create

awareness a!out the situation of I%$s in Sri Lanka. 2a *les are icro credit sche es for

organic far ing, education and *revention *rogra es on alcohol, drugs and e2tortion, and a

;o enDs %evelo* ent nit to *ro ote the rights of wo en and awareness of their

vulnera!ility to cri es such as hu an trafficking, and *eace and conflict resolution. The 7u an

=ights nit also which uses the Istan!ul $rotocol which is a : anual with international

guidelines for the assess ent of *ersons who allege torture and ill treat ent, in this *rotocol,

torture is defined according to the : Convention against Torture. The 7u an =ights nit is in

54


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charge of training health *rofessionals and lawyers in Sri Lanka with the necessary knowledge

and tools to i *le ent the Istan!ul $rotocol, and !eing a!le to transfer those skills to others

working in the sa e field. This grou* also *roduces a nu !er of resource aterials on 7u an

=ights under the u !rella of Caritas S % C.

The :ational $eace $rogra e is created !y Caritas S % C, originated in 1''', and is

in charge of *roviding i ediate relief and reha!ilitation services to I%$s. This *rogra e is

also focused in 7u an =ights and clai s for *eace and reconciliation. It is !ased on the guiding

*rinci*les of the *eace *rogra e such as 4Instruments of Human Rights53 4&on,Violent

!onflict Resolution5 and 4.o no Harm principle5+ This :ational $eace $rogra e targets

vulnera!le, arginali#ed co unities and es*ecially wo en, children, young en, inter

religious and inter ethnic grou*s using ani ation, integration, and networking ethods.

$ro ects nits are an i *ortant *art of Caritas S % C !ecause are res*onsi!le for

designing, onitoring and evaluating Caritas S % CDs *rogra es and *ro ects at !oth

national and diocesan level. This nit is in charge of every *ro ect *lanning stages and also

when funds need to !e sought for develo* ent and e ergencies. In general, the $ro ects nitDso! ectives are@

Su**orting *ro ect holders in designing and for ulating uality *ro ects that eet logical

and via!le criteria !ut also that are in accord with the Caritas criteria.

3onitoring *ro ectsA*rogra es to ensure that those are in the a**ro*riate direction

under each *rogra eDs coordinator and the i *le entation tea .

valuating :ational, %ioceses and individual *ro ectsA*rogra es in order to answer the

following uestions@

Has the pro#ect'programme done what it said that it would do6

55


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Has the pro#ect'programme made any difference6

Is the pro#ect'programme the right thing to do6

Increasing the credi!ility that facilitates collecting funds to achieve the vision, ission

and goals of Caritas Sri Lanka.

Su**ort and enhance the ca*acity of local *artners.

The =elief and =eha!ilitation nit is in charge of the res*onse to the needs of *eo*le

during and after hu anitarian e ergencies. The res*onse includes food and non food ite s,

te *orary and transitional shelter, clothing and edicine. The ne2t *hase include education forchildren, inco e generation, and reha!ilitation of trau a and, in a long ter *hase, the res*onse

includes se i *er anentA*er anent houses, health sche es, vocational training, reha!ilitation,

nutrition *rogra s for children and social ani ation for e *ower ent. %uring war, the su**ort

is ostly focused to the needs of children with


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9ccording to this >uidelines //C790, +88'0, a conflict is defined !y the result of *arties

disagreeing /i.e. a!out the distri!ution of aterial or sy !olic resources and acting on the !asis

of these *erceived inco *ati!ilities0. Conflict Sensitivity /CS0 is defined as the a!ility of your

organi#ation to@

nderstand the conte2t in which you o*erate

nderstand the interaction !etween your intervention and the conte2t

9ct u*on the understanding of this interaction in order to avoid negative i *acts and

increasing *ositive i *acts.

The *hases of the *ro ect cycle are defined as@

*lanning: he process where$y pro$lems are identified3 causal lin%s anali(ed3 and

effecti"e solutions de"eloped+

=mplementation: he process of reali(ing o$#ecti"es $y enacting acti"ities designed in

the planning process

&onitoring: he continuous process of e-amining deli"ery of acti"ity outputs to

intended $eneficiaries+

$Daluation: An assessment that ta%es place at a specific point in time+

These >uidelines are !ased on the assu *tion of conflict transfor ation theory which is

defined as Econflict is an inherent *art of develo* ent and social change, which has the *otential

for !oth constructive and destructive outco esF //C790, +88'0. 7u anitarian interventions can

have *ositive i *acts on conflict es*ecially a!out aid contri!utions when@

It srengthen echanis s and resources for anaging or resolving differences.

7el* to address factors that are causing tension within a given co unity.

57


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9ccording to the >uidelines, those initiatives also ight have negative i *acts when

intervening actors fail to take sufficient consideration of the conte2t and could increase inter or

intra grou* tensions.

he Planning phase7

It is neccesary to identify the *ro!le , collecting all infor ation *ossi!le, !eing sure to

!eing accord with all >ovenr ent *olicies. ?rgani#ations and their intervention strategies ust

include Conflict Sensitive easures and considering a sustaina!le strategy and a contingency

*lan. 9 conflcit analysis is indicated to understand the conte2t of the *ro!le in order to

antici*ate how it will affect and !e affected !y, *ro ect i *le entation. ?rgani#ations have todevelo* a risk assess ent, deter ine the *arts involved in the conflict and *eace and a**lying

the notion of Edo no har F.

he Implementation phase7

This *hase is characteri#ed !y the a alga of a *artici*atory *lanning *rocess andconflict analysis, considering legal re uire ents and *ossi!le conflicts due to organi#ationsD

intervention. Conflict Sensitive *ractices should !e used in this *hase.

Selecting a geogra*hic area should include a needs assess ent which ust include

findings of the conflict analysis and views of the co unity. It is also a**lica!le !y the ti e of

selecting !eneficiaries kee*ing a defined criteria under those needs assess ent.

Conflict Sensitive *ractices and their i *le entation have the following re uire ents,

according to these >uidelines //C790, +88'0@

58


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9 needs assess ent.

9 *rofile of the conflict conte2t.

Causes of the conflict /including key actors and stakeholders, as well as their relation to

each other and any division andAor connections0.

Identification of conflict andAor *eace drivers.

3a**ing of scenarios.

9nalysis of risks and risk itigation strategies for the *ro ect, its staff, and *artici*ants.

Lessons learned fro *revious interventions.

he *onitoring and E"aluating phase7

3onitoring !rings the o**orutnity to track conflict indicators and the interactions

!etween organi#ationsD out*uts and the conflict. ?rgani#ations should consider the stakeholdersD

*artici*ation during this *hase and *u!lish findings in an accessi!le anner to all interested

*arties which creates trans*arency and accounta!ility of the res*onse.

Today, ;"$ onitors Caritas and its co unal cooking, es*ecially in 3annar with a

*ositive feed!ack. Caritas continues to *rovide co *le entary food for individual cooking to

I%$s through the different #ones in :orth and ast of Sri Lanka. 9 decrease on the *rices of

vegeta!les, fish and eat have !een favora!le to increase nutritious food. Last eetings with the

>overn ent of Sri Lanka included the following *lans@

Plans to increase the capacity of the human rights commission in Va"uniya to address

issues of I.Ps+

Plans to decogest camps3 to ha"e smaller community groups+

he *inistry of 2ome8s empowerment to appoint 9: staff to address gender issues+

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Reinforced commitment to the ;rou* is a core co *onent of :7C=Ds national *rotection network,an interagency foru esta!lished !y :7C= in +88+ to strengthen colla!oration !etween

agencies, identifying needs and ga*s !etween other organi#ations !ut also advise the Sri Lankan

>overn ent a!out I%$s issues. So e of those reco endations were *u!lished in +88) and

included how to achieve dura!le solutions for all I%$s.

:7C= works under strong *artnershi*s in Sri Lanka, organi#ations such as Sewa

Lanka, C9= , "?= T and the Sri Lankan =ed Cross within the goal of seeking the

a**lica!ility of :7C= *rogra es. "or e2a *le, the annual *rogra ing and its cycle hashad o!stacles in its i *le entation in Sri Lanka due to lack of contri!utions, financial controls

that *revent the full ad inistrative cost of *ro ects and also akes it difficult for s aller national

:>?s to !e i *le enting *artners unless they have additional sources of inco e. =elated to Sri

Lanka, :7C= has ke*t effective relationshi*s with local and central govern ent

60


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re*resentatives, the SL9 and the LTT /defeated last 3ay !y the Sri Lankan >overn ent0

which i *rove the levels of assistance to those in their care and increases the o**ortunities of

*eo*le to *artici*ate in decisions concerning their own lives. It is i *ortant to note that :7C=

works in !oth sides of the forward defense line at the invitation of the >overn ent of Sri Lanka,

and works in the anner that the govern ent has seen fit to *lace so e restrictions on :7C=

o*erations in LTT controlled areas, es*ecially in delivering fuel and co unications

e ui* ent. :7C= Sri Lanka has !een *re*ared for any e ergency including !eing *re*ared

with effective e ergency *re*aredness ca*acity and e ergency *re*aredness at an inter agency

level recruiting a tea of e ergency anage ent and hu anitarian work in Colo !o. The

security issue under the ar ed conflict was i *ortant and constant. The area of o*erations is

designed as :S C??=% $hase -, the area of anni, under the LTT Ds control, was designed

:S C??=% $hase 4 /*reventing *rogra e o*erations0. :7C= !ases its security in SriLanka, on the : 3ini u ?*erating Security Standards /3?SS0, develo*ed in Sri Lanka. The

daily security !asis is actually the ost i *ortant *art for those who work for :7C=. ehicles

ust carry flak ackets and hats for their *assengers and staff e !ers have radios, safety

*rocedures co *le ented with training such as land ine awareness.

The :7C= I%$s ;orking >rou* /I%$ ;>0 is a grou* of agencies that work to cover

I%$ issues and needs in Sri Lanka. By +886, for e2a *le, their work was !ased on areas such as@

Se2ual and >ender Based iolence /S>B 0.

Land, $ro*erty K %ocu entation

%ura!le Solutions

9ccess to


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Sur$eys in %el are centers=

In +88+, following the Ceasefire 9gree ent, the >overn ent of Sri Lanka and :7C=

develo*ed an I%$ census to assist the >overn ent and other institutions in *lanning for the

*rovision of legal, *hysical and aterial *rotection for I%$s. In +884, this census was u*dateddue to the Tsuna i e ergency.

Aillage pro iling=

By the ti e of this *ro ect i *le entation, a**ro2i ately 4,(88 villages in the :orth

ast were da aged during the conflict. illage 9ssess ent / 90 !y :7C= and :%$ seeks

to deter ine the infrastructure and *u!lic service needs of villagers of return in order to assist

and guide the donor co unity enhance its *rogra e *lanning for develo* ent assistance

*ro ects. The 9 includes collecting data on the de ogra*hic *rofile of the I%$ *o*ulation, the

infrastructure, housing, food security and *u!lic services.

Mapping o partner organi!ations currently %or#ing %ith '34s in the rele$ant district=

This *rogra e collects infor ation a!out I%$ *references and how e2isting villages

have their infrastructure in order for I%$s to return. Infor ation collected ay include dura!le

solutions that are !eing i *le ented. The >overn ent of Sri Lanka, I%$ ;> and :7C= use

the infor ation collected to develo* a coordinated inter agency colla!orative a**roach,

identifying and i *le enting solutions to I%$s in Sri Lanka.

$rogra es such as the :7C= Juick I *act $ro ect /JI$s0 was i *le ented in +886

and was created Eto eet the need for ra*id i *le entation of s all scale and short ter

*ro ects having an i ediate i *act on co unities in order to *ro ote return as well as

facilitate sta!ility and ease tensions a ong ethnic grou*sF / :7C=, +8860.

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JI$s also seek to address the I%$sD needs and *riorities through the i *le entation of a

co unity !ased a**roach that considers !oth en and wo en in *lanning solutions. 7ere,

JI$s co *ounds !oth, the hu anitarian assistance with long ter develo* ent *ro ects which

cover infrastructure reha!ilitation, econo ic recovery and youth activities. The JI$s o! ectives

are@

9ssist conflict affected I%$ co unities.

Su**ort the host co unities where conflict I%$s wereAare located.

Su**ort the overall o! ectives of the *eace *rocess in Sri Lanka.

$rovide a link !etween hu anitarian assistance and long ter develo* ent.

In +886, :7C= continued assisting the >overn ent of Sri Lanka in assisting refugees,

I%$s and other *ersons of concerns !ut also res*onding to re uests for voluntary return of

refugees fro India /returnees0, su**ort authorities with identifying dura!le and sustaina!le

solutions for *eo*le dis*laced !y the conflict and *ro oting integrated a**roaches such as the

JI$s through linking develo* ent with hu anitarian assistance. :7C= *rovides assistance

with water, sanitation and other infrastructure facilities.

9 shelter *ro ect !y :7C= includes the *rovision of shelters with a *er anent fa ily

latrine, co on water su**ly and essential infrastructure facilities such as access roads. These

se i *er anent shelters were *rovided also for the Tsuna i victi s and were sufficient for a

fa ily of five according to international standards. This se i *er anent shelters have the

infrastructure to !e e2tended and could include a kitchen inside the house. 9t this *oint, the

su**ort of the donors is vital.

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The following dots are an e2a *le of the considerations to follow and a review of a

:7C= *rogra e for I%$s in Sri Lanka in Se*te !er +881 in con unction with the

%e*art ent for International %evelo* ent /%"I%0@

E"aluate the performance of the programme3 =uality of ser"ice pro"ision and protection

afforded to the I.Ps+

Assess progress against the pro#ect documents su$mitted to >? .epartment for

International .e"elopment 0.)I.1 and on the $asis of which funding was granted+

In"estigate the e-tent to which suggestions made as a result of .)I.8s appraisal "isit of

)e$,*arch @::: ha"e $een implemented+

E"aluate what steps >&H!R and others could ta%e to help the programme impro"e in

the short to medium term+

Assess what additional assistance3 if any3 .)I. could gi"e to help the programme

impro"e in the short to medium term+

Identify any institutional strengths or wea%nesses in >&H!R as an organi(ation that are

ha"ing a su$stantial impact on the success of the programme+ hese findings will $e used

to inform the Institutional Strategy Paper under de"elopment+

The review tea also visits the field to consult and evaluate a!out@

Local authorities in contact with I.Ps+

Beneficiaries of >&H!R8s programmes+

/ther >& agencies operational in Sri Lan%a such as 2)P3 >&.P and >&I!E)+

>&H!R local staff in the capital3 !olom$o3 and in field offices in or near the main

centers for I.Ps+

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/ther sta%eholders such as &G/s3 $ut not wor%ing through >&H!R+

B HC and the implementation o programmes in Sri "an#a during 200 /:ations0 =

In +88(, :7C= was in charge of *rotection. It re*resented in the returns of so e

168,888 I%$s during the intensification of ilitary o*erations in the :orth. $rotection was

associated with dis*lace ent, conflict and *hysical insecurity as well as freedo of ove ent.

The LTT were a!ducting adults and children into their ar ed grou*s, disa**earance and

targeted killing were issues of concern to this organi#ation. $rotection and child *rotection

networks re uired of : agencies, local and international :>?s and govern ent grou*sworking to ensure the I%$s and civilian rights were *rotected according to the nor s and

standards. To increase safety, different *ro ects were develo*ed such as *rotection onitoring

and docu entation, child friendly s*aces and childrenDs clu!s. ducation a!out *hysical security

of I%$s and ine risk education, not only to I%$s !ut also to field staff and volunteers.

Shelter in +88(, had the goal of assisting so e 188,888 individuals in +),888 fa ilies in

districts ilinochchi, 3ullaitivu, avuniya,


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"ood cha*ter was anaged !y ;orld "ood $rogra e /;"$0 and so e &(4,888 *eo*le

including --6,'88 I%$s and 44&,888 vulnera!le *eo*le fro the :orth and ast of the island

received food assistance ust in +88(. :A;"$ food convoys *rovided food rations for I%$s and

su**le entary food for children under five. ;"$ co *le ented the Sri Lankan >overn ent

efforts to su**ly food with regular convoys of food and other ite s such as kerosene.

:IC " was the lead organi#ation anaging nutrition and its su**ort to the :utrition

=eha!ilitation $rogra e /:=$0 in the Batticaloa,


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to aintain educational standards for children who were una!le to assist on a regular !asis due to

security issues, for this reason, curriculu were develo*ed to hel* those children at ho e.

The "ood and 9gricultural ?rgani#ation /"9?0 was anaging 9griculture and "ood

Security which, included distri!ution of seeds kits, agricultural su**lies and training su**ort on

vegeta!le gardens for a!out +),888 households ust in Batticaloa, Trinco alee and ?

received advice and assistance, es*ecially in issues related to security and trans*ortation. ?C79

was in charge of Coordination hel*ing to strengthen field coordination su**ort es*ecially in the

district of overn ent and

67


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the hu anitarian organi#ations while *ro oting the >uiding $rinci*les for hu anitarian and

develo* ent assistance in Sri Lanka, Inter 9gency >uidelines on >ender in ergencies and

the Inter 9gency >uidelines for >ender Based iolence Interventions in hu anitarian Settings

at Colo !o and districts levels.

Security issues were anaged !y the nited :ations %e*art ent of Safety and Security

/ :%SS0 which included five :%SS officers, a Security 9nalyst and four agency *rovided

security officers. =ecruit ent of ore security officers is *lanned to *rovide analysis and

anage ent during the conflict.

The F4 and the implementation o programmes in Sri "an#a& an o$er$ie%=

The +88& %evelo* ent $ro ect Sri Lanka !y ;orld "ood $rogra e /;"$0 was

Documents

CHE Last Module Sri Lanka