Corrosion and material testing

Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33, (1982) Abstr. 2637-2644 R 195

International Corrosion Abstracts mil den Untergruppen

Korrosions- und Werkstoff- priifung Werkstoffe materlals

Arbeiten uber mehrere Werk- Comprehensive papers covering organische Werkstoffe stoffgruppen several materials groups

Eisenmetalle Ferrous metals

Nichtelsenmetalle Non-ferrous metals Organische Uberzuge Organic coatings

Corroslon and materials testing Nichtmetallische anorganische Non-metallic inorganic

Kunststoffe und andere

Metailische Uberziige Metal coatings Nichtmetalllsche anorganische Non-metallic inorganic Uberziige coatings

Plastics and other organlc materials

Diese Rubrik enthalt Referate ausgewiihlter Fortschrittsberichte und Ubersichtsartikel, die in enger Zusammenarbeit unserer Redaktion mit Metals Abstracts (The American Smiely for Metals and The Metals Society, London) entstehen. Leser, die die hier referierten Arbeiten in vollem Wortlaut zu erhalten wunschen, werden gebeten, sich an eine in ihrer Niihe gelegene Bibliothek (nicht an den Verlag Chemie!) zu wenden. Einen Schlussel zu den abgekurzten Quellenangaben bietet der ,,International Serials Catalogue, Part I: Catalogue", der vom International Council of Scientific Unions Abstracting Board (ICSU AB), 51, Blvd. de Montmorency, F- 75016 Paris, bezogen werden kann.

This column contains abstracts of selected progress reports and review articles which arise out of our close collaboration with Metals Abstracts. Readers wishing to obtain the complete text of articles abstracted in this section are requested to approach a local library (not, however, Verlag Chemie!). A key to abbreviatedsource lists is provided in the "International Serials Catalogue, Part I: Catalogue", published by International Council of Scientific Unions Abstracting Board (ICSU AB), 51, Blvd. de Montmorency, F-75016 Paris.

Corrosion and materials testing/ Korrosions- und Werkstoff priifung

82-2637 Mechanical Characteristics as Determined by DIN Standards and ASTM Specifications Compared. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Specifications are generally used when international contracts in the engineering field are being carried out. If in the process figures for mechanical characteristics are asked for there are often dilferences in the figures for elongation and notch impact strength To obtain comparable elongations in a tensile test. use should be made of circular specimens of 12 mm dia. and the figures lor the x 4 or x 5 gage length determined. Regarding notch impact strength. the differing effect which the edges of the hammers have, should be considered.-AA W. Rudolph. Schweissen Schneiden, Dec. 1981, 33. (12). E227-€228. [in English].

82-2638 Electrochemical Monitoring of Occluded Cell Corrosion. (Pamphlet). An experimental electrochemical cell has been designed, fabricated and evaluated ior monitoring occluded cell corrosion (OCC). Tests were made using 304 stainless. GrZTi, a Ti-Pd alloy, Ni 200 and lnconel 600. The cell can re- produce OCC that is in reasonable agreement with known materials behavior in certain alloy-corrodent systems. The performance and results of the cell agree well with results lrom a cell of accepted design and used as a standard for comparison. The cell can be used to study the effects of temp. and solution flow on the rate of OCC and may prove useful in evaluating cathodic-type corrosion inhibitors for preventing 0CC.-AA R.B. Diegle, G.A Breeze. and W.E. Berry. Materials Technology Institute of the Chemical Process Industries, Inc.. 1380 Dublin Rd.. Columbus, Ohio 43215. 1981. Pp 69, [in English].

82-2639 The Importance of Scab Corrosion Testing. The traditional method of assessing corrosion resistance by salt spray alone is proving inadequate in light of the more widespread use of cathodic electropaint. precoated metal and spray vs. immersion zinc phosphate considerations. The reasons why salt spray testing is frequently inadequate are: cathodic electropaint exhibits ex- cellent salt spray resistance, yet it is still prone to adhesion failures. filiform and scab (field) corrosion: it is an inadequate test for galvanized surfaces, and it is in- sensitive to zinc phosphate coating composition and does not reflect the associated benefits of phosphophyllite-rich coatings. Details are given on the indoor cyclic scab corrosion test and the outdoor exposure scab test on cold rolled and galvanized steels. Laboraiory trends indicate that cyclic testing is more likely to highlight weaknesses and potential failures and is more relevant to field corrosion; therefore, when used in conjunction with salt spray performance data, a more meaningful assessment of the over-all corrosion resistance can be obtained. 8 ref. -G G M. R.D. Wyvill Met. Fmsh. , Jan. 1982, 80. (1). 21-26. [in English].

82-2640 Nuclear Characterization of Spent Fuel by Nondestructive Examinations at SCK-CEN. The nondestructive techniques for the nuclear examination of spent fuel developed by SCK-CEN of Belgium are discussed. The most important characteristics determined are. the burn-up, its local absolute value and its geometrical distribution in a rod, a subassembly or a reactor core; the power distribution at the end of the irradiation; the fast neutron fluence; and the Gd burn-up during irradiation. The rod examination by y-spectrometry in hot cells, subassembly examination by under water y-spectrometry in storage pools and rod examination by neutron radiography in the BR2 reactor pool are described.-AA Ch. De Raedt. J:L. Genicot, and L. Leenders. Dosimetry Methods for Fuels, Clad- ding and Structural Materials, Vol. 2 [Proc. Con/.], tspra (Varese), Italy, 1-5 Oct. 1979. Commission of the European Communities, Boite Postale 1003, Luxem- bourg, 1980, (44et.A , 8205-72-0197) 839-847, [in English)

82-2641 Recent Progress in HVEM and Its Applications to the Study of Properties of wtallic Materials. A review is given of high-voltage electron microscopy under the following headings: advantages of HVEM: specimen preparation and observation conditions; identification of crystal defects and their fundamental properties; and relationship between microstructure and macro- properties (including mechanical and magnetic properties. electron-radiation damage, phase transformations. precipitation. recrystallization and recovery). 137 ref.-BA. T. Tooka. ActaMetall. Sin., June 1981, 17, (3). 307-351, [in Chinese]. 0001-6179.

82-2642 A Method of Digital Counting of Objects in a Unit Area of an Image, Automatic Detection of the Examined Phases and Identification of Textures. A method and equipment is described for automatic counting of a number of objects in a graphical image. The specialized system can be built up with a microscope, a TV camera, a (control) monitor. an analogue-to-digital converter and a digital (electronic) system. The input signal of the digital system is a discrete. binary. zero-one image. This image is represented by a rectangular screen (plate) composed of M x N elements. any arbitrary element (X, Y) of the screen having the value 0 or 1, depending on the brightness of the fragment of the image, which is being projected on this element. Also given are an algorithm. printed read-outs of the results obtained after modelling the method for a computer, and a specialized electronic system for calculating the number of objects which can be used in real time. The method can be applied for automatic metallographic investigations, materials science, in bio-medical investigations (e.g in morpholog- ical examinations) and other studies involving the use of a microscope 27 ref.-BA. Z.M. Wolcik. Arch. Hufn. , 1981, 26, (2). 333-367, [in Polish]. 0004-0770.

82-2643 Television Methods of Measuring the Parameters of Microscope Images: Surface and Circumference of Objects per Surface Unit of the Examined Image and the Relative Number of Intersections. Automatic quantitative analysis is described of static optical images, e g . microstructures of metal alloys. by a television method. Analysis of the image takes place in the plane of the microscope image or of any other projection apparatus. e.g. by means of an electron selection beam of a television camera along parallel scanning lines (secants) covering closely the whole area of the image. Television analysers of images are at present widely applied in metallography and in other branches of science in which microscopy is used. Fairly popular devices among others are: Quantimet, (England), Microvideomat (FRG). Omnikon (U S.A.) and Vidimet (Hungary). The theoretical basis is presented of processing the optical image into digital form and the principles of measuring' the surface area, length of the circumference and the number of intersections for selected areas of the examined image. The apparatus consists of three basic parts: elecirooptical converter (television camera), analogue-to-digital converter and a specialized computer. It may cooperate with any Optical device (microscope. epidiascope, etc.) enabling the projection of the image on the screen of an electro-optical converter 10 ref.-BA. Z.M. Wojcik. Arch. Hutn., 1981, 26, (2). 369-392. [in Polish]. 0004-0770.

82-2644 Debris Control in Dry Wear Testing. In a conventional wear test. debris accumulated from the repeated sliding of the wear pin over the same track dominates the nature of the interaction between the pin and the countersurface. Brush materials to remove the wear debris have been investigated so that more basic interactions between the pin and the countersurface can take place. The

R 196 Abstr. 2645-2661 Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33, (1982)

most successful brush was made from layers of Kimwipe (Kimberly-Clark of Can- ada Ltd.) laboratory tissue formed into a disk 0 cm in dia. and 2 cm thick. The Kimwipe disk was rotated under a load of 15 N at a frequency of 1 Hz across the wear track on the countersurface. The appearances and wear rates Of steel 1040 and Admiralty brass pins worn in the presence and absence of debris were very different. Pins worn in the absence of debris readily assumed the characteristics of the pins worn in the presence of debris when debris was allowed to accumulate on the wear track. The mode of wear in debris-free conditions is not known at present. but this mode is worthy of further consideration. Worn surfaces are relatively flat and can appear metallic or covered with a light coat of oxide. Wear rates of oxide-coated pins can be either faster or considerably slower than those of un- coated pins. However, under all conditions, debris-free wear involves considerably less subsurface metal flow than that involved when debris is present. 7 ref.-AA J.S. Sheasby. and J.H. Vandergeest. Wear, 30 Nov. 1981. 73. (21, 283-294, [in En- glish].

82-2645 Determination of the Fracture Toughness at Static Load by the Additional Use of the Sound Emission Analyses and the Potential Measurement. The fracture toughness of UR-X5CrNi 13 was determined by acoustic emission (SEA) and the results were compared with the 5%-secant method according to Williams (J. Met., 1979. 10. 21). SEA clearly provides a critical value of the notch (width) increase --Y.G.K. W. Morgner. K. Theis. J Eggert. and R. Ortmann. NeueHutte, Sept. 198t. 26. (9). 352-353, [in German].

82-2646 Construction and Application of a New Radiation Thermometer for the Measurement of Molten Iron Temperature. A new radiation thermometer with a fixed-focus lens and a Si radiation detector was developed to measure exclusively the molten Fe temp. from 1200-l50OaC. The emissivity of molten Fe is estimated to be 0.4 for the wavelength 0.9 pm, the measuring wavelength of the thermometer. Using this emissivity the calibration is made at 130OoC with a black body. The thermometer has a dustproof shutter for the objective lens and holding-on of the indication. and is easy to operate. An un- trained operator can measure the temp with an accuracy of 10°K. which is comparable to that of the optical pyrometer.-AA H. Itoh. and S. Hattori. Bull. Maf Res Lab. Metrology, 1981, 30, (3). 62-69. [in En- glish]

82-2647 Quantum Theory of Spin Wave Relaxation by Two-Level Impurities. (Translation). See Met. A, , 81 11-15.2103. AS. Mikhailov, and R.M Farzetdinova. Sov Phys JETP, Apr 1981, 80. (4). 782- 789. [in English].

82-2648 A Theoretical Study of Partly Ordered Alloys by the Multiple- Scattering Method. The multiple-scattering method IS generalized for the case of partly ordered alloys. the basis of the generalization lying in representing the alloy as a fermion lattice gas An example of the calculation of the band structure of an actual alloy (partly ordered TiFe) is given. and the results obtained are briefly discussed. 13 ref.-N V S V Alyshev. V E Egorushkin. and V P Fadin Fiz Met Metalloved, July 1981. 52 ( 1 ) . 44-50, [in Russian) 0015-3230

82-2649 World Steel Exports. Quantity: Value: Jan. to Dec. 1980. (Pamphlet ). Steel exports in quantitative terms for 14 countries-Belgium- Luxembourg, France. Germany, F R , Italy. Netherlands, U K . Australia, Austria. Canada. Japan, Spain, Sweden and US.-are summarized. Together three countries account for - 80% of the World Steel Exports. The choice in favor of a selective approach was made in the interest of early publication of the available statistics. Summaries are provided by products and exporting countries. by exporting countries and destination and byproducts and destination, respectively. The remaining tables show the flow of trade from exporting countries by destination for each product group, together with a summary of hot rolled products. Sfatis- tics are given in thousands of metric tons and thousands of pounds sterling. Among products included are ingots, blooms, wire rod, concrete reinforcing bars, hot rolled strip, electrical sheets, cold rolled sheets, steel tubes and pipes, forgings, tinplate and railway switches -AA International Iron and Steel Institute, Ave Hamoir 14, 8-1 180. Brussels, Belgium, 1980. Pp 142, [in English)

82-2650 Handbook for Industrial Noise Control. (Pamphlet). This handbook gives basic and comprehensive information on the understanding, measurement and control of noise in industrial environments. I t is intended for engineers with or without acoustical experience, to this end. it presents sections on noise problem analysis. instrumentation. fundamental methods of noise control and properties of acoustical materials Nurnerous ref -AA National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D C. 20546. 1981. Pp 137, [in English].

82-2651 Metal Corrosion Eats Away at Everyone's Budget. The corrosion costs for the U.S. is estimated at 70 billion dollarslyear. Four baslc ways to prevent or slow down corrosion are discussed i.e , select a metal that will work well in a specific corrosive environment, coat the metal, surface it by galvanizing, plating. porcelainizing. or provide cathode protection Solvent-based. oil-based and water-based corrosion preventatives are charted. Government specifications and coatings for automotive steels are listed.-T.F.F. J.J. Obrzut. Iron Age, 1 Feb. 1982. 225. (4), 45.48, 53, [in English].

82-2652 Localized Corrosion in Materials for Geothermal Energy. Eleven different steels were examined for general and localized corrosion in 16 different environmental conditions. The chloride concentration was varied from 1 to 24%. In general. the influence of chloride was minor and seemed slightly more a@ gressive at 1 than at 5 or 24%. The brines were examined with and without saturated H,S. Saturation with H2S increased the general corrosion rate but appeared to reduce crevice attack in the acid solutions Selected brines were examined in both acid and neutral conditions. As anticipated. a neutral brine with or without H,S greatly reduced all forms of attack. Tests at 150°C exhibited greater attack than at ambient. A relatively new alloy. Ni-Cu-Nb. consi.$tently demonstrated good resistance to both general and localized attack. Typical economical N80 grade steels clearly demonstrated the strong dependence of localized attack on inclusion variables and offer great promise in the minimized andlor controlled inclusion condition. The Cr-Mo steels surprisingly did not look good at ambient but did ex-

hibit substantial improvement at 150°C. The laboratory tests gave higher weight loss values for similar steels recently tested in a well; although in neutral brines without saturated H,S. tested in this program, the difference was not significantly larger (8t 18633).-AA A K. Roy, and Case Western Reserve University. Diss Abstr. I N , 1981.42, (3). Pp 121. [in English].

82-2653 Technical and Economic Evaluation of Iron Ores for the B!aSt Furnace. The principles underlying the evaluation of any lump or fine ore for blast furnace feed. including pretreatment and agglomeration where appropriate. are discussed with reference to the factors affected by the properties of the ore. A technical evaluation of chemical, physical and, for fine ores, agglomeration characteristics provides data for calculation models which relate these properties to over-all plant performance for defined operational constraints. The changes in material requirements and production rates determine the costs incurred in changing the ore, hence its economic value, such that the total hot metal cost is unchanged. Ore values can be usefully related to their physical and chemical properties ex- cept that the effects on plant production rate and fuel balance, though significant, can be established only for clearly defined circumstances.-AA C.J. Cripps Clark, and M D Pepper. BHP Tech Bull.. May 1981. 25, (0, 85-89. [in English].

82-2654 Water Pollution Control at Newcastle Steelworks. (Retroactive Coverage). At BHP's Newcastle Steelworks increased steel production has resulted in extensive use of recirculating cooling water systems and has necessitated strong emphasis on control measures to prevent pollution and to preserve the surrounding environment The sources of water pollution in an integrated steelworks and the methods used to treat wastes for compliance with government legislation are reviewed. Regular analytical surveys show the effectiveness of the effluent treatment program in controlling pollution in the main receiving water, the Hunter River. and in stabilizing the waste sludges used for rec- lamation on Kooragang Island.-AA P.J Cusbert. EHP Tech Bull., Nov 1980, 24. (2). 39-48. [in English].

82-2655 Investigation of Trap States in Indium Selenide Thin Films. The thermostimulation conductivity of lnSe thin films was investigated The presence of trap states in the forbidden gap with energy of 0 1 eV is shown. The concentration of these states is of the order 0 9 x cm - ', and the cross-section is of the order of 5 x 10 m cm' 10 ref.-AA. A.G Kyazym.zade. I.S. Baukin, and V I Tagirov. lzv Akad Nauk Azerb. SSR[Fiz.- Tekh.-Mat]. 1981. 2. (3). 60-62. [in Russian] 0002-3108

82-2656 Determination of the Nature of the Trap Levels in AgGaSe, Single Crystals. Single crystals of AgGaSe, were studied by the thermosti- mulated conductivity method. The existence of two levels caused by different types of trap in the forbidden band was established. One of the traps is of donor type, the other is of acceptor type. The donor level corresponds to Se. the acceptor one to Ag vacancies. The acceptor level corresponds to the centre taking part in the processes of optical and temp quenching -AA T.K. Kasumov. N T. Tagiev. and V.D Budagov LV Akad. Nauk Azerb SSRiFiz: Tekh -Mat.], 1981. 2. (3), 63-66. [in Russian]. 0002-3108

82-2657 Electromagnetic Detection of Metal Surface Defects. Optical detection method of defects of metal surfaces of bearing balls, which IS conven- tionally used, ts not sufficient to detect some types of fatal defects such as small but deep cracks and often malfunctions by dust. A new detection method using a high-lrequency electromagnetic field. disturbance of which is due to defect, has been developed and it is proved experimentally that the method is not only conve. nient and efficient but also able to detsct subsurface defects.-AA K Kasat. S Sane. and T. Utsunomiya. J. Fac. Eng. Univ Tokyo. 1980. A, (18). 42- 43. [in Japanese]

82-2658 Photovoltaic Module Control Test Specifications. (Specification No. 501). (Pamphlet). Test specifications are given for photovoltaic module control tests of the Cornmission of the European Communities which shall be applied by the Joint Research Centre for the acceptance of proto- type and production modules for pilot and demonstration projects. It contains the test schedule and a detailed description of 20 control tests The purpose of these tests is to provide data on the performance rating of photovoltaic modules and to identify environmental factors and design features which could affect their durability.-AA K Krebs. Commission of the European Communities. Boite Postale 1003, Luxem- hnura. 1981, EUR No. 7545, Pp 41, [in English].

82-2659 A Contribution Towards Improving the Applicability of Laboratory Wear Tests to Practice. An attempt was made to study the applicability of wear test results with the aid of a system analysis and similarity laws. The test conditions under which a good qualitative applicability 01 wear results can be expected were determined. For checking the applicability of wear test results, suitable material (Ck45 steel) and surface studies were introduced. The considerations described with respect to the applicability of wear test results are summarized in a flow chart. this demonstrates how to perform the applicable wear tests. 27 ref.-AA H Krause. and T. Senuma Wear. 8 Dec. 1981, 74, ( l ) , 67-83. [in English].

82-2660 rhin Film Wear Sensors. Thin metallic films of Ni-Fe are used to measure the wear rates and temp. at the wearing interfaces. Vacuum deposttion and photolithographic techniques are used to fabricate and pattern these sensors and their associated leads. The small dimensions of the film permit the fabrication of wear samples with the sensor sandwiched between two pieces of the actual test material. Separations of 1 pm are easily achieved. Calibration curves of subsurface depth vs. resistance and of the temp. vs resistance are readily estab. Iished. Specific results are reported for ferrite surfaces which are being worn by magnetic tape Although this work relates to magnetic recording studies. the basic technique would find application in other fields.-AA F.W Hahn. Jr. Wear, 8 Dec. 1981, 74, (1) . 157.164, [in English].

82-2661 Application of Magnetization Measurements to Wear Debris Analysis. Spectrometric oil analysis for total wear metal amounts IS often used to monitor lubricated machinery. In many cases Fe is the dominant wear metal and

Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33, (1982) Abstr. 2662-2673 R197

spectrometric analysis gives good results for total Fe. However, Fe may be present in several forms such as metal particles. oxides. carbides. sulfates and dissolved ions. A breakdown of total Fe into the amounts and forms of Fe present should give further valuable insight into wear phenomena The use of magnetization measurements on samples of used oils and oil filters to obtain information on the forms of Fe present in wear debris from lubricated machines (plain engines, diesel engines and gears) is introduced. The measurement technique is described and the magnetic properties of some Fe species that might be expected in wear debris are reviewed This technique provides information on both ferromagnetic and paramagnetic species through the observation of various magnetic properties Several illustralive examples are included. 37 ref -AA R T Lewis. Wear, 8 Dec. 1981, 74, (1). 177-190. [in English].

82-2662 Gilardoni Handbook. Nondestruct ive Testing. (Book). This publication originally appeared in Italian in 1971. Its English version is updated with the latest achievements in the field up to 1981. Separate chapters cover the practical techniques and instrumentation in radiography, ultrasonic testing. magnetic testing and penetrant testing. with emphases on radiography and ultrason- ics. Numerous defects detected in sheet and plate, tubes. castings. forgings and wetdments. are illustrated Numerous ref -A.F.S. A Gilardoni, A. Orsini. and M Taccani. Gilardoni SPA. Mandello Lario (Como), Italy. 1981. (Met.A, 8205-72-0202) Pp 238, [in English].

82-2663 E lec t ron M ic roscopy S tudy o f Su r face and Subsur face Fr ict ion Damage in Single-Crystal Sic. Single-pass friction tests of single crystals of Sic on the basal (0001) plane in air at ambient temp. and pressure in the load range 0.1-1 kgf were undertaken. The topography and subsurface areas in the vicinity of the track were examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Slip systems of the types {0001\(2110) and IhC-hlI(2i i0) domina!e the deformation. whereas cleavage planes of the types IOOOll. It0101 and 11 1201 control the fracture processes. 23 ref.-AA 0.0. Adewoye. and T.F. Page Wear. 30 Nov 1981.73. (2). 247-260. [in English].

82-2664 Erosive Wear o f Duct i le Metals b y a Particle-Laden High- Velocity Liquid Jet. A liquid-solid particle jet impingement flow apparatus is described and experimental measurements are reported for the accelerated erosion of Cu. Al 6061 and mild steel sheet. metal by coal suspensions in kerosene and AI,O, and Sic suspensions in water. Slurry velocities of up to 130 ft s-' and impingement angles of 15-90" were investigated. The max. particle concentration used was 40 wt.-%. For high velocity the results of this work show two erosion max.; these are found at impingement angles of 90 and 40". However, in corresponding gas-solid particle investigations. max. erosion occurs at - 20". In this work both particle concentration and composition were varied. A polynomial re- gression technique was used to calculate empirical and semitheoretical correlation constants. 8 ref.-AA S.K Li, J.A C. Humphrey. and A.V. Levy. Wear. 30 Nov. 1981, 73. (2). 295-309. [in English].

82-2665 Exper imenta l Observa t ion o f t he Conformi ty o f Sur face Features Produced b y Wear in a Disk Machine. Lubrication quality can be assessed by the ratio of the min. thickness of an elastohydrodynamic film to the roughness of the surfaces. This is invalid i f peaks and valleys mesh. Evidence of such correlation is given for a disk machine with 45 mm dia. disks 10 mm wide, the cast iron lower disk rotating at 2250 revlmin and the A l alloy upper disk at 2000 revimin. Peripheral velocities were in opposite directions. The disk relative sliding speed was 10 mlsec. The lubricant (4% concentration in gasoline) fell drop-by-drop on to the top of the upper disk. One pair (A) was run with a white oil under a load of 20 kgf for 1 h Pair B was run in an involved sequence, detailed. with a light oil of similar viscosity. Al l four profiles. taken at entirely arbitrary points, are similar. The profile matching may be a more general phenomenon in cases of sliding with line or area contact -EAAIAF M. Ram, A Dyson. and A. Sethuramiah Wear. 16 Nov. 1981. 73, (1). 201-204. [in English].

82-2666 method was developed to study the Bailey-Orowan equation of creep. k = r/h. where is the creep rate, r is the recovery rate and h i s the work-hardentng coefficient The method was to uary the strain rate. f around the creep rate, e. and to measure the corresponding stress rate, 0 In a plot of stress rate against Strain rate, a straight line was obtained The slope of the straight line was equal to h. and the intersection of the straight line with the stress axis was equal to --r, as in the equatbon = - I + h e The creep test, under a constant stress is a special case of this equation when the stress rate. q is zero. The above measurement was carried out within a very small stress variation. <. 1% of the total stress. SO that the values of rand h were not disturbed. The creep test was performed on 316 stainless steel. The creep rate was shown to be equal to the ratio r/h. but the value of h was approx. equal to Young's modulus al the testing temp., rather than. as is commonly believed. to the work-hardening coefficient. 13 ref.-AA D Gan. J. Mater. Sci, Jan. 1982, 17, (1). 89-99. [in English].

82-2667 Wear and Erosion o f Metals. Work on friction and wear behavior has focused on the extensive plastic work in the near-surface region, described in terms of work hardening. recovery and the microstructures existing during different stages of wear. It is then possible to explain the size of friction coefficients. energy dissipated. flake-like wear debris, break-in and steady-state regimes and microstructure effects. Effects of the chemical environment, coatings and transfer can also be included. Many different mechanisms of wear can exist; therefore simple wear laws are of limited use. Friction and wear, though closely related, do not always correlate well; the new approach accounts for this in a natural way. The erosive removal of metal by high speed (50-300 mls) particles IS surveyed with emphasis on the mechanisms of deformation and metal removal. Under these conditions each impact leads to plastic deformation of the surface. At the lower velocities many impacts are required to remove metal and the fracture is fatigue related. With higher velocities, and harder materials. local heating plays an. important role in flow and fracture. 214 ref.-AA D.A. Rigney. and P.G. Shewmon. Metallurgical Treatises IProc. Conf.1. Beijing. China, 13-22 Nov. 1981, TMS!AIME. P.O. Box 430, 420 Commonwealth Dr.. War- rendale. Pa. 15086. 1981. (h4et.A.. 8205-72-0194) 621-641, [in Englishl.

82-2668 Texture Studies o f Aus ten i t i c We ld Metal Using Elastic Surface Waves. Elastic Waves and Microstructure [Proc. Conf.]. Oxford. En-

A Study o f t he Bailey-Orowan Equat ion o f Creep. A new

gland, Dec. 1980. Austenitic weld metal exhibits an epitaxially developed colum. nar grain structure which is elastically highly anisotropic. Ultrasonic inspection of such welds has proved difficult because of the directional variability of the velocity and attenuation of elastic waves. Beam skewing. bunching, and spreading take place. If the texture within the weld varies strongly from point to point. it is likely that the reliability of conventional inspection methods will also vary. The purpose of this paper i s to outline the use of surface waves in studying the spatial variation of texture within austenitic weld metal. Rotated surface acoustic wave velocities have been measured and compared with X-ray pole figures for several different weld structures and for cast material. Pole figures obtained trom an austenitic butt weld reveal that it possesses a strong ~ 2 0 0 2 preferred orientation with the 12001 axis parallel to the columnar grain axis, but with isotropic behaviour around this axis. Macroscopically, the weld thus possesses a special orthotropic structure. Rotated surface wave velocity measurements about the (2001 axis show no directional dependence. On the two other planes, mutually perpendicular to the (200) plane and to each other. the surface wave velocity is directionally dependent in a manner which agrees qualitatively with theoretical calculations from a special orthotropic model. Further correlation was obtained from measurements on a cast austenitic ingot. 14 ref.-AA. G.J. Curtis, and N. Ibrahim. Met. So.. Nov:Dec. 1981, 15, (1 1/12), 566-573. [in E"nlinhl. 0306-3453.

82-2669 Acoustic Emission f rom Structural Steels and Weldments. Elastic Waves and Microstructure [Proc. Conf.]. Oxford, England, Dec. 1980. Acoustic emission (AE) burst signals generated by deformation and fracture processes associated with crack growth under monotonic loading have been measured during tests of notched specimens and medium-sized pressure vessels under various testing conditions. A mild C-Mn steel and a Nb-microalloyed and Al-treated C-Mn steel. both normalized, were studied. Weld metals were produced by submerged arc welding, manual metal arc welding, and metal active gas welding. A single-channel AE monitoring system was applied, with attention paid to burst signals sufficiently large to be used during surveillance. The two base metals generated only a small amount of AE burst signals under all testing conditions whereas the number of burst signals generated by some of the weld metals was considerably larger. The number of burst signals increased when the temp. decreased into the toughness transition temp. region. The AE activity of the noisy weld metal during fracture seems associated with a particular fracture mode involving microcleavage. No usable AE was generated by the base metals during pressure vessel tests to failure. whereas the testing of vessels with an experimental weld did result in the recording of some AE. It is concluded that the AE method has the potential to detect and assess'defects in larger structures, but that the application is limited by stringent requirements regarding materials. noise level, and distances between defect and sensor. 14 ref.-AA. C.P. Debel, A. Nielsen. and W.E. Swindlehurst. Met. Sci.. Nov.-Dec. 1981. 15. (1 1 112). 492-504. l in English] 0306-3453.

82-2670 The Use o f Rinse Waters and the Pur i f icat ion o f Waste Waters in Electroplating. The evolution of electroplating processes and their current usage in Italy are considered. Washing techniques and drag-out losses are discussed and expressions developed for rinsing efficiency based on volumetric water requirement. Methods of maximising rinsing efficency and the impact of environmental refinements are described. Details are given of waste water purification techniques and the recovery of metals including Cu, Ni. Zn. Cd, Sn. Ag and Au by methods such as chemical treatment. pulsed current plating and thermal evaporation. Special techniques for the recovery of Cr. including ion exchange, are noted. 11 ref.-P.C.K. E. Bertorelle. Galvano Tec.. Sept. 1981. 32, (9). 163-169, [in Italian]. 0016-4240.

82-2671 Phase Re la t ions and Ox ida t i on S tud ies in the Sys tem Fe-Fe2OZ-TiO2 at 700-1 100°C. Phase relations in the Fe-Fe,03-Ti02 system at 700-1 100°C have been studied by X-ray diffraction and by oxygen potential measurements using solid ZrO, + CaO electrolyte. The solid solution of Fe,O, and FeTiO, (n-oxide) was found to decompose < - 780°C forming either the two-ohase combination spinel + ruti le or the two-phase Combination spinel + pseudobrookite, depending on 0 potential. The results indicate that the two-phase combination Fe + ulvospinel converts to the combination wustite + ilmenite < - 680'C. Two different Norwegian ilmenite concentrates were oxidized with steam in the temp. range 600-1000°C. In only one of these the combination spinel + rutile was found, the other gave various Combinations of ib menite. hematite. pseudobrookite. crichtonite and rutile. The difference is believed to be caused by different contents of impurity elements. in particular. Mg. 28 ref. - AA K Borowiec. and T. Rosenqvist. Scand. J. Metall., 1981. 10, (5). 217-224. (in En- glish].

82-2672 Exper imen t P lann ing in the Inves t iga t ion o f Ox ida t ion Resistance of the Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Si-Al-Rare Earth Metal Alloy System. A mathematical experiment planning method was used to study the oxidation resistance of Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Si-Al-REM alloy at 600-900°C. Chro- mium and REM concentration in the alloys was varied at two levels: 14 and 18% Cr and oxygen and 0.2% REM. The concentrations of Ni, Mn and Si were varied at three levels and A l on four levels. The oxidation of the alloys was done in air for 500 h. The determination of oxidation resistance was done by the weight gain method in glm2. The analysis of obtained data was used to determine alloys compositions with the higher oxidation resistance characteristics.-A.R.S. F.S. Novik. I.Yu. Kozhevnikov. A.I. Lyapunov, and T.S. Zaymovskaya. Zavod. Lab., Oct. 1981, (10). 47-49. [in Russian].

82-2673 Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy o f a FeNiB Glass. An atom probe field ion microscope was applied to analyze the chemical inhomogeneity on an atomic scale as it exists after quenching and as it develops on annealing in the metallic glass Fe,,Ni,,EZo. A phase separation in the 'amorphous' state was detected into a-(FeNi),B and a(FeNiB). a solid solution of decreasing boron content with increasing precipitation of the cementite-like particles. The kinetics of decomposition was analyzed in terms of particle dia. (typically 4 Nm), precipitated volume fraction (- 30%) and particle number density (about constant at loz4 m-,). The kinetics seems to be governed by long-range diffusion of B in the glassy state. I f precipitation reaches a certain level (of connectivity) the glass be- comes brittle. The driving force for precipitation. and therefore embrittlement. was found to increase with B content. - 18Olo being a critical level, seen as the transition from the Polk to the Gaskell model of the glass. 28 ref.-AA J. Pitler, and P. Haasen. Ada #eta//.. Jan. 1982. 30, (1). 1-8. [in English).

R 198 Abstr. 2674-2690 Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33, (1982)

82-2674 Present Applications o f Thermal Analysis. Applications of thermal analysis in the field of foundry mandfacturing control. and in evaluation of sim. ple and derived cooling curves, i s reviewed. Measuring techniques and development of workshop measuring instruments in Hungary are discussed. 64 re1 -V E.B. L. Kovacs. Banyasz. Kohasz. Lapok (Ontode). Aug. 1981, 32. (8) , 169-179, [in Hungarian]. 0030-3143.

82-2675 X-Ray Dif f ract ion Investigation o f Tungsten and Molybdenum Powders Produced b y Plasma Reduction. See preceding abstract. A.M. Bogomolov, Yu.S. Kim, E.B. Grinshpun, and V.S. Kozhcgkhar'. Poroshk. Mefall. Jan. 1981. (I), 93-98. [in Russianl.

82-2676 Coke Oven Fumes Cont ro l System. A contaminant capture system for a coke oven pushing operation for a coke oven battery having a coke side provided with guide means movable along the battery for guiding coke from a selected oven of the battery during the push and a conveyor means movable along the battery to receive the coke pushed through the guide means and convey it to a quenching station, includes suction means, a first duct extending along the battery and coupled to the suction means for evacuation thereby. the first duct including a wall portion closed by flexible web, a car disposed for movement on the first duct to raise the web to couple the interior of the car to the interior of the first duct, mobile first hood means including means for coupling the first hood means to the interior of the car, means for moving the car to dispose the first hood means and overlying relation to a selected portion of the conveyor means to draw into the first hood means contaminants evolved as hot coke is transported on the conveyor means, mobile-second hood means mounted on the guide means to draw into the second hood means contaminants evolved as hot coke is pushed from the selected oven to the conveyor means, a second duct for coupling the second hood means to the first hood means and thus to the first duct. a third duct provided inter- nally of the first hood means and connected at one of its ends to the means for coupling the first hood means to the interior of the car, the third duct engaging the second duct when the first and second hood means are in a selected relative orientation to couple the second duct to the first duct. P. Nijhawan. J.M. Duckworth. and Envirotech Corp. Off. Gal., 27 Jan. 1981. Patent no. US4247370 (U.S.A.), 12 Mar. 1979

82-2677 Midrex Electrochemical Direct Reduct ion Process: a New Coal-Based Direct Reduct ion Technology. The Midrex electrothermal direct reduction process provides the steel industry with a totally new concept for coal- based direct reduction. The process is ideally suited for integration into electric arc furnace steel mills since it produces both direct reduced Fe for charge requirements and fuel gas to replace other hydrocarbon fuels. The Midrex process uti- lizes shaft furnace technology for reliable and efficient operation. Furthermore, the energy recovery systems incorporated in the design result in the lowest energy requirements of any coal- or gas-based direct reduction process. The DRI produced by the process is comparable to other Midrex Fe with a uniformly high metalliza- tion and balanced carbon content.-AA C.W. Sanzenbacher. and R Brown. Ironmaking Proceedings, Vol. 40 [Proc. Conf.1, Toronto, Ontario. Canada, 29 Mar - 1 Apr 1981. Ironmaking Div.. ISS/AIME. P.O. Box 411. Warrendale. Pa. 15086, 1981, (Met.A., 8205-72-0191) 225-229. [in En- glish].

82-2678 An Introduct ion to Crack Growth Test ing in the UKOSRP and Its Relevance to the Design of Offshore Structures. The basic technlques of fatigue crack growth testing are discussed and their application in the UKOSRP work explained. The effects of some fundamental variables such as stress-ratio, thickness and environment are considered and some initial conclusions drawn. Fractographs are shown of plates of BS4360-50D. 13 ref.-AA H.G. Morgan, and T.W Thorpe. Fatigue in Offshore Structural Steels [Proc. Conf], London, 24.25 Feb. 1981. Institution of Civil Engineers. Thomas Telford Ltd., P.O. Box 101. 26-34 Old St , London, 1981, (b4et.A.. 8205-72-0195) 25-33. [In English].

82-2679 Predict ion of Crack Growth in Tubular Joints-an Alternat ive Design Approach. The design of tubular joints for offshore structures against fatigue has in the past largely relied on S-N curves derived from small-scale model tests. After a review of S-N failure data and its use in design, the mechanics of fatigue crack growth is considered to show areas where these more complex techniques can provide a basis for a better appreciation of the importance of the parameters involved. It is concluded that while S-N failure data are likely to re- main the main design tool. the use of crack growth data will eventually provide sup- port for extrapolation of the data to larger Sizes and longer lives than can be economically considered in experimental work. It will also provide a means of considering the significance of existing defects.-AA A.M. Clayton. Fatigue in Offshore Structural Steels [Proc. Conf.1, London, 24-25 Feb. 1981. Institution of Civil Engineers. ThomasTelford Ltd.. P.O. Box 101. 26-34 Old St , London. 1981. (Met.A.. 8205-72-0195) 105-1 12. [in English].

82-2680 Cyc l i c De fo rma t ion a n d Fa t igue C r a c k In i t i a t i on o f a Coherently Precipi tat ing Ni- 14.4 At.-% Al Alloy. The cyclic deformation and surface roughening leading to fatigue crack initiation was studied in specimens of a coherently precipitating Ni- 14 4 af:% A l alloy heat treated to pbtain a range of precipitate sizes from under aged (very small precipitates, 58 A) to overaged (large precipitates. 430 A). Surface roughening was observed by the use of TEM An inverse exponential equation was found to modei the transient cyclic hardening behavior of all specimens tested. Microstructural examination illustrated that more uniform plastic deformation occurred during early cyclic straining of the peak aged material than in either the under- or overaged cases. Further- more, initial paired dislocation motion was replaced by unpaired tangles and a mottling of the dark field images of the precipltates Microcracks, as small as 450 A. were observed along slip bands in overaged material. The linking of microcracks running at angles to each other resulted in crack growth, while grain boundary embrittlement of the overaged material made analysis of precipitate size effects on crack initiation mpossible. (8124843) -AA D L. Anton, and Northwestern University. Diss Absfr. lnf., Nov 1981, 42. (5). Pp

82-2681 The Inf luence of the Austeni te Prehistory on the Structure and Propert ies o f Steel 03Kh20N16AG6. The influence of preliminary pressure shaping and heat treatment of stable low-carbon Cr-Ni-Mn austenite on the structure and extent df its imperfection was established. The extent of imper-

222. [in English]

fection of the initial austenite structure predetermines the subsequent deformation behaviour of the steel in a wide temD. range. -P.S.C. .~

1.S Demchuk. V.I Krakhmalev, and A.I. Manninen. /zv. V.U.Z. Chernaya Metal/.. 1981. (9). 122.127, [in Russian]. 0363-0797.

82-2682 An Assessment o f the Endurance of a Material After the Onset of Cavi ty Format ion Under Creep Conditions. A study has been made of the effect of prolonged high-temp. loading on the reserve of endurance of steel 15KhIMtF (Cr-Mo-V) after cavities of size 1-3 pm begin to form. Creep curves were determined at temp. of 56O-63O0C and loads of (6-18) x to7 Pa on specimens of the steel in the ferrite-bainite state. A relationship was established between acceleration in the third stage of creep and the development of damage. lt was found that the reserve of endurance existing after pores begin to form is 10- 30% of the time to failure and that in the temp. range investigated it is determined mainly by the level of the applied load.-N.V. 1.1. Mints, A.P. Smirnova. and M.M. Shteinberg. Fiz. Met. Metalloved.. Aug. 1981, 52. (2 ) . 386-390, [in Russian].

82-2683 Interpretation of Fatigue Life Curves Using General Yield Fracture Mechanics. BY applying elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, the fatigue crack growth law is generalised and the crack growth rate is expressed as a function of the range of the J4ntegral. Using this law and knowing the geometry of the propagating crack, the number of cycles necessary to propagate the original crack to half a diameter of a cylindrical body was calculated. Calculated values were compared with fatigue lives obtained experimentally The comparison makes it possible to evaluate the fatigue life spent in relation to fatigue crack propagation. 8 ref.-BA J. Polak. and M. Klesnil. Stroinicky Gas.. 1981, 32. (3). 293-300, [in Czech]. 0039-

82-2684 Use o f Parametric Descr ipt ion of Some Character ist ics in Fat igue L i fe Est imat ion of Motor Vehicle Parts. Problems in the discontinu- ous representation of random loading process and material for application in com- puting cumulative fatigue damage based on the use of a rectangular matrix of numbers of cycles are discussed A procedure for exploring the parametric relations in a description of a set of S-N curves and of Haigh's diagrams with the aim of establishing an algorithm for interpolation or for calculation of the values in fields of a discrete input matrix, IS explained. 10 ref.-AA M. Hanke. Sfrojnicky Cas.. 1981. 32, (3). 359-366, [in Czech]. 0039-2472.

2472

82-2685 Thermodynamic Propert ies of Regular Interstitial Solutions. (Review). The thermodynamics of intersfilial solutions are conceptually different from the thermodynamics of substitutional solutions because the state corresponding to pure solute is experimentally inaccessible for the interstitial solution. The thermodynamic functions for the ideal and regular interstitial solutions are given and expressions for the critical point. spinodal curve, soIvus. two solid- phase equilibrium and specific heat are derived for the regular interstitial solution. 18 ref.-AA W.A. Oates. andT.6. Flanagan. J. Mafer Sci.. Dec. 1981, 16. (121, 3235.3243, [in English].

82-2686 Model of the Densi ty of Electronic States and Calculation of the Magne t i c Pa ramete rs of I ron -N icke l Al loys Wi th Chromium. (Translation). See Met. A , 8105-33-1 116 V.S. Demidenko, and Z.A. Skripko. Phys. Met. Metallogr, June 1980, 49, (6). 31- 36, [in English].

82-2687 Ef fec t of Plat inum and Palladium on the Acceptor Centre Concentrat ion on an AI,OJ Surface. A study of the acceptor properties of Pt/AI2O3 and Pd/A1203 catalysts shows that deposition of these metals on AI,O, leads to a significant decrease in the concentration of acceptor centres (coordination-Unsaturated A13' ions) on the A1203 surface. This effect results from the interaction of the metal with the carrier. and is discussed in relation to electron transfer between the metal and carrier. It is suggested that, as a result of Ihe injection of electrons from the metal into the carrier, at parts of the surface close to the metal crystallites the acceptor centres of the traps are decreased to such an extent that they cease to be acceptor centres, i e. they lose their power of strongly attracting the electron donor molecules. 16 ref.-N.F.S T.V. Bychkova et a/. Zh. Fiz. Khim.. Oct 1981. 55, (10). 2599-2603. [in Russian].

82-2688 Metal lurgy in Ancient Egypt-Some Aspects o f Techniques and Materials. A brief outline of the heights reached by the ancient Egyptians in the field of metallurgy up to the end of the Dynastic Period is presented After a historical background covering the highlights of ancient Egyptian history, the tools and processes in use are described. This involves melting techniques, metal casting, metalworking and cutting and metal Joining. The mining and working of Cu and the uses of Cu. bronze and Fe in tools and implements are discussed. The mining, refining and working of Au and the uses of Au, Ag and Au-Ag alloys in jewelry and fine art work are described. 26 ref.-S.K.B. M.M Farag. Bull. Met. Mus. (Jpn.), Sept. 1981. 6, 15-30. [in English]

82-2689 A Wastewater Treatment System fo r Steel Mills. The technique of separating nonmagnetic and magnetic particles using magnetic forces has been known for many years. However, the magnetic separation of solid particles from water can also be used for treating industrial wastewater. The magnetic forces may be several times greater than gravity. which implies short separation times and compact equipment. At the same time, flocculation techniques have been improved. allowing non-magnetic particles to be formed into flocs together with magnetic particles. The magnetic flocs obtained in this way can be separated by magnetic means -AA. P. Hedvall. and A. Haggstrdm. Wire lnd.. Mar 1981. 48. (567). 175-177. [in En- glish]. 0043-601 1

0044-4537.

82-2690 Exper iences With an Energy Act ion Program. Alusuisse has im- plemented an intensive program to conserve energy and reduce energy costs in several Al plants. The program began by establishing energy flow diagrams for the plants involved. It became obvious that substantially more energy measuring and monitoring devices were needed to accurately establish energy flow. Other program areas lay in energy management and the motivation of employees to submit


energy saving proposals. Potential areas for energy cost savings included recovery of waste heat. more effective furnace desian and furnace modernization The _ _ results of the Program to date and recommenditions for energy cost savings are presented -G P K D. Altenpohl Light Met Age, Dec. 1981, 39, (1 1-12), 22-25, [in English]

82-2691 Processing of Materials in Space. Aspects concerning the processing of materials in space are reviewed Under microgravity conditions many phenomena. like convection. liquid flow. etc.. are profoundly affected and surface tension forces may take over in some of the heat transfer processes There are many advantages in studying the various materials processing techniques like electrophoresis, crystal growth, liquid phase miscibility gap and in preparing eutectic alloys, magnetic malerials and composites under space conditions. Recent results of such space experiments are presented. The physics of the molecular shield used for reducing the pressures at altitudes of 200 or 300 km by five orders of magnitude is discussed -AA S Ramaseshan. Bull. Mater. Sci. (India). Mav 1979, 1. ( I ) . 1-14, [in English]

82-2692 Massive Deformation in the Eighties. The advantages of hot. cold, and semi-hot deformation as compared with machining are discussed. together with the processes and plant used and with examples of applications. Fu- ture possibilities are commented upon.-H.S H. Kreppner VDIZ. Sept (I) 1981. 123. (17). 683-687, [in German]. 0042-1766.

82-2693 Development of World Copper Resources. An effort has been made to demonstrate that world Cu resources corroborate the conception of dynamic resources. Copper resources are growing faster than the level of their ex- ploited ores and the worsening of other conditions. In spite of a decrease of Cu content. the technical development entails a decrease of costs in Cu winning. Con- clusions drawn from this analysis are of importance both for the Polish Cu industry and on a general scale 12 ref.-AA 2. Wokodkiewicz. Rudy Met. Niezelaz.. June 1981. 26. (6). 307-310. [in Polish].

82-2694 Inhibitors for Preventing Corrosion and Scale Deposition in Heat Exchange Equipment. Studies were made of the effectiveness of 3 corrosion inhibitors viz. ANP-2. N-I-V. and ABF-2 [compositions not known] for steel in sea water (Caspian Sea Water is used in some refinery cooling circuits to conserve fresh water) Of these inhibitors best results in terms of inhibition (94% at 60°C) and scale prevention (90% at 60°C) were given by ABF-P.-A.D.M. A Ya Abdullaev. Korroz. Zashch, 1981, (7). 11-12, [in Russian]. 0131-4203.

82-2695 Influence of Biogenic Components in Metal Corrosion in the Atlantic Ocean. (Translation). See Met. A,. 81 11-35-1729. 1.6 Ulanovskii, and V.A. Egorova Prol. Met.. 1981. 17, (3). 271-273. [in English].

82-2696 Quantum Chemistry of Chemical Reactions of Gases with Solid Surfaces. The major focus of these studies. for which a three-dimensional solid cluster model that enables interactions with both different types of crystal lattice and different crystallographic surfaces to be investigated was used, was on the changes, due to interactions. in the electronic and geometric structures of the reactants. which determine whether a firmly adsorbed layer, a more or less easily shiftable reaction layer, or crystal decomposition reactions will be obtained The reaction between iron and carbon monoxide is considered as an example. 9 ref.-AA. H. Muller. Schmierungstechnik, 1981. 12. (7). 212-215. [in German]. 0036-6226.

82-2697 The Kinetics of Electrode Processes on Steel in the Presence of Sulphoureide Inhibitor in a Liquid Hydrocarbon-Electrolyte System. The effect of sulphoureide on the electrode potentia: and corrosion behaviour of steel in 1: l HCLbenzine and 15:l 3%NaCI:oil with and without H,S 500 mg/ l was studied Sulphoureide at concentrations > 50 mg l l inhibited cathodic and anodic processes and is a highly effective corrosion inhibi1or.-A.D.M. A.M. Musaev, I A. Mamedov. and S.Yu. Pashaeva. Korroz. Zashch.. 1981. (7). 12- 15, [in Russian]. 0131-4203.

82-2698 Constitutive Relations for Stainless Steels. See Met. A,, 81 12- 72 0570 Periodic shutdowns of high temp plant can impose severe cyclic thermal loads on lhe structural components. Under these circumstances, excessive distor- tion may be avoided by designing for shakedown. However, conventional shakedown theorems have been evolved for elastic-perfectly plastic materials and cannot be applied directly to stainless steels. It is shown by sensitivity calculations that the strain hardening rule in plasticity is critical In the design assessment. Experimental observations of material and compwent behaviour are reviewed and a more realistic hardening rule is indicated. The closure discusses the implications for the assessmenl of shakedown of components of stainless steel. 30 ref.-AA. A M Goodman, and I W Goodall. Mechanical Behaviour and Nuclear Applications of Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures [Conf. Preprintsl, Varese, Italy, May 1981. 1981, 3011-30117, [in English].

82-2699 A Method of Evaluation of Creep-Fatigue Interaction for Elastic Analysis. See Met. A.. 8 1 12-72 0570 An attempt is made to define a procedure for establishing creep-fatigue strength curves for 316 L and 316 SS, based on the ASME Code Case N.47 creep-fatigue validation procedure For this purpose a tensilelcompression fatigue test specimen is used and different creep equations are considered including one for cyclic creep. A comparison is made between the cyclic relaxations and fatigue-relaxation strengths observed and the computation predictions Observed cyclic relaxation, associated with experimental minhum damage to failure, leads to an underestimate of the fa - tigue-relaxation strength, approaching the one obtained by ignoring relaxation and fixing damage as equal to 1 Creep-fatigue strength predictions are then made, incorporating safety factors, In the operating conditions of reactor components Thus at a given temp, the existence of a maximum total strain range is pointed out, below which the creep-fatigue strength is compounded with the simple fatigue strength. Furthermore, the authors feel that they have validated a simple method (absence of relaxation) for the establishment of a design curve alternative to the one recommended by Code Case N-47 for 316 SS.-AA. M Weisz. P Petrequin, B Rezgui. and J Tortel Mechanical Behaviour and Nu. clear Applicat,ons of Stainless Steel at Nevated Temperatures IConf, Preprintsl, Varese. ltaly, May 1981. 1981. 34: 1-34'9, [in English].

82-2700 Comparason Among Creep Rupture Strength Extrapolation Methods with Application to Data for AlSl 316 SS from Italy, France, United Kingdom and Federal Republic of Germany. See Met A , , 81 12-72 0570. Inside the Activity Group 'Structural Materials' of the Working Group Codes and Standards for fast reactors of the European Community. the Member States have investigated extrapolation methods for creep data This work should have determined whether the differences in Community national standards are caused by the extrapolation techniques in use or by actual differences in the steels. Some real differences exist in the materials while the extrapolation techniques show a marked effect of number of data and their test duration. One of the methods has shown good flexibility and independence from the number of data points and is recommended for future application. 8 ref -8A G Brunori. S Cappellato. S Vacchiano. and F. Guglielmi Mechanical Behaviour and Nuclear Applications of Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures [Conf. Pre- prints], Varese. Italy. May 1981. 1981. 37 1-37'7, [in English].

82-2701 Trends in Testing and Inspection Technology. The computer will expand the role of many test methods to evaluating mechanical behaviors. Au- tomatic scan imaging systems for slabs, automatic polisher1grinders for samples and long wavelength neutrons for evaluation of defects in solids are under development. Acoustic emission and ultrasonic testing. separately and combined, provide new avenues of NDE Eddy current will receive emphasis as does the miniaturization of samples -MAY Met. f r o g , Jan 1982. 121. (1). 59, 63-64. 67, [in English].

82-2702 An Improvement of the Freely ExpandingRing Technique. In this modification the radial velocity of the uniformly expanding ring is directly measured with a high-sensitivity laser-velocity interferometer Velocity-time data are integrated and differentiated only once and dynamic stress-strain curves are presented as three-dimensional stress-strain-strain rate curves In brief. the laser beam is split and reflected from the moving ring at two different times and the difference in frequencies recorded Theoretical investigation of two-dimensionzl effects show good agreement between experimental and calculated velocity-time traces Numerous identical expenments were carried out using hardened and annealed Cu, 6061-T6 and 6061-0 Al, Pb. Ur-6% Nb alloy and rocket propel- lant. An advantage of the system is that it overcomes the do.uble differentiation dif- ficulty of displacement-time data 9 ref.-MAY T.A. Duffey, R.R. Karpp. R H Warnes, J D Jacobson, and A E Carden Exp. Tech, Dec. 1981, 5. (4). 4-7, [in English].

82-2703 Investigation of the Optical Properties of Alloy V3Si. (Translation). See Met. A., 8105-32-0490. L.T. Burkova. G.P. Motulevich. and A.A. Shubin. Phys. Met. Metallogr.. June 1980, 49. (6). 167.170, [in English]

82-2704 Second Solar Energy Research and Development Program. (1979-1983). Contractors Meeting, Jan. 1981. (Pamphlet). A great difference in efficiency exists among the solar heat energy absorber surfaces (selective black absorbers) commonly used to construct solar panels The efficiency with which solar energy can be converted into heat energy at the surface of the panel is discussed. It is essential to generate an understanding of why black surfaces absorb at certain wavelengths Of incident energy: the 'ideal' surface should absorb 100% of those wavelengths where solar energy is at its most intense. i.e. visible light. Study of the mechanism by which electromagnetic waves are converted into molecular vibration (thermal energy) in the surface and an understanding of the topography required to insure min. reflectance ot the incident radiation will lead to a definition of the "ideal" absorber. Low infrared emissivity is also important and the absorber surface IS therefore likely to be metallic. Black electro- plates, e.g. black Cr. have been found to be among the best materials in terms of absorptiv;ty/emiss;v;ly ratio and in terms of stability.-AA T.C. Steemers Commission of the European Communities. Boite Postale 1003, Luxembourg. 1981, EUR No. 7343, Sections paged separately. [in English]

82-2705 Solution. (Translation). See Met. A., 81 11-35-1715. 0 V. Kurov. and 1.1. Vasilenko Prot. Met.. 1981. 17. (3). 210-215, [in English].

Corrosion Processes at the Tip of a Crack in Chloride

82-2706 Liability to Stress Corrosion Cracking and Parameters of Combined Polarization by Direct and Alternating Currents. (Translation]. SeeMet. A., 8111-35-1716. V.Yu. Vasil'ev, M.N. Fokin, N.I. Isaev, T.G. Kuz'rnenko. and 1.1. Mironov. Prot. 1981. 17. (3). 216-219. [in Englishl.

Met.,

82-2707 Effect of Electron-Phonon Interaction on the Electron Spectrum in a Normal Metal. (Translation). See Met. A , 8201-15-0107 M.I Kaganov. and T.Yu Lisovskaya Sov. Phys. JETP, June 1981, 53. (6). 1280. 1283. [in English].

82-2708 Introduction to Metallurgical Thermodynamics. (Book). This book is the second edition of a text on metallurgical thermodynamics written for both undergraduate and graduate university courses. The material IS presented so as to be useful to the workiqg professional as a reference for the application of thermodynamic methods to metallurgical and materials problems. The treatment strikes a balance between physical principles and practical applications, and an attempt has been made to simultaneously demonstrate the underlying principles and their applicability. Whenever possible. derived equations are accompanied with an illustration of the thermodynamics of the situation. After an Introduction and definition of terms. the book covers the first two laws of thermodynamics. the statistical interpretation of entropy and auxiliary functions with examples of the use of the thermodynamic relations. Succeeding chapters cover the third law of thermodynamics, phase equilibria in a one-component system and a thorough treatment of the behavior of gases and solutions. The balance of the text is devoted to free energy composition and phase diagrams of binary systems, reaction equilibria in systems containing components in condensed solution and electrochemistry. Nu- merous ref.-AA D.R. Gaskell. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1221 Ave. of the Americas. New York. N.Y. 10020, 1981, (Met.A., 8205-72-0198) Pp 61 1. [in English]

82-2709 A Contribution to Stereophotogrammetry With the Scanning Electron Microscope. Use of the tilting method to produce Stereo image pairs

R200 Abstr. 2710-2724 Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33, (1982)

in the scanning electron microscope (SEMI for quantitative analysis is discussed. The necessary preparatory work and the procedure for the photography in the SEM without any speciat auxiliary equipment are described in detail using a marag- ing steel. An analog analysis was not possible. The photograms were measured point by point with a stereo comparator and analyzed with FORTRAN programs In principle, it is also possible to work with a ruler or image analyzer. 17 ref.-AA 0. Kolednik. Prakf. Metallogr., Dec 1981, 18. (12). 562.573. [in English and Ger- man].

82-2710 Transmission Electron Microscopy of Metallic Powders. A procedure lor the production of thin foils of metallic powders suitable for transmission electron microscopy observation has been developed. The procedure is based upon the compaction of disks and their thinning by electropolishing or by ion mill- ing The compaction of disks by mechanical pressure of 1.5 to 4.0 GPa at room temp has been applied to many metallic powders (A! and Al-7Fe- tCr). A number 01 powders which do not sinter at room temp. under pressure of < 4.0 GPa can be consolidated by mixing them wlth other more compressible powders 7 ref. - AA D. Shechtman. and E. Gutmanas. Prakt. Mefallogr.. Dec 1981, 18, (12). 587-5513, [in English and German].

82-2711, Physical Principles of High-Voltage Microscopy and Possibilities for Its Utilization in Studies of Materials. Fundamentals of high. voltage electron microscopy are reviewed and discussed. The main advantages of this method are- increased penetration capability of high-energy electrons: improved resolution in thicker Specimens; and increase In diffraction contrast. Cau- l ion must be exercised, however, to prevent movement of vacancies and dislocations and to avoid radiation-induced diffusion of constituents. High-voltage electron microscopy is extensively used in studies of crystallographic defects and damages induced by neutron radiation. Electron micrographs are illustrated for Mo. stainless steels and Ni-base alloys. 55 ref.-O.P. M.M. Kantor. Zavod. Lab.. Nov 1981. (1 1). 45-54, [in Russian].

82-2712 Metallographic Grinding With D,iamonds. The use of diamond as an abrasive medium for grinding has been restricted to materials of hardnesses higher than half that of Sic. the generally employed abrasive. When Sic is used as an abrasive, it is in the form of grains fixed to a paper backing but Sic grinding paper wears out after a few operations and has to be discarded. If the same technique were to be applied with diamond as the abrasive agent. the grinding would be very costly in terms of diamonds wasted. which is the reason for its limited application. The use of a backing with the same properties as the conventional paper backing, but which will last for thousands of specimens, thus making the use of diamond for grinding relevant also from an economical point of view, is discussed. In addition. the backing provides better planeness and edge retention and simplifies the operation -AA R. Hoeg. Structure. July 1981. (2). 4-7. [in English].

82-2713 Burst Strength Test-Production Control for Packaging. The working committee for "Aluminum Foil and Thin Strip" has issued a data sheet concerning compression testing of Irght-weigh1 containers The method in question is used mainly lor production control of Al:plastic laminate packaging or hot seal- able, lacquered A l thin strip It allows a conslant check on the strength of the ther- mally sealed toint and therefore the performance of the hot sealing station It is. however, not possible to measure the air-tightness of the seal. The burst strength test is particularly suitable for portion packaging of 7.5 and 100 g size containers. If the instrument is build into the stand for a small hand drill, it is possible to achieve uniform pressure on the ring for sealing around the injection needle. The pressure reached before the container bursts depends on the hot sealing conditions, the condition of the tool. the type of hot sealing layer, the size of container and the shape, type and thickness of the lid. Because of the number of factors involved there is little point in quoting any specific value. Before production starts. therefore. an appropriate limiting value should be arranged with the supplier. The method can also be used to establish the optimum hot sealing conditions.-AA H. Langen. Schwerz. Alum Rundsch.. 1981, 31, 16). 271-272, [in German].

82-2714 How to Run Sand Compactibility Tests. The compactibility test is one of the most used tests today for monttoring green sand systems. The standard procedure plus an alternate laboratory squeeze method that compacts the sand with a pressure of 140 Iblin.z instead of the three-ram method are described. Guidelines to successfully run the test are given.-T.F F. Mod Cast, Feb. 1982. 72. (2). 53. [in English]

82-2715, Study of Boron Diffusion in Deposits of K 4 0 Powder and the Possibility of Further Utilization of the Method of Autoradiographical Detection of Boron. Experiments proved possible Ihe utilization of dielectric trace detectors for the study of boron dillusion in deposits of type Ni-Cr-Si-B. This method makes it possible to locate the boron and to track its diffusion into the base metal. 20 ref - J G K K Smrkovsky, M Kreici. and F Mysak Zvarante. May 1981. 30, (5). 131-135, [In Czech] 0044-5525

82-2716 Actinide Recycling in Light Water Reactors: Results of Reactor Physics Calculations. (Pamphlet). For the management of high-level nuclear waste a new concept was explored involving the possibility of partitioning the byproduct actinides (uranium and Pu compounds) and transmuting them into fission products Results of LWR calculations and conclusions reached by the over-all light water reactor physics study are described These conclusions are based on' 0-. 1 - and 2.dimension calculations performed to evaluate isotope vec- toE. reactivity values and spatial flux and power perturbations caused by the recycling of byproduct actinides and sensitivity studies carried out to evaluate the influence of various parameters such as power density, fuel temp. coolant density, between cycle cooling times Two different recycling schemes are investigated involving recycling of Only transplutonium isOtopes or, respectively. all actinides. U. Pu, americium and Cm. 22 ref.-AA S. Guardini. and B.G.R. Smith. Commission of the European Communities, Bode Postale 1003, Luxembourg, 1981. EUR No. 7426, Pp 76, [in English].

82-2717 Passive Solar Heating With Heat Storage in the Outside Walls. (Pamphlet). Four construction types of solar collector storage units were tested The units consist of a water vessel for heat storage and a structure positioned on

its outside, which acts as a solar collector and a thermal insulation of the storage. The design is stipulated to completely cover the sufficiently irradiated parts of the outside walls of a building with those units. The building wall of bricks or concrete receives heat from the storage vessel and acts as the room heating surface. The performance of the four collector storage units and the differences in their operational behavior are discussed.-AA A. Bahr. and H. Piwecki. Commission of the European Communities, Boite Postale 1003, Luxembourg, 1981. EVA No 7077. Pp 25, [in English].

82-2718 Development and Situation of Pig-Iron Production in Austria. The production of Fe in Styria and Carynthia date back 3000 years. The development of the facilities from early smelting furnaces to modern blast furnaces is illustrated and future developments are projected. 30 ref.-F.V. G Mltter. W. Weber. and J. Fegerl. Berg Huttenmann. Monatsh , Nov. 1981. 126. (1 1). 484-490, [in German].

82-2719 in Situ Uranium Mining With Oxygen. Results are presented in which gaseous 0 was dissolved in the leach liquor at concentrations - 300 ppm. This 0-containing Solution was iniected into portions 01 a field being operated on a commercial basis with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. Comparative results indicate that U concentrations and production rates were essentially equivalent with these two oxidants.-AA L M. Litz. Min. Eng., Jan 1982, 34, (1). 52-56. [in English].

82-2720 Status of SL/RN Technology 1981. The economics of steelmaking are heavily affected by increased expenditures for high-grade Fe ores and the main energy sources like coking coal and natura! gas or oil. There are SC/ RN direct reduction plants operating in nonclassical steelmaking countries like New Zealand, Brazil. South Africa, India and Peru. These countries build up their steel production more and more on indigenous ferrous raw materials using coal-based direct reduction. This concept-until a few years ago regarded as virgin territo- ry-allows. for instance, Acos Finos Piratini SA, Porto Alegre. Brazil, to produce +92% metallized sponge iron from lump ores and/or pellets using a high ash containing bituminous coal lor approx. half the local scrap price. i.e. < U.S. $80 total costlton of Fe. The coal-based direct reduction is becoming favorable also in classical steelmaking countries, not only for the reintegration of scrap-based minimills. which tend to become more independent of scrap, but also for the large steel producers, who are forced to substitute outdated production units of their pig iron route or to make use of their steel mill wastes like BFiBOF-dust and mill scale.-AA W. Schnabel. and D Schlnbusch. lronmaking Proceedings. Vol. 40 [Proc. Conf.1, Toronto. Ontario, Canada, 29 Mar -1 Apr. 1981, lronmaking Div., ISSIAIME, P 0. Box 411. Warrendale, Pa. 15086, 1981. (Met.A., 8205-72-0191) 216-218, [in En- glish].

82-2721 Practical Application of Electrochemical Methods of Corrosion Testing. Electrochemical methods for characterizing the corrosion behavior of Al have lound increasing use the past 20 years The insulating oxide layer on the sample, when first immersed in water. presents difficulties in measuring potenfial Unreproducible voltages up to 500 mV are obtained until proper equilibrium is established and the potential can be measured accurately. The measured value depends on the medium and the alloy in question and must be noted with reference to the pitting potential If the passive range is known exactly as a function of alloy composition and electrolyte, a specific potential can be applied electrically or by means of sacrificial anodes This is often done to protect large Al containers Current densitylpotential curves vary according to electrolyte composition, these curves rapidly assess the aggressiveness of the unknown media. Aluminum exhibits a passive range, then a steep rise in current with anodic polarization. The potenliometric method is the most reliable to determine pitting potential. The value is almost independent of the alloy and thickness of the natural oxide layer. Tests were conducteo on A199 5 , AIMg3 and AlMn -K.P.G H Meissner Schweu Alum. Rundsch , 1981. 31, (6). 268-270, [in German]

82-2722 Cyclic Oxidation Testing of Molybdenum Protected by Silicide Coatings. The effectiveness of coatings (MoSi, on TZM-Mo (where TZM is Mo-0.5Ti-O.08Zr-0.03C max.) and 24Ti-24Co-52Si on unalloyed Mo) in preventing oxidation of the base metal was evaluated at temp. between 870 and 1425°C in still air At temp. of 2 1205°C. the effective life of the MoSi, coating was equal to or longer than the time required for the protective MoSi2 layer to be converted to Mo5Si3 which is a nonprotective phase. At lower temp. the effective life of the MoSi, coating was limited by the presence 01 defects and was shorter than the life predicted from interdiffusion considerations. The protective life of the 24Ti-24Co-52Si coating was less than that of the MoSi, coating at all test temp. Failures in the 24Ti-24Co-52Si coating are believed to originate at cracks that permit subsurface oxidation; interdiffusion is not a limiting factor in the protective life of this coating. 8 ref.-AA S.M. Tuominen. and J.M. Dahl. J. Less-Common Met., Oct. 1981. 81. (2). 249-260, [in English].

82-2723 Trends in Steel Technology. Trends for the coming year include conservation of expensive. scarce or critical alloying elements and an emphasis on the production of clean steel. In the area of corrosion resistance new ferritic, duplex and free-machining grades will be replacing more traditional austenitic alloys. The unique demands of the oil industry for steels that are H,S or salt water resistant or able to withstand extreme cold are being met. Numerous new grades for autos and many precoated plate types for autos and special products may be added to the list AF1410 is an example of sfeel developed for one application (in aerospace) that has found use in another (in piston rods for forging hammers). In processing, use of eleclrljslag refining and continuous casting will increase this year -MAY H E Chandler, D.F Baxter. and L G Kruger Met Prog, Jan. 1982, 121, ( 1 ) . 16-20. 27-28. [in English]

82-2724 Atmospheric Corrosion Testing in Italy. The results of tests performed by the lnstituto Sperimentale Metalli Leggeri in three stations with dillerent environmental characteristics-the. marine station at Arenzano (Genoa), the industrial site in Novara and the urban site in Milan-are discussed. Results are also given of comparative tests performed in these three stations and in a station in the U.S (Kure Beach, N C.. INCO station) on specimens of pure Al and AP7, AG1.5. AG2.5, AG3 5 and AM1 2 (1070A. 5050. 5052, 5154 and 3103) alloys, both ano-


dized and not. The tests have shown that Al is more corrosion-resistant than its alloys; the behavior of anodized specimens does not depend so much on the composition of the alloy and the location of the station as on the thickness of the oxide layer which is optimal when , 24 m. a value which amounts to a corrosion- free metal.-EAA / RivAl F Gatto, and A Perrone Atmospheric Corrosion [Proc. Conf.1, Hollywood, Fia , 6- 10 Oct. 1980, Allumrnro. Sept. 1981. (9). 434-444, [in Italian].

82-2725 Physical Chemistry of Liquid Metal Solutions. As a conse- quence 01 the broad utilization of the liquid phase, there was a very early interest in applying the concepts of thermodynamics to help understand the chemical behavior of metals themselves, of alloying elements and of refining agents in liquid metals. It appears that no model or formalism has been developed as yet which permits the prediction of the thermodynamic properties of a component of a solution. or of the solution itself, from first principles. or from a limited number of chemical and physical properties of the component elements of the system. The current state of interpretation. modeling and simulation of the thermodynamic properties of these liquid systems is presented. A brief comment is made on the current level of actual knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of liquid metals and alloys, their chemical constituents and of the methods being employed to measure them 71 ref.-AA J.F Elliott. Metallurgical Treatises [Proc Conf.1, Beijing. China, 13-22 Nov 1981, TMSIAIME, P 0 Box 430, 420 Commonwealth Dr.. Warrendale. Pa. 15086, 1981. (Met A , 8205-72-0194) 41-57. [In English].

82-2726 Tex ture Stud ies of Aus ten i t i c We ld Meta l Us ing Elast ic Surface Waves. Elastic Waves and Microstructure [Proc. Conf.]. Oxford, En- gland, Dec. 1980. Austenitic weld metal exhibits an epitaxially developed columnar grain structure which is elastically highly anisotropic. Ultrasonic inspection of such welds has proved difficult because of the directional variability of the velocity and attenuation of elastic waves. Beam skewing. bunching, and spreading take place. If the texture within the weld varies strongly from point to point, it i s likely that the reliability of conventional inspection methods will also vary. The purpose of this paper is to outline the use of surface waves in studying the spatial variation of lexture within austenitic weld metal. Rotated surface acoustic wave velocities have been measured and compared with X-ray pole figures for several different weld structures and for cast material. Pole figures obtained from an austenitic butt weld reveal that it possesses a strong <ZOO> preferred orientation with the 12001 axis parallel to the colurnriar grain axis, but with isotropic behaviour around this axis. Macroscopically, the weld thus possesses a special orthotropic structure. Rotated surface wave velocity measurements about the [ZOO1 axis show no directional dependence. On the two other planes, mutually perpendicular to the (200) plane and to each other, the surface wave velocity is directionally dependent in a manner which agrees qualitatively with theoretical calculations from a special orthotropic model. Further correlation was obtained from measurements on a cast austenitic ingot. 14 ref.-AA. G J. Curtis. and N. Ibrahim. Met. Sci., Nov.-Dec. 1981. 15. (11/12), 566-573. [in English]. 0306-3453.

82-2727 Phys icochemica l Mechanisms of the E f f e c t of Air Temperature on Flotation. Flotation of apatite. molybdenite and scheelite ores was carried out under laboratory conditions; hot air was diluted with ambient air to the required temp. and fed into the flotation tank. It is found that the use of heated air results in increased extraction of the useful component and high selectivity of the process, with a 30-50% reduction in the proeess duration. These results are in- terpreted in terms of hydrophobic interactions. 15 ref.-V.L. G.S. Berger. S.I. Evdokimov, and T.6. Naifonov. lzv. V.U.Z. Tsvetn. Metali.. 1981. (5). 18-22. [in Russian].

82-2728 Oxygen Content in the Flue Gas of Ignition Furnaces. The technical requirements are described for achieving 0 in the waste gas of ignition furnaces tor iron ore sintering. The effect of 0 on sinter quality and advanced uni- formity of sinter quality is explained by showing operational results. The economical aspects are considered. Technical solutions are shown on substitution of high- priced gases by cheaper blast furnace gas without losing the advantage of pro-' ducing the min required 0 content in the waste gases.-AA N. Magedanz, and J. Otto. ironmaking Proceedings, Vol 40 [Proc. Conf.?, Toronto. Ontario. Canada, 29 Mar.-1 Apr. 1981. lronmaking Div.. ISS/AIME. P.0 Box 41 1 . Warrendale. Pa. 15086, 1981, (MetA , 8205-72-0191) 13-17. [in English].

82-2729 500 Ton/Day Accar Direct Reduct ion Plant at Orissa, India. The process and reports on the progress of an ACCAR direct reduction system plant being built near Keonjhar in the State of Orissa. India. for Orissa Sponge Iron Ltd., is described. The plant is warranted to be capable of producing 500 tonsiday of metallized Fe from sized coal and lump ore.-AA R.K. LeRoy. J.F. Nowicki, and D.W. Rierson. lronmaking Proceedings. Vol. 40 IProc. Conf.], Toronto. Ontario. Canada, 29 Mar.-1 Apr. 1981. Ironmaking Div.. ISSIAIME, P 0. Box 41 1 , Warrendale. Pa. 15086. 1981, (Met.& 8205-72-0191) 230-234, [in English].

82-2730 Method of Operating a Lead Blast Furnace. A process for smelting Pb ores and Pb bearing residues comprises: providing a Pb blast furnace which comprises. a crucible; a water-jacketed column defining a shaft over the crucible; means of providing cooling water to the column; a plurality of tuyeres, evenly spaced and mounted through the walls of the column, above the bottom of the crucible. a plurality of pipe means each for carrying oxygen to each of the tuyeres for release above the crucible and into the smelting zone of the blast furnace; an ad- justable valve means connected to each of the pipe means for carrying, the valve means adjustably regulating the rate of flow of 0 to each of the tuyeres; means associated with the pipe means for sensing the rate of flow of 0 therein; and control- ler means connected to the means for sensing and adapted to open the valve associated with one of the pipe means. T W. Anthony, and Schuylkill Metals Corp. Off. Gaz., 26 Aug. 1980. Patent no. US4219353 (U.S.A.), 26 Feb. 1979.

82-2731 Forecast ing Certain Technical and Economic Characteristics of the Operat ion of Large-Capacity Open-Hearth Furnace in Condit ions of Intensive B lowing of the Bath w i th Oxygen. The effect of speeding up the open-hearth steelmaking process, by using intensive 0 blowing of the bath, on the annual productivity, life, and heat length of OH furnaces was investigated. Data on 8000 heats was examined Nomograms were developed for forecasting the above

factors with the optimum 0 flowrate. for determining the critical 0 flowrate and optimum blowing time, and for finding the 0 flowrate for each heat with allowance for the 'ageing' of the OH furnaces. 10 ref.-P.S.C. IS. Bornatskii, E.D. Anaiko. A.A. Baranov, and N.M. Vinogradov. /zv. V.U.Z. Ch- ernaya Metall.. 1981. (8). 34-40. [in Russian]. 0363-0797.

82-2732 Electrochemical Transpor t in Mol ten Lead Silicates. Ionic transport in the molten system PbO-SiO, is discussed based upon available data on Pb and Si tracer diffusivities. interdiffusion coefficients. electrical conductivity and on measured values of Pb and Si transference numbers. The interrelationship of these parameters is illustrated through a theoretical treatment of the phenome- nological transport equations. The Onsager transport coefficients for the independent set of equations are calculated for melt compositions between 0.3 < x ~ , ~ , < 0.6 at 850°C. The coincidence of large changes in the transport parameters between the orthosilicate and metasilicate compositions and the large changes in the silicate structure is discussed. 16 ref.-AA W.T. Petuskey. Metallurgical Slags, Pi. 2 [Proc. Coni], Halifax. Nova Scotia. Can- ada, 24-28 Aug. 1980. Can. Metall 0.. Apr:June 1981. 20, (2). 225.230, [in En- alishl

82-2733 Using Core and Mold Coat ings-a New Understanding. The trend towards the use of core coatings is partially due to the integration of more complex molding and coremaking processes Sand molding for nonalloy cast steels. alloyed cast steels. cast iron, SG Fe, malleable Fe. Cu. Al and Mg alloys is discussed. The retractory fillers described are coke, graphite. silica. zircon, mica, talc. calcined magnesite. aluminum silicate, chamotte and alumina. The economics of using the different combinations in liquid carrier (water. alcohol or hydrocar- bons) and the binder system are discussed as they affect coating hardness. -T.F.F. G Lukacek. and H J Heme Foundry Manage Techno/, Feb 1982. 110, (2). 22- 26. [in English]

82-2734 Improvement of t he Quality ot Spheroidal Cast I ron Treated in the Mould. One ot tne most disadvantageous concomitants 01 the treatment In the moulo s the unequal OiSlriDution 01 Inc Si and Mg content Experimental results emphasze the importance 01 Ihe composit~on 01 the base iron and the gram size 01 ine master ahoy. and stress that in order to reduce the inhomoyeneity. lammar flow mLst be ensured in tne reducrion cnamber - A A E F Vorosne, B Laoaf. ana G Rainay BanyJsz Koriasz Lapoh (Onfude). Oct 1981 32 (10). 221-227. [In Hungarian] 0375 9504

82-2735 A Study of the Op t imum Cond i t i ons of the Coo l i ng of Cont inuous Steel Bil lets. Opt!mlzat~on criteria tor the tnrrmal conomons a1 me Sol Oll~Cal on of conllnuo~s Steel 0.iletS are der ved in terms of the integral tunc ttonals of me temp t e d The temp tieio 1s oerermined OY sclv ng n,rnericaliy tne m red Gauchy prooiem tor a inrec? d mrns ona eqLation of neat conauct,on us ng l i e thEO:y 01 ir qJss equ .Ibr um Iflo-phase zme Tne proposea criteria are then usza lo analyze tnt' solid f Callon 01 82 A 82 mm continuous billets of steel U 13A I9 ref - V L V V SOOOlev. A I Feachenko. L N Mahs mov. and P M Trefiiov IZV Akad Nauk SSSR Me/ 198 i (5). 69 80 [ n R,SS d n ]

82-2736 The Cylinder Upsett ing l e s t - a n Appropr iate Method for Plot t ing Stress-Strain Curves. It IS proved with the aid 01 trictional tests that the cylinder upsettmg test without applicat on of a yaeld hypothesis IS suited lor plottlng stress strain cdrves up to relatively high deformations (c:, . I 3) A S compared to other methods tne cylinder upsetting test is distinguished by simple spec- .men preparatton and expenmental procedure The measurement of load and path reqjires maximum accuracy, since load measurqng errors manitest themselves ,n the front. and path measdrang errors m the rear part 01 the stress-strain curve Elastic portions In the measured upsett.ng patn nave to ae taken into account (Or evaluation The abso,ule spec men size nas no influence on the experimental re- s ~ l t . when the material propert es in the specimen volume are homogeneous The oitterence between the tension and compression stress strain curves IS not due l o friction mtluences during the upsettong test. out to ditferent hydrostatoc StreSS por. (tons of these two (uniaxia 1 stales 01 stress 22 ref -AA H W.ege!s. and R Heroertz Slahl6sen 30Nov 1981. 101. (24). 1487.1492. [ in German] 0340-4803

82-2737 Computat ion of S N Curves fo r Components of Steel. Cast Steel and Grey Cast Iron. By order 01 the Work,ng Group Fatigue Strength i n the Verem Deutscher Eisenhuttenleute a method has been developed for computa. tional determination of S . N curves tor components ot steel, cast steel and grey cast iron, which is based on the statistical evaluation of a great number of S N curves M Huck. Stahl Dsen. 30 Nov 1981. 101. (24). 1495-1498. [in German] 0340- 4803

82-2738 M e t h o d f o r the Mechan ica l T e s t i n g of S in te red Me ta l Bushings in Radial Compression. (Translation). Purpose of the investigation was to examine ihe thfaoretcai prmiples ot the methoa of testing sntered metal bdshings ,n raalal compress~on Dlttermg variants of Ihe method were examfned and data were analyzed tor accbracy The busn nqs tesled *ere 01 ZhGr2 alloy (Fe wth 2.: caraon) witn varymg 0 a length and wall tntc6ness Svstemalic data are gtven on me accdracy 01 tne method Tests on the alloy with porosihes ranging from 16 to 24 : shoa that the techn.que oeveloped proviaes one 01 me most accu- rate means 01 controlling lhe quality 01 smtermg 01 the busnings and 01 aetermininy the level ot mechanical propert.es For processing expermental data. an accu. rate. ralner Than an approx , IormLla inSLres a more rataonal utalization Of fracture stress determ.nations on tJsh.ngs 12 ref --M R A E KLsnchevsk,i Sov PowderMefal/ Met Ceram, Jan 1981. 20. ( 1 ) . 69.74. Ion Engl snl

82-2739 Bushings in Radial Compression. See preceaing abstract A E Kusncnevsnu Poroshh Mela//, Jan 1981 (1). 86-92 [in Hussdanl

82-2740 Nondestruct ive Test ing Appl ied to Pipelines. There are three commonl, accepted radoographic techniqLes for lne inspectson of circumterential tie,d welds tn stee prpei nes -, rab- doJale rva I single.mage method. X -

M e t h o d for the Mechan ica l Tes t i ng of S in te red M e l a l


ray-double-wall, single image method and X-ray-single-walllsingle image (pan- oramic) method. The applications and merits of the various techniques are discussed. Standards are being considered lor weld root defects including slag intrusion. undercuts, sxcess penetration, etc.-AA S S Robinson. and A.L Sonneveld. Australas Corros. Eng., Sept.-Oct 1981. 25, (9-10). 9-13, [in English]

82-2741 A p p a r a t u s f o r C r e e p Rupture T e s t i n g in H igh-Pressure Hydrogen at Elevated Temperatures. An apparatus has been developed for creep rupture testing in high-pressure H up to 49.1 MPa at elevated temp up to 873°K. The apparatus is designed to facilitate the measurement of the actual load on the specimen with an external load cell irrespective of axial load caused by high pressure in the vessel or friction at sliding seals where the pull rod enters the vessel. The exact strain of the specimen can be directly measured with an external extensometer In addition, the specimen mounting assembly is also designed to simplify the installation and operation of the apparatus. Applicatiw of the apparatus to creep rupture testing of a low-alloy steel A387Gr22 in high-pressure H at elevated temp. is described.-AA K. Yokogawa. S Fukuyama, and K. Kudo Rev. S c i tnsfrum. Jan. 1982, 53, ( I ) , 86- 89. [in English].

82-2742 C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f S u r f a c e C h a n g e s a t A t m o s p h e r i c Pressures Us ing Optical Reflectance. The feasibility of using visible optical reflectance to examine changes in a PI surface produced by exposures to various reacting and nonreacting gases at atmospheric pressure is explored. Effects of heating a PI ribbon to various temp alternately in oxygen and in NH,. CO or hydrogen are examined and the NH3 and CO oxidation reactions are investigated With NH,-air the reflectivity increases upon heating in NH, and reaches a max. at - 600°K. Exposing the NH,-covered surface to air produces a uniform decrease upon heating. In H or CO, a large increase in reflectivity occurs at room temp. and exposure to air produces a monotonic decrease upon heating. Dependences on wavelength. angle of incidence and polarization were examined in detail for the NH,-air system. The sensitivity was found to be greatest for p-polarization at short wavelengths. These results are generally consistent with changes in reflectivity expected for chemisorbed 0 and other species on the Pt surface. In NH, and CO oxidation reactions, the precision was considerably reduced because of catalytic etching and ribbon bending at high temp The former was reduced by switching between a pair of compositions on either side of the stoichiometric ratio which gave equal adiabatic temp , but catalytic etching produced continuous linear varia- tions in light reflected. particulary in excess 0 where volatile oxides promote catalytic etching. 26 ref.-AA R. Caretta, and L D. Schmidt. Appl Surf. S c i , Aug. 1981. 8, (4), 449-4634. [in En- glish].

82-2743 Passive Gamma-Ray Mon i to r ing of Plutonium Contaminated Waste. A passive ?-ray system based on a Ge (Li) detector has been set up to test the methods for monitoring Pu contaminated wastes Point sources were used to obtain the detector parameters and measurements with ring *,,-ray sources in a cylindrical matrix were executed to test the radiation transport model. A Ge (Lib detector based y-ray scanning system is described The Ge (Li) detector is replaced by an equivalent-point detector whose parameters are determined inde- pendently. It IS placed at a certain distance from the waste cylinder which is rotated around its axis of symmetry. The counts collected tor a certain y-line from this waste cylinder are normalized to the counts obtained from the same line using a reference source. By means of a radiation transport calculation and a known composition of the waste matrix, the weight of the radiation source dispersed in the waste is obtained -AA M Asghar. and L Bondar. Dosimetry Methods for Fuels, Cladding and Structural Materials Vol 2 [Proc. Conf.1, lspra (Varese). Italy, 1-5 Oct. 1979, Commission of the European Communities. Boite Postale 1003, Luxembourg, 1980. (MetLA.. 8205-72-0197) 81 1-818, [in English]

82-2744 E n e r g y R e c o v e r y in an O x y g e n C o n v e r t e r S t e e l Plant: Converter Gas Ut i l izat ion in Conjunction w i t h District Heat ing Systems. The energy consumption per tonne of crude steel in the German steel industry has been reduced by about 2 t % over the last 20 years. Nevertheless, in view of the future overall energy requirements and of the expected real energy price increase. it has become even more imperative to develop new processes designed to save and substitute energy Considering the various possibilities of saving energy in the industry, the potential ways and means of recovering energy and of reducing energy consumption are briefly discussed with reference to the waste energy produced in an integrated metallurgical works. This study underscores the particular importance of the steelmaking plant within the metallurgical works system. The possibility of recovering the sensible and chemically fixed waste energy in the converter gas is described using the example of a modern oxygen converter steel plant. A recovery plant for the utilization of the converter gases is currently under construction in a basic oxygen steelmaking plant of Krupp Stahl AG. Particular attention is given thereby to the connection 01 this plant to a district heating production and supply system of a municipal utility company. The particular advantag of this energy recovery system, closely linked to the power economy of the works, is emphasized with reference to the supply reliability and the utilization of the energy recovered.-AA. H:G. Pbttken, and H. Strohschein. StahlEisen. 2 Nov. 1981. 101, (22). 1389.1396, [in German]. 0340-4803.

82-2745 The Small-Angle Scattering of C o l d Neutrons in Deformed Metals. The scattering of cold neutrons (wavelength 2.05 nm) has been measured in the small-angle region (up to = 100') for three deformed polycrystalline metals ferromagnetic Ni (99.96%). diamagnetic Cu (99.99%). and paramagnetic Al (99 999OIo). Both plastic and elastic effects were investigated. using the apparatus and method previously described by 0 e t a / ( ib id, 1976, 18. 3882) In the case of Ni an increase was observed in the intensity and angle of scattering during plastic extension and a decrease in scattering during elastic extension as a result of multiple refraction at the altered magnetic-domain structure. No elastic effects were found in Cu and Al, but plastic deformation gave rise to an increase in the intensity and angle of scattering. By using data on the reduction in density of metals after their plastic deformation, it was established that neutron scattering is due to diffraction at submicroscopic cracks Estimates were made of the size of the cracks (100-200 nm) and their concentration V.E Zhitarev. N M. Okuneva. V.S Ryskin. A I Slutsker, and S.B Stepanov f tz . Tverd Tela. Sept 1981, 23, (9). 2681-2685, [in Russian]. 0367-3294.

- 10" m-,) -N.V.

82-2746 Invest igat ion of the Size Distr ibut ion of Interst i t ia l Dis locat ion L o o p s in M e t a l s I r rad ia ted in a H igh-Vo l tage Electron Mic roscope. (Translation). See Met A , 8 107- 16-0549 V M Lazorenio Y u M Plalov. anc M N P.etnev Phys ME/ Mefallogr , Jbly 1980. 50. (1) 138-146. [in Engl.sh1

82-2747 T h e o r y o f V a c a n c y S w e l l i n g in M e t a l s and Al loys. (Translation]. See Me1 A , 8 108-16.0616 I A Akhiezer. and L N Davydov Phys MeI 1981 3 (1). 1-22 [In Engnishl

82-2748 Mossbauer E f fec t Studies o f Ternary Alloy Systems Fe(Sbl. .Te& for 0 : x ' 1. A letter "Fe Mossbauer etlecl studies are reporteo at room temperatures (300°K) for tne ternary alloy series Fe(Sb,-,Te,), for 0 : x < 1 tn steps of x - 0 1 exhiailing a marcasite--arsenopyrite-marcasite transition The Mossbauer parameters also divide tne series .nto tnree classes ( 0 the com- positsons with x x ' 0 7 showang two qLadrupole doualets, and (id) those corresponding to x 0 7. agaln exnioiting only one doublet The preaict.ons on relative site popdlations ds,ng a bmom.al eApansion for the statistically random dislriDut.on ot tne anions Sb and Te in an Iron octahearon an0 assuming particular site asslgnrnent (discussed in text) are in qualitatwe agreement with the experimentally aetermlned values Tne contmuous and smootn variation of qLaarupole splitting with CompoSltiOnal change sdggesls inat the structural transformations are contin.tous 18 ref -AA

Y K Snarma B K Srivastava, and S Lokanatnan J Plrys C (Solid Stale Phys ), 10 Ocl 1981 14. (28). L859-L864, [in English] 0022.37 19

82-2749 A Shor t -Range O r d e r D i f f u s e S c a t t e r i n g M e a s u r e m e n t System. 11.-Computer Programs fo r Col lect ion and Analysis o f Intensi ty Data f r o m F.C.C. So l id Solutions. Cf t b td , 1980, 29. 79 Programs for tne cob lection and analysis 01 the short-range Order diffuse scattering data are oe. scribed The analysls is based on the method developed by Borie and Sparks (AcIa Crysfallogr A. 197 I. 27. 198). whicn is widely used for separating the inten- sdy cadsed by atomic oisplacemenl eflects lrom the total diffuse scattering onten. sity Basic tneory for the analysis s w e n on detail and the conversion of the measdred intensfties to absolute un.ts and corrections for submultiple wavelength olffraction. parasitic scattering and Compton scattering is descrioed -AA S Hashimoto Scr Rep Res Ins1 Tohoku Unw A. Aug 19Ht. 30. ( 1 ) . 44-59 [in En- glish] 0040-8808

82-2750 Spat ia l K ine t ics o f Vacancy Voids. Vacancy Void Lattice Stabil ity Under Irradiation. A closed kinetic equation nas been obiainea l o oe- scribe vacancy void evoiut,on in the s.ze and coordmates spaces Ddfuslon interactions of void ensembles are considered and sLCh Kinetic parameters as v0.a growtn and motion rates and dillusion coeff .n the size and coordinate spaces have been calculated taking nto account the microprocesses occur ng on an0 near the void surface The nt uence on lhese parameters of act6vatton barr er d P- torllons in me surface layer o l voids has also been invest8gated Tne u~netlcs eqJat(on oatained nas been Jsed to determine the cond lions lor vacancy wold oat- i c e stability against void growlh and vo,d displacements lrom lalt ce polnts 14 ref - -AA A I Ryazanov and L A Maksimov RaUraI € I f JLne 1981. 55, (3 4) . 165- I76 [,n Engl shl 00:13-7579

82-2751 A p p r o x i m a t i o n M e t h o d s in the A n a l y s i s o f Non-L inear Thermal D i f fus ion Processes Relevant to Ion Bombardment Induced Phase Changes in Solids. Recent ooservations 01 very h gh sputter,ig yields o! some metals an0 01 very larqe rates 01 neavy ion induced oisorder prod-;tion in s e m i c o n o ~ ~ t o r ~ . ne iher 01 which can oe adeqmte f exp,ained by I near cascaue energy transport tneory nave teo l o p o s s o e erplanations In terms of qLas therma, processes Farther sdpport 5 here given to DreviOuS approximat.ons (C rmd 1980 50. 147. MeI A , 8012-16 1098) by which a non itnear tnermai d l t ~ s on eqJa+.on was evaluated. and their valbe s nd catea by compar ng trieir p r e o c lions w th those 01 more exact approacnes A ILrlner ehample 31 Ihe approxima- tion metnon In determin ng a cilterlon lor recrysta lization 01 an ion impact amorpnoLs zone during thermal quencn nq IS lnen constoered 15 ref --R B G Carter and S A CrJz RadjaI Elf LeIf , J,ly 198 I 58. ( 5 ) . I25 132 [in Eng.isn1 0147 2448

0 2 showmg single quadrupole douDiet. (11) tnOSe with 0 2

82-2752 Neutron Emission Observed F r o m Spent Thermal Reactor Fue l Assemblies. An experiment to cnaracterize the nedlron I.eia generatea from a I gnr water reactor spent fuel assem0.y has been complete0 Solio-state track recorder (SSTH) neLtron dos meters nave been exposed at tne surface of a spent I..el assemoly from a pressmzeo water reactor Acceptab e track densit es were obtained From these SSTR neutron dostmetry observat.ons. an absot,le neutron flux 01 - 8000 11 (cm. s) was obtalned at the surface of the spent IJCI assernaly tnree years after discharge The d e o c e d neutron energy spectrum wfth a mean nedtron energy 01 - 1 3 MeV 6 uependent upon tne ectmide content of m e spent fLel Hence. the r e s ~ l t s have demonstrated inat with ~ui table calmra- t on. SSTR neutron dosimetry can be sJccessfJily appi,eo lor nondestrLctive spent fLel aclinioe assay and for character zat on 01 the radtation env ronment BSSOCI

aled w th spent reactor fuel assemb ies 9 ret -AA R Gold. F t i Rbddy, E P Lipplncott. W N McEiroy and J H Roberts Dos metry Metnods lor Fue s. C.ada ng and StructJrai Materials Vol 2 [Proc C o n / ] tspra (Varese) Italy. 1.5 Oct 1979 Commlsston 01 Ihe ELropean Cornmunit e s . Boite P0Sla.C 1003, L-xernDoJrg. 1980. (Mef A 8205-72 0197) 858.864 [ n Englisn]

82-2753 Nondestruct ive Tes t ing Procedures Used in Nuclear Power Stat ions (Review). The adtrior wno IS emp oyed at the Dzerzninsmit Power En gmeer.ng InslitLte reviews Ine Jses Of nondestruct ve testing in power stat ons tne qda i t y control reqdiremenls lor power-station equipment and tne testtng facll l ies cdrrentfy avallabie in Sowet stal~ons Tne various testtng procedures are de scr oed. with reference to their scope and capaoilit es, tney incoLoe inspect on s i n g var OJS remote-control instimenis. capi ,ary oefectoscopy magnetic pow. aer testmg rad oyrapny _. trasonc scann ng and var,oJs electrical tests Formu- lac are oer / eo for Ine prooabf88ly ot defects euad ng oetect.on after applying the regLlalion tests 75 ref --E B V S Greoennid Delekloskopiya A,g 198 1. (8) 85- 104. [in Russian]

82-2754 Improv ing the Reliabil ity o f Ul t rasonic Inspec t ion o f Welds in Equipment o f Nuclear Power Stations. ResJ IS concerning (.) generalcat on


of statistical characteristics of weld defects in pressure vessels, and piping of wall-thickness ranging from 40 to 250 mm. (ii) efficiency of various ultrasonic methods, and (iii) selective correlation coeffs. between usual ultrasonic informa- lory indtcai ons and corresponoing s ze of oefects, are presenteo ano 'acobstic shape coeff ' lor correct identificat!on of the type of defects of transverse size greater than 2.5 mm in welds of thickness up to 200 mm, is noted; its introduction permits revision of existing standards for estimation of the weld quality.-L.G. V.G. Shcherbinskii €nergomashinostroen,e. Sept 1981, (9). 15-17, [in Russian].

82-2755 Resolution of the Transport Equation for Electron Backscattering from Massive Materials. The albedo problem is considered as a transport problem with the Boltzmann transport equation as the equation determining the electron distribution function. A calculated mean integral backscattering coeff. 7 = 0.25 is obtained. compared with the experimental values ranging between 0 05 and 0.5 for C and Au resp. The Milne problem is also resolved for highly-anisotropic single-scatter (emission from a plane massive material contain. ing a particle source in the depths of the material): as expected. the particle flux is max. for purely elastic scatter. 55 ref.-R.H. H Lehmann. Thesfs, Tech Univ. Berlin, 21 July 1980, 148 pp, [in German].

82-2756 A Simple Mathematical and Physical Analysis of Non- Equilibrium Segregation Effects in a Freezing Liquid Aluminum Layer After a Nanosecond Laser Pulse Irradiation. Experimental Pb impurity profiles detected in an Al sample after laser irradiation are analyzed on the basis of a diffusion-segregation hypothesis within the context of a model calculation for the properties 01 ihe resolidifying molten layer A Bernoulli-type differential equation for the mDurity concentration ibsI ahead of the moving interface. as obtained from a solute conservation constraint. yields a closed expression for the profile. which generalizes known results to the case of segregation without complete diffusion in liquid phase. On this basis, a unified interpretation of existing profiles shows that for small values of the characteristic length D lc these are consistent with no segregation. while for large Dlr, an almost complete diffusion in the liquid occurs. In each case estimates for the diffusion and segregation coeff. are obtained. The lat- ter clearly depends on interface velocity. thus allowing an estimate of the diffusion parameter entering Hall's formula for it. 11 ref.-AA. A. Miotello, and L.F.D.D Rose. Radiat. EM., June 1981. 55. (3/4). 235-242, [in En- glish] 0033-7579.

82-2757 Preparation of Refractory Compounds for Transmission Electron-Microscopic Examination. The methods lor Dreparing specmens for transmission electron-microscopic examination are described. Thinning of AIN, Sic. Tic. Si3N4 and other materials was realized by bilateral ion etching. No essential rearrangement of ion-etching conditions is needed to prepare thin foils of a wide range of materials, inchding those obtained by the powder metallurgy methods.-AA A.N. Pilyankevich. and V.F Britun. Poroshk Metall.. Nov. 1981. (11) 97-101. [in Russian].

82-2758 Signal Enhancement by Noise Elimination of Transit Time Measurement Data by Ultrasonic Inspection of Ferritic and Austenitic Materials-AL0K.-I. The ALOK data processing system is recommended for automatic inspection of thick walled pieces such as reactor vessels The absolute max of every signal in the A-scan above the envelope is registered Signal pro cessing and determination of envelope parameters are discussed The various methods of presenting amplitude dynamic data are illustrated Time-location curves generated from known defects agree well with theory -J P 0 A Barbian B Grohs. and R Licht Materfalprufung Nov 1981. 23, (I 1) 379 383 [in German]

82-2759 Brief Investigation of Induced Drilling Stresses in the Center- Hole Method of Residual-Stress Measurement. Results of experiments to measure induced drilling stresses in the center-hole method of residualdress measurement are described Five specimens of different metals were specially prepared in an attempt to relieve material restdual stress Surface residuabstress measurements were then performed by tne center hole method with a convention ally used (low-speed) end mill and an ultra-high-speed drill. For each specimen, the relieved strains due to the hole drilling were significantly higher for the low- speed end mill than for the ultra-high-speed drill. Preliminary conclusions are that the ultra-high-speed drill would be much superior to the conventional low-speed end mill in the measurement of residual stress by the center-hole method. The specimens were made of mild steel. 304 stainless steel, Ni 200, 6061 A1 and commercially pure CU.-AA M.T. Flaman Exp Mech.. Jan. 1982. 22. (1). 26-30. [in English].

82-2760 Use of Acoustic Emission in Studies of Deformation and Failure During Friction and Wear in Metals. Acoustic emission signals, friction coefficients and wear losses were determined under various loading conditions for hardened U8 steel, annealed U8 steel and electrolytic Fe. Effects of loading on the amplitude 01 acoustic signals were also determined. Acoustic emission was shown to be a useful tool in studies of friction and wear phenomena since its signals reflect conditions of the contact surface and dynamics of friction and wear processes -0 P. L.S Rapoport, V E. Vainberg. and I.M Voronina Zavod. Lab., Nov. 1981. (1 1). 80- 81. [in Russian].

82-2761 High-Stress Abrasion Testing of Wear Resistant Materials. (Retroactive Coverage). The high stress abrasion test is one of several laboratory wear tests that can be used to evaluate the relative wear performance of abrasion resistant materials under controlled conditions. The information obtained from these tests can be used to assist in the selection of materials for abrasive environments and also provides an insight into the parameters influencing the abrasion resistance of the respective material types. The high stress abrasion testing of a range of quenched and tempered steels, austenitic Mn steels and alloy cast irons is summarized. 31 ref.-AA P J Mutton BHP Tech. Bull.. May 1980, 24. ( I ) , 38-44. [in English].

82-2762 Determination and the Use of the Yield K of Tensile Testing Machines. Aspects of IS0 Standard 2573-1977 for the determination of the K value are reviewed The experiments with St38lH52-3 suggest that it IS not necessary that the energy input velocity be equal during pretesting to that of the subse-

quent K value determination. However, there are essential relations between the force velocity and the range and magnitude of the test force. A diagram is developed for a given test sample and specific K value which is simple to use for the tensile testing.-Y.G.K. K -0 Edel Neue Hutte, Dec. i981, 26, (12). 452-456. [in German].

82-2763 Possible Applications of Ultrasonic Spectroscopy in the Diagnosis of Materials. Theoretical considerat sons of Litrasonlc spectroscopy and results of investigations of C45 steel with respect to flaw analyses an0 control of structure during heat treatment are presented 27 ref -Y G K U -D Hunicke Neue Hutfe. Dec 1981. 26. (12), 441-445. [in German]

82-2764 Methylmagnesium Iodide as Reacting Substance in an Aquametric Analysis of Metal Powders. The water content in metal powders of Pb, Sn. Ag and Mg was measured The experimental material, supplemented by a statistical characteristic of the recorded results, led to the conclusion that the proposed volumetric method is suitable for practical purposes within the range of the aquametric analysis of powders -AA K Banas, and M Rachtan Rudy Met Nfezelaz, Oct 1981, 26. (lo), 557-562, [In Polish]

82-2765 Types of Information from Life Tests and Some Methods of their Treatment. The paper deals with the problem of a statistical treatment of life tests results Various types of information from tests are discussed Funda- ren ta l methods of the estimation of reliabhty measures are considered with em- phass on the maxlmum Ilkellhood metnod 19 ref -AA P Kopriva Slro)nfcky Cas , 1981. 32. (3), 325-334. [in Czech] 0039-2472

82-2766 An Evaluation of the Roles of Intercrystalline and lnterphase Boundary Sliding in Two-Phase Superplastic Alloys. Experiments were conducted to measure the contribution of boundary sliding in the superplastic Zn-22% At eutectoid alloy at an elongation of 100°lo. The results show that the sliding contribution is a max. in the superplastic region II and decreases in the less superplastic Regions I and Ill. The values obtained for the sliding contribution are very low due to two physical constraints in the experimental procedure at high specimen elongations: a failure to account for the increase in surface area with elongation, and a limitation on the max. feasible offset in surface marker lines In Zn-22% Al. max. sliding tends to occur at the ZnlZn intercrystalline boundaries, there is slightly less sliding at the ZniAl interphase boundaries and sliding is a rnin. at the AliAI intercrystalline boundaries. It IS demonstrated that the results on the Zn-22% A l and earlier experimental data on the Pb-62% Sn eutectic alloy are consistent with the occurrence of max. sliding on the interfaces having the highest values of 6 0 g b . where 6 is the width of the boundary and Dgb is the grain boundary diffusion coefficient. 44 ref.-AA P. Shariat. R.B Vastava. and T.G. Langdon. Acta Metall.. Jan. 1982. 30, (1). 285- 296, [in English]

82-2767 SX 3CR12-a Material for Abrasion-Corrosion Control. Although stainless steels have been used to a limited extent in the South African mining industry. the metallurgical development of 3CR 12 has presented materials engineers with a viable alternative for certain materials-handling applications The various types of wear involved in these operations are described. and an explana- tion is given of how 3CR12 is able to offer advantages. particularly in wet sliding applications. Certain applications result in various types of abrasive wear; the performance of 3CR12 in these areas IS described. 10 ref -AA C.R Thomas. J S. A k lnst. Min Metall. Oct 1981. 81. (10). 298-302. [in English]

82-2768 Analytical Model of the Blast Wear Intensity of Metals Based on a General Arrangement for Abrasive Wear. The hypothesis that during the abrasive wear of metals the volume removed is proportional to the work of the shearing force in the surface region was used to derive an analytical arrangement for the intensity of blast wear in the stationary phase. Although the analysis is relatively general. the results are surprisingly clear. The analysis shows a good agreement with test results. explains some general tendencies of blast wear and illustrates the applicability of its hypotheses. Tests were conducted on steels CT3 and YEA. 34 ref.-AA G. Beckmann. and J. Gotrmann. Wear, 30 Nov. 1981. 73. (2). 325.353. [in Englishl

82-2769 Wear Mechanisms of Boundary-Lubricated Surfaces. Examination of steel specimens (4340, 4140 and 01) tested under boundary lubrication conditions indicates the existence of three distinct processes which lead to wear particle formation: deformation and fracture of original machining marks, deformation and fracture of edges of plowing tracks; delamination Deformation and fracture of original machining marks and the raised edges of the plowing furrows generate wear particles which are 1-15 Mm in the largest dimension. The process of delamination. however, generates particles that are 100 fim wide. The formation of these large wear particles coincides with a high rate of wear and scuffing failure. 17 ref.-AA S. Jahanmir. Wear. 16 Nov 1981. 73, (1). 169-184. [in English].

82-2770 Marine Benthic Surveys-an Application to a Steelworks Ocean Discharge (Spent Pickle Liquor). (Retroactive Coverage). The history of continuous pickling and the use of a submarine outfall for the disposal Of spent pickle liquor from the Lysaght Port Kembla Springhill Works are described. A series of marine benthic surveys and water and sediment chemical analyses were conducted from 1973-1979. Ecological and chemical changes in the area subjected to the discharge are discussed, with particular reference to the 1979 survey. The regenerative capacity of the flora and fauna. when the discharge is reduced or terminated. is assessed. A comparison of the environmental impact Of submarine pipeline disposal is made with similar, but not entirely identical. barge disposal techniques used in other parts of the world. 11 ref.-AA J. Olive. BHP Tech. Bull., Nov. 1980. 24, (2). 53-58. [in English]

82-2771 Solar Markets Heating Up. The increase in sales of solar collec. tors smce 1976 is documented, the use 01 Cu in this application IS expected 10 reach 20 million lb in 1981. an increase of 50% over 1960 Solar coltector manu- facturers, such as American Solar King. Thermatool Corp , Phelps Dodge and Solar Enterprises. and the impact of utility involvement in the solar energy busi- ness are discussed Utilization of A1 and stainless steel in the industry IS de-


scribed: Reynolds Aluminum markets an Al collector and State Industries Inc. manufactures one of Type 444 stainless steel.-M.G.S. F L. Church. Mod. Met.. Dec. 1981. 37. (1 1). 23-24, 26. 28. 30, 32. 34. 36, 38-39. [in English].

82-2772 S u m m a r y of Current Design and Fatigue Correlation (in Of fshore Structures). Early fatigue life estimation methods based on the punching shear concept and blanket factor techniques together with S-N curves used are summarized. Current fatigue design employing parametric stress concentration factors, an updated punching shear concept and alternative approaches with the current S-Ncurves being used in the U.K. and the U.S. are discussed. This includes comment on present knowledge with respect to size effects. weld profile control. weld improvement, post-weld heat treatment and the effects of sea water. Early results of work being carried out by Lloyd's Register of Shipping, partly funded by the Dept. of Energy, on correlation of some North Sea platform second- ary member fatigue cracking with current design by comparative studies of approach. stress concentration factors and S-N curves are given. 14 ref.-AA P.J Fisher Fatigue in Offshore Structural Steels [Proc. Con/.]. London. 24-25 Feb. 1981. Institution of Civil Engineers, Thomas Telford Ltd.. P.O. Box 101, 26-34 Old St , London. 1981, (Met A , . 8205.72-0195) 113-121. [in English).

82-2773 Studies on a W e a r - R e s i s t a n t Cast I r o n . ( R e t r o a c t i v e Coverage). The possibility of developing a good wear-resistant cast iron with Mn and Cr as alloyrig elemenls in white cast iron was explored. The results mdicate that it is possible but the composition of the alloy in respect of Mn and Cr should be controlled within close limits to achieve the desired objective.-AA N. Ranganathan. M.N. Srinivasan, and N Raman. Bull Mater. Sci. (India). Jan. 1980. 2, (1). 35-41. [in English]

82-2774 H o w C a n Higher O v e n Tempera tures Save E n e r g y ? Ach iev ing N e t Energy Reduct ions in Painting Operat ions. HOW hlgher oven temp may actua.ly achieve net energy reduction and other reduct#OnS m paintmg and metal operatmns are presented A higher temp thermoset paint can be used, for exam. pie. so that full hardness cure IS reacheo insfde Ine oven avolding the reclaim and rework requ.red alter waiting LP to 30 days after oven bake lor an alr Oxldmng alkyd paint to narden and meanwhile have 11s surlaces damaged by the pieces 'gluing' together A study was underfasen to develop a washer for a pamt shop which does not need internal air currenls or a contlnuods movlng conveyor to eliml- nale exhaust 1Lmes. instead a stop-and-go mecnanism s employed Steam is thus saved A reduction in tne number o f p a r k to be painted WIII save energf and can be achleved by switching from painted metal parts l o structural piast c with molded-in colors, zinc plating. especially sudabie for small parts. reaLclng tne number 01 coals needed 10 cover a part, and s i n g prepamtea metal c o ~ l . whtcn may CJI down Operation hoLrs Salely consideratlons whch further cut energy use and process control are also dnscLsseo -KPG R E ScnLster /nu Finsh Feb 1982. 58. (2). 39-40. [in Engl.sn]

82-2775 Thermodynamica l Ana lys is of t h e E f f e c t of A l loy ing E l e m e n t s of A t o m i z e d F e - C - M e A l l o y s on Their D e c a r b u r i z a t i o n D u r i n g Anneal ing.- I . A thermodynamic model IS suggested lor oecarbur iza- Iion--.caroLr~zation dmng annealing of alomized powders 01 the blnary Fe-C an0 doped Fe-C--Me alloys in common gas atmospheres The mode. permits calculating max decarburizatnon or carburization levels for the Fe-C and Fe-C-Me alloy powders in one. and two-pnase regions dependmg on the nafLre and concen- tratioF 01 the alioylng element. temp of tne process and atomic compositlon of the gas atmosphere Carbon equh orium concentratlons obiamed by calcu,ations correspond to the fixed carbon content in fme Surface layers of powder p a r l d e s w t h reduced oxnde ftlms under real cond.lions of annealing It is determined that SI Re. creases C equilibrium concentrations in I t . y and ( c t

regmn. promoting a deeper decarbarizatfon -AA A F Znornyan. and V E Olwer Poroshk Meral i , Nov 1981 ( 1 1 ) 88-96. [in R,s- sian]

82-2776 Eng ineer ing A s p e c t s of E l e c t r o d i a l y s i s f o r N i c k e l Plating Rinse Water. Tne m i t i n g current densi!y of electroata.ysis was depenoent on transport of Ni ions .n soIut1on and was a ILnctlon on the flow rail? ail0 degree of mixing obtamed in an exper mental apparatLs using r nse water w in 1 g of NI At h,gher concentrations of NI ion. me .imilinq CLrrent dens.ly was dependent on ine resistance 01 the ED membranes Cdrrenl elllclency depenos on tne transport processes that lake place w.tnm tne membranes AilnoLgh water transfer always accompanies ED of No wns. tne concentralion of hi n a iyplca p atlng bath can oe acntewed -AA V Markovac. and H C neller Piar Sur/ Finisn Jan 1982 69 ( 1 ) 84-87. I n En- glish]

82-2777 A Mathemat ica l M o d e l o f the Vacuum Ci rcu la t ion Degass ing of Metal.-I. A mathematical mooe, for analysls of tne dependence 01 the hydro- dynamic and mass-exchange processes In the l i f t hose and vacum chamber of the aegass~ng u n i l on me Processes and desqn Paramelers IS presented The Dasc CnaraCler6tlCs 01 wacuom circulation degass.ng can be nvesugateo in a wide range of design and process parameters using tne mooel -P S C

A V Banakin A A Ezhou Y u G Poagorchuk. a n a G F Yanodenko / z d V U Z Ch- ernaya Mefal l , 1981, (9) 33.37. [In Russoanl 0363-0797

82-2778 A N e w A p p r o a c h to S o m e Actua l Topics in E lec t rochemis t ry . I . -The T a f e l E q u a t i o n and t h e T e m p e r a t u r e Dependence of the Trans fer Coef f i c ien t . C l rbid p 23. 29 A theoretical model IS developed for the .nferpretatm 01 the translei coelf In the Tafel equatlon as a fractional mean charge transferred 10 tne electrode The temp aependence o f the transter coel l s 0er.ved in terms of a statistical lhermodynamlcal analysm of me electrode pro-

cess - A A R Roque. and R Pascual Re# Cenc Cienc FIS , 1980. t i . ( 1 2). 17-20. [in En qlisnl

82-2779 A N e w A p p r o a c h to Some Actua l T o p i c s in E lec t rochemis t ry . 11.-The M e t a l So lu t ion I n t e r f a c e in Equ i l ib r ium Conditions. Ct rbrd. p 17 29 A theorelical model whch has prev8OLsiy been considered in tne pnysica, in terprelat on of the Talei eqLa1,on IS now lurtner developed and applied to the study of e eclrocap.llary cJrves Tne mam feature is that partial charge transfer occurs d m n g Ihe adsorption of ons on the electrode surlace The derived eauation relat

-,).regions and extends

ing the interfacial tension to the electrode potential i s capable of describing quan- titatively experimental data reported in literature. A theoretical equation for the differential capacitance as a function of electrode potential is also derived and an. alysed.-AA. R Pascual. and R. Roque. Rev. Cenic Cienc. Fls.. 1980. 11. (1/2), 23-37. [in En- glish].

82-2780 P r o g r e s s in M a t e r i a l s S c i e n c e - C h a l m e r s A n n i v e r s a r y Volume. Contents include. M F ASHBY. "Fracture Mechanisms in Simple Ten- sion": K.T. AUST. '"Comments Concerning Structures and Some Properties of Grain Boundaries"; G.H. BISHOP, JR , R.J HARRISON, T. KWOK and S. YIP. "Simulation of Grain Boundaries at Elevated Temperature by Computer Molecular Dynamics"; H. GLEITER. "The Interaction of Point Defects, Dislocations and Two-Dimensional Defects With Grain Boundaries", U F. KOCKS, "Kinetics of Nonuniform Deforma- tion": J D. LIVINGSTON. "Microstructure and Coercivity of Permanent-Magnet Materials": D TURNBULL. "On Anomalous Prefactors From Analysis of Nucleation Rates", F WEINBERG. "The Mechanical Properties of Steel at High Tempera- tures" J W. Christian, P. Haasen. and T B Massalski. Pergamon Press, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW. England, 1981. Pp 332, 6Y4 x 9 y 4 in , Illustrated. $50 00. [in English]

82-2781 Meta l lu rg ica l Treat ises. Contents include: M.E WADSWORTH. "E- lectrochemical Reactions in Hydromelallurgy", H.Y SOHN, "Gas-Solid Reac- tions in Extractive Metallurgy". J F ELLIOTT, "Physical Chemistry of Liquid Melal Solutions", E T TURKDOGAN, "Slag-Metal Reaction Equilibria". J D. MILLER. "Solution Concentration and Purification". H H. KELLOGG, "Trends in Nonferrous Pyrometallurgy": N. JARRETT, W B FRANK and R. KELLER. "Advances in the Smelting of Aluminum": N JARRETT, "Advances in the Smelting o f Magnesium": W.W. MINKLER, "The Production of Titanium, Zirconium and Hafnium"; G.H GEI- GER, "Iron Blast Furnace"; J FEINMAN. "Direct-Reduction Technology", R.D. PE- HLKE. "Steelmaking Processes". H J KLEIN, B H. ROSOF. C.L JEANFILS and d H CHEN, "The Argon Oxygen Decarburization and Electroslag Remelting Pro- cesses", J.W PRIDGEON, F.N DARMARA, J s. HUNTINGTON and W.H SUTTON, "Principles and Practices of Vacuum Induction Melting and Vacuum Arc Remelt- ing". J SZEKELY, "The Mathematical and Physical Modeling of Metals Processing Operations", M C FLEMINGS, "Segregation and Structure in Rapidly Solidified Cast Metals ' , L A. DAVIS and R HASAGAWA, "Metallic Glasses: Formation, Structure and Properties", B.H. KEAR, J W. MAYER. J .M POATE and P R. STRUTT, "Surface Treatments Using Laser, Electron and Ion Beam Processing Methods", F V LENEL and G S ANSELL. "Powder Metallurgy": N.E. PATON and A K GHOSH. "Metalworking and Thermomechanical Processing". H. HU, "Recov- ery, Recrystallization and Grain Growth", E S MACHLIN, "Prediction of Alloy Phase Stability", D DE FONTAINE. "Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Phase Se- paration". M COHEN and C.M WAYMAN, "Fundamentals of Martensitic Reaction- s''. C LI. "State Variable Theories lor Nonelastic Deformation"; J C WILLIAMS and A W. THOMPSON. "Strengthening 01 Metals and Alloys". C. LAIRD, "Cyclic Defcrmatlon. Fatigue Crack Nucleation and Propagation in Metals and Alloys", R R JENSEN and J K TIEN, "Creep and High-Temperature Deformation of Simple Metals and Superalloys", R C BATES, "Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture". D.Y LEE and H L. MARCUS, "Grain Boundary Embrittlemenl in Steels", A W THOMPSON and I M BERNSTEIN. "Stress Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Em- britllement". F S PETTIT and G W GOWARD, High-Temperature Corrosion and Use of Coatings for Protection": D.A RIGNEY and P.C. SHEWMON. "Wear and Erosion of Metals". J.K. Tien, and J F. Elliott Beiiing, China, 13-22 Nov 1981. TMSIAIME. P 0. Box 430. 420 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale. Pa. 15086. 1981, P p 643, 8'/2 x 11 'I4 in , Illustrated. [in English).

82-2782 No. 13 B l a s t Furnace: First Re l ine a n d Initial Opera t ing Resul ts, U.S. Stee l Corp. Gary No. 13 is U.S. Steel's largest blast furnace. The results of the first campaign. improvements installed during the first reline and results of the first year's operation after reline are presented. Original construction of the furnace began in Sept 1971 and ended with the Mar. 18. 1974, blow-in for the first campaign. After producing 9 084 743 tons during a period of five years and four months. the furnace was blown down to the tuyeres for reline in 1979. Fig- ures are shown lor the furnace production rate by month for the campaign The average daily production for the furnace was 4655 tonslday The highest daily average was 6050 tons during May 1976 The best annual production rate occurred in 1975 when the furnace produced 1 883 194 tons. Figures are also given for the coke rate by month for the first campaign -AA J.T. Gregory, and G.K. Jefferson. lronmaking Proceedings. Vol 40 [Proc. Con/.], Toronto. Ontario. Canada, 29 Mar.-1 Apr. 1981. Ironmaking D iv , ISSIAIME. P.O. Box 41 1 , Warrendale. Pa. 15086. 1981, (Met.A., 8205-72-0191) 326-335, [in En- glish].

82-2783 Theory of the Loca l iza t ion of Macroscopic Deformation in Higher-Strength Const ruc t ion Steels. A detailed knowledge of ductile fracture requires an understanding 01 localization deformation, i e. the phenomenon that a homogeneous, or spatially only minor varying deformation field, assumes, at further forming, more or less suddenly a condition wherein the deformations are con- centrated within narrow zones The concept of Rice and Asaro for interpretation of localization indications as preliminary phases of fracture is explained and discussed with reference to published experimental data. 14 ref.-Y.G.K. B Pegel. and J. Richter. Neoe Hutte. Dec. 1981. 26, (12). 473-477. l in Germanl.

82-2784 Indigenous D e v e l o p m e n t of Niobium-Based Superconduct ing Mater ia ls. (Retroact ive Coverage). A program jointly launched by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay and Reactor Research Centre. Kalpakkam. to develop indigenously Nb-Ti alloys for superconducting magnets is described Results of short sample tests on specimens with different treatment are presented Future plans are outlined.-AA D.K. Bose. C.K. Gupta, T.S. Radhakrishnan, Y. Hariharan. and G. Venkataraman. Bull. Mater. Sci. Ondial. May 1979. 1. (11, 43-47. [in English].

82-2785 Non-Destruct ive Tes t ing of Gas Cyl inders. An automatic nondestructive test system for installation in a gas cylinder production plant i s described. Wall thickness as well as defects can be measured in open or closed ended cylinders immediately after production so that cylinders can be classified as acceptable, doubtful or recoverable t37cs is used as a radioactive source and

Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33, (1982) Abstr. 2786-2798 R 205

an ionisation chamber as detector. In 30 s data is obtained from which the mini- mum and maximum wall thickness can be computed and printed out. After comparison with preset data. the cylinder is sprayed-with fluorescent dye for classification. After the radiography, which is carried out with the cylinder still hot after the forging operation. the cylinder is cooled and tested ultrasonically in a screw mode past 2 test heads using water as the coupling medium. Testing takes 45-60 s depending on the cylinder length and, after testing. the cylinder is catego- rised into one of the three groups mentioned above. Cylinders lOOmm diameter x 305mm long up to 609mm diameter x 10.7 m long can be tested.-C.E.D.R. E. Fretwell. VDINachr.. 28 Aug. 1981. 35, (351, 20. [in German]. 0042-1758.

82-2786 Photometric Determination of Zirconium With Reagent BPAS in High-Alloy Steels. A fast selective method was developed to determine 0.1- 1% Zr in high-alloy steels using reagent 2-bromo-4.5-dioxyazobenzene-4'-sodium sulfate (BPAS). The reagent was previously used for determination of Al. Ga and indium. During dissolution of some metals, such as alloy KhN28MD. an insoluble residue containing Zr is obtained. The residue is dissolved in hot HCI and collected with the filtrate in a measuring graduate. The volume is made up with water. The acidity of obtained solution is 5 M. The Zr content is determined from a graduated graph. The method gave repeatable reliable results in determining 0.1-1% Zr in high-alloy steels. The relative error of determination P 3% relative.-A.R.S. N N Basargin. N K. Baskova. N.V Khakhlova. and Yu.G. Rozovskii. Zavod. Lab., Oct. 1981. ( lo ) , 14-15, [in Russian].

82-2787 Application of Cross Correlation Method in Computer Controlled X-Ray Stress Analysis. Conventional methods for the determination of peak positions in computer controlled X-ray stress analysis are discussed. It was recognized that only the relative peak shift as a function of Sin'+ is of interest. so that the cross correlation method, derived from correlation theory. IS another possible method for peak shift determination. To exclude errors from the diffracto- meter itself. a peak simulation program has been written by means of which a comparison between the cross correlation method and the centre of gravity method as well as a parabolic method could be accomplished. The advantages Of the cross correlation method are demonstrated. Measurements on ground 100Cr6 material confirm the results from the simulation. 20 ref -AA. H K Tonshoff, E. Brinksmeier, and H.H. Nolke. 2 Metalfkd.. May 1981. 72, (5). 349-354, [in German]. 0044-3093.

82-2788 Comparison of Dry and Wet Ashing Procedures for Cadmium and Iron Determination in Biological Material by Atomic-Absorption Spectrophotometry. A possible loss of Cd and Fe from the sample during dry ashing of the kidney, liver or carcase was examined by the radioactive isotope la- belling technique. "5mCd or 59Fe was administered to rats 4-7 days before the rats were killed and samples collected Dry ashing in different types of dishes and wet digestion with nitric acid were compared. There was no loss of Cd or Fe by vol- atilization during dry ashing at 600 or 450" respectively. but a Significant amount of Fe was bound on glass or porcelain crucibles. Storage ot ashed and dissolved samples (in 10% nitric acid) did not show any change of Cd or Fe concentration up to 9 days. 12 ref.-AA. M Blanusa. and D Breski. Tafanta. Sept. 1981, 28, (9), 681-684. [in English]. 0039-9 140.

Comprehensive papers covering several materials groups/Arbeiten uber mehrere Werkstoffgruppen

82-2789 Metallic Materials Expected for Future Automobile Engines. materials requirements for the development of energy conservation and environ- mentally clean piston engines and commercially feasible Stirling and hydrogen engines are discussed. One way of improving the current piston engines is the reduction of friction loss in the cylinders by using low viscosity oil. friction modifier additives and antiscuffing Mo coating of piston rings. Stirling engines need unique heat-resistant and other materials for the regenerator and lubrication-less air-tight cylinder The H engine described showed 20-30% higher output and efficiency than gasoline engines To make H-powered passenger cars practical, the problem of storage and transportation should be solved by high pressurization in high- strength, light-weight containers. or development of low-cost. durable and stable metal hydrides of Mg,Ni. Al and Li. or development of liquid H storage tanks with ._ 1% daily evaporation loss.-C.K S. S. Furuhama. Kinzoku. Nov. 1980, 50. (1 1). 65-71. [in Japanese].

82-2790 Characteristics of the Laser-Beam Treatment of Porous Materials. Samples of magnetic PM alloy YuNDK35T5 (porosity 0-30%). sintered Ni (porosity 0-60%) and bronze (porosity 0-30%) were irradiated with 2 ms. 8- 16 Jaser pulses It is found that the crater dia. and depth increase with porosity; the ejected mass is also found to be porosity dependent. Metallographic examina- tlon has shown that metal around the crater may include both a zone of cast metal and a heat affected zone -V.L

A.A. Uglov eta/. FIZ. Khm. Obrab. Mater.. 1981. (5), 17.21. [in Russian].

82-2791 Fatigue Behavior of Metallic Fiber-Reinforced Materials: a Study of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Silver. I.-Low-Cycle Fatigue. Low-cycle fatigue tests were performed on Ag matrix I steel fiber-reinforced composites (FRC) with unidirectionally aligned fibers of constant volume-fraction. V, = 0.35. The influence of various material parameters. i.e. the fiber and matrix strengths. the interfacial bond strength and the mean fiber dia.. was examined. Low-cycle fatigue hardening and softening of FRC's deviate from the behavior expected from the properties of the components. The differences are mainly based on a specific deformation or recrystallization structure of the composite matrix. The shapes of the stress-strain hysteresis loops are discussed quaiitatively and compared to the experimental results. The comparison of fatigue life for different material conditions shows that the design of low-cycle fatigue-resistant metallic fiber composites requires material criteria similar to those known to be responsible for high

ultimate tenslle strengths The criteria may be varied i f the composites are subjected to high-cycle fatigue loading. 22 ref.-AA G Rosenkranz. V. Gerold. 0. Stockel, and L. Tillmann J. Mater. So.. Jan. 1982, 17, (1). 264.276, [in English].

82-2792 Fatigue Behavior of Metallic Fiber-Reinforced Materials: a Study of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Silver. It.-Failure Mechanisms and High-Cycle Fatigue Life. Cf. preceding abstract. Fatigue damage and crack propagation modes in composites with unidirectionally aligned fibers may be affected by several variables such as fiber and matrix strength. fiberlmatrir interfa- cia1 bonding and possible fluctuations in the strength of the reinforcing fibers. The influence of the different parameters on the behavior of metallic fiber-reinforced materials was investigated up to 10' cycles in a model compound of steel-fiber- reinforced Ag. The fatigue tests were carried out at a frequency of 20 kHz using and ultrasonic equipment. Two fundamentally different failure mechanisms and several transitional modes were observed: failure by nucleation and propagation. usually of one matrix fatigue crack, with simultaneous failure of the reinforcing fibers; failure by gradual accumulation of matrix and interface fatigue damage, and fiber-inhibited propagation of the final fatigue crack. The occurrence of both mechanisms depends mainly on the development of the local stress conditions when a matrix fatigue crack is approaching a fiber. This is discussed in terms of a simple model Additionally. the effect of the failure mechanism on fatigue life and on the design of an appropriate failure criterion is considered. 15 ref.-AA G. Rosenkranz. V. Gerold, K. Kromp. 0. Stockel, and L Tillmann. J Mater. Sci., Jan. 1982. 17. (1). 277-289. [in English].

82-2793 Developments in the Domain of Material Technique for Components of Nuclear Plants. improvements of service performance of components by avoiding rehear cracking are discussed Reheat cracking may occur in plated or laminated steel and in weldments. The use of steel wiih low impurity content and high toughness and the use of large forged parts for critical reactor components to avoid welding are recommended Steels used in various components include 15MnNi63. 20MnMoNi55. 15Mo3 and 337-3 . 13 ref.-F.V. H. Ceriak. Berg Huttenmann. Monatsh. Nov 1981. 126, (11). 473-479. [in Ger- man].

82-2794 Rare Earths: Steady Growth for Diversified Markets Because of Their Unique Properties. Rare earths have been used in many fields such as electronics, glass, refining, nuclear and catalysis because of their unique properties. A brief account is given of rare earth elements (chemical and physical) and of rare earths as materials for electronics industries. Topics discussed are as fob lows: phosphorus (TV screen. X-ray intensifier, fluorescent bulb, laser). magnets (oxide magnets and permanent magnets such as SmCo5). others (bolides. opto- electronics elements. ceramic condensers and solid electrolytes). Many other rare earth compounds show promising properties in diversified applications and their potential should be explored in 1980's. 27 ref.-T T. J. Shiokawa. Kfnroku, Oct. 1980. 50, (10). 49-54. [in Japanese].

82-2795 Magnetic Materials: Search of the Sea and Space to Overcome Shortages of Resources. A comprehensive overview on magnetic materials focuses on future resources. Considerations of Clark numbers of elements show that the (Fe, Al. Cu) age will end and the (Fe. Al. Ti) age will begin. Po- litically it should be noted that important elements such as Pt. Cr. Mn and vanadium could be monopolized by the Rus- sian-Afghanistan-Ethiopia-Mozambique-Angola zone. New magnetic materials (permanent magnets. memory elements. soft magnets and superconductors) would be developed to adjust to social, political and resource changes. The Josephson element may play a vital role as a memory element. As land resources run out. new resources and alloys should be explored. Metals such as Ni. Mn and Co could be obtained from ocean Mn ore and new alloys may be developed in space under high vacuum and no gravity conditions.-T.T. H. Kaneko. Kinzoku. Oct. 1980, 50, (10). 72-79. [in Japanese].

82-2796 The Influence of Solute Additions of Tin. Lead and Titanium on the Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Liquid In-0 System. The influence of small additions of the solutes Sn. Pb and Ti on the diffusivity. solubility, activity and the activity coefficient of oxygen in liquid indium was studied in the range 750-950°C using solid-state electrochemical techniques. Sharp increases in the 0 diffusivity and decreases in the 0 solubility were observed in all cases when small amounts of these solutes were added to In. Modest increases in the 0 diffusivity were observed for higher solute concentrations. A solubility-diffusivity correlation was validated for all the In-solute-0 systems. The thermodynamics of liquid binaries of In-Sn and In-Pb were also studied for up to 10 at -% Of these solutes. There is evidence that the sharp increase in the 0 diffusivity and the decrease in the 0 solubility are due to cluster formation in the liquid metal at particular solute concentrations. which IS consistent with the solution of 0 as ions in liquid metals. 32 ref.-AA B Heshmatpour, and D.A. Stevenson. J. Less-Common Met., Oct. 1981. 81. (2). 329-340, [in English).

82-2797 The Nature of the Segregation of Iron Atoms and Vacancies in the Vicinity of Dislocations in Aluminum. The results of Mossbauer studies of solutions of Fe in Al crystals having various dislocation densities ( p = 10'-10'0 cm-2) are discussed. It is shown that the 'doublet' component of the Mossbauer spectrum and part of the 'singlet' component, the intensities of which are proportional to p . correspond to the spectrum of segregations of Fe atoms and vacancies close to the dislocations in the Al. Thermodynamic considerations show that such segregates along the dislocation lines may be characterized as a linear adsorbed phase or local short-range order corresponding to the structure of the inter- metallic compounds FeAI, and FeAI.. 17 ref. - AA.

Yu S Nechaav, and A.A. Zhukovitskii. Fiz. Met. Melalloved.. Feb. 1981. 51. (21, 326-332, [in Russian]. 0015-3230.

82-2798 Microstructural Strengthening in Cold Worked In Situ Cu/14.8 V0l.-% Fe Composites. Copper114 8 VOI -% Fe in situ fabricated composites have tensile strengths well above those predicted by the rule of mix- tures (ROM). This increased strength correlates well with liber spacing but not with prior composite deformation strain. Such microstructural scale strengthening also apparently explains data obtained previously on similar composites. This dependence of strength on scale serves to emphasize the hybrid nature of these fine

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Corrosion and material testing