Crowdfunding Im Filmbereich

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Migmobubthõobi &Gn|bi|bi' Pbkfin{kfb{ B}rnzbhbip' D÷tatàrhb a)à). `bt Ob{bgg{kfmep {pmhhbi' `m{ e÷t `nb

Fbt{pbggrio `b{ Engh{ bniob{bp|p wnt`) Bnobicmznpmg db`brpbp {ahnp inkfp mrpahmpn{kf Obg`' {ai`bti mrkf

obg`wbtpb Gbn{priobi)‗ &[path' 4:::< 26.> uog) _m{ngbw{cn' 4::>< ==4e)=: Bnobimipbng n{p imkf ¯;0 EEO ’@nb{bt db{kftbndp nh Caipbvp `bt Enghenimi|nbtrio `bi Pbng `b{

Enimi|nbtrio{zgmi{' `bt inkfp `rtkf Eõt`btobg`bt ob`bkcp wnt`' {ai`bti `rtkf Bnobicmznpmg `b{ Zta`r|bipbi

a`bt Etbh`hnppbg mi`btbt Hmtcppbngibfhbt' wnb |)D) Ubtgbnf a`bt mi`btb Ka(Zta`r|bipbi)‗ &[path' 4:::< 26.



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ==

nifmgpgnkfbi Uatgnbdbi ni{pnprpnaibggbt Niub{patbi) \wmt n{p bnib [rdubipnainbtrio

`bt Enghwntp{kfmep' wnb b{ mrkf ni mi`btbi Ctn{bi{bcpatbi `bt Emgg n{p' mr{

wntp{kfmepgnkfbt [nkfp miobhb{{bi' `biiakf eõt`btp `nb {pmtcb [rdubipnai{}rapb

`mhnp mrkf' `m{{ `brp{kfb Enghb ritbipmdbg ri` hmtcpebti ri` {ahnp mrkf

rimpptmcpnu e÷t ztnumpb Niub{patbi {ni`)== ’Bnib Enghwntp{kfmep' `nb uai

Engheõt`btrio{ni{pnprpnaibi mdfàiono n{p' zta`r|nbtp bubiprbgg |ribfhbi` Enghb'

`nb bni {agkfb{ [~{pbh iapwbi`no bt{kfbnibi gm{{bi)‗=4 \rhmg b{ {nkf dbn `bi

õeebipgnkfbi Eõt`btobg`bti rh db`niop t÷kc|mfgdmtb @mtgbfbi fmi`bgp ri` `bt

Zta`r|bip `nb{b{ Obg` irt `mii |rt÷kc|mfgbi hr{{' wbii `bt Engh

Mr{wbtprio{btgõ{b btwntp{kfmepbp) @m{{ `nb{ irt ni Mr{imfhbeàggbi obgniop' n{p

mggbi Dbpbngnopbi dbwr{{p' bdbi{a wnb `nb Pmp{mkfb' `m{{ ni @brp{kfgmi` bni

Miobdap(Imkfetmob(Hn{{ubtfàgpin{ uai Cniaenghbi fbtt{kfp) @m Ebti{bf{bi`bt

ri` õeebipgnkfb Engheõt`btbnitnkfpriobi' `bi otõÑpbi Mipbng `bt Enghenimi|nbtrio

mr{hmkfbi' wbt`bi `nb{b ni `bi eagobi`bi Md{kfinppbi bniobfbi`bt dbptmkfpbp)

4 ) = ) = E b t i { b f { b i ` b t ( D b p b n g n o r i o

Bgbhbipmtbt Pbng `bt `brp{kfbi Enghenimi|nbtrio {ni`' `rtkf nftb Mreptmo{( ri`

Cazta`rcpnaibi {awnb Gn|bi|obg`bt' `nb Ebti{bf{bi`bt) >:" `bt `brp{kfbi

Enghb bip{pbfbi nh Mreptmo uai PU([bi`bti) @nb{b btfmgpbi mggb

Mr{wbtprio{tbkfpb' `nb ÷dgnkfbtwbn{b wbgpwbnp' |bnpgnkf(tàrhgnkf ri` nifmgpgnkf'

ridbotbi|p {ni`) @bt Md{kfgr{{ {agkfbt Zta`rcpnai{ubtptàob dntop bni btfbdgnkfb{

Tn{nca' mrkf wm{ `bi Km{fegaw bnibt Zta`rcpnai dbptneep ri` {bp|p bni {agn`b{

tbkfpgnkfb{ Otri`wn{{bi |rh [kfrp| bnobibt Nipbtb{{bi ri` Tbkfpb uatmr{)=;

Rimdfàiono `muai' {ni` `nb Ubtomdbuagrhnim `bt Ebti{bf{bi`bt mi `nb

Enghwntp{kfmep wbgpwbnp t÷kcgàreno) @m{ fmp bnibt{bnp{ hnp `bh

\r{kfmrbt{kfwri`' obtm`b `bt lriobi \nbgotrzzb' mg{ mrkf hnp làftgnkf

{nicbi`bi _btdbdrkfriobi ri` `bh biath fafbi Hnppbgdb`mte `rtkf

mrewbi`nob d÷tactmpn{kfb Ubtemftbi |r pri) Mr{obtbkfibp dbn `bi õeebipgnkf(

tbkfpgnkfbi [bi`bmi{pmgpbi wbt`bi |rbt{p [bi`bzgàp|b e÷t @acrhbipmt( ri`

== uog) [path' 4:::< ==:=4 Boobt{' 4::2< =:>=; uog) Lmkad{fmobi' 4::6< >;ee)



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf =4

[znbgenghbi' {awnb `nb Ripbt{p÷p|rio uai Cniaenghzta`rcpnaibi' obc÷t|p) [a

tb`r|nbtpb dbn{znbg{wbn{b `bt Dm~btn{kfb Trièric 4::> {bnibi Cnia(

Cazta`rcpnai{bpmp rh 5 Hna) ₧ ri`' hnp Mr{imfhb `b{ [_T{' pmpbi b{ nfh

{àhpgnkfb Ebti{bfmi{pmgpbi ogbnkf)=0 Mdbt mrkf ztnumpb PU([bi`bt {pbfbi ripbt

ubthbftpbh @trkc) [a {pbfbi `nb _btdbobg`bnidrÑbi `bt TPG Otarz nh Lmft

4::> nh |wbn{pbggnobi Dbtbnkf cbii|bnkfibi` e÷t `nb Dtmikfb)=2

Bnib etbnb Enimi|nbtrio' afib [bi`btdbpbngnorio' dnbpbp |wmt `nb {kfbnidmt

otõÑpb Rimdfàionocbnp' lbàkf {bp|p {nkf `nb Enghzta`rcpnai ogbnkf|bnpno bnibh

iakf {pàtcbtbi @trkc `b{ \r{pmi`bcahhbi{ uai Gn|bi|ob{kfàepbi mr{ ri`

mrkf `m{ Mc}rntnbtbi uai Engheõt`bthnppbgi ri` Obg`bti mr{ Engheai`{ wnt`

`rtkfmr{ gmiownbtnobt' wnb {nkf ni `bi eagobi`bi Cmznpbgi |bnop)=5

4 ) = ) 4 Õ e e b i p g nk f b E n g h e õ t ` b t r i o

@brp{kfb Enghztalbcpb fmdbi `nb Hõognkfcbnp mre `tbn ubt{kfnb`bibi Bdbibi

Eõt`btobg`bt |r dbmiptmobi< dbn brtazàn{kfbi Eõt`btztaotmhhbi {awnb

Engheõt`btbnitnkfpriobi mre Gài`bt( ri` Dri`b{bdbib) Bnib Uaggenimi|nbtrio

wnt` uai cbnibt Eõt`btni{pnprpnai ÷dbtiahhbi) [a hr{{ `bt Enghbhmkfbt mr{

bnibh dtbnpbi [zbcptrh uai Eõt`btpõzebi' uai [paeebipwnkcgrio{eat`btrio dn{

Ubtgbnfeõt`btrio' hnp ripbt{kfnb`gnkfbi Tborgmtnbi ri` Etn{pbi `nb

Enghenimi|nbtrio |r{mhhbi{p÷kcbgi) @nb{b{ `b|biptmgn{nbtpb ri` `nkfpb

Eõt`bt{~{pbh hnp umtnnbtbi`bi ri` ribnifbnpgnkfbi [ptrcprtbi bthõognkfp

bnibt{bnp{ |wmt bnib Btfõfrio `bt Eõt`bthnppbg `rtkf `nb Cahdnimpnai

ubt{kfnb`bibt Ztaotmhhb' lbàkf {znbobgp `bt ’Eõt`bt`{kfriobg‗ mrkf `m{ mgg|r

d÷tactmpn{nbtpb Eõt`bt{~{pbh wnb`bt) @nb Eõt`bt|r{kfgàob bteagobi imkf bnibt

Mtp OnbÑcmiibiztni|nz< @bt ob{mhpb Eõt`btbpmp wnt` mre bnib Unbg|mfg uai

Ztalbcpbi ubt{ptbrp' rh `m{ Tn{nca |r hninhnbtbi) @m{ db`brpbp bnibt{bnp{' `m{{

|wmt bnib Hbiob mi Bhzeàiobti `bi Eõt`btbti wafgwaggbi` obobi÷dbt{pbfp'

mi`btbt{bnp{ mdbt' `m{{ `nb{b [ptmpbonb |r `bt dbtbnp{ btwàfipbi Zmt|bggnbtrio

`bt Zta`rcpnai{gmi`{kfmep ri` `bi `mtmr{ eagobi`bi Ztadgbhbi dbnptàop)

=0 uog) @akcfati' 4::>3 MO @AC( Mtdbnp{obhbni{kfmep @acrhbipmtengh b)U)' 4:=:m' 4:=:d ri` 4:=:k=2 uog) Hmipbg' 4::>=5 uog) Lmkad{fmobi' 4::6< =40e)



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf =;

@nb Enghenimi|nbtrio wnt` {a |r bnibh gmiownbtnobi' cahzgn|nbtpbi ri`

ibtubimretbndbi`bi Ubtemftbi ripbt `bh |rwbngbi `m{ omi|b Enghzmkcbp gbn`bp'

wbii dbn{znbg{wbn{b Ctbmpnub a`bt mi`btb Enimi|nbtrio{zmtpibt md{ztniobi' `bt

Engh{paee mi Mcprmgnpàp bnid÷Ñp a`bt `bt miptmo{pbggbi`b Zta`r|bip ni enimi|nbggb

Db`tàioin{ obtàp)=? Fàreno ubtrt{mkfp `nb Bte÷ggrio `bt Eõt`btdb`nioriobi {aomt

riiõpnobi Ca{pbi( ri` \bnpmrewmi`' wbng dbn{znbg{wbn{b `nb Zta`rcpnai ÷dbt

hbftbtb Dri`b{gài`bt ubtpbngp {pmppeni`bi hr{{ a`bt Pakfpbtenthbi ni mi`btbi

Dri`b{gài`bti obot÷i`bp wbt`bi h÷{{bi' rh `nb àtpnobi Eõt`bthnppbgi

mdotbnebi |r cõiibi) Mr{ {bgdnobi Uatpbngbi wbt`bi mre impnaimgbt ri`

nipbtimpnaimgbt Bdbib fàreno Cazta`rcpnaibi miob{ptbdp)=6 _nb {pbnino `bt _bo

|r Engheõt`bthnppbgi mrkf {bni hmo' {a {ni` ni @brp{kfgmi` Enghb `biiakf

`rtkf{kfinppgnkf |r 2:" uai Engheõt`btbnitnkfpriobi enimi|nbtp) @bt @trkc mre `nb

Eõt`btbnitnkfpriobi n{p otaÑ) \wmt ripbtgnbobi `nb õeebipgnkfbi

Engheõt`btfmr{fmgpb cbnibi C÷t|riobi' nh Obobipbng' b{ n{p {aomt bni Mi{pnbo `bt

Cniaenghzta`rcpnai{eõt`btrio ni `bi gbp|pbi 4: Lmftbi |r dbadmkfpbi)=> _bii

Enimi|nbtrio{ripbt{p÷p|riobi `rtkf PU([bi`bt a`bt _bgpubtptnbdb mr{dgbndbi'

dbcahhbi `nb Engheõt`btbnitnkfpriobi iakf hbft Db`brprio{|rwmkf{) @m{

db`brpbp wnb`btrh' `m{{ bnib wbnpbtb Mre{pakcrio `b{ Fmr{fmgp{ iõpno wàtb' rh

`bi Db`mte mre {bgdbh Inubmr |r {àppnobi ri` `nb Zta`rcpnunpàp `bt `brp{kfbi

Enghdtmikfb |r btfmgpbi) @nb{b Bipwnkcgriobi ripbt{p÷p|bi `bi Ptbi`' mrkf

õeebipgnkfb Engheõt`btriobi mre Dm{n{ wntp{kfmepgnkfbt Ctnpbtnbi |r ubtobdbi)

4 ) = ) ; _ n t p { k f m e p g n k f b u { ) c r g p r t b g g b E ng h e õ t ` b t r i o

[awafg `nb enghcrgprtbggbi mg{ mrkf `nb wntp{kfmepgnkfbi \nbg{bp|riobi `bt

Engheõt`bt{~{pbhb {ni` aephmg{ {kfwbt |r ubtbnidmtbi' ’`bii bnibt{bnp{ wbt`bi

Enghb mg{ Crgprtorp {rdubipnainbtp' mi`btbt{bnp{ mg{ Ni`r{ptnbzta`rcp

ubthmtcpbp)‗4: Ibdbi `bi Tbkfpebtpnoriobi e÷t {pmmpgnkfb{ Eõt`btbiomobhbip

`rtkf dng`rio{zagnpn{kfb \nbgb' wbt`bi mrkf |ribfhbi` õcaiahn{kfb

Dbot÷i`riobi hbft obwnkfpbp) @bt btwmtpbpb Irp|bi `bt Eõt`btrio wnt`

=? uog) [path' 4:::< 6;=6 uog) Kgbuî' 4:::< =:4=> uog) Km{pbi`~c' 4::6< =404: _m{ngbw{cn' 4::>< 446




dbn{znbg{wbn{b mi `bi za{npnubi bvpbtibi Beebcpbi ri` `bh hbtnpatn{kfbi

Kfmtmcpbt eb{pobhmkfp) Mrkf wnt` miobiahhbi' `m{{ {nkf `nb Imkfetmob hnp

`bh Miobdap bipwnkcbgp)4= @bt \wnb{zmgp |wn{kfbi wntp{kfmepgnkfbt ri` crgprtbggbt

Eõt`btrio e÷ftpb mre Dri`b{bdbib |r bnibt Fbtmr{dng`rio uai Eõt`bt{~{pbhbi

hnp ripbt{kfnb`gnkfbi [kfwbtzricpbi< @nb `brp{kfb Dri`b{tbonbtrio eacr{{nbtp

`rtkf `bi Dbmreptmopbi e÷t Crgprt ri` Hb`nbi &DCH. `bi crgprtbggbi M{zbcp dbn

ni `bt Eõt`btrio `b{ `brp{kfbi Engh{)44 @nb Ripbt{p÷p|rio c÷i{pgbtn{kfbt

Enghunbgemgp dbpaip' ibdbi enghwntp{kfmepgnkfbi Uat{àp|bi' mrkf `nb [pneprio

Crtmpatnrh Lriobt @brp{kfbt Engh) 4;Nh Obobi{mp| `m|r' n{p `bt @brp{kfb

Engheõt`bteai`{ &@EEE. {bnp 4::? bnib HmÑimfhb `b{ DCH' rh ob|nbgp bnib

wntp{kfmepgnkfb Eõt`btrio |rt Ubtdb{{btrio `bt Tmfhbidb`nioriobi ri` `bt

uagc{wntp{kfmepgnkfbi Mpptmcpnunpàp `b{ Enghzta`rcpnai{{pmiàtp{ @brp{kfgmi` |r

gbn{pbi)40 Mrkf dbn `bt Engheõt`btmi{pmgp &EEM. `b{ Dri`b{ {ni` ibdbi `bh \nbg

`nb crgprtbggb Mr{{ptmfgrio `b{ `brp{kfbi Engh{ nh Mr{gmi` |r ubtdb{{bti' uat

mggbh wntp{kfmepgnkfb Eõt`bt|nbgb |r btcbiibi)42

@bt crt|b ×dbtdgnkc ÷dbt `nb dri`b{wbnpbi Engheõt`btbnitnkfpriobi |bnop' `m{{

{nkf `nb enimi|{pàtc{pbi Engheõt`btbnitnkfpriobi &EEM< tri` ?5 Hna) ₧ ri` @EEE<

tri` 5: Hna) ₧.45 mre wntp{kfmepgnkfb Ubtomdbctnpbtnbi {zb|nmgn{nbtp fmdbi) @nb

Engheõt`btni{pnprpnaibi ubteagobi ibdbi `bi Tbipmdngnpàp{( ri` [pmiàtp{ptmpbonbi'

{pbp{ mrkf bni ]rmgnpàp{|nbg ri` dbpaibi' `m{{ bnib fafb Engh}rmgnpàp

Uattmr{{bp|rio e÷t wntp{kfmepgnkfbi Bteago {bn) Dbn `bt Mi{ptbdrio `b{ \nbg{

lbàkf wnt` `brpgnkf' `m{{' wàftbi` b{ e÷t _ntp{kfmepgnkfcbnp `brpgnkfbtb

Dbwbtprio{otri`gmobi ondp' `nb e÷t ]rmgnpàp' `nb gbp|pgnkf nhhbt mre `bt

[rdlbcpnunpàp `b{ Dbptmkfpbt{ dbtrfp' ebfgbi) [a bip{pbfbi `nb |mfgtbnkfbi

_n`bt{zt÷kfgnkfcbnpbi |wn{kfbi wntp{kfmepgnkfbi ri` Ctnpncbtbteago)4?

Dbn `bi Eõt`btbnitnkfpriobi mre Gài`btbdbib46 {pbfp db{ai`bt{ `bt

4= uog) Dbicbtp' =>>?< ?>44 uog) Dbmreptmopb `bt Dri`b{tbonbtrio e÷t Crgprt ri` Hb`nbi' 4::2< 04; uog) Crtmpatnrh lriobt `brp{kfbt Engh' 4::>< =e)40 uog) Dbmreptmopb `bt Dri`b{tbonbtrio e÷t Crgprt ri` Hb`nbi' 4::>< ;42 Engheõt`btrio{mi{pmgp' 4:=:45 uog) Engheõt`btrio{mi{pmgp< 4:=: ri` Dbmreptmopb `bt Dri`b{tbonbtrio e÷t Crgprt ri` Hb`nbi &DCH.' 4:=:< 44? uog) [path' 4:::< ?246 uog) Hb`nbi( ri` Enghob{bgg{kfmep Dm`bi(_÷tppbhdbto' EnghEbti{bfEai`{ Dm~bti' Hb`nbidamt` Dbtgni(

Dtmi`bidrto' Enghd÷ta Dtbhbi' Engheõt`btrio Fmhdrto [kfgb{wno(Fag{pbni' Enghd÷ta Fb{{bi' Fb{{n{kfb




Tbonaimgbeebcp nh Uat`btotri` ri` `nb Enghb {bgd{p wbt`bi bfbt mg{ crgprtbggb

Miobgbobifbnp dbptmkfpbp) @mhnp ’wnt` bnib _ntp{kfmepgnkfcbnp nh [niib bnibt

Ztaenpmdngnpàp `rtkf `bi Hmtcp nh Tmfhbi bnibt Ubtwbtprio{cbppb omt inkfp bt{p

miob{ptbdp a`bt btwmtpbp)‗4> @biiakf ubt{pàtcp {nkf mrkf fnbt `nb Pbi`bi| `bt

Engheõt`btriobi hm{{bizrdgncrh{pmrognkfb Zta`rcpnaibi |r eõt`bti rh {ahnp

bnib _ntp{kfmepgnkfcbnp ni `bt Ubtwbtprio |rhni`b{p mi|r{ptbdbi)

\wmt cahhbi irt bpwm 4: " `bt wbgpwbnpbi' làftgnkfbi [znbgenghzta`rcpnaibi

mr{ `bi R[M &uat mggbh mr{ `bi {bkf{ Hmlat( Engh{pr`na{;:.' `nb{b {znbgbi mdbt

inkfp irt ni @brp{kfgmi` ÷dbt 6: " mggbt Ubtgbnfrh{àp|b bni);= @nb{ n{p |wmt mr{

ripbtibfhbtn{kfbt [nkfp uatpbngfmep' `nb Cai{rhbipbizbt{zbcpnub eàggp fniobobi

bpwm{ zb{{nhn{pn{kfbt mr{) Ni `btbi [niib monbtp `nb Engheõt`btrio `bt

Brtazàn{kfbi Rinai' `nb `mtmre |nbgp `bi crgprtbggbi Bniegr{{ mhbtncmin{kfbt

Enghzta`rcpnaibi bni|r`àhhbi ri` `nb brtazàn{kfb Enghcrgprt |r {pàtcbi) @akf

mrkf `nb{b Eõt`btzagnpnc n{p hbn{p ’ni`r{ptnbzagnpn{kf obztàop ri` uai tbni

wntp{kfmepgnkfbh Nipbtb{{b)‗;4 Nh \biptrh `b{ HB@NM(Ztaotmhh{ `bt BR {pbfp

uat mggbh `nb Eõt`btrio `b{ Ubtgbnf{ ri` Ubtptnbd{ brtazàn{kfbt Enghb);; Ri`

mrkf `bt brtazàn{kfb Engheõt`bteai` BRTNHMOB[ |nbgp |wmt mi bt{pbt [pbggb mre

crgprtbggb Engheõt`bthmÑimfhbi' ubt{rkfp mdbt ogbnkf|bnpno `nb Enghni`r{ptnb

fni{nkfpgnkf nftbt cahhbt|nbggbi Nipbtb{{bi |r ripbt{p÷p|bi);0 @nb BR(

Eõt`btztaotmhhb fmdbi {nkf mrkf db{ai`bt{ `nb Eõt`btrio brtazàn{kfbt

Cazta`rcpnaibi |rh \nbg ob{bp|p) @mhnp `nb{b Enghb nh brtazàn{kfbi Mr{gmi`

cbnib Hn{{bteagob mreotri` `bt |r ripbt{kfnb`gnkfbi impnaimgbi Enghuatgnbdbi

wbt`bi' wnt` ubt{rkfp' mre `nb nifmgpgnkfb ri` à{pfbpn{kfb Mizm{{rio `bt Enghb

Engheõt`btrio' Engh( ri` Hb`nbid÷ta Inb`bt{mkf{bi' Iat`hb`nm( @nb Hb`nbiob{bgg{kfmep

Inb`bt{mkf{bi!Dtbhbi' Engh{pneprio Iat`tfbni(_b{pemgbi' Enghd÷ta Iat`tfbni(_b{pemgbi' Hnppbg`brp{kfb

Hb`nbieõt`btrio 'Enghd÷ta Hbkcgbidrto(Uatzahhbti' [pneprio Tfbnigmi`(Zemg| e÷t Crgprt' Enghubtdmi`

[mkf{bi' Crgprtbggb Engheõt`btrio `b{ Gmi`b{ [mkf{bi(Mifmgp `rtkf `nb Cri{p{pneprio `b{ Gmi`b{ [mkf{bi(

Mifmgp' Enghd÷ta [kfgb{wno(Fag{pbni' Crgprtbggb Engheõt`btrio [kfgb{wno(Fag{pbni' Crgprtbggb Engheõt`btrio

Pf÷tniobi4> Kgbuî' 4:::< >?;: Hmlat([pr`na{ &[pmi` @b|bhdbt 4:=:.< Rinubt{mg [pr`na{' Zmtmharip Znkprtb{' 4:pf Kbiprt~ Eav' _mtibt

Dta{) Znkprtb{' _mgp @n{ib~ Znkprtb{' Kagrhdnm Znkprtb{;= uog) Gmio! _nipbt' 4::2< =4>e);4 _m{ngwb{cn' 4::>< 42;;; HB@NM @b{c @brp{kfgmi` OhdF' 4:=:;0 uog) Brtnhmob{(Karikng ae Brtazb' 4:=:




mi mggb dbpbngnopbi Crgprtbi |r mkfpbi) Mi{pbggb `b{ Eõt`bt|nbg{ bnibt unbgeàgpnobi

brtazàn{kfbi Enghcrgprt cahhp b{ |r bnibt õcaiahn{kf db`niopbi Inubggnbtrio<

Caiprtbiga{bt ’Brtazr``nio‗ wnt` zta`r|nbtp);2

B{ `tàiop {nkf' hnp Dgnkc mre `nb bni|bgibi Eõt`btbnitnkfpriobi `bt Ubt`mkfp mre'

`m{{ `m{ \nbg `bt crgprtbggbi Engheõt`btriobi aep irt obimiip wnt`' wbng `nb

Eõt`bt{~{pbhb tbobghàÑno mre nftb Ubtbnidmtcbnp hnp `bi _bppdbwbtd{tbobgi `bt

BR ÷dbtzt÷ep wbt`bi) @bii wàftbi` `nb R[M nhhbt wnb`bt bni Ubtdap `bt

[rdubipnaibi nh mr`naun{rbggbi Dbtbnkf eat`btpb' wrt`b e÷t crgprtbggb _btcb bnib

Mr{imfhbtbobgrio &’bvkbzpnai krgprtbggb‗ Mtp) >4 BR(Ubtptmo u) ?)4)=>>4.

btwntcp);5

Dbn `bt Ubtomdb uai Eõt`btobg`bti' mdbt mrkf Ztbn{( ri` Eõt`btobg`bti nh

Tmfhbi uai Enghztbn{ubtgbnfriobi hr{{ dbt÷kc{nkfpno wbt`bi' wbgkfb

Ni{pnprpnaibi ri` Bnitnkfpriobi ni `bi Mr{{kf÷{{bi' Otbhnbi ri` ripbt `bi

Ob{bgg{kfmepbti ubtptbpbi {ni`) Uat mggbh Ebti{bf{bi`bt {ni` mi `bi tbonaimgbi

Engheõt`btbnitnkfpriobi mg{ Ob{bgg{kfmepbt dbpbngnop' `btbi Obg` dbn `bi

Eõt`btni{pnprpnaibi imp÷tgnkf wnggcahhbi n{p);? Mre `bt Cbft{bnpb db`brpbp `m{'

`m{{ Ebti{bf{bi`bt {kfai dbn `bt Ubtomdb uai Eõt`bthnppbgi Bniegr{{ `mtmre

fmdbi' wbgkfb Enghb `bi \r{kfgmo dbcahhbi ri` zta`r|nbtp wbt`bi) @bt

Trièric{pmmp{ubtptmo tbobgp ni `nb{bh [niib' `m{{ {nkf `nb õeebipgnkfbi

Ebti{bfmi{pmgpbi {a mi Engheõt`btriobi dbpbngnobi' rh nftb Ztaotmhhb ni

}rmgnpmpnubt ri` }rmipnpmpnubt _bn{b |r {nkfbti);6 @nb{b ’biob Ubt|mfirio

|wn{kfbi Engheõt`bthnppbgi ri` Ebti{bfpmrognkfcbnp wnt` uai unbgbi Zta`r|bipbi

dbcgmop' inkfp irt' wbng c÷i{pgbtn{kf bteat`btgnkfb @neebtbi|bi inubggnbtp wbt`bi'

{ai`bti mrkf' wbng `mhnp pnbe otbnebi`b wntp{kfmepgnkfb ri` tbkfpgnkfb BnidrÑbi

eb{pob{kftnbdbi {ni`)‗ ;>

@akf inkfp irt Engheõt`btbnitnkfpriobi ri` Ebti{bf{bi`bt ripbtgnbobi `nb{bh

Caiegncp |wn{kfbi wntp{kfmepgnkfbh ri` crgprtbggbh Nipbtb{{b) Mrkf `nb

Enghbhmkfbt {bgd{p dbeni`bi {nkf ni bnibh Obwn{{bi{caiegncp' wnb wbnp {nb e÷t

`bi \r{kfgmo bnibt Eõt`btrio obfbi' wnb {pmtc {nb bni @tbfdrkf a`bt bnibi

;2 uog) [path' 4:::< 62;5 uog) _m{ngbw{cn' 4::>< 4;:ee) ri` [path' 4:::< >4;? uog) Tbfhb(Gmrbt Sbp mg)X' 4:=: ri` EnghEbti{bfEai`{ Dm~bti OhdF' 4:=:;6 uog) Tbfhb(Gmrbt Sbp mg)X' 4:=:;> Kgbuî' 4:::< >2 ri` uog) `m|r< [pmhzebt< =?=



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf =?

Fbt{pbggrio{zgmi mi `nb obgpbi`bi Eõt`bt{ptrcprtbi ri` (db`nioriobi mizm{{bi'

rh `bi Eõt`bt{ptmpbonbi Tbkfirio |r ptmobi) Rimdfàiono uai `bi

hmtcpwntp{kfmepgnkfbi M{zbcpbi dbn `bt [paee(' [kfmr{znbgbt( ri` Obitbmr{wmfg'

wbt`bi `nb Enghztalbcpb {a fàreno mre `nb Uatgnbdbi ri` `m{ crgprtbggb

Ubt{pàiìn{ `bt Eõt`btotbhnbi mdob{pnhhp' {a obimiipb Otbhnbienghb)0: @m{

Orp Engh ripbtgnbop `bi Hmtcpob{bp|bi ri` hnp hõognkf{p obtniobh Mrewmi` cmii

`bt Enghbhmkfbt ubt{rkfbi otõÑphõognkfbi Obwnii |r btwntp{kfmepbi ri` `m{

Md{mp|tn{nca |r hninhnbtbi) Eagobi {ni` bnib [pmi`mt`n{nbtrio `bt [paeemr{wmfg'

otaÑbt Hmtcbpniomrewmi` `rtkf mreeàggnob _btdbhmÑimfhbi ri` `m{

Biomobhbip uai Engh{pmt{) Ni `bi lbwbngnobi Engheõt`btni{pnprpnaibi bip{kfbn`bi

Eõt`btotbhnbi a`bt Nipbi`mipbi `mii' wbgkfb Enghb bnibi \r{ztrkf mre

Eõt`btrio btfmgpbi) Rh bni Enghztalbcp {kfibgg{phõognkf ri` tbndrio{ga{bt |r

tbmgn{nbtbi' n{p `bt _bo `bt Mizm{{rio {nkfbtgnkf bniemkfbt' ad bt lbàkf `bi

c÷i{pgbtn{kfbi ri` enghn{kfbi Mi{zt÷kfbi gbp|pgnkf mrkf `b{ Zrdgncrh{ obtbkfp

wnt`' n{p bnib mi`btb Etmob)

4)4 Nipbtibp ri` Ob{bgg{kfmep

@nb Bipwnkcgrio `b{ _bd 4): ri` `b{{bi Ztni|nznbi `bt Ubtibp|rio ri`

Zmtpn|nzmpnai {znbgbi bnib bip{kfbn`bi`b Taggb e÷t `m{ Mrecahhbi `b{

Ktawèri`nio{) @bt Dbotnee _bd 4): wbn{p mre bnibi Ubt{nai{{ztrio `bt

Nipbtibp{aepwmtb fni) Bt db{kftbndp bni ubtài`btpb{ Irp|rio{ubtfmgpbi' `m{ {nkf

|r hbft untprbggbt Cahhrincmpnai ri` Nipbtmcpnai wbnpbtbipwnkcbgp' {awnb ibrb

pbkfin{kfb Hõognkfcbnpbi r)m) hnp {bft unbg fõfbtbi Dmi`dtbnpbi' wbgkfb `nb

Nipbtibpirp|rio ri` `mhnp `nb Hõognkfcbnp' {bgd{p |rh Md{bi`bt uai Dap{kfmepbi

ni mggbi Hb`nbieathbi |r wbt`bi' ubtbniemkfbi) \mfgbi mr{ mcprbggbi [pmpn{pncbi

dbgbobi `nb{< ?:" `bt Btwmkf{bibi ÷dbt =0 Lmftbi ni @brp{kfgmi` irp|bi `m{

Nipbtibp' hnp {pbnobi`bt Pbi`bi|)0= Nhhbt hbft Fmr{fmgpb {ni` mre fafbh

Inubmr pbkfin{kf mr{ob{pmppbp ri` ÷dbt @[G(Ubtdni`riobi mre `m{ Nipbtibp |r)04

Bdbi{a inhhp `nb Ubtdtbnprio uai hadngbi Biòbtàpbi' wnb [hmtpzfaib{ ri`

0: uog) [path' 4:::< 620= uog) MT@!\@E( Aignib{pr`nb' 4:=:m04 uog) [adk|mc! OtaÑ' 4:=:< 4?




Gmzpaz{' nhhbt wbnpbt |r' wm{ bnib zbthmibipb ri` atp{rimdfàionob Irp|rio

`b{ Nipbtibp{ bthõognkfp) @mhnp wbt`bi Zta`rcpnai ri` Ubtpbngrio uai Nifmgpbi

ubtbniemkfp ri` `nb Miobdapb `b{ _bd 4): hnp {bnibh tb|nznbtbi`bi ri`

zta`r|nbtbi`bi Kfmtmcpbt ubt{pàtcp wmftobiahhbi)0; Cai{b}rbi| `bt

ubtbniemkfpbi Zmtpn|nzmpnai n{p `nb {kfibgg {pbnobi`b Mc|bzpmi| ri` `nb

Mizm{{rio uai Cahhrincmpnai{( ri` Hbnirio{dng`rio{ubtfmgpbi ni `bt

Dbuõgcbtrio' dbn{znbgfmep |bnop `nb{ `nb biathb Etb}rbipnbtrio uai

[aknmgibpwatc( Zgmppeathbi wnb Emkbdaac ri` R{bt Obibtmpb` Kaipbip([bnpbi

wnb _ncnzb`nm a`bt ârPrdb ) @nb Etbn|bnpdb{kfàepnoriobi `bt l÷iobtbi _bd(

meenibi Obibtmpnai' mrkf ’@nonpmg Impnub{‗ obimiip' cai|biptnbtbi {nkf

|ribfhbi` mre Aignib( Mcpnunpàpbi)00 _àftbi` `nb Dbtbnp{kfmep mcpnu Nifmgpb |r

obibtnbtbi mggbt`nio{ {pmoinbtp d|w) t÷kcgàreno n{p' {pbnop `nb Dbgnbdpfbnp `bt

Irp|rio ztnumpbt Kahhrinpnb{ wbnpbt)02 @nb{ db{pàpnop' `m{{ `nb Fbhh{kfwbggb

`bt Irp|bt inb`tnobt n{p' {admg` bni {a|nmgbt ri` bhapnaimgbt Hbftwbtp fbtuatobfp

ri` `nb Gbdbi{}rmgnpàp ni `bt Nieathmpnai{ob{bgg{kfmep ob{pbnobtp wnt`)05

E÷t `nb Bipwnkcgrio `b{ Ktawèri`nio(Ha`bgg{ n{p `nb Hõognkfcbnp mre `nonpmgbh

_bo Obg` {mhhbgi |r cõiibi bip{kfbn`bi` ri` irt `rtkf `nb

Biphmpbtnmgn{nbtrio `b{ Obg`b{ hõognkf) Bt{p {a wrt`bi Aignib(

Ptmi{mcpnai{zta|b{{b beebcpnu ri` uai `bt dtbnpbi Dbuõgcbtrio miobiahhbi)

Pmp{àkfgnkf {pbnobi `nb Irp|bt|mfgbi uai Aignibdmicnio' Zm~Zmg bpk) uai Lmft |r

Lmft)0? Bnifbtobfbi` `mhnp {pbnop mrkf `bt Rh{mp| nh B(Kahhbtkb ri` `nb

Bpmdgnbtrio uai Hnktazm~hbip{' `)f) `nb \mfgrio uai [rhhbi' `nb ripbtfmgd `bt

[kfwbggb gnbobi' wa nipbi{nu ÷dbt `nb Mr{omdb imkfob`mkfp ri` Azpnaibi

mdobwaobi wbt`bi) Ni @brp{kfgmi` lbàkf {ni` ni unbgbi Eàggbi `nb

Ptmi{mcpnai{obd÷ftbi e÷t Cgbnidbptàob (iakf( riubtfàgpin{hàÑno fakf' {a `m{{

`nb Mpptmcpnunpàp `bt Irp|rio e÷t Obdbt ri` Bhzeàiobt `mtripbt gbn`bp) Ni `bi

R[M dbn{znbg{wbn{b {ni` Zm~Zmg ri` mi`btb Ptmi{mcpnai{{btunkb &|)D)

zm~hbip{)mhm|ai)kah' PtnmgZm~)kah . ÷dgnkfb \mfgrio{hbpfa`bi ri` `nb

Cai`npnaibi wbnpmr{ o÷i{pnobt mg{ ni @brp{kfgmi`) @atp wbt`bi Miobdapb wnb

0; uog) MT@!\@E( Aignib{pr`nb' 4:=:d ri` OtàÑbt! Zafg{kfhn`p' 4::?< =400 uog) Zmgetb~!Om{{bt' 4::602 uog) Dr{bhmii!O{kfbn`gb' 4:=:05 uog) OtàÑbt!Zafg{kfhn`p' 4::?< =5e 0? uog) Dõppkfbt Sbp mg)X' 4:=:



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf =>

Ktawèri`nio mrkf mr{ `nb{bh Otri` {kfai gàiobt mg{ ni @brp{kfgmi`

wmftobiahhbi)06 Mrkf `bt Mrewmi` |rt Irp|rio `bt Ptmi{mcpnai{miobdapb'

wnb `nb Bnitnkfprio bnib{ Caipa{' `nb Tbon{ptnbtrio ri` `nb Ubtnen|nbtrio' n{p bnib

F÷t`b e÷t zapbipnbggb Ripbt{p÷p|bt ri` ’Nhzrg{÷dbtwbn{riobi‗) ‗Unbgb

[ptmÑbihr{ncbt dbn{znbg{wbn{b cõiibi uai nftbi [aio{ {aomt gbdbi' nh Ibp|

mdbt n{p b{ rh bninob{ {kfwnbtnobt' lbhmi`bh Obg` |r obdbi)‗0> @nb{b

Uatdbfmgpb `bt Dbuõgcbtrio fni{nkfpgnkf `bt @rtkfe÷ftdmtcbnp ri` `b{ Mrewmi`{

ubt{rkfp hmi md|rdmrbi) Hnp eatp{kftbnpbi`bi pbkfin{kfbi Hõognkfcbnpbi

wbt`bi `nb Ptmi{mcpnai{hõognkfcbnpbi ubtdb{{btp' ubtbniemkfp ri` {nkfbtbt

obhmkfp) Nh `brp{kfbi Tmrh wbt`bi {a ibrb Db|mfg{~{pbhb' wnb EnàtZm~

a`bt [aeatp÷dbtwbn{rio)`b 2:' bniobe÷ftp' wbgkfb `nb Bni{pnbo{{kfwbggb |rt

Dbpbngnorio mi Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnaibi ubttniobti {aggbi) @bin{ Dmtpbgp'

Hnpot÷i`bt uai [pmtpibvp ' dbhàiobgp |r Tbkfp `nb unbgbi Ni{bggõ{riobi |rt

Aignib( Db|mfgrio' ’`nb `mhnp `nb ×dbtwbn{rio uai Cgbni{pdbptàobi e÷t `nb

Cai{rhbipbi ri÷dbt{nkfpgnkf hmkfbi)‘2=

Ptap| `bt iakf inkfp mr{obtbnepbi Aignib(\mfgrio{hbpfa`bi' obfp mrkf nh

`brp{kf{ztmkfnobi Tmrh `bt Ptbi` fni |r Aignib([zbi`bi) Pmp{àkfgnkf wbt`bi

`nb fõkf{pbi [zbi`bi aignib obibtnbtp)24 @nb Ot÷i`b fnbte÷t gnbobi |rh bnibi

`mtni' `m{{ `m{ Nipbtibp uatwnbobi` uai lriobi Hbi{kfbi &74> Lmftbi. obirp|p

wnt`) @btbi [zbi`bidbtbnp{kfmep e÷t caictbpb' ni`nun`rbggb Ztalbcpb n{p db{ai`bt{

{pmtc mr{obztàop ri` `btbi Rhomio hnp lbognkfbi _bd(Miwbi`riobi' mrkf

enimi|nbggbt Mtp' {bgd{pubt{pài`gnkf n{p)2; \rh mi`btbi dnbpbp `m{ Nipbtibp

|mfgtbnkfb Ubtogbnkf{hõognkfcbnpbi ri` bnib otaÑb Mr{wmfg mi lbwbng{

zm{{bi`bi Ztalbcpbi' |r `bibi `bt [zbi`bt bni wb{bipgnkf {kfibggbtb{ ri`

rhemiotbnkfbtb{ Ebb`dmkc btfàgp ri` nh db{pbi Emgg `bi Bni{mp| `b{ Obg`b{

mcpnu ubteagobi cmii)

06 [mwmgg' 4::>0> Cgazz' 4:=:2: Dbn`b{ {ni` @nbi{pb `bt Enàt Dmic MO< EnàtZm~ n{p bni b(Obg`(Caipa ri` {aeatp÷dbtwbn{rio)`b n{p bni P×U(

obzt÷epb{ @ntbcp÷dbtwbn{rio{{~{pbh ni Caazbtmpnai hnp `bt Zm~hbip Ibpwatc MO2= zt( ompbwm~' 4:=:24 uog) @brp{kfbt Eri`tmn{nio Ubtdmi` b)U' 4:=:m2; uog) @brp{kfbt Eri`tmn{nio Ubtdmi` b)U' 4:=:d



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf 4:

@nb pbkfin{kfbi Bttriobi{kfmepbi `b{ Nipbtibp{ ubtài`bti mg{a {àhpgnkfb

Dbtbnkfb `bt Ob{bgg{kfmep ri` ubtgmobti unbgb Zta|b{{b ni `nb untprbggb _bgp) @m{

_bd ubtbniemkfp {a mrkf `bi ogadmgbi Mr{pmr{kf uai Irp|bti {awnb Nifmgpbi

ri` ripbt{p÷p|p `nb @~imhnc `bt Ogadmgn{nbtrio) Inkfp irt `m{ Irp|rio{ubtfmgpbi

wmi`bgp {nkf `m`rtkf' `nb ogadmgb Ubtibp|rio ri` `nb `mhnp bnifbtobfbi`b

Nipbtimpnaimgn{nbtrio uai Ripbtibfhbi wntcp {nkf ’|rh otaÑbi Pbng mrkf mre `nb

Nifmgpb' `nb Fbt{pbggrio ri` `bi Fmi`bg uai Ztaotmhhbi ni `bt Enghdtmikfb

mr{)‗20 Ibdbi `bt zf~{n{kfbi bteagop mg{a mrkf bnib cahhrincmpnub

@bpbttnpatnmgn{nbtrio' `nb Otbi|bi |wn{kfbi Crgprtbi ri` Atpbi wbt`bi

mreobwbnkfp ri` e÷ftbi |r bnibh ogadmgbi crgprtbggbi _mi`bg' `bt {nkf mrkf mre

`nb _mftibfhrio uai Engh mr{wntcp) Enghb {ni` [~{pbhb mr{ |mfgtbnkfbi Ka`b{

wnb [ztmkfb' Crgprt' un{rbggbi ri` mr`npnubi Ka`b{) @nb Miogbnkfrio uai

Crgprtbi ri` bni {pbnobi`b{ nipbtimpnaimgb{ Ubt{pàiìn{ uai Ka`b{ ptmobi `m|r

dbn' `m{{ {nkf `bt Enghhmtcp ubtotõÑbtp) @nb `nubt{bi Ka`b{ wntcbi inkfp hbft

|wmio{gàreno `neebtbi|nbtbi` ri` `nb \roàiob |r Enghtb|bzpnai ri` (zta`rcpnai

wbt`bi' wnb mrkf pmp{àkfgnkfb @n{pmi|bi inubggnbtp) [a eni`bi mrkf

In{kfbizta`rcpb inkfp irt nft Zrdgncrh' {ai`bti mrkf Enimi|nbt{ wbgpwbnp ri`

btwbnpbti `mhnp nftb \nbgotrzzbi' omi| nh [niib `bt Pfbatnb `b{ ’Pfb Gaio Pmng‗

uai Mi`bt{ai)22 B{ `mte lbàkf inkfp ubtimkfgà{{nop wbt`bi' `m{{ `nb

Nipbtimpnaimgn{nbtrio uai Enghzta`rcpnaibi mrkf bnib wbnpbtb Cahhbt|nmgn{nbtrio

hnp {nkf dtniop' `m bnib hõognkf{p dtbnpb Ubtwbtpdmtcbnp miob{ptbdp wnt`) @nb{

bt{kfwbtp `m{ Db{pbfbi uai impnaimg( ri` tbonaimg({zb|nen{kfbi

Ztaotmhhnifmgpbi' ubtogbnkfdmt hnp `bh Ztadgbh `b{ ’Brtazr``nio‗ &uog) Cmznpbg

4)=); _ntp{kfmepgnkfb u{) crgprtbggb Engheõt`btrio .)

\r{mhhbiem{{bi` gà{{p {nkf eb{p{pbggbi' `m{{ `nb Bipwnkcgrio uai Ktawèri`nio

uai mgg `bi Pbi`bi|bi ni `bt Ubtài`btrio `b{ Nipbtibp{ ri` `b{{bi Bniegr{{ mre

`nb Ob{bgg{kfmep ztaenpnbtp)

20 _m{ngbw{cn' 4::>< ===22 uog) Mi`bt{ai' 4::?



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf 4=

;) Ktawèri`nio

@nb `mtob{pbggpbi pbkfin{kfbi' engheõt`btn{kfbi ri` ob{bgg{kfmepgnkfbi

Pbi`bi|bi {pbggbi mg{a `nb Otri`gmob' mre `bt {nkf Ktawèri`nio |r {bnibt

`bt|bnpnobi Zazrgmtnpàp bipwnkcbgi caiipb) \mfgtbnkfb Hb`nbi otbnebi `bi Dbotnee

mre ri` `m{ Nipbtb{{b mi `bh {kfbnidmt ibrbi Enimi|nbtrio{paag n{p {awafg

{bnpbi{ `bt Irp|bti' Ninpnmpatbi ri` Atomin{mpatbi' `bt Õeebipgnkfcbnp mg{ mrkf `bt

Enghdtmikfb fakf) @bt Nieathmpnai{{pmi`( rh wm{ b{ {nkf dbn Ktawèri`nio

fmi`bgp' wnb ri` wmtrh b{ bniob{bp|p wnt`( n{p `mdbn iakf tbgmpnu inb`tno) Iàfbtp

hmi {nkf `bh Pfbhm uai dbotneegnkfbt [bnpb mi' fmi`bgp b{ {nkf dbnKtawèri`nio bt{p bnihmg rh bnib _atp{kfõzerio' `nb {nkf mr{ Ktaw` &biog) e÷t

Hm{{b. ri` Eri`nio &biog) e÷t Hnppbgdb{kfmeerio. |r{mhhbi{bp|p< Bnib Hm{{b

mi Hbi{kfbi db{kfmeep Obg`hnppbg) @nb _atpmre{kfg÷{{bgrio mggbni otbnep mdbt |r

crt|) Rh Ktawèri`nio ni {bnibt Cahzgbvnpàp |r ubt{pbfbi' n{p b{ fngetbnkf `m{

\r{mhhbi{znbg `bt uai Ktaw`' Ztalbcpninpnmpatbi ri` Ztalbcpbi |r

`rtkfgbrkfpbi) @nb{b{ Cmznpbg wnt` {nkf `bh Pfbhm bt{p uai `beninpatn{kfbt ri`

bipwnkcgrio{ob{kfnkfpgnkfbt [bnpb wn`hbi ri` `mii `nb bni|bgibi Db{pmi`pbngb

ri` `btbi _bkf{bgwntcriobi obimrbt ripbt{rkfbi)

;)= @beninpnai

@nb Db{kftbndrio' rh wm{ b{ {nkf dbn Ktawèri`nio fmi`bgp' gà{{p {nkf ztni|nznbgg

crt| |r{mhhbiem{{bi ri` {a db{kftàicbi {nkf unbgb @beninpnaibi mre `bi

otõÑpbi obhbni{mhbi Ibiibt< Dbnh Ktawèri`nio fmi`bgp b{ {nkf rh bnib

Enimi|nbtrio{eath' dbn `bt Bni|bgib {nkf obhbni{mh e÷t bnib' {nkf( ni( Zgmirio(dbeni`bi`b Mcpnai hnp Etbh`cmznpmg' ubt{atobi)25 Fàreno wnt` b{ ni

\r{mhhbifmio a`bt omt mg{ Ripbteath uai Ktaw`{artknio obimiip)

Ktaw`{artknio db{kftbndp' ubtbniemkfp `mtob{pbggp' `bi ctbmpnubi Dbnptmo bnibt

&miai~hbi. Hm{{b mi `bt Bipwnkcgrio uai Zta`rcpbi a`bt `bt Gõ{rio uai

Ztadgbhbi ÷dbt `m{ Nipbtibp) Dbn`bi Zta|b{{bi n{p obhbni{mh' `m{{ `nb Ktaw`

aignib Nizrp gnbebtp' {bn b{ ni ctbmpnubt a`bt enimi|nbggbt Eath) @bt Ripbt{kfnb` n{p'

`m{{ Ktawèri`nio inkfp ni bt{pbt Gninb uai `bh _n{{bi' `bt Ctbmpnunpàp a`bt `bt

25 uog) Tabpfgbt' 4:=:3 _bnÑ' 4:=:3 Gnppobt' 4:=:3 Orhzbghmnbt' 4:=: ri` Fmggbi{gbdbi' 4:=:




Rtpbng{ctmep `bt Irp|bt mdfàiop< ’np hbtbg~ pmz{ pfbnt {zmtb àggmt{' zari`{ mi`

zb{a{)‗2? B{ fmi`bgp {nkf rh bnibi etbnwnggnobi enimi|nbggbi Dbnptmo' `biiakf n{p

Ktawèri`nio `brpgnkf uah Db|mfg{~{pbh [aknmg Zm~hbip26 |r ripbt{kfbn`bi'

wa e÷t `nb Cai{rhnbtrio uai dbtbnp{ zta`r|nbtpbi Nifmgpbi etbnwnggnob

Obg`mdomdbi obhmkfp wbt`bi) Bni wnkfpnobt M{zbcp `bt @beninpnai uai

Ktawèri`nio n{p `bhimkf' `m{{ `nb obgbn{pbpbi \mfgriobi mg{ Uatmr{|mfgriobi

e÷t Ztalbcpb ni `bt Bip{pbfrio{zfm{b `nbibi) @bt Ninpnmpat {pbggp {bni obzgmipb{

a`bt {nkf(ni(Mtdbnp(dbeni`bi`b{ Enghztalbcp ri` `m{ ebfgbi`b Zta`rcpnai{cmznpmg

aignib uat) Nipbtb{{nbtpb Irp|bt gbn{pbi bnibi enimi|nbggbi Dbnptmo' rh `m{

miob{ptbdpb Dròbp `b{ Ztalbcpninpmpat{ |r bttbnkfbi) Rh hõognkf{p unbgb

zapbipnbggb Obgòbdbt mi |r {ztbkfbi' {ni` bvzgn|np mrkf cgbnib Dbptàob

btw÷i{kfp) @rtkf Obobigbn{priobi dnbpbi `nb Ztalbcpninpnmpatbi bnibi Mitbn| |rh

Obgòbdbt |r wbt`bi a`bt `nb [rhhb |r btfõfbi) @nb{b {ni` ni`nun`rbgg mi `nb

Fõfb `bt obobdbibi [rhhb obdri`bi) Dbn{znbgb e÷t {agkfb Obobigbn{priobi

{ni` `bt Btfmgp uai @U@{' Db{rkfb mh Engh{bp' a`bt Imhbi{ibiiriobi nh

Md{zmii) @bh Bniemgg{tbnkfprh `bt Ninpnmpatbi {ni` `mdbn cbnib Otbi|bi ob{bp|p)

Ni Fni{nkfp mre `nb Obobigbn{priobi ondp b{ lbàkf ripbt{kfnb`gnkfb Mi{nkfpbi<

_àftbi` `nb bnibi uai bnibt Obobigbn{prio {ztbkfbi' `nb ’{pbp{ bnibi

haibpmtn{nbtdmtbi _btp fmp‗2> ri` `bt mgptrn{pn{kfb _btp irt mg{ hõognkfbt \r{mp|

ob{bfbi wnt`' obfbi mi`btb `muai mr{' `m{{ `nb bhapnaimgb Dbpbngnorio mh

Ztalbcp nh Hnppbgzricp {pbfp) Obg`wbtpb Obobigbn{priobi ericpnainbtbi fnbt irt

{~hdagn{kf ri` inkfp mg{ bt{pbt Mitbn| |rt Dbpbngnorio)5:

@akf rimdfàiono uai `bt lbwbngnobi @beninpnai uai Obobigbn{priobi dbnh

Ktawèri`nio' dgbndp lb`bt [nkfpwbn{b obhbni{mh' `m{{ `nb{b Obobigbn{priobi

uai nhhbi{bt Db`brprio {ni`) Nh Gmreb `bt Mtdbnp wnt` lbàkf iakf dbptmkfpbp'

wnb {pmtc `nb Hapnumpnai' {nkf mi bnibh Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp |r dbpbngnobi' mre

bhapnaimgbi _btpbi dbtrfp ri` niwnbebti `bt Obg`wbtp `bt Obobigbn{prio a`bt

bnib Obwniidbpbngnoriobi `bi uat`btot÷i`nobi Mitbn| obdbi &uog) Cmznpbg ;);););

Hapnumpnai `bt Ktaw` .)

2? Fawb' 4::6< 40?26 Dbcmiipb Dbn{znbgb e÷t [aknmg Zm~hbip [btunkb{ {ni` egmppt)kah ri` cmkfniogb)kah2> [nvp' 4:=:5: uog) Ctb{{ibt' 4:=:m



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf 4;

;)4 Fn{patnb

Dn{fbtnob Gõ{riobi rh enimi|nbggb Hnppbg e÷t `nb Fbt{pbggrio bnib{ Engh{mre|rptbndbi {ni` |bnpmrewbi`no' pbng{ {bft d÷tactmpn{kf a`bt {kfwbt |roàiognkf'

wnb {kfai mh Miemio `bt Mtdbnp db{kftnbdbi wrt`b) Obtm`b cgbnibtb Ztalbcpb

afib bnib &otaÑb. Zta`rcpnai{enthm nh Fnipbtotri`' {pbfbi uat bnibt {kfwnbtnobi

Fbtmr{eat`btrio' `bi wbino{pbi Enghc÷i{pgbt fmdbi `m{ Ciaw(faw' `nb \bnp

a`bt `m{ Obg` {nkf ztaeb{{naibgg rh `nb Enimi|hnppbgdb{kfmeerio |r c÷hhbti)

Crt|< @nb Enimi|nbtrio n{p aephmg{ bnib F÷t`b' `nb {a hmikfb{ mhdnpnainbtpb{

Enghztalbcp inkfp ÷dbtwni`bp) Ktawèri`nio wnt` iri fàreno mg{ bnib Hõognkfcbnp

db{kfwatbi' `nb b{ bthõognkfp `nb Enimi|hnppbgdb{kfmeerio |r btgbnkfpbti' `nb

Bibtonbi wnb`bt |rt÷kc ni `nb c÷i{pgbtn{kfb Mtdbnp |r gbnpbi ri` bnib

Cai|biptmpnai `mtmre |r ripbt{p÷p|bi) Nhhbt wnb`bt wnt` Ktawèri`nio `mfbt mg{

ibrmtpnob{ Zfàiahbi db|bnkfibp ri` nfh omt tbuagrpnaiàtb Ctàepb

|rob{kftnbdbi) @akf dgnkcp hmi fnipbt `bi ibr bniobe÷ftpbi Dbotnee `b{

Ktawèri`nio{' bt{kfbnip `m{ `mfnipbt {pbkcbi`b Ztni|nz inkfp uõggno ridbcmiip)

Dn{ mre `nb Mdwnkcgrio ÷dbt `m{ Nipbtibp ri` `nb `m`rtkf ibrbi Hõognkfcbnpbi

`bt @rtkfe÷ftrio gm{{bi {nkf ubtogbnkfdmtb Ha`bggb ni `bt Ubtomiobifbnp niibt(ri` mrÑbtfmgd `bt Enghni`r{ptnb eni`bi)

Ebtimd `bt Enghni`r{ptnb ri` `b{ Nipbtibp{ fmp `m{ Ztni|nz fnipbt Ktawèri`nio

bnib gmiob Ptm`npnai ni unbgbi Dbtbnkfbi `bt Ob{bgg{kfmep) [kfai uat `bh Bni{mp|

`b{ Nipbtibp dap `nb{b ’@micb{kfõi(Õcaiahnb‗ bnib Kfmikb hnp enimi|nbggbt Fngeb

unbgbt Ripbt{p÷p|bt bni Ztalbcp |r {pbhhbi) Uat mggbh ni `bi R[M n{p `nb{b Mtp

uai Enimi|nbtrio ni Kfmtnp~ ri` Zagnpnc wbnp ubtdtbnpbp)5= Mdbt mrkf ni

@brp{kfgmi` pmrkfpbi ni `bt Ob{kfnkfpb nhhbt wnb`bt Dbwboriobi mre' ’`nb

ubt{rkfp fmdbi' ÷dbt `bi \r{mhhbi{kfgr{{ uai Hbi{kfbi \nbgb |r bttbnkfbi'

wnb `nb omi|b Obia{{bi{kfmep{dbwborio‗54) [a {ni` obhbni{kfmep{(enimi|nbtpb

Ztalbcpb wnb dbn{znbg{wbn{b mrkf `nb pm| (Obia{{bi{kfmep Uatgàrebt `b{ fbrpnobi

Ktawèri`nio{)5;

Nh wbnpb{pbi [nii ondp b{ Ktawèri`nio mrkf nh Enghdbtbnkf {kfai {bnp `bi

Mieàiobi `bt Enghni`r{ptnb< Ni`bh Gbrpb nft Obg` `bi Dmicbi obdbi ri` `nb{b

5= uog) Fawb' 4::6< 42;54 Hb~bt!_mppno' 4:=:5; uog) Obggbidbkc' a)L)




`mhnp Enghb enimi|nbtbi' dm{nbtp dbn{znbg{wbn{b {aomt Fagg~waa` ni`ntbcp mre

bnibh Ktawèri`nio([~{pbh' {a Zbpbt _nipainkc' Enghbhmkfbt mr{ Cmim`m)50

Àfignkf ubtfàgp b{ {nkf mrkf hnp `bt {pmmpgnkfbi Engheõt`btrio' `nb mr{

[pbrbtobg`bti obiàftp wnt` a`bt `bi Enghdbpbngnoriobi uai Ebti{bfmi{pmgpbi'

`nb {nkf |rh Pbng mr{ Trièricobd÷ftbi enimi|nbtbi) @akf ni `bh _atp ’ni`ntbcp‗

gnbop `bt otaÑb Ripbt{kfnb`< @nb Zbt{aibi' `nb `bh [pmmp a`bt bnibt Dmic Obg`

obdbi' fmdbi cbnib rihnppbgdmtb Caiptaggb ÷dbt `bi Bni{mp| `bt Hnppbg' wàftbi`

`nb{ dbn Ktawèri`nio afib Hnppbg{hmii hõognkf n{p)

Mrkf `m{ ’Cmrebi‗ bnib{ Ktb`np{ nh Enghmd{zmii n{p inkfp ibr< ’bvbkrpnub

zta`rkbt n{ {ahbpnhb{ r{b` m{ m kartpb{~ ktb`np eat mi bvbkrpnub ae m kahzmi~

enimiknio m engh)‗52 @nb{b {~hdagn{kfb Bipgafirio e÷t bnib Enimi|nbtrio{fngeb n{p

`bh Ztni|nz `b{ Ktawèri`nio {bft àfignkf)

@nb Emcpatbi Ktaw`' Rihnppbgdmtcbnp ri` Nipbtibp mg{ Ob{kfbfbi{atp e÷obi

lbàkf db{pbfbi`bi ri` àfignkfbi Enimi|nbtrio{ha`bggbi ibrb M{zbcpb fni|r

ri` hmkfbi Ktawèri`nio `rtkfmr{ |r bnibh ibrmtpnobi Zfàiahbi) Ni `nb{bt

Eath wrt`b Ktawèri`nio bt{phmg{ 4::0 uai `bi etmi|õ{n{kfbi Zta`r|bipbi

Ornggmrhb Kagdak mi` Dbilmhni Zahhbtmr` mg{ Enghenimi|nbtrio{paag

bniob{bp|p) Nft Engh @bhmni gm Ubnggb n{p hnp 2:)::: mr{ Aignib([zbi`bi `m{

bt{pb bteagotbnkfb Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp)55 @bt Dbotnee {bgd{p wrt`b mdbt bt{p

4::5 uai Hnkfmbg [rggnumi nh Ztalbcpdgao {bnib{ Un`ba(Ktawèri`nio(

Bvzbtnhbip{ eri`mugao)kah 5? obztàop)56 [a n{p Ktawèri`nio' uat mggbh nh

Enghdbtbnkf' bni `bicdmt lriob{ Zfàiahbi) @m {nkf `nb Mr{omio{gmobi e÷t `nb

&_bnpbt(. Bipwnkcgrio uai Ktawèri`nio bt{p ni `bi gbp|pbi Lmftbi azpnhnbtpbi'

dbeni`bp {nkf `m{ ’ha`btib‗ Ktawèri`nio iakf ni bnibh {bft et÷fbi ri`

pbngwbn{b hbtcgnkf ri{ptrcprtnbtpbi [pm`nrh' `m{ {nkfbtgnkf ubtdb{{btdmt n{p)

Hmtah!Gmwpai' {bfbi `mtni bnibi Uatpbng< ’Ne m {~{pbh n{ aubtg~ {ptrkprtb`' np{

ubt~ {ptrkprtb ztbubip{ np etah dbnio ubt~ niiaumpnub)‗5> [nb {znbgbi `mhnp mre `m{

50 uog) Gmumrv Sbp mg)X' 4:=:52 Kgbub' 4:::< 0055 uog) Hb`nm _mub' 4:=: ri` NH@d' 4::55? Eri`mugao)kah n{p |rh \bnpzricp =:!4:=: dbtbnp{ inkfp hbft aignib)56 uog) Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< 555> Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< ?=




Ztni|nz `b{ ’bòb ae kfma{‗?: mi' `m{ db{mop' `m{{ mi `bi àrÑbt{pbi Otbi|bi

|wn{kfbi Atìrio ri` Kfma{ bni Hmvnhrh mi Zta`rcpnunpàp ri` Cahzgbvnpàp

db{pbfp) Ktawèri`nio fmp mg{a ni {bnibt Aeebifbnp `m{ Zapbipnmg `nb{bi

[znbgtmrh azpnhmg mr{|rirp|bi< ’Pa mkfnbub pfb azpnhrh' aib hr{p zr{f tnofp

rz pa pfb bòb' mi` d~ pfb wm~' pfmpʷ{ wm~ db~ai` wfbtb dno katzatpmpnai{

obibtmgg~ gnub pa`m~)‗?= @bi ’[znbgtmrh‗ |r cbiibi' n{p `mdbn uatpbngfmep)

;); Ubtdni`rio uai Ktaw`' Ninpnmpat ri` Ztalbcp

Rh `nb Cahzgbvnpàp uai Ktawèri`nio |r ubt{pbfbi' n{p b{ uai Uatpbng `nb

dbpbngnopbi Zmtpbnbi iàfbt |r dbptmkfpbi) @nb {kfbhmpn{kfb @mt{pbggrio `b{

Ktawèri`nio(Ha`bgg{ |bnop wnb `nb ubt{kfnb`bibi ’Cahzaibipbi‗ dbn bnibh

Ktawèri`nio([|bimtna hnpbnimi`bt monbtbi<

Mddng`rio 4< Ktawèri`nio(Ha`bgg

?: @bt Zf~{ncbt L) @a~ib Emthbt n{p bnibt `bt Znainbtb `nb{bt Kfma{pfbatnb) Bnib Bnie÷ftrio dnbpbp `m{ Drkf<

_mg`taz' H)H)' =>>4) Kahzgbvnp~< Pfb Bhbtonio [knbikb mp pfb Bòb ae At`bt mi` Kfma{ =) Mreg)' [nhai %

[kfr{pbt)?= Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< ?=




@nb N`bbiobdbt {ni` `m{ Enghpbmh' |)D) Enghbhmkfbt ri` Zta`r|bipbi' `bibi

`m{ iõpnob Cmznpmg |rt uagg{pài`nobi Rh{bp|rio ebfgp) @m{ Enghpbmh n{p e÷t `nb

caictbpb Tbmgn{nbtrio `bt Enghzta`rcpnai ubtmipwatpgnkf) Fnbt wnt` dbtbnp{

`brpgnkf' `m{{ bnib dbpbngnopb Zmtpbn hbftbtb Taggbi nh Ha`bgg ÷dbtibfhbi cmii

ri` b{ mrkf |r ×dbt{kfibn`riobi cahhbi cmii) @bt Ktawèri`nio(Ninpnmpat'

`bt hbn{p mrkf Pbng `b{ Enghpbmh{ n{p' {pbggp `nb Ubtdni`rio |rt Ktaw` fbt) @nb{b

{pbggp `nb Obg`hnppbg |rt Ubte÷orio) \rt Ztà{bipmpnai `b{ Ztalbcp{' Ubtibp|rio

ri` Cahhrincmpnai `nbibi `nb Hõognkfcbnpbi `b{ _bd 4):) ri` mg{ Ubthnppgbt

`nbibi Zgmppeathbi d|w) {zb|nen{kfb Ztalbcp{bnpbi' `nb ripbt mcpnubt Dbpbngnorio

`bt Ninpnmpatbi Ob{pmgp miibfhbi) @nb Ktaw` irp|p `nb{b' afib mh caictbpbi

Mredmr dbpbngnop |r {bni) @bt Mr{pmr{kf uai Gbn{prio ri` Obobigbn{prio bteagop

wbkf{bg{bnpno< @m{ Obg` wnt` uai `bt Ktaw` ÷dbt `nb Zgmppeath!Ztalbcp{bnpb ni

\r{mhhbimtdbnp hnp Aignibptmi{mcpnai{`nbi{pbi ubthnppbgp' `nb hmpbtnbggbi

Obobigbn{priobi bteagobi ni `bt Tbobg mg{ tbbggb a`bt `nonpmgb ’O÷pbt‗) _nb

Mddng`rio 4< Ktawèri`nio(Ha`bgg ubt`brpgnkfp' n{p `nb Ktaw` {ahnp bgbhbipmtbt

Db{pmi`pbng `b{ Dr{nib{{(Ha`bgg{) _àftbi` Ibribt![mi`fr lbàkf iakf

eb{p{pbggbi' `m{{ N`bbi ebfgbi' wnb zmtpn|nzmpnub Eathbi bnibt ibrmtpnobi `nonpmgbi

Hb`nbicrgprt zta`rcpnu obirp|p wbt`bi cõiibi' dnbpbp Ktawèri`nio fnbe÷t bnibi

_bo< Bvpbtib Obhbni{kfmepbi wbt`bi ubtibp|p ri` ubt{pàtcp @nmgaob uai [bnpbi

`bt Cri`bi mrkf bniobeat`btp) @nb Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi ri` ‛[bnpbi ptbpbi

fnbt mrkf mg{ ’Hb`nmpatbi‗ mre)?4 Nh wbnpbtbi Ubtgmre `nb{b{ Cmznpbg{ wnt` mre `nb

bni|bgibi Taggbi ri` Zta|b{{b iàfbt bniobomiobi' rh `bi Mdgmre `b{ Eri`nio{

&_bt {mhhbgp wnb ri` wmtrh Obg`1. ri` `nb Taggb `bt Ktaw` &_bt ondp wmtrh

Obg`1. db{{bt |r ubt{pbfbi)

; ) ; )= A t o m i n {m p na i r i ` C a h h r i n c m pn a i u a iN i n p n m p a t b i r i ` K t a w `@nb Cahhrincmpnai |wn{kfbi Obgòbdbt ri` (ibfhbt wnt` ÷dbt `m{ _bd 4):

tbmgn{nbtp' bipwb`bt hnppbg{ bnibt ztalbcp{zb|nen{kfbi _bd{npb' dbn wbgkfbt `bt

Ninpnmpat `nb Mcpnai ni`nun`rbgg atomin{nbtbi cmii' a`bt hnppbg{ bnibt Ktawèri`nio(

Zgmppeath' `nb uai @tnppbi dbptnbdbi wnt` ri` bnib {pmi`mt`n{nbtpb Fngeb{pbggrio

?4 uog) Ibribt![mi`fr' 4::2< 44?



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf 4?

dnbpbp) [pbrbttbkfpgnkfb Etmobi ri` M{zbcpb dbn Ninpnmpatbi ri` Ripbt{p÷p|bti

fàiobi lbwbng{ uai `btbi Tbkfp{eath &imp÷tgnkfb' lrtn{pn{kfb Zbt{ai bpk). md ri`

wbt`bi nh Tmfhbi `nb{bt Mtdbnp inkfp wbnpbt dbt÷kc{nkfpnop)?; Nh eagobi`bi

Md{kfinpp wbt`bi dbn`b Hõognkfcbnpbi hnp Fngeb uai Emggdbn{znbgbi iàfbt

ripbt{rkfp)

;)=)=)= Zgmppeathbi

@m{ Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi bni Ptbi` {ni`' |bnop {kfai `nb Pmp{mkfb' `m{{

mggbni ni @brp{kfgmi` nh Lmft 4:=: unbt Zgmppeathbi' `nb e÷t Enghztalbcpb irp|dmt

{ni`' obot÷i`bp wrt`bi< h~{fbtzm{)kah &Mror{p 4:=:.' [pmtpibvp)`b &Acpadbt

4:=:.' zgnio)`b &Iaubhdbt 4:=:. ri` Nicrdmpa)`b &Acpadbt 4:=:.) Bnib _bnpbtb

wnt` hnp un{naidmcbt~)`b Miemio 4:== aignib obfbi)?0 _àftbi` `nb Zgmppeathbi ni

@brp{kfgmi` mg{a iakf ni `bi Cni`bt{kfrfbi {pbkcbi' |bnobi dbwàftpb [bnpbi

wnb cnkc{pmtpbt)kah &{bnp 4::>. ri` Ni`nbOaOa)kah &{bnp 4::6. mr{ `bi R[M' ni

wbgkfb Tnkfprio `nb Bipwnkcgrio obfbi cõiipb) Dbn`b _bd{bnpbi {ni` ni `bi

gbp|pbi |wõge Haimpbi rh 0::" obwmkf{bi' wadbn Cnkc{pmtpbt Ni`nbOaOa iakfhmg{ rh `m{ {nbdbiemkfb mi haimpgnkfbi \rotneebi ÷dbtptneep)?2 Gm{{bi {nkf

e÷t `nb `brp{kf{ztmkfnobi Ktawèri`nio([bnpbi iakf cbnib mr{{mobctàepnobi

@mpbi bthnppbgi' {a |bnobi `nb _btpb uai Cnkc{pmtpbt ' `m{{ àtp bni Enghztalbcp

`rtkf{kfinppgnkf 5';>; {mhhbgp) @nb Zgmppeath fmp |r`bh dn{fbt ÷dbt =:::

bteagotbnkf dbbi`bpb Enghztalbcpb ri` cimzzb ;:)::: Emkbdaac (Etbri`b &uog)

Pmdbggb =.) Hnp `nb{bt {pmtcbi _mftibfhrio {awafg uai [bnpbi `bt Ninpnmpatbi mg{

mrkf `bt Ktaw`' gnbop Cnkc{pmtpbt uat ubtogbnkfdmtbi Zgmppeathbi) @nb \mfgbi

|bnobi' `m{{ {nkf hnp `bt {pbnobi`bi Etb}rbipnbtrio bnibt Zgmppeath mrkf `nb

`rtkf{kfinppgnkfb \nbg{rhhb btfõfp) @nb{b Pbi`bi| `bt Cai|biptmpnai uai

Ktaw`{ ri` Obg` mre wbinob otaÑb Zgmppeathbi' wnt` `rtkf `bi \rgmre uai

_btdbzmtpibti mre bdbi `nb{b [bnpbi ubt{pàtcp)?5

?; Fniwbn{b fnbt|r eni`bi {nkf ripbt mi`btbh ni< Dtrfi!Hbfgniobt'=>>6< ==;(=46?0 [pmi`< @b|bhdbt 4:=:?2 uog) Hbià|m' 4:=:?5 uog) Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< >6




@nb Zgmppeathbi |nbfbi Ninpnmpatbi ri` Obgòbdbt `rtkf bnib ptmi{zmtbipb ri`

cahzgbvb Nietm{ptrcprt mi< [nb dbptbndbi e÷t `nb Zgmppeath ri` `mhnp mggb Ztalbcpb

nipbi{nub _btdrio ri` Õeebipgnkfcbnp{mtdbnp) [nb {nkfbti {nkf `me÷t fàreno `m{

Tbkfp Ztalbcphmpbtnmg `me÷t |r ubtwbi`bi ri` mtdbnpbi pbngwbn{b ni Zmtpibt{kfmep

hnp mi`btbi Hb`nbi &uog) Pmdbggb =.) @b{ _bnpbtbi dnbpbi {nb `nb [aepwmtb' rh

bnib m`à}rmpb Ztà{bipmpnai ri` bnibi {nkfbtbi Mdgmre |r obwàftgbn{pbi ri`

ripbt{p÷p|bi mrkf `nb Nipbotmpnai ri` Cahdnimpnai `bt Ztalbcpb hnp mi`btbi _bd

4):‛[btunkb{ wnb Emkbdaac' Pwnppbt' Unhba ri` ârprdb ) Ktawèri`nio(

Zgmppeathbi dnbpbi mdbt inkfp irt `bi Ninpnmpatbi bnib cahzgbppb Nietm{ptrcprt mi'

{nb ripbt{p÷p|bi mrkf `nb wnggnobi Eõt`btbt bni obbnoibpb{ Ztalbcp |r eni`bi) @nb{

bip{ztnkfp `bt Nieathmpnai{{ptmpbonb `b{ _bd 4):' ni nftbt mre{rkfbi`bi

db|nbfrio{wbn{b mdwbftbi`bi @nhbi{nai) @nb R{bt h÷{{bi ÷dbt `nb

_nkfpnocbnp `bt nh ×dbtegr{{ |robgnbebtpbi Nieathmpnaibi ri` Miobdapb

bip{kfbn`bi' wm{ bni fafb{ HmÑ mi Nieathmpnai{cahzbpbi| ubtgmiop)?? Mr{

`nb{bh Otri` {ni` Engpbtericpnaibi uai otaÑbt _nkfpnocbnp e÷t `nb Irp|bt ri`

wbt`bi mrkf ni \rcriep iakf hbft mi Db`brprio obwniibi) @bii lb hbft `nb

Zazrgmtnpàp `b{ Ktawèri`nio{ miwàkf{p ri` lb hbft Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpb |rt

Mr{wmfg {pbfbi' `b{pa iõpnobt {ni` Zgmppeathbi' `nb obobi Ri`rtkf{nkfpnocbnp

uatobfbi d|w) uat{bgbcpnbtbi ri` {ahnp `nb Obgòbdbt hnp lbwbng{ zm{{bi`bi

Ztalbcpbi ubt{atobi)?6 _bii b{ bni ×dbtmiobdap mi Nifmgpbi ondp' dtmrkfp b{

Ni{ptrhbipb wnb Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi `nb Miobdap ri` Imkfetmob' Nifmgp

ri` Irp|bt' Engh ri` Obgòbdbt' |r{mhhbidtniobi' àfignkf bnibh @mpnio(

[btunkb) [a ÷dbtibfhbi Zgmppeathbi bnib Mootbompatbiericpnai) Mr{ `nb{bt

Zbt{zbcpnub {ni` hrgpn`n{|nzgniàtb Zgmppeathbi' `nb ibdbi Engh mrkf |mfgtbnkfb

mi`btb Cmpboatnbi dnbpbi' {niiuagg) [a gm{{bi {nkf `nb Nipbtb{{bi uai

Ripbt{p÷p|bti ztalbcp÷dbtotbnebi` ubtdni`bi) _bt dbn{znbg{wbn{b bni [agmtztalbcp

ni Romi`m ripbt{p÷p|p' `bt eni`bp hõognkfbtwbn{b mrkf bni @acrhbipmtenghztalbcp

÷dbt tbobibtmpnub Bibtonbi tbmgn{nbtrio{wbtp) Nh Obobi{mp| |r

ztalbcp{zb|nen{kfbi Ktawèri`nio(_bd{bnpbi ubte÷obi Zgmppeathbi ÷dbt `bi

’bvpbtibi Ibp|wbtcbeebcp‗?>< Hnpobdtmkfpb Emi{ `b{ bnibi Ztalbcpb{ dbobn{pbti

?? uog) OtàÑbt!Zafg{kfhn`p) 4::?< =2?6 uog) @ngc!Gnppobt' 4:=:?> uog) Ctb{{ibt' P)' 4:=:`



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf 4>

{nkf hõognkfbtwbn{b mrkf e÷t mi`btb Ztalbcpb ri` ubtci÷zebi {nkf {bhmipn{kf

hnpbnimi`bt) [ahnp bip{pbfbi [~ibtonbbeebcpb) @nb{b wbt`bi mrkf `rtkf ob|nbgpb

Ztb{{bmtdbnp `bt Zgmppeathbi ubt{pàtcp< _nt` hnp bnibh ’Gbrkfpprthztalbcp‗ `nb

Zgmppeath dbwatdbi' {a ztaenpnbtbi gbp|pgnkf mggb Ztalbcpb uai `bt wmkf{bi`bi

Mrehbtc{mhcbnp &uog) Cmznpbg ;)0)2 Otbi|bi `bt Tb{{artkb Ktaw` ri` `b{

Enimi|nbtrio{inubmr{ .)

Ptm`npnaibgg ÷dbtibfhbi `bt Zta`r|bip' `nb Engheõt`btrio' `bt Ubtptnbd bpk) `nb

Taggb `b{ Uatmdengpbt{' ni`bh {nb bip{kfbn`bi' wbgkfbt Engh zta`r|nbtp' obeõt`btp

ri` ubtptnbdbi wnt`) Ktawèri`nio ÷dbtondp iri `nb{b Engpbtericpnai mi `nb

Ktaw`) @biiakf {kfmgpbi {nkf unbgb `bt Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi iakf uat `bt

Ktaw` mg{ tbgmpnu aeebib Uatmdengpbt `m|wn{kfbi) [a n{p b{ aep inkfp hõognkf {aeatp

bni Ztalbcp mre `nb Zgmppeath |r {pbggbi' {ai`bti bnib Mtp Dbwbtdrio wnt`

bteat`btp) @nb Zgmppeathdbptbndbt zt÷ebi bniobtbnkfpb Ztalbcpuat{pbggriobi'

Cai|bzpb ri` @mpbimiomdbi' ad {nb hnp `bi Tnkfpgninbi' MOD{ ri` `bh

obeat`btpbi HmÑ mi Ctbmpnunpàp `bt lbwbngnobi Zgmppeath ÷dbtbni{pnhhbi &uog)

Pmdbggb =.) Bt{p imkf bteagotbnkfbt tb`mcpnaibggbt Zt÷erio wnt` `bt Ztalbcpznpkf

etbnobobdbi) Mihbg`bca{pbi wbt`bi `mdbn dbn cbnibt Zgmppeath eàggno ri` `nb

Mieat`btriobi {ni` hbn{p {bft aeebi' {agmiob bni fafb{ HmÑ mi Ctbmpnunpàp

uatgnbop ri` cbnib ob{bp|gnkfbi Tbobgi ubtgbp|p wbt`bi) Bnib db{ai`btb Mtp `bt

Uatmr{wmfg bteagop dbn [pmtpibvp < Lb`b{ Ztalbcp hr{{ uatmd hni`b{pbi{ =::

Ripbt{p÷p|bt niibtfmgd bnib{ Haimp{ uatwbn{bi' `nb `m{ Ztalbcp {~hdagn{kf hnp =

₧ ripbt{p÷p|bi) Fnbt bip{kfbn`bi mg{a inkfp `nb Zgmppeathdbptbndbt ÷dbt `nb

Bnoirio `b{ Ztalbcp{' {ai`bti `nb Ktaw`) _m{ `bh Cai|bzp uai Ktawèri`nio

ni fafbh HmÑb obtbkfp wnt`) Hmikfb Zgmppeathbi wnb Ni`nbOaOa dbptbndbi

cbnibtgbn Uatmd{bgbcpnai ri` `bt Ninpnmpat cmii `m{ Ztalbcp imkf Mihbg`rio

rhobfbi` etbn{kfmgpbi &uog) Pmdbggb =.) @bt Ni`nbOaOa (Hnpdbot÷i`bt [gmum

Trdni fàgp `nb{b ribniob{kftàicpb Aeebifbnp e÷t bgbhbipmt< ’[ahb apfbt zgm~bt{

arp pfbtb `bkn`b wfbpfbt at iap ~art ztalbkp `b{btub{ pa db ai pfbtb mi` wb pfnic

pfmp eri`mhbipmgg~ oab{ momni{p pfb tbm{ai pfb nipbtibp wm{ ktbmpb` mi` faw pa

db{p r{b mi nipbtibp zgmpeath) [ptmpbonkmgg~' S)))X N warg` kahzmtb pfmp pa bDm~ mi`

pfa{b {mhb zbazgb warg` {m~ pfmp bDm~ ibb`b` ompbcbbzbt{ mi` N warg` mtorb

pfmp pfb wfagb zanip ae pfb nipbtibp n{ pa mggaw eat np pa db {rzzg~ mi` `bhmi`'



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ;:

`bhaktmpnk `bpbthnimpnai ae wfmp `b{btub{ pa db eri`b`)‗6: @nb Uatmdengpbtrio

`bt Zgmppeathdbptbndbt adgnbop mg{a `bt{bgdbi Obemft wnb mggb Uatmdengpbt< Ztalbcpb'

`nb cbni aeebi{nkfpgnkfb{ Zapbipnmg niibfmdbi a`bt ni ntobi`bnibt _bn{b inkfp `nb

Uat{pbggriobi `bt Dbptbndbt ptbeebi' wbt`bi mr{{atpnbtp) Adogbnkf Dbn{znbgb

|bnobi' `m{{ b{ nhhbt wnb`bt ×dbttm{kfrio{bteagob ondp)

Ktawèri`nio |bnkfibp {nkf obtm`b `m`rtkf mr{' lb`bh Ztalbcp |rhni`b{p `nb

Kfmikb mre Enimi|nbtrio |r dnbpbi' `m{ mre n`bmgp~zn{kfbh _bob cbnib

dbcahhbi w÷t`b) Mggbni `nb Ktaw` engpbtp `rtkf nftb Ripbt{p÷p|rio) _biiogbnkf

`nb Uatmdengpbtrio hbn{p inkfp {bft {ptbio ri` ripbt `bh Mtorhbip `bt

Mi{ztrkf{btfmgprio imkf `bh Happa ’]rmgnpàp {pmpp ]rmipnpàp‗ dbptnbdbi wnt`' {a

n{p `nb{bt M{zbcp `biiakf ctnpn{kf |r dbptmkfpbi) [a gà{{p {nkf mrkf `rtkfmr{ `nb

enimi|nbggb Hapnumpnai uai Zgmppeathdbptbndbti btcbiibi' wbii `m{ \nbg n{p'

hõognkf{p unbgb bteagotbnkfb Ztalbcpb mre `bt [bnpb |r fmdbi) @bii wnb lb`b{

Ripbtibfhbi' fmi`bgp mrkf bnib Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeath cahhbt|nbgg ni Eath

uai Cmznpmgob{bgg{kfmepbi &uog) Pmdbggb =.) [bgd{p [pmtpibvp' `nb ubt{rkfbi `bi

[pmpr{ `bt Obhbnii÷p|nocbnp |r bttbnkfbi' zgmibi ibdbi `bt oOhdF bnib

cahhbt|nbggb Pakfpbtenthm bni' `btbi Obwnii `nb gmrebi`bi Ca{pbi `bkcbi

{agg)6= [a n{p `nb Bni{pbggrio uai Ztalbcpbi |wmt mre mggbi Zgmppeathbi ca{pbietbn'

e÷t bteagotbnkf mdob{kfga{{bib Ztalbcpb emggbi lbàkf zta|biprmgb Obd÷ftbi

&|wn{kfbi 2" ri` 6". mi &uog) Pmdbggb =.) Bteagotbnkf db`brpbp ni `nb{bh

\r{mhhbifmio `m{ Bttbnkfbi `bt ob{bp|pbi \nbg{rhhb niibtfmgd bnib{

db{pnhhpbi \bnptmfhbi{' hbn{p >: Pmob &uog) Pmdbggb =.) ObhàÑ `bh Mggb{(

A`bt(Inkfp{(Ztni|nz wbt`bi `nb oberi`bpbi Dbptàob mg{a dbn `bi hbn{pbi

Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi irt dbn Bttbnkfbi `b{ \nbg{ mr{ob{kf÷ppbp) @nb

Zgmppeathbi Ni`nbOaOa ri` Niub{pb`Ni {pbggbi Mr{imfhbi `mt< Niub{pb`Ni dnbpbp

`nb Mr{wmfghõognkfcbnp |wn{kfbi `bh Mggb{(A`bt(Inkfp{([~{pbh ri`

ribniob{kftàicpbi Obg`{mhhbgi |r lb ;" Ztaun{nai) Ni`nbOaOa i÷p|p `nb

Ztaun{naibi uai >" e÷t inkfp bteagotbnkfb Ztalbcpb ri` 0" e÷t Ztalbcpb' `nb `m{

Dbptmo{|nbg niibtfmgd `bt \bnp{zmiib bttbnkfbi' mg{ ni`ntbcpb Uatmdengpbt<

]rmgnpmpnu hni`btwbtpnob ri` ridbgnbdpb Ztalbcpb' wbt`bi hnp bnibt fõfbtbi

Obd÷ft dbgmiop) @nb >" Ztaun{nai wbt`bi inbhmi`bi' `bt uai {bnibt Ztalbcpn`bb

6: Dbgg' 4:=:6= uog) Dmtpbgp' 4:=:d



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ;=

uaggcahhbi ÷dbt|brop n{p' `muai mddtniobi `nb Zgmppeath |r irp|bi' mdbt `nb

Ninpnmpatbi {ni` hapnunbtpbt mggb Bibtonb ni `nb Ktawèri`nio(Cmhzmoib |r

{pbkcbi' rh `m{ Hmvnhrh mr{ `bt Ripbt{p÷p|rio |r fagbi)

Bip{kfbn`bi` e÷t `bi Bteago uai Zgmppeathbi {ni` orp mreob{pbggpb imkfptàognkfb

Engpbt wnb Pmo{64' {niiuaggb Cmpboatn{nbtriobi' Bhzebfgrio{ericpnai ri`

Db{pbign{pbi' `mhnp `bt R{bt `bi lbwbngno zm{{bi`bi Nifmgp eni`bi cmii) Hnp bnibt

orp `rtkf`mkfpbi Zgmppeath{aepwmtb ri` bnibh ÷dbt{nkfpgnkfbi Mredmr'

bthõognkfbi Zgmppeathbi e÷t Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpb {a' wm{ ârprdb e÷t

Aignibun`ba{ obpmi fmp< bnib [pmi`mt`n{nbtrio `b{ Zta|b{{b{) Nh Db{pemgg e÷ftp

`nb{b `m|r' `m{{ Db{rkfbt mre bnib {bgd{pubt{pài`gnkfb Mtp Ztalbcpb' `nb {nb e÷t

orp dbeni`bi' enimi|nbgg ripbt{p÷p|bi)

;)=)=)4 Ztalbcp{zb|nen{kfb Ktawèri`nio(_bd{bnpbi

@nb bt{pbi Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpb wmtbi inkfp ÷dbt Zgmppeathbi' {ai`bti ÷dbt

ni`nun`rbggb _bd{bnpbi atomin{nbtp) Ni {zb|nen{kfbi Mr{eathriobi wbt`bi àtp

Ztalbcp ri` Ninpnmpatbi uatob{pbggp' _bob ri` \nbgb eb{pobgbop rh `nb Ktaw` |r

bttbnkfbi) @bt [znbgtmrh' mre wbgkfb Mtp ri` hnp wbgkfbi [kfwbtzricpbi `nb{

ob{kfnbfp' n{p `mdbn otaÑ) Mreemggbi` n{p lbàkf' `m{{ fàreno hbft Mrobihbtc mre

`nb Pmp{mkfb `b{ Ktawèri`nio{ obgbop wnt`' mg{ mre `bi bnobipgnkfbi Nifmgp `b{

Engh{) [a wnt` dbn{znbg{wbn{b mre `bt _bd{npb uai H~ Hnggnai @aggmt Haunb '

mdob{bfbi uai bnibt crt|bi [~iaz{n{' cmrh ÷dbt `bi Enghnifmgp mi {nkf

dbtnkfpbp) @m{{ `nb Pmp{mkfb `b{ Ktawèri`nio mi {nkf `nb Ktaw` hapnunbtp Obg`

|r obdbi' hmo iakf mr{obtbnkfp fmdbi' mg{ `nb{b Enimi|nbtrio{hbpfa`b bpwm{

Ibrb{ nh Ibp| wmt) Hnp {pbnobi`bt Zazrgmtnpàp uai Ktawèri`nio wnt` `nb{bt

Beebcp mggbni lbàkf inkfp hbft wntcbi) H~ Hnggnai @aggmt Haunb n{p dbtbnp{ {bnp

4::5 aignib afib `m{ \nbg miiàfbti` bttbnkfp |r fmdbi ri` bnib Dbwbtdrio `b{

Enghnifmgp{ w÷t`b ubthrpgnkf hbft Obgòbdbt ri` otaÑ|÷onobtb Ripbt{p÷p|rio

mi|nbfbi mg{ `nb `bt Enimi|nbtrio{hbpfa`b) \rhmg n{p |r dbadmkfpbi' `m{{'

ubthrpgnkf mreotri` hmiobgi`bt Ztaeb{{naimgn{nbtrio ri` obtniobh Dròbp{'

Mcprmgnpàp ri` ctbmpnubt Bni{mp| uai [aknmg Hb`nm Paag{ ni `bi Fnipbtotri`

64 Bni Pmo &biog) Bpncbpp. |bnkfibp bnibi @mpbidb{pmi` hnp Hbpm(a`bt \r{mp|nieathmpnaibi mr{' `nb `nb

Cmpboatn{nbtrio{hõognkfcbnpbi btwbnpbtbi)



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ;4

obtmpbi) Rh iakf bnihmg `m{ Dbn{znbg H~ Hnggnai @aggmt Haunb fbtmi|r|nbfbi<

Adwafg `m{ Ztalbcp iakf inkfp mdob{kfga{{bi n{p' n{p dbn{znbg{wbn{b `nb gbp|pb

Pwnppbt (Imkftnkfp mre `bi =5) Iaubhdbt 4:=: `mpnbtp ri` `nb \mfg `bt emkbdaac (

Etbri`b dbgàrep {nkf mre irt =)05: &[pmi`< @b|bhdbt 4:=:.) Àfignkf ubtfàgp b{

{nkf hnp Dr~mktb`np)kah < @m{ Ztalbcp ubte÷op mggbni `rtkf `nb ztahnibipb

Ripbt{p÷p|rio uai Lr`b Gmw' _fazzn Oag`dbto r{w) ÷dbt otaÑb{

Zazrgmtnpàp{zapbipnmg' mggbt`nio{ n{p mi `bt Etb}rbipnbtrio bni{kfgàonobt [aknmg

Hb`nm(Cmiàgb |r btcbiibi &irt ;0 Emkbdaac (Etbri`b nh @b|bhdbt 4:=:.' `m{{

`nb{b{ inkfp nh Bipebtipb{pbi mr{ob{kfõzep n{p) Nh Ubtogbnkf `m|r |bnop `m{

Ztalbcp Ntai [c~ ' `m{{ `rtkf tbobghàÑnob Bnidb|nbfrio `bt Ktaw` ni `bi

Ztalbcpubtgmre' `rtkf Rz`mpb{ ri` Dbnptàob ni {kftnepgnkfbt ri` mr`naun{rbggbt

Eath bnib otaÑb õeebipgnkfb Mrehbtc{mhcbnp bttbnkfp wbt`bi cmii) @nb ÷dbt

04)::: Mifàiobt mre Emkbdaac |bnobi `bi Bteago `b{ Bni{mp|b{ ri` `bi

T÷kcfmgp `bt Emi{' `bt {nkf mrkf nh dmg` dbuat{pbfbi`bi Bttbnkfbi `bt

\nbg{rhhb wn`bt{znbobgp) Bnib [pmpn{pnc `bt Zgmppeath Ni`nbOaOa db{pàpnop' `m{{

`nb \mfg `bt Ripbt{p÷p|riobi zta|biprmg hnp `bt Mi|mfg `bt Rz`mpb{ bnib{

Ztalbcpb{ {pbnop) Bni Ztalbcp' `m{ cbnib Mcprmgn{nbtriobi uatinhhp' obibtnbtp

=;?" wbinobt Obg` mg{ bnib Cmhzmoib' `nb wbino{pbi{ bge Rz`mpb{ za{pb`)6;

@akf `nb beebcpnub Irp|rio uai [aknmg Hb`nm Paag{ mggbni tbnkfp mrkf inkfp mr{'

wbii b{ mi `bt Mr{obtbnepfbnp ni `bt Ob{mhpatomin{mpnai ni{ob{mhp ebfgp) @m{

Ztalbcp Dntmk~ ubt{pbfp b{ |wmt bnib otaÑb Mi|mfg mi Hbi{kfbi ÷dbt `nb

`nonpmgbi Cahhrincmpnai{cmiàgb |r bttbnkfbi' mdbt àfignkf `bh Ztalbcp H~

Hnggnai @aggmt Haunb ' ebfgp b{ `bh Ztalbcp Dntmk~ b{ mi Ptmi{zmtbi|' wm{ Nifmgp

ri` Enimi|nbtrio{`bpmng{ dbptneep) Mr{e÷ftgnkf wbt`bi |wmt `nb Hõognkfcbnpbi `bt

enimi|nbggbi Dbpbngnorio btgàrpbtp' imkf Ob{kfàep{db`nioriobi' `bh [pmpr{ ]ra

ri` \bnpzgàibi' {rkfp hmi lbàkf ubtobdgnkf) Irt dbn Mihbg`rio' `nb irt mre

zbt{õignkfb Bnigm`rio hnp N@(Ka`b hõognkf n{p' cmii `bt nipbtb{{nbtpb Irp|bt

wbnpbtb @bpmng{' wnb dbn{znbg{wbn{b `bi Imhbi `b{ Tbon{{brt{' btemftbi) Lbàkf

wnt` `nb{b Pmp{mkfb mre `bt _bd{bnpb {a inkfp cahhrin|nbtp) Bt{p imkf

Mihbg`rio n{p `bt Hbftwbtp Hnpognb` |r {bni' btcbiipgnkf) Bni {agkfb{

ri`rtkf{kfmrdmtb{ Mihbg`bubtemftbi' {awnb bnib mrobi{kfbnignkfb Bvcgr{nai

uai Ripbt{p÷p|bti wntcbi bnibh ribniob{kftàicpbi \rgmre mi Ripbt{p÷p|bti

6; uog) Gmdaunp|' 4:=:



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ;;

bipobobi ri` fmgpbi `nb{b mreotri` `bt Ri`rtkf{nkfpnocbnp md) @bii inbhmi`

wnt` Nipbtb{{b |bnobi' bni Ztalbcp enimi|nbgg |r ripbt{p÷p|bi' wbii `nb

Ubtwbi`rio `b{ Obg`b{ inkfp `brpgnkf n{p ri` {nkf `m{ Ztalbcp nh Imkffnibni mg{

|wbnebgfmep fbtmr{{pbggbi cõiipb) Irt wbii Ztalbcpztà{bipmpnai' Ptmi{zmtbi| ri`

`nb Irp|rio {àhpgnkfbt Cahhrincmpnai{cmiàgb mrebnimi`bt mdob{pnhhp {ni`'

{pbggp {nkf azpnhmgbt Bteago bni) @m|r {ni` bni fafbt Mrewmi` ri` bni

ztaeb{{naibggb{ Ubt{pàiìn{ `bt Ninpnmpatbi e÷t {àhpgnkfb Db{pmi`pbngb `b{

Ktawèri`nio{ iõpno) @akf bninob Dbn{znbgb wnb `m{ Enghztalbcp Pfb Mob ae pfb

[przn` a`bt @nb 0) Tbuagrpnai |bnobi' `m{{ `nb{ hõognkf n{p) Hnp bnibt cgmtbi

Ztalbcpdap{kfmep ri` ob|nbgpbh Hmtcbpnio wrt`bi pfbhbinipbtb{{nbtpb Gbrpb mre

ubtptmrbi{btwbkcbi`b _bn{b miob{ztakfbi) @mhnp wnt` `nb _mft{kfbnignkfcbnp'

`m{{ `nb{b `m{ Ztalbcp enimi|nbgg ripbt{p÷p|bi ri` bni ptbrb{ Zrdgncrh wbt`bi'

obeõt`btp' bdbi{a wnb `nb Kfmikb' `m{{ `btbi Dbnptàob `nb =₧ Otbi|b

÷dbt{kftbnpbi)

Ad `nb{b Ztalbcpb àfignkf bteagotbnkf a`bt omt iakf bteagotbnkfbt ubtgmrebi

wàtbi' wbii {nb mre `nb Nietm{ptrcprt ericpnainbtbi`bt Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi

|rt÷kcotbnebi fàppbi cõiibi' gà{{p {nkf irt ubthrpbi) _bii mrkf ni`nun`rbggb

Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp{bnpbi inkfp uai `bi Uatpbngbi bnib Zgmppeathibp|wbtc{ ri`

`bt Ubthmtcprio{( ri` Atomin{mpnai{nietm{ptrcprt ztaenpnbtbi cõiibi' {a ubte÷obi

{nb `biiakf ÷dbt bnib otõÑbtbt Etbnfbnp ni `bt caictbpbi Mr{ob{pmgprio) [nb

ripbtgnbobi dbn{znbg{wbn{b cbnibi Tborgmtnbi ÷dbt Ztalbcpgmre|bnp'

[rhhbidbotbi|riobi' Uatmdengpbtriobi' Obd÷ftbi a`bt tb`mcpnaibggb

Bni{kftàicriobi) E÷t hmikfb{ Ztalbcp n{p `nb{b hmvnhmgb [bgd{pdb{pnhhrio

`m{ mr{{kfgmoobdbi`b Mtorhbip uai `bt Nimi{ztrkfimfhb bnibt Ktawèri`nio(

Zgmppeath md|r{bfbi) Ni{ob{mhp gà{{p {nkf ptap|`bh eb{p{pbggbi' `m{{ dbn

zgmppeathobdri`bibi Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpbi' pbi`bi|nbgg fàrenobt bni

{kfg÷{{nob{ Ob{mhpcai|bzp ri` wbnpmr{ otõÑbtb ×dbt{nkfpgnkfcbnp db|÷ognkf `bt

Ob{mhpatomin{mpnai uat|reni`bi {ni`' mg{ `nb{ dbn Ztalbcpbi md{bnp{ uai

Zgmppeathbi `bt Emgg n{p) @nb Bte÷ggrio `bt Mihbg`bdb`nioriobi ri` ‛

mieat`btriobi `bt Zgmppeathbi {bp|bi bni Hni`b{phmÑ mi Ztaeb{{naimgnpàp dbn

`bi Ninpnmpatbi uatmr{)




;);)4 @nb Ninpnmpatbi ri` `m{ Eri`nio

@nb Ninpnmpatbi {bp|bi Ktawèri`nio mg{ Enimi|nbtrio{ni{ptrhbip e÷t nft Ztalbcpmre ubt{kfnb`bi _bn{b bni< B{ cmii e÷t `nb Uaggenimi|nbtrio bnib{ Ztalbcpb{ a`bt

btoài|bi` |r mi`btbi Eõt`btobg`bti mg{ Omz(Enimi|nbtrio obirp|p wbt`bi)

Mrkf mg{ Uat( a`bt \wn{kfbienimi|nbtrio60 n{p Ktawèri`nio hõognkf) _bgkfb

Mtpbi `bt Enimi|nbtrio ripbt wbgkfbi Db`nioriobi fnbte÷t |rt Mr{wmfg {pbfbi

wnt` nh Gmreb `nb{b{ Cmznpbg dbfmi`bgp) Mr{{kfgmoobdbi` e÷t `nb lbwbngnob

Miwbi`rio `b{ Ktawèri`nio{ mg{ Enimi|nbtrio{ni{ptrhbip {ni` `nb lbwbngnobi

Hapnumpnaibi `bt Ninpnmpatbi' `nb fnbt bdbiemgg{ iàfbt ripbt{rkfp wbt`bi)

;);)4)= Obobigbn{priobi ri` Enimi|nbtrio{mtpbi

@rtkf `nb Obobigbn{priobi db{pnhhbi `nb Ninpnmpatbi' rh wbgkfb Mtp `bt

Enimi|nbtrio b{ {nkf dbn `bh lbwbngnobi Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp fmi`bgp<

hà|bimpn{kfb Eõt`btrio' [zbi`b' [zai{atnio a`bt Niub{phbip) @nb

Ripbt{kfnb`b ri` ×dbt{kfibn`riobi uai!hnp mi`btbi Enimi|nbtrio{mtpbi {ni`

eagognkf inkfp zmr{kfmgn{nbtdmt' {ai`bti h÷{{bi mh lbwbngnobi caictbpbi Emgg

uatobiahhbi wbt`bi) Ktawèri`nio db`nbip ÷dbt `nb ripbt{kfnb`gnkfbi

Enimi|nbtrio{mtpbi {awafg mgptrn{pn{kfb' bnobii÷p|nob ri`!a`bt {pbrbtgnkfb

Eõt`bthapnub) @nb{ fmp `bi Uatpbng' `m{{ e÷t `bi Obgòbdbt hõognkf n{p'

ni`nun`rbgg ri` {zaipmi |r bip{kfbn`bi' wbgkfb Taggb bt mg{ Enimi|nbt bniibfhbi

hõkfpb d|w) uai wbgkfbt Taggb bt `bi otõÑpbi Irp|bi e÷t {nkf |nbfbi cmii) Mre

`nb{b Hapnub `bt Ktaw` wnt` ni Cmznpbg ;););); Hapnumpnai `bt Ktaw` iàfbt

bniobomiobi) Nh Eagobi`bi wbt`bi |riàkf{p `nb hõognkfbi Enimi|nbtrio{mtpbi

nh \r{mhhbifmio hnp Ktawèri`nio btgàrpbtp<

․ Hà|bimpn{kfb Eõt`btrio

Bip{kfbn`bp {nkf bnib Ztnumpzbt{ai a`bt Ripbtibfhbi' bni Enghztalbcp mr{ tbni

mgptrn{pn{kfbi Ot÷i`bi |r ripbt{p÷p|bi' {a fmi`bgp b{ {nkf fnbtdbn rh bnib

60 @nb \wn{kfbienimi|nbtrio `nbip `bt Uatenimi|nbtrio uai ubtptmognkf envnbtpbi Bniimfhbi mr{ Eõt`bt( d|w)

Gn|bi|ubtptàobi) @nb Uatenimi|nbtrio n{p iapwbi`no' `m Enghb inkfp rihnppbgdmt |r bnibh hni`b{pbi{

ca{pbi`bkcbi`bi Ztbn{ mi @tnppb wbnpbtobobdbi wbt`bi cõiibi' `m |)D) Uatgbn{priobi ÷dbt bnib gàiobtb

\bnpzbtna`b miemggbi a`bt |rt @ben|np`bkcrio' `m b{ {nkf dbn Enghbi fàreno inkfp rh dbptnbd{wntp{kfmepgnkf

tbipmdgb {ai`bti uagcwntp{kfmepgnkf tbipmdgb Zta`rcpb fmi`bgp &uog) Dbkcbtp' =>>?< ?0e).)




hà|bimpn{kfb Eõt`btrio)62 @bt Ripbt{p÷p|bt btwmtpbp cbnib Obobigbn{prio'

{kfgnbÑp {nb mdbt mrkf inkfp mr{) @nb etbnwnggnobi Obobigbn{priobi `bt Ninpnmpatbi

{ni` inkfp wntp{kfmepgnkfbt Mtp db|nbfrio{wbn{b bip{ztbkfbi inkfp `bh

haibpàtbi Obobiwbtp `bt Eõt`btrio) [a bip{pbfbi `nb ’Ob{kfbicb‗ fàreno

wàftbi` `b{ Zta`rcpnai{zta|b{{b{' wnb dbn{znbg{wbn{b `m{ @tbfdrkf a`bt bni

[aio mr{ `bh [ari`ptmkc' ri` {ni` cbnib bnobi{ mg{ Obobigbn{prio zta`r|nbtpbi

Zta`rcpb) @nb {~hdagn{kfb Db`micrio e÷t `nb Ripbt{p÷p|rio' `nb ni tbni n`bbggbt

Eath wnb `nb imhbipgnkfb Ibiirio mre `bt _bd{npb nh Enghmd{zmii ob{kfnbfp'

{pbfp `mdbn nh Hnppbgzricp) Mrkf dbn hmpbtnbggbi Obobigbn{priobi' wnb

Enghza{pbti' P([fntp{' `nonpmgbi Enghàwigam`{ a`bt @U@{' n{p uai bnibt

’Uatdb{pbggrio‗!’Cmredb{pbggrio‗ inkfp |r {ztbkfbi' `m `bt obgbn{pbpb Dbptmo

`me÷t hbft bnibh n`bbggbi _btp mg{ `bh pmp{àkfgnkfbi Zta`rcpwbtp bip{ztnkfp)

@nb hà|bimpn{kfbi Mr{omdbi {ni` dbnh Eõt`btbt {pbrbtgnkf inkfp md|ro{eàfno'

dbnh Bhzeàiobt wnt` `nb [rhhb mg{ Ob{kfbic a`bt [zbi`b {pbrbtgnkf ibrptmg

dbfmi`bgp)65

․ [zbi`b

[zbi`bi {ni` bio ubtwmi`p hnp hà|bimpn{kfbi Eõt`btriobi' b{ fmi`bgp {nkf rh

bnib _bnpbtbipwnkcgrio `b{ Hà|bimpbiprh{)6? Lb`bt [zbi`bt n{p ni `nb{bh [niib

mrkf bni Hà|bi' `bii ’[zbi`bi lb`bt Mtp {ni` etbnwnggno ri` ribipobgpgnkf &afib

wntp{kfmepgnkfb Obobigbn{prio. btdtmkfpb \rwbi`riobi‗66 ri` wbt`bi uat mggbh

mr{ zfngmipftazn{kfbi Ot÷i`bi btdtmkfp) Lbàkf {znbgbi {pbrbtgnkfb

×dbtgboriobi dbn `bt Gbn{prio uai [zbi`bi bnib Taggb) Dbn mibtcmiipbt

Obhbnii÷p|nocbnp bnib{ Ztalbcpb{ {ni` {pbrbtgnkfb Btgbnkfpbtriobi imkf ¯ =:d

B[pO e÷t btdtmkfpb Dbptàob hõognkf) [a {pbggp `nb Zgmppeath [pmtpibvp mdfàiono

uah obhbnii÷p|nobi [pmpr{ bnib{ Ztalbcpb{ mrkf [zbi`bi}rnppriobi mr{) Ni

`nb{bh [nii fmi`bgp b{ {nkf dbn bnibh Pbng `bt ztnump d|w) ztnumpwntp{kfmepgnkf

btdtmkfpbi Ktawèri`nio(Ripbt{p÷p|riobi rh [zbi`bi) @nb wbino{pbi

Enghztalbcpb {ni` mdbt mg{ obhbnii÷p|nob Tbkfp{eath atomin{nbtp' unbghbft

fmi`bgp b{ {nkf dbn `bi mr{e÷ftbi`bi Enghzta`rcpnai{enthbi hbn{p rh

Cmznpmgob{bgg{kfmepbi) E÷t Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf n{p mg{a `nb Enimi|nbtrio

62 Dtrfi!Hbfgniobt' =>>2< 2e)65 Fbni|b' =>>>< =0?e)6? uog) _nggimrbt' =>>?< =:566 Gn{{bc([kf÷p|' 4::6< 0>6




`rtkf [zbi`bi irt zbtnzfbt uai Db`brprio) Ripbt `bi wbinobi Dbn{znbgb

dbeni`bi {nkf `nb enobia `brp{kfb enghobia{{bi{kfmep bO ' `nb mg{ ’@brp{kfgmi`{

bt{pb{ [a|nmgripbtibfhbi nh Hb`nbidbtbnkf‗6> ripbt bnibh Ktawèri`nio(

Mi{mp| Enghb zta`r|nbtp ri` `m{ Enghztalbcp Pfb = [bkai` Engh ' `m{ uai `bt

Iai(Ztaenp(Atomin{mpnai Pfb Kaggmdatmpnai Eari`mpnai tbmgn{nbtp wnt`)>:

․ [zai{atnio

Dbpbngnobi {nkf Ripbtibfhbi a`bt Bnitnkfpriobi ripbt `bt Db`niorio' `m{{

Obobigbn{priobi dbtbnpob{pbggp wbt`bi' enimi|nbgg mi bnibh Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp'

eàggp `nb{b Pàpnocbnp ripbt [zai{atnio) ’[zai{atnio obfp uai `bi ogbnkfbi

Otri`{àp|bi `b{ “pa m{c eat haib~ʷ mr{ wnb `nb [zbi`biwbtdrio' tnkfpbp {nkf

mdbt mr{{kfgnbÑgnkf mi Ripbtibfhbi mg{ zapbi|nbggb Eriònubt S)))X [zai{atnio

ubteagop mr{ `bt [nkfp `b{ [zai{at{ uattmiono ripbtibfhbi{db|aobib Hapnub'

`)f) Hmtcbpnio( ri` Cahhrincmpnai{|nbgb `b{ Ripbtibfhbi{‗>=' bipwb`bt

z{~kfaotmzfn{kfbt Mtp wnb `bh za{npnubi Nhmobptmi{ebt ri`

Hrgpnzgncmpatbiwntcrio a`bt õcaiahn{kfbt Mtp wnb `nb ztbn{o÷i{pnob Mi{ztmkfb

bnibt \nbgotrzzb ri` Rh{mp|{pbnobtrio ripbtibfhbi{bnobibt [btunkb{' `nb

gmioetn{pno mr{obtnkfpbp {ni` &uog) Cmznpbg ;);););)0 Katzatmpb [aknmg

Tb{zai{ndngp~ .) @nb ’\rwbi`riobi `b{ [zai{at{ wbt`bi uai `nb{bi

Obobigbn{priobi mdfàiono obhmkfp)‗>4 @m{ [zai{atnio {pbggp `mdbn bipwb`bt

bnib `ntbcpb Enimi|nbtrio `rtkf Obg`dbptàob a`bt bnib ni`ntbcpb Enimi|nbtrio

`rtkf Dbn{pbggriobi `mt) @nb Obobigbn{prio bteagop hbn{p inkfp rihnppbgdmt'

{ai`bti ni Eath uai Ibiirio `b{ [zai{atbizta`rcp{ a`bt Ripbtibfhbi{ nh

Md{zmii `b{ Engh{' `nb gmrp BR(Tnkfpgninb 6>(224 uatobobdbi n{p) Dbn {agkf

obtniobi cahhrincmpnubi Obobigbn{priobi wafip `bh [zai{atnio bni

hà|bimpn{kfbt Kfmtmcpbt niib< @m{ Eõt`bthapnu àhninbtp dbnh [zai{at) ’@bt

hà|bimpn{kfb [zai{at {ztnkfp mggbt`nio{ õeebipgnkf {bft nipbi{nu ÷dbt {bnib

Eõt`btrio ri` {kfmeep {nkf `mhnp bnobib cahhrincmpnub Obobigbn{priobi)

@b{fmgd wntcp `m{ hà|bimpn{kfb [zai{atnio nh [niib `bt bnobibi

cahhrincmpnubi \nbgb `b{ [zai{at{) Dbnh hà|bimpn{kfbi [zai{atnio wngg {nkf

`bt Obgòbdbt mg{ Hà|bi ubt{pmi`bi wn{{bi' adwafg bt `rtkf {bni õeebipgnkfb{

6> enobia `brp{kfb enghobia{{bi{kfmep bO' 4:=:>: Pfb = [bkai` Engh' 4:=:k>= Gn{{bc([kf÷p|' 4::6< 0>>>4 Dtrfi!Hbfgniobt' =>>2< 5



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ;?

Mreptbpbi ri` `nb Fbtuatfbdrio {bnibt Eõt`btrio emcpn{kf |rh [zai{at

obwat`bi n{p)‗>; Fàreno {pbfp dbnh [zai{atnio nh cgm{{n{kfbi [niib mdbt `m{

Bttbnkfbi uai \nbgbi e÷t `nb Ripbtibfhbi{cahhrincmpnai' wnb _btdrio'

àhnimip obobi÷dbt `bh Eõt`bthapnu)>0

Bnib db{ai`btb Eath `b{ [zai{atnio{ n{p Zta`rkp(Zgmkbhbip< Zta`rcpb `b{

[zai{at{ wbt`bi nh Engh zgmp|nbtp) Gbp|pgnkf dm{nbtp `nb{ mre bnibt ri{nkfbtbi

Tbkfp{gmob' `m gmrp Trièric{pmmp{ubtptmo &dbptneep fmrzp{àkfgnkf Ebti{bfbi ri`

Pbgbhb`nbi. [kfgbnkfwbtdrio otõÑpbipbng{ ri|rgà{{no n{p) Lb imkf`bh wbgkfb

Mr{wbtprio bni Engh mi{ptbdp ripbtgnbop bt `bi Tbobgi `b{

Trièric{pmmp{ubtptmo{) B{ n{p |wmt bnib gndbtmgn{nbtpb Ibrtbobgrio db|÷ognkf

Zta`rkp(Zgmkbhbip miob{ptbdp' `biiakf {p÷p|p `m{ Zta`rkp(Zgmkbhbip dn{fbt

mreotri` `bt Bni{kftàicriobi hbn{p irt mre h÷i`gnkfbi Ubtbnidmtriobi'

mi{pbggb {kftnepgnkfbt Ubtptàob)>2 @m bnib riàcrhbipnbtpb' ubtdmgb Eath `bt

Cahhrincmpnai dbn Ktawèri`nio àrÑbt{p {bgpbi uatcahhp' n{p `nb Ubtbnidmtrio

uai Zta`rkp(Zgmkbhbip {kfwbt `rtkf|re÷ftbi)

Pfbhbi(Zgmkbhbip fniobobi n{p bnib Eath `b{ [zai{atnio' wbgkfb dbn

Ktawèri`nio `rtkfmr{ |rt Miwbi`rio cahhp) Ripbtibfhbi wbtdbi fnbt inkfp

e÷t bni db{pnhhpb{ Zta`rcp a`bt nft Ripbtibfhbi nh {zb|nbggbi' unbghbft eni`bp

`nb _btdrio ni{aebti {pmpp' `m{{ omi|b Zta`rcpomppriobi zgmp|nbtp wbt`bi) Nh

Emgg uai @nb 0)Tbuagrpnai dbn{znbg{wbn{b' n{p `bt Fmrzp{zai{at `m{ Ripbtibfhbi

e÷t tbobibtmpnub Bibtonbpbkfiagaonbi' lrwn Fag`nio MO hnp 22:)::: ₧

Dbpbngnorio)>5 @m{ Pfbhm tbobibtmpnub Bibtonb ri` [agmtmigmobi |nbfp {nkf

`rtkf `bi omi|bi Engh ri` n{p {ahnp bnib ni`ntbcpb Nhmobcmhzmoib e÷t `m{

Ripbtibfhbi)>?

․ Niub{phbip

@nb Hapnumpnai bnib{ Niub{pat{ n{p' Obg` ni bnibh Ztalbcp mi|rgbobi hnp `bt

Md{nkfp Obwnii `mtmr{ |r {kfõzebi) Irt {bgpbi dnbpbi Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpb

`nb Hõognkfcbnp bnibt enimi|nbggbi Obwniidbpbngnorio) Hmikfb Zgmppeathbi wnb

[pmtpibvp ripbt{mobi `nb{ omt) Bt{pbi{ n{p bnib ptmi{zmtbipb Obwniidbpbngnorio

>; Dtrfi!Hbfgniobt' =>>2< ?>0 uog) Dtrfi!Hbfgniobt' =>>2< ?>2 uog) [path' 4:::< 50e)>5 uog) Ebkfibt!_nggbidmkfbt' 4:=:>? uog) [path' 4:::< 50e)




{kfwbt |r fmi`fmdbi' |wbnpbi{ n{p `nb |r btwmtpbi`b Obwnii{zmiib uat mggbh

dbn Gaw(Dròbp(Enghbi àrÑbt{p ÷dbt{kfmrdmt ri` dnbpbp cmrh enimi|nbggbi

Mitbn|) @biiakf dnbpbi Ztalbcpb wnb Ntai [c~ &crt|< zta niub{pnbtpbt ='::: ₧

dbcahhp hmi kntkm :';" `bt Ibppa(Bniimfhbi dn{ |rh Tbkarzbhbip' `mimkf

bnib mipbngnob Dbpbngnorio mi `bi Zta`rcpnai{btgõ{bi.>6 a`bt Pfb Mob ae [przn`

&crt|< lb imkf Fõfb ri` \bnpzricp `bt Niub{pnpnai {ni` dn{ |r =" Ibppa(

Obwniidbpbngnorio hõognkf.>> mrkf `nb Hõognkfcbnp `bt Niub{pnpnai) _àftbi` {nkf

`bt Enimi|hmtcp ripbt pnbe otbnebi`bi Ubtài`btriobi gbn`bp' `nb {nkf bfbt ibompnu

mre `m{ cgm{{n{kfb Tn{ncacmznpmg(Niub{phbip mr{wntcbi' dng`bp {nkf bni Iàftda`bi

e÷t Ktawèri`nio mg{ bnib ibrb Eath `b{ Ubiprtb Enimiknio) ’Mi` wfmp Ubiprtb

Kmznpmg n{ pa {pmtprz{' Fagg~waa` n{ pa haunb{‗)=:: _a {nkf mg{a Fagg~waa`([pr`na{

ri` otaÑb Zta`rcpnai{enthbi |rt÷kc|nbfbi' wbng `m{ Tn{nca |r fakf bt{kfbnip' n{p

`nb Ktaw` dbtbnp ni enghn{kfb _moin{{b |r niub{pnbtbi) Lbàkf n{p Ktawèri`nio

cbni dgaÑbt Bt{mp| e÷t cgm{{n{kfb Tn{ncacmznpmgenimin|btrio' Ktawèri`nio mg{

Niub{phbip n{p uah Mi{mp| bni wbnpmr{ atomin{kfbtb{' ptmi{zmtbipbtb{ ri`

`b|biptmgn{nbtpbtb{ Zfàiahbi' `m{ {àhpgnkfb {a|naõcaiahn{kfbi Otbi|bi

`rtkf`tniop) ’Pfn{ n{ pfb ent{p pnhb ni art fn{pat~' pfmp pfb watg` mp gmtob fm{ at wngg

dbkahb zmtp ae pfb enimiknio ae ibw ubiprtb{ ae mgg p~zb{)‗ =:= @m dbn

Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf irt wbinob Ninpnmpatbi bnib Niub{pnpnai{mc}rn{b

dbmd{nkfpnobi' {ai`bti unbghbft mre ’{bgd{pga{b‗ Obgòmdbi |nbgbi' {ni`

Niub{phbip{ mg{ Enimi|nbtrio{mtp fnbt inkfp mgg|r {kfwbtwnbobi`)

;);)4)4 Hapnumpnai `bt Ninpnmpatbi

@nb Bip{kfbn`rio wnb `m{ Eri`nio caictbp mdgmrebi {agg' wbgkfb Mtpbi `bt

Enimi|nbtrio `bt Ninpnmpat dnbpbi hõkfpb' fàiop bio hnp {bnibt Hapnumpnai

|r{mhhbi) _mtrh mg{a {pmtpbi Ztalbcpninpnmpatbi Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnaibi1 Ni

bt{pbt Gninb obfp b{ rh `m{ Mreptbndbi uai ebfgbi`bi Enimi|hnppbgi e÷t bni

db{pnhhpb{ Ztalbcp) @akf `mt÷dbt fnimr{ dtniop Ktawèri`nio iakf bnib Tbnfb

>6 uog) Dgni` [zap Znkprtb{' 4:=:d>> uog) [zmiibt Engh{' 4:=:m=:: Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< ;4=:= Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< ;;



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ;>

mi`btbt i÷p|gnkfbt Dbogbnpericpnaibi hnp {nkf' `nb Mitbn|b e÷t `nb Ninpnmpatbi

obdbi' `nb Hbpfa`b `b{ Ktawèri`nio{ mi|rwbi`bi)

;);)4)4)= Hmtcbpnioericpnai

Ktawèri`nio dtniop e÷t `bi Ninpnmpat inkfp irt Uatpbngb ni enimi|nbggbt Fni{nkfp'

{ai`bti n{p mrkf Hmtcbpnioni{ptrhbip) @bt Bteago uai Hmtcbpnio{ptmpbonbi gnbop

nh wntc{mhbi ’Hmimobhbip `bt Mr{pmr{kfdb|nbfriobi hnp `bi ubt{kfnb`bibi

Hàtcpbi ri` Nipbtb{{bipbiotrzzbi‗=:4 ri` fàiop uai `bt Ob{pmgprio uai

Cahhrincmpnai |wn{kfbi Zta`r|bipbi ri` \nbgotrzzbi md) Ktawèri`nio {pbfpni {bnibt [ptrcprt ni Ubtdni`rio hnp bnibt Unbg|mfg uai Cahhrincmpnai{cmiàgbi

wnb `bi [aknmg Hb`nm(Ibp|wbtcbi' `nb ’irt‗ iakf bip{ztbkfbi` {niiuagg db`nbip

wbt`bi h÷{{bi) B{ n{p {ahnp ogbnkf|bnpno bni Hmtcbpnioni{ptrhbip hnp biathbh

Zapbipnmg' `m{ mg{ Bgbhbip `bt Cahhrincmpnai{{ptmpbonb õeebipgnkfb

Mrehbtc{mhcbnp ri` Hrgpnzgncmpatbiwntcrio `bt Ktaw` obibtnbtbi cmii) @bii

{bgd{p otaÑb Zta`rcpnaibi dbeni`bi {nkf ni bnibt Mtp Hmtcbpnioctn{b< @nb

Hmtcbpniodròbp{ wbt`bi {pbpno miobfadbi' ptap|`bh cõiibi {nkf `nb wbino{pbi

`brp{kfbi Zta`rcpnaibi dbn{znbg{wbn{b otaÑb Zgmppeath{pmtp{ hnp `bt Miebtpnorio

uai ÷dbt 2:: Enghcaznbi &bip{ztbkfbi` unbgb Enghpfbmpbt wbt`bi e÷t bnibi

ogbnkf|bnpnobi Cnia{pmtp db{p÷kcp. gbn{pbi) =:; [agkfb Zgmppeath{pmtp{ {ni` lbàkf

e÷t bnib fafb õeebipgnkfb _mftibfhrio biath wnkfpno)=:0 Àfignkf ubtfàgp b{ {nkf

hnp {àhpgnkfbi Hmtcbpniomcpnunpàpbi' `nb `m|r `nbibi' `bi Engh ni `bi

Nipbtb{{bi{dbtbnkf uai Cniapfbmpbti' Ubtgbnfbti' ri` \r{kfmrbti |r t÷kcbi) Rh

cahhrin|nbtdmtb Btbnoin{{b |r {kfmeebi' ’egnbÑbi ni|wn{kfbi inkfp irt dbn

Fagg~waa`(Zta`rcpnaibi ;:(2:" `bt ubtogbnkfdmtbi Zta`rcpnai{ca{pbi ni

z%m)‗=:2 [a bip{ztbkfbi `nb `rtkf{kfinppgnkfbi Hmtcbpnioca{pbi &@brp{kfgmi`< 4

Hna) ₧' R[M< 5: Hna). inkfp {bgpbi bnibh omi|bi Zta`rcpnai{dròbp)=:5 @mdbn

n{p bni fafb{ Hmtcbpniodròbp cbnib{emgg{ bni Bteago{omtmip' mrkf wbii {nkf

=:4 Emdn{kf' 4::4< 44=:; uog) Km{pbi`~c' 4::>< =4:=:0 uog) Km{pbi`~c' 4::>< =:5=:2 Nglnib!Cbng' 4:::< 42;=:5 Hb`nbi_O OhdF' 4:=:




`nb{bt Ptro{kfgr{{ fmtpiàkcno fàgp)=:? Imkfwbn{dmt n{p mrkf' `m{{ `bt dgaÑb

Bni{mp| cgm{{n{kfbt _btdbhnppbg wnb Enghzgmcmpbi |rt Bttbnkfrio `bt \nbgotrzzbi

inkfp hbft mr{tbnkfp) @bii `nb _ntc{mhcbnp `nb{bt n{p irt iakf dbotbi|p< `nb

\nbgotrzzbi gbn`bi ripbt bnibh Nieathmpnai{aubtegaw hnp dn{ |r 2):::

_btdbdap{kfmepbi zta Zbt{ai ri` Pmo ri` ubtgnbtbi nft Ubtptmrbi ni `nb

Ogmrdw÷t`nocbnp `nb{bt) Eagognkf |bnobi ÷dgnkfb Hmtcbpniootri`{àp|b wnb `m{

MN@M(Ha`bgg &Mppbipnai(Nipbtb{p(@b{ntb(Mkpnai. cmrh iakf _ntcrio) _nb mrkf

[aknmg Hb`nm(Bvzbtpb Um~ibtkfrc `mtgbop' {ni` `nb \bnpbi ni `bibi `nb

Zta`r|bipbi nftb Zta`rcpb ÷dbt mootb{{nub _btdbdap{kfmepbi mi `nb

\nbgotrzzbi ubtcmrebi cõiibi uatdbn)=:6 ’[nb h÷{{bi {nkf hnp `bt \nbgotrzzb

ubtibp|bi' `nb{b orp dbfmi`bgi' Hbftwbtpb {kfmeebi ri` {nb {a |r dbobn{pbtpbi

_bnpbtbhzebfgbti ptmi{ebtnbtbi)‗=:> B{ n{p mdbt mrkf inkfp |wmio{gàreno `muai

mr{|robfbi' `m{{ `bt dgaÑb Bni{mp| uai Untmgbh a`bt!ri` Aignib(Hmtcbpnio |r

bnibt Kfmikbiogbnkffbnp |wn{kfbi OtaÑzta`rcpnaibi ri` Gaw(Dròbp(Enghbi

a`bt _btdbbteago mggobhbni e÷ftp) Mrkf `bt' mre `bi bt{pbi Dgnkc wbinobt

ca{pbinipbi{nubtb Hmtcbpniomrewmi` nh Nipbtibp gà{{p {nkf {kfwbt ÷dbt bnibi

otõÑbtbi \bnptmrh fmgpbi ri` n{p irt dbotbi|p zgmidmt)==: \r`bh n{p `nb

db{ai`btb Fbtmr{eat`btrio ni `bt Enghubthmtcprio' `m{{ bni Engh bni tbgmpnu

crt|gbdnob{ Zta`rcp n{p ri` `bt Hmtcbimredmr ni bnibh {bft crt|bi \bnptmrh &4(

; Haimpb uat Cnia{pmtp. obgniobi hr{{)=== @bii lb`bt bni|bgib Engh n{p bnib

Hmtcb' `nb b{ ibr mre|rdmrbi ongp) \nbg `b{ Ninpnmpat{' rh `nb{b

Hmtcbpniofbtmr{eat`btrio |r hbn{pbti' n{p b{' bnib ptbrb

Ripbt{p÷p|btobhbni{kfmep mre|rdmrbi' `nb{b hõognkf{p gmioetn{pno mi `m{ Ztalbcp

|r dni`bi ri` {nb `m`rtkf |r Hrgpnzgncmpatbi mr{|rdng`bi) @m Ktawèri`nio `nb

Ripbt{p÷p|bt {kfai uat Dbonii `bt Enghfbt{pbggrio niuagunbtp ri` mi `m{ Ztalbcp

dni`bp' n{p {awafg `bt |bnpgnkfb mg{ mrkf `bt hbpfa`n{kfb [znbgtmrh bpwm{ otõÑbt

mg{ dbn `bt cgm{{n{kfbi Enghubthmtcprio) Ktaw` ri` Ninpnmpatbi {ni` `rtkf `m{

Ztalbcp' ÷dbt `nb |rob{mopb Obobigbn{prio fnimr{' bio mibnimi`bt obdri`bi)

@rtkf `bi Bni{mp| unbg{bnpnobt Cahhrincmpnai{hõognkfcbnpbi uai `bt

=:? uog) Km{pbi`~c' 4::>< ==>=:6 uog) Um~ibtkfrc' 4:===:> Ctb{{ibt' 4:=:d==: uog) Km{pbi`~c' 4::>< =4:=== uog) Ctb{{ibt' 4:=:d




mi{ztbkfbi`bi ri` {pài`no mcprmgn{nbtpbi Ztà{bipmpnai `b{ Ztalbcp{' `bt `ntbcpbi

Mi{ztmkfb zbt{õignkfbt {awnb tbkfbtkfnbtpbt Caipmcpb ri` [aknmg Hb`nm(

Ibp|wbtcb dn{fni |r ptm`npnaibggbi Hnppbgi wnb Ztb{{bhnppbngriobi' cmii `bt

Ztalbcpninpnmpat hnp `bi Obgòbdbti bnib nipbi{nub Cahhrincmpnai mre( ri`

mr{dmrbi) Bni Ztalbcpninpnmpat dbibiip `nb uatpbngfmepb Ubtdni`rio {a< ’wb mtb

hrkf hatb atominkmgg~ kaiibkpb` pa m enimg' bumiobgn{pnk mr`nbikb ‛ wfa wngg mg{a

zbteath hrkf ae pfb hmtcbpnio ibb`b` mp gmrikf)‗==4 @m{ Pfb = [bkai` Engh (

Ztalbcp dbn{znbg{wbn{b {pbggp {bnp Dbonii `bt Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai' `nb unbt

Imkfeagobztalbcpb &Pfb 4 [bkai` Engh ' Pfb ; [bkai` Engh ' Pfb [bkai` Engh

Eb{pnumg ri` Pfb Dno Znkprtb . uat' ni `nb dbtbnp{ `nb Ripbt{p÷p|bt `b{ Pfb =

[bkai` Engh bniobzgmip {ni` ri` {roobtnbtp {ahnp mggbi Dbpbngnopbi nh wmft{pbi

[niib `b{ _atpb{ Pbng `b{ OtaÑbi Omi|bi |r {bni)==; Ktawèri`nio bthõognkfp

{ahnp `nb Fbtmr{dng`rio bnibt ’emi dm{b‗==0 ÷dbt `nb omi|b Zta`rcpnai{zfm{b

fniwbo ri` inkfp bt{p hnp Ubtõeebipgnkfrio `b{ Engh{) @nb{ db`brpbp |wmt bnibi

Hbftmrewmi` e÷t `nb Ninpnmpatbi wàftbi` `bt Zta`rcpnai{zfm{b' `nb{bt |mfgp {nkf

mdbt gbp|pgnkf ni{aebti wnb`bt mr{' `m hni`b{pbi{ Pbngb `bt _btdbhmÑimfhbi

imkf Ebtpno{pbggrio `b{ Engh{ bniob{zmtp wbt`bi cõiibi) [ni` `nb Eõt`btbt ri`

zapbipnbggbi Enghcai{rhbipbi unm Ktawèri`nio mi bnibi Engh obdri`bi ri`

dbobn{pbtp' gà{{p {nkf `btbi _at`(ae(Harpf(Hmtcbpnio ni{ptrhbipmgn{nbtbi rh `bi

Dbcmiipfbnp{( ri` Dbgnbdpfbnp{otm` `b{ Engh{) Hni`b{pbi{ ?6" `bt Cri`bi

ubtptmrbi ni Bhzebfgriobi mi`btbt Cai{rhbipbi)==2 [a n{p b{ mrkf {niiuagg `nb

Ktaw` ob|nbgp |r minhnbtbi' wnb b{ `m{ @nb 0) Tbuagrpnai (Ztalbcp pmp< @nb

Ripbt{p÷p|bt wrt`bi mreobeat`btp Bubipzmtpibt |r wbt`bi ri` inkfp irt

Cniaztbhnbtbi ri` Enghuate÷ftriobi' {ai`bti mrkf gacmgb Bubip{ uat ri` |rt

Ubtõeebipgnkfrio `b{ Engh |r atomin{nbtbi) Rh bni dtbnpbtb{ Zrdgncrh |r

bttbnkfbi' fmp `nb _bd{npb `b{ Ztalbcp{ Fngeb{pbggrio ni Eath uai Uat{kfgàobi'

Kfbkcgn{pbi ri` bnibh Fmi`drkf miobdapbi ri` {ahnp `m{ Mcpnuwbt`bi `bt

Ktaw` ubtbniemkfp)==5 [a {pmi`bi |rt Ubtõeebipgnkfrio `b{ Engh{ tri` =::

Bubipzmtpibt nh `brp{kf{ztmkfnobi Tmrh eb{p' `nb hnp |rh Pbng untmgbi Mcpnaibi

==4 Fm~b{' 4:=:==; uog) Pfb = [bkai` Engh' 4:=:d==0 Ta{bidmrh' 4:=:==2 uog) [fnhz' 4::6==5 uog) Bibto~ Mrpaiah~‛ @bt Engh OhdF' 4:=:m




wnb Egm{fhad{ ri` Hbi{kfbicbppbi mcpnu Hmtcbpnio dbptnbdbi)==? @nb{ mggb{

wrt`b ÷dbt `nb _bd{npb cahhrin|nbtp ri` ubtibp|p) Àfignkf irp|bi mrkf mi`btb

Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpb wnb dbn{znbg{wbn{b Pfb Mob ae [przn` ==6 a`bt Ntmc eat

{mgb ==> `m{ Zapbipnmg `bt Ktaw`) Bnib mcpnub ri` bhapnaimg {pmtc ubtdri`bib

Ktaw` btfõfp {ahnp mrkf `nb Ubtwbtprio{kfmikbi `b{ Engh{) @m{ db`brpbp'

inkfp irt `nb Md{mp|kfmikb nh D4K([bohbip=4:' {ai`bti mrkf `nb D4D(

Ubtdni`rio{wmft{kfbnignkfcbnp =4= {pbnobi< Bnib otaÑb Ktaw` {roobtnbtp bnib

{pmtcb õeebipgnkfb Mrehbtc{mhcbnp ri` Imkfetmob ri` btgbnkfpbtp' {aebti

obw÷i{kfp' `m{ Eni`bi uai Enghubtptnbdbi ri` (ubtgbnfbi)

Ktawèri`nio {pbfp mg{a nh [niib uai Eri`tmn{nio' `m{ wõtpgnkf ÷dbt{bp|p mg{

Pàpnocbnp `b{ ’Hnppbgdb{kfmeebi{‗ |r ubt{pbfbi n{p ri` `mt÷dbt fnimr{ bnib

Hmtcbpniopàpnocbnp hnp bni{kfgnbÑp) Ibdbi `bh {~{pbhmpn{kfbi [mhhbgi uai

[zbi`bi e÷t bnib crgprtbggb a`bt mi`btb obhbnii÷p|nob Bnitnkfprio ri` Ztalbcpb'

dtniop b{ `m{ &Engh(.Ztalbcp `bi obobiwàtpnobi ri` zapbipnbggbi Eõt`btbti ri`

Cri`bi mre ubt{pài`gnkfb Mtp ri` _bn{b imfb)=44 ’Eri`tmn{nio ubtgmiop

Cri`biatnbipnbtrio nh Fnidgnkc mre `nb Eõt`btbt) B{ ongp' `btbi Hapnub ri`

Btwmtpriobi fbtmr{|reni`bi ri` hõognkf{p ni`nun`rmgn{nbtpb

Cahhrincmpnai{zgàib |r bipwnkcbgi)‗=4; \wmt monbtbi irt wbinob Ktawèri`nio(

Ztalbcpb nh Enghdbtbnkf obhbnii÷p|no' `biiakf db{pbfbi ×dbtbni{pnhhriobi

|wn{kfbi `bt Pàpnocbnp `b{ Ktawèri`nio{ ri` `b{ Eri`tmn{nio{) [a `nbip mrkf

Ktawèri`nio `bh Etnbi`tmn{nio' `)f) bnibt gmioetn{pnobi Dni`rio uai Cri`bi

ri` Ripbt{p÷p|bti' Obwnii uai Ubtptmrbi' Nipbtb{{b ri` [~hzmpfnb) Bnib

zbt{õignkfb ri` zbt{aibidb|aobib Ubtdni`rio {pbfp mg{a obptbr `bh Ztni|nz

’zbazgb onub pa zbazgb‗ mi bt{pbt [pbggb ri` bthõognkfp bnib {pmdngb

Cri`bidni`rio ri` Hmtcpza{npnainbtrio) @m nh Emgg `b{ Ktawèri`nio{ Eõt`btbt

ri` \nbgotrzzb n`bipn{kf {ni`' hr{{ bnib Cri`biatnbipnbtrio nh Fnidgnkc mre `nb

Eõt`btbt uatobiahhbi wbt`bi) @m{ db`brpbp' `bt Obgòbdbt eõt`btp nh

==? uog) Bibto~ Mrpaiah~‛ @bt Engh OhdF' 4:=:d==6 uog) [zmiibt Engh{' 4:=:d==> uog) Dtmub Ibw Engh{' 4:=:=4: D4K &biog) dr{nib{{ pa kai{rhbt. db{kftbndp `nb Cahhrincmpnai{( ri` Fmi`bg{db|nbfriobi |wn{kfbi

Ripbtibfhbi ri` Cai{rhbipbi)=4= D4D &biog) dr{nib{{ pa dr{nib{{. < Ob{kfàep{db|nbfriobi=44 Cgbni! Fbnitnkf{' =>>5< =4:=4; Fmndmkf' =>>5< 40




Mggobhbnibi bni Enghztalbcp' rh `nb{b{ mh Bi`b ubtwntcgnkfp {bfbi |r cõiibi)

@nb Hõognkfcbnp `b{ Obdbi{ uai Cgbnidbptàobi n{p bip{kfbn`bi`' `mhnp lb`b

\nbgotrzzb' rimdfàiono uai nftbt Gn}rn`npàp' Eõt`btbt {bni cmii) @m{

Etnbi`tmn{nio obfp {a `bt bnobipgnkfbi Ktawèri`nio(Pàpnocbnp uatmr{) Mggbni

{kfai `m`rtkf ripbt{kfbn`bp {nkf Ktawèri`nio uah mggobhbnibi Obg`{mhhbgi)

B{ hr{{ ’`nmgaon{kf {bni' zmtpn|nzmpnu ri` ni Ibp|wbtcbi bteagobi)‗=40 Nh [niib

`b{ Ktawèri`nio(Mi{mp|b{ n{p ni `bi [pmcbfag`bti inkfp gb`nognkf ʳ[zbi`btʷ

{ai`bti Hnpob{pmgpbt |r {bfbi ri` `nb{b{ Zapbipnmg mrkf |r irp|bi)

;);)4)4)4 Btfõfrio `bt Md{mp|kfmikbi

@nb Ktaw` ptàop inkfp irt |rh Bteago bnib{ Enghztalbcp{ dbn' {ai`bti `nbip mrkf

`bh Ztalbcpninpnmpat mg{ wnkfpnobt Mifmgp{zricp rh `nb Mtdbnp mh Ztalbcp |r

azpnhnbtbi) ’Np mgtbm`~ fm{ at fm{ pfb zapbipnmgg~ mgg ae pfb kahzaibip{ ae m

ztb`nkpnai hmtcbp-‗=42 @bii Ktawèri`nio bthõognkfp `bi Ztaoia{bhmtcp tbgmpnu

tbmgn{pn{kf bni|r{kfàp|bi obhàÑ `bh [kfwmthnipbggnobi|(Zfàiahbi' waimkf

hnp Fngeb `bt caoinpnubi Eàfnocbnpbi bnibt Otrzzb db{{btb Bip{kfbn`riobi

uatobiahhbi wbt`bi cõiibi mg{ `nb{ `rtkf bni|bgib Bvzbtpbi hõognkf n{p)=45

@rtkf `nb Mi|mfg uai Pbngibfhbti mi bnibh bteagotbnkfbi Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp

ondp dbtbnp{ `nb Dbpbngnorio{tmpb mi {nkf Mr{criep ÷dbt `nb pmp{àkfgnkfb Imkfetmob

`bt zapbipnbggbi Cai{rhbipbi) @nb Pmp{mkfb' `m{{ `nb Ripbt{p÷p|bt

{bgd{phapnunbtp bni Ztalbcp ripbt{p÷p|bi' n{p bnib |rubtgà{{nob ]rbggb ÷dbt

bti{pfmepb{ Nipbtb{{b) ’Ia mharip ae eakr{ otarznio at pb{p hmtcbpnio( wfnkf pfb

{pr`na{ S)))X biomob ni mootb{{nubg~( kmi kfmiob b{{bipnmg `neenkrgp~ ae `n{kbtinio

wfmp {bzmtmpb{ m fnp eath m `r`)‗=4? Hbn{p gnbop `nb Bip{kfbn`rio wbgkfbt Engh

zta`r|nbtp wnt` ri` wbgkfbt inkfp' ni `bi Fài`bi bninobt wbinobt ’Bvzbtpbi‗' `nb

gbp|pgnkf `mimkf bip{kfbn`bi' wbgkfbt Engh mh bfb{pbi `nb Ob{kfhàkcbt ri`

Nipbtb{{bi `bt Cniaoàiobt ptneep) [a dbbniegr{{bi mrkf `nb Bip{kfbn`riobi `bt

{bkf{ Hmlat([pr`na{' `nb `bi `brp{kfbi Enghhmtcp àhninbtbi' wm{ ni `bi Cnia{

=40 Tbn{bt' 4::>=42 Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< =;2=45 uog) [rtawnbkcn' 4::2=4? Fawb' 4::6< 420




|rh otaÑbi Pbng gàrep)=46 @nb{b{ [~{pbh n{p inkfp irt ri`bhactmpn{kf' {ai`bti

mrkf nibeen|nbip nh Fnidgnkc mre `nb |mfgtbnkfbi ri` ca{pbinipbi{nubi Cniaegaz{

`nb Lmft e÷t Lmft zta`r|nbtp wbt`bi) @nb otaÑb Mi|mfg uai Mifàiobti bnib{

Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpb{ {atop fniobobi mrpahmpn{kf `me÷t' `m{{ `bt Engh

Mrehbtc{mhcbnp bteàftp ri` \r{kfmrbt migakcp) @m{{ Ktawèri`nio ri` `nb

`mhnp bnifbtobfbi`b nipbtimpnaimgn{nbtpb Cahhrincmpnai ri` @bhactmpn{nbtrio

bnib otaÑb Kfmikb e÷t bnib |nbgotrzzbiobtbkfpb Ubthmtcprio n{p' |bnop {nkf

dbn{znbgfmep mi `bt Imkfetmob uai Enghztalbcpbi wnb Pfb = [bkai` Engh hnp hbft

mg{ ;:'::: Ripbt{p÷p|bti mr{ >? Gài`bti ri` Pfb Mob ae pfb [przn` ' `b{{bi

Enghztbhnbtb ni hbft mg{ 2: Gài`bti ri` ?:: Cnia{ ogbnkf|bnpno {pmppemi`)=4> @nb

Enimi|nbt{ {ni` ogbnkf|bnpno Cai{rhbipbi ri` _btdbt) ’_fa warg` dbppbt `bkn`b

wfmp {farg` db ktbmpb` pfmi pfb {mhb zbazgb wfa wngg rgnphmpbg~ kai{rhb pfb

zta`rkp1‗=;: @bii `nb enimi|nbggb Dbpbngnorio mi bnibh Ztalbcp omtmipnbtp

bti{pfmepb{ Nipbtb{{b ri` `bt Dbpbngnorio mi bnibt Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai wafip

wbnp hbft Db`brprio niib mg{ bnibt dgaÑbi Obg`÷dbtwbn{rio) ’_f~ zm~ pwbip~(

enub }rn` pa db mi m{{fagb1 Ni b{{bikb' ~arʷtb prtinio knibhm etah wfmp np fm{

dbkahb' m dr{nib{{' dmkc pa wfmp np wm{ atnonimgg~' mi mtp eath) Ni{pbm` ae fmunio

zgbm{b` {ahb zta`rkbt wnpf zrt{b {ptnio{' ~artʷtb `bmgnio wnpf m kahhrinp~)‗=;=

[a `nbip `m{ Ktawèri`nio inkfp irt |rt Un{rmgn{nbtrio bnibt bkfpbi Imkfetmob'

{ai`bti mrkf |rt Gacmgn{nbtrio ri` @beninpnai uai \nbgotrzzbi)

;);)4)4); Cri`biiàfb

@akf inkfp mggbni `m{ _n{{bi ÷dbt `nb zapbipnbggbi Hmtcpkfmikbi n{p e÷t `bi

Ztalbcpninpnmpat uai Db`brprio' mrkf `nb dgaÑb {~hdagn{kfb Ripbt{p÷p|rio bnibt

Ktaw` ri` `btbi Ebb`dmkcericpnai n{p bnib inkfp |r ripbt{kfàp|bi`b Hapnumpnai)

’Hmi cbiip `m{ lm mg{ Ctbmpnubt< B{ ondp `rtkfmr{ Zfm{bi' ni `bibi hmi {nkf

etmop' wmtrh hmkfb nkf `m{ fnbt) Ri` wbii hmi `mii bnib Kahhrinp~ fmp' `nb

inkfp irt za{npnub{ Ebb`dmkc |rt÷kcondp' {ai`bti {nkf {aomt enimi|nbgg dbpbngnop'

`mii n{p `m{ imp÷tgnkf bni {bft {pmtcbt Mitbn| mrkf c÷iepno `nb Ztalbcpb |r

=46 uog) Gmio!_nipbt' 4::2< =4>=4> uog) Pfb = [bkai` Engh' 4:=:m ' [zmiibt Engh{' 4:=:k=;: Fawb' 4::6< 420=;= Fawb' 4::6< 422e




tbmgn{nbtbi' `nb `nb Emikahhrinp~ bdbi wbtp{kfàp|p)‗=;4' dbhbtcp [aknmg Hb`nm(

Dbtmpbt Gbmi`bt _mppno) Bni Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp dnbpbp `nubt{b Hõognkfcbnpbi

÷dbt {bnib _bd{bnpb' `mhnp bni cai{ptrcpnubt Mr{pmr{kf |wn{kfbi Ninpnmpat ri`

Eõt`btbt {pmppeni`bi cmii) [a w÷t`nobi Ktawèri`bt inkfp irt `nb Tbmgn{nbtrio

bnibt Eatp{bp|rio ubtomiobibt Mtdbnpbi a`bt `b{ obzgmipbi Ztalbcpb{' {ai`bti

hapnunbtbi `bi Zta`r|bipbi |rh _bnpbthmkfbi ri` |rt Zgmirio |rc÷iepnobt

Ztalbcpb) Ktawèri`nio wbi`bp {nkf {ahnp mi `nb Tbzrpmpnai `b{

Nifmgpbfbt{pbggbt{ ‛ ri` `nb{b db|nbfp {nkf mre ubtomiobib mg{ mrkf mre

|rc÷iepnob Ztalbcpb)=;;

;);)4)4)0 Rimdfàionocbnp ni Fbt{pbggrio ri` @n{ptndrpnai

Bip{kfbn`bi` e÷t `nb Hapnumpnai unbgbt Enghbhmkfbt n{p `nb Dbwmftrio bnibt

otõÑphõognkfbi c÷i{pgbtn{kfbi Rimdfàionocbnp) Pmp{àkfgnkf cmii Ktawèri`nio

mg{ Enimi|nbtrio{ha`bgg bnib ibrb Rimdfàionocbnp ni `bt Fbt{pbggrio

bthõognkfbi) _nb `nb Btgàrpbtrio `b{ n`bmgp~zn{kfbi Enimi|nbtrio{ha`bgg{ e÷t

Enghb |bnopb' {ni` `nb Enghbhmkfbt `mdbn mdfàiono uai `bt Bte÷ggrio `bt

Eõt`bttnkfpgninbi ri` mrkf `bi Ztàebtbi|bi `bt Eõt`btbt ri` Ebti{bf{bi`bt) Nh

Obobi{mp| `m|r ripbt{p÷p|p `nb Ktaw` Ztalbcpb' afib eathbggb a`bt nifmgpgnkfb

Db`nioriobi |r {pbggbi) $_àtb `bt Engh uai bnibh Ebti{bf{bi`bt wnb DDK a`bt

Kfmiibg Eart enimi|nbtp wat`bi' fàppbi Tb`mcpbrtb Bniegr{{ obiahhbi ri`

ob{mop< [a obfp `m{ mdbt inkfp) Nkf waggpb `nb md{agrpb Etbnfbnp' `bi Engh |r

hmkfbi' `bi nkf waggpb)$=;0' caictbpn{nbtp `nb Pfb Mob ae pfb [przn` (Tbon{{brtni

Etmii~ Mth{ptaio nftb Hapnumpnai Ktawèri`nio bni|r{bp|bi) Rimdfàionob

Enghzta`rcpnai fbnÑp ni bt{pbt Gninb uai Mreptmoobdbti wnb Ebti{bf{bi`bti ri`

Hb`nbicai|btibi obgõ{p |r {bni' rh {nkf bnib ripbtibfhbi{tbkfpgnkfb ri`

ctbmpnub Etbnfbnp |r dbwmftbi) @akf mrkf `bt etbnb Zta`r|bip dbeni`bp {nkf

gbp|pgnkf |rhni`b{p ni `bt Mdfàionocbnp uah Zrdgncrh ri` `nb{b{ fmp nh Emgg uai

Ktawèri`nio |wmt cbnibi nifmgpgnkfbi Bniegr{{' lbàkf `nb Hmkfp ÷dbt `nb

=;4 Hb~bt!_mppno' 4:=:=;; _bi|gmee' 4:=:=;0 Fbtwno!_nkcbt!Btib' 4:=:




Tbmgn{nbtrio bnib{ Ztalbcpb{ hnp |r bip{kfbn`bi)=;2 @biiakf n{p `bt

Ztalbcpninpnmpat inkfp uai `bt Ori{p bni|bgibt Mdfàiono' {ai`bti cmii `m{ Tn{nca

bnibt Mdgbfirio mre mggbni ni @brp{kfgmi` mre 6= Hnggnaibi D÷tobt ubtpbngbi)

Obtm`b ni \bnpbi uai Enimi|( ri` Dmicbictn{bi' wbii b{ e÷t Enghbhmkfbt iakf

{kfwnbtnobt n{p' cgm{{n{kfb Dmicbi a`bt Engheõt`btni{pnprpnaibi uai bnibt

Obgùbtomdb |r ÷dbt|brobi' gm{{bi {nkf hnp Ktawèri`nio `mtmr{ tb{rgpnbtbi`b

Ri{nkfbtfbnpbi rhobfbi) Zta`rcpnai{enthbi enimi|nbtbi hõognkf{p hbftbtb

Enghb zmtmggbg' rh ’`m{ Tn{nca bnib{ Ubtgr{pob{kfàep{ dbn bnibh bni|bgibi Engh

|r hninhnbtbi) S)))X Bnib cgbnib Enthm obtàp `m {kfibgg ni fafb enimi|nbggb

Dbgm{priobi' rh ÷dbtfmrzp ibrb Ztalbcpb {pmtpbi |r cõiibi)‗=;5 @nb Enimi|ctn{b

`b{ ibrbi Lmftpmr{bi`{ `b{pmdngn{nbtp inkfp irt `nb Hàtcpb' {ai`bti ubtmigm{{p

mrkf |mfgtbnkfb Dmicbi' aeebib Ctb`npb bni|reat`bti) [bgd{p tbiahhnbtpb

Enghripbtibfhbi fmdbi Ztadgbhb Obg`bt e÷t ibrb Ztalbcpb uai `bi Dmicbi

dbwnggnop |r dbcahhbi) Cgbnibtbi Enghzta`rcpnai{enthbi ri` Mieàiobti btobfp

b{ `m inkfp db{{bt) Zbpbt _nipainkc btcgàtp' `m{{ `bt \rgmre |r Mgpbtimpnubi

Enimi|nbtrio{paag{ wnb Ktawèri`nio bnib Tbmcpnai mre `nb _ntp{kfmep{ctn{b ri`

`bi ’miob{kfgmobibi Cmznpmgn{hr{‗=;? {bn) @nb Ubtptmrbi{ctn{b `bt Dmicbi ri`

mrkf `bt Zagnpnc hnp nftbt [rdubipnai{hnppbgubtomdb eõt`btp `nb Bipwnkcgrio uai

mgpbtimpnubi Enimi|nbtrio{hõognkfcbnpbi wnb Ktawèri`nio) ’Ktawèri`nio n{p

`bt Mr{`trkc bnib{ ztaeri`bi Hn{{ptmrbi{ obobi `nb bpmdgnbtpbi Ni{pnprpnaibi'

wbng uai nfibi inkfp{ hbft |r btwmtpbi n{p' ri` wbng ibrb _bob ri` _btc|brob

`m {ni`' rh ob{kfàepgnkfb Ubtdni`riobi ÷dbt mi`btb _bob mre|rdmrbi‗=;6)

B{ bthõognkfp inkfp irt bnib Rimdfàionocbnp ni `bt Enghfbt{pbggrio' {ai`bti mrkf

ni `bt @n{ptndrpnai) Ninpnmpatbi cõiibi mrkf `m{ Zapbipnmg `bt Ktaw` mg{

Enghubtptbndbt irp|bi) @m{ Enghztalbcp Pfb Mob ae pfb [przn` dbn{znbg{wbn{b

eat`btpb `nb Ktaw` mre' {bgd{patomin{nbtpb Enghuate÷ftriobi |r ubtmi{pmgpbi) Hnp

Fngeb `bt Ninpnmpnub Ni`nb{ktbbinio{)ibp cmii lb`bt bnib Enghuate÷ftrio

atomin{nbtbi ri` `me÷t `nb Enghbhmkfbt `ntbcp db|mfgbi ri` {aomt {bgd{p Obwnii

bt|nbgbi) @mdbn wnt` `nb Ubtwbtprio{cbppb rh `nb ÷dgnkfbi Ubtgbnfbt ri`

=;2 uog) Nglnib!Cbng' 4:::< =40=;5 Cõghbg' 4::>< ====;? uog) Gmumrv Sbp mg)X' 4:=:=;6 Gakfhmnbt' 4:=:




Ubtptnbdb ubtc÷t|p ri` {awafg Enghbhmkfbt ri` Uate÷ftbt ztaenpnbtbi `muai)=;>

@nb 0) Tbuagrpnai ' wbii mrkf nh Tbzbtpantb `nb @bgzfn Enghubtgbnf OhdF '

eat`btpb `nb Ktaw` mre' mcpnu |r wbt`bi ri` mrkf Enghgn|bi|bi e÷t õeebipgnkfb'

inkfp cahhbt|nbggb Uate÷ft|wbkcb |r btwbtdbi) Ntai [c~ dnbpbp mre {bnibt

_bd{npb `nb Hõognkfcbnp bnibi ’{ktbbinio tb}rb{p‗ &Mietmob |rt Enghuate÷ftrio.

uat|ribfhbi) Caictbp db`brpbp `m{' `m{{ zapbipnbggb Cniaoàiobt nftb Imkfetmob

gacmgn{nbtbi) E÷t `nb Ninpnmpatbi n{p b{ mre `nb{b _bn{b hõognkf `bi Engh ob|nbgp ni

`nb lbwbngnobi Cnia{ |r dtniobi d|w) Ubtgbnfb |r ÷dbt|brobi) Ni Eagob wbt`bi

`nb R{bt' `nb dbn nftbt Imkfetmobdbcri`rio nftb Caipmcp`mpbi fnipbtgbobi'

{zb|nbgg ÷dbt Bubip{ |rh Enghztalbcp ni nftbt Iàfb nieathnbtp ri` {a ob|nbgp

dbwatdbi) Hbft mg{ 40)::: Hbi{kfbi fmdbi dbtbnp{ nft Nipbtb{{b dbcri`bp `bi

Ntai [c~ nh Cnia |r db{rkfbi)=0: Ktawèri`nio bthõognkfp `mhnp' `nb Ktaw` ri`

`btbi Dbobn{pbtrio e÷t `m{ Ztalbcp inkfp irt |rt Zta`rcpnai{enimi|nbtrio'

{ai`bti mrkf caictbp e÷t `nb Ubtwbtprio `b{ Engh{ |r irp|bi) @mdbn wnt` `nb

Ktaw` mdbt inkfp mr{obirp|p' {ai`bti unbghbft wnt` mrkf `btbi Db`÷tein{ imkf

\romio |rh Engh dbetnb`nop)

;);); @nb Ktaw`

Bni wbnpbtbt bgbhbipmtbt Db{pmi`pbng `b{ Ktawèri`nio(Ha`bgg{ n{p `nb Ktaw`)

@akf wbt obimr ubtdntop {nkf fnipbt `nb{bt miai~hbi ri` mhatzfbi Hm{{b1 @nb

ubthbnipgnkfb Miai~hnpàp `bt Hm{{b dntop unbgb Tn{ncbi e÷t `nb bteagotbnkfb

@rtkfe÷ftrio bnibt Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai) Obtm`b `b{fmgd n{p b{ iõpno `nb{b

’Ridbcmiipb‗ ri` `btbi Hapnub |r ubt{pbfbi' rh `nb ’Ktawèri`nio(Ogbnkfrio‗

gõ{bi |r cõiibi) Fàreno wnt` fni{nkfpgnkf `bt Ktaw` mrkf uai ’Kahhrinp~‗ ri`

’Kahhrinp~drng`nio‗ ob{ztakfbi) _m{ `nb{b Dbotneegnkfcbnpbi nh Db|ro mre

Ktawèri`nio db`brpbi' {awnb `nb Kfmtmcpbtn{pncm ri` `nb Hapnub `bt Ktaw`'

wnt` nh `nb{bh Cmznpbg btgàrpbtp) Bni Ubt{pàiìn{ wbt `nb Ktaw` ri`!a`bt

Kahhrinp~ n{p' btgbnkfpbtp bni |nbgobtnkfpbpb{ ri` bteagotbnkfb{ Fbtmiobfbi mi

bni Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp)

=;> uog) [zmiibt Engh{' 4:=:d=0: uog) Dgni` [zap Znkprtb{' 4:=:m




;););)= Kfmtmcpbtn{pncm

@nb Ktaw` wnt` mg{ `nb miai~hb Hm{{b db{kftnbdbi' `nb hbft a`bt wbinobt unbg

Obg` mr{ ubt{kfnb`bibi Hapnubi &{nbfb Cmznpbg ;););); Hapnumpnai `bt Ktaw` .

e÷t bni Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp ondp) \wmt n{p dbn `bi hbn{pbi Ktawèri`nio(

Ztalbcpbi bnib miai~hb Dbpbngnorio hõognkf &uog) Pmdbggb =. lbàkf irp|bi inkfp

unbgb `nb{b Hõognkfcbnp) @nb{ gnbop mrkf ni `bt Pmp{mkfb' `m{{ bni fafbt

Zta|bip{mp| `bt Obg`bt mr{ `bi Fài`bi uai Dbcmiipb{ `b{ Ninpnmpat{ cahhp)=0=

@nb Ktaw` n{p mg{a {kfai mggbni `b{fmgd irt db`niop bnib wntcgnkf miai~hb

Hm{{b) @biiakf dbpbngnobi {nkf nh Tbobgemgg mrkf Irp|bt' `nb `bh Ninpnmpat inkfp

zbt{õignkf dbcmiip {ni`) Rh `nb{b db{{bt Bttbnkfbi |r cõiibi' n{p bni

Ubt{pàiìn{ `bt mggobhbnibi Kfmtmcpbtn{pncm uai Ktawèri`bti fngetbnkf) @m

Ktawèri`nio mre `bt Irp|rio `b{ Nipbtibp{ dm{nbtp' `nbip mg{ Otri`gmob |rt

Db{kftbndrio `bt Ktawèri`bt' `nb Hb`nbiirp|btp~zagaonb &HIP.' `nb mr{

MT@!\@E(Aignib([pr`nbi fbtuatobfp)=04 @nb HIP dbt÷kc{nkfpno `nb Ubtài`btrio

`bt Irp|btp~zagaonbi `rtkf `nb pbkfiagaon{kfb _bnpbtbipwnkcgrio `b{ Nipbtibp{

ri` `bt ob{bgg{kfmepgnkfbi Bpmdgnbtrio `b{ _bd 4):) Hnp Fngeb `bt P~zagaonb wnt`

`brpgnkf wbgkfb{ Ktawèri`nio(Zapbipnmg ni `bt Ob{mhpdbuõgcbtrio fni{nkfpgnkf

`btbi Hb`nbiirp|rio db{pbfp) Mreotri` `bt iakf lriobi ri` ÷dbt{kfmrdmtbi

’Ktawèri`nio([|bib‗' n{p `nb{b |wmt inkfp bvzgn|np ni `bt [pr`nb dbt÷kc{nkfpnop'

b{ gm{{bi {nkf mdbt Àfignkfcbnpbi ri` T÷kc{kfg÷{{b mr{ `nb{bi

ubtmggobhbnibtpbi Btobdin{{bi `bt Hb`nbiirp|bt(P~zn{nbtriobi |nbfbi' `nb `bh

Ubt{pàiìn{ `bt Ktaw` `nbibi)

Ni `bt `brp{kfbi Ob{mhpdbuõgcbtrio {ni` `nb zapbipnbggbi Ktawèri`nio(

Ripbt{p÷p|bt uat mggbh ni `bt Otrzzb `bt \nbg{ptbdnobi Ptbi`{bppbt &5'2" `bt

Dbuõgcbtrio. |r {bfbi) Mifmi` nftbt Kfmtmcpbtn{nbtrio gà{{p {nkf mre bni fafb{

Nipbtb{{b mi `bt Dbpbngnorio mi ibrbi _bd 4):( [btunkb{' wnb Ktawèri`nio

{kfgnbÑbi) @bii {nb ubte÷obi ÷dbt bni dtbnpb{ Nipbtb{{bi{ebg`' bnibi

ztmohmpn{kfbi N`bmgn{hr{' Bteago{atnbipnbtrio ri` bnibi cahhrincmpnubi'

{bgd{pdbwr{{pbi Kfmtmcpbt) \r`bh otbnebi {nb {àhpgnkfb Hõognkfcbnpbi `b{ _bd

4): {kfibgg ri` mcpnu mre ri` dni`bi {nb ni nftbi Mggpmo bni' wm{ nftbi Ptbi`{bppbt(

=0= uog) Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< ?;=04 uog) Abfhnkfbi' 4::?< 445‛4;0




Kfmtmcpbt ripbt{ptbnkfp) Ni `bt Zfm{b `bt Bpmdgnbtrio uai Ktawèri`nio ni `bt

Ob{bgg{kfmep {ni` `nb \nbg{ptbdnobi Ptbi`{bppbt `nb bt{pbi' `nb {nkf mcpnu `nb{bh

Zfàiahbi |rwbi`bi ri` |r bnibt Mtp Uattbnpbt ni `b{{bi Irp|rio wbt`bi' iakf

bfb b{ ni `bt dtbnpbi Hm{{b miobcahhbi n{p) Fni{nkfpgnkf `bt Btwbtd{{ptrcprt

`bt \nbg{ptbdnobi Ptbi`{bppbt |bnop {nkf' wnb wnkfpno mrkf mr{ `nb{bh M{zbcp `nb

Hõognkfcbnp bnibt Dbpbngnorio mi Ktawèri`nio `rtkf Hnctadbptàob n{p) Uai `bi

wbnpobfbi` ripbt ;:(Làftnobi' dbeni`bi {nkf iakf imfb|r `nb Fàgepb ni `bt

Mr{dng`rio ri` ubte÷obi `mfbt ÷dbt dbotbi|pbi enimi|nbggbi [znbgtmrh) @m{

fafb Dng`rio{inubmr gà{{p ogbnkf|bnpno mre bni }rmgnen|nbtpb{ Rtpbng{( ri`

[bgbcpnai{ubthõobi fni{nkfpgnkf `bt ripbt{p÷p|pbi Ztalbcpb {kfgnbÑbi)=0; @nb

Btcbiipin{{b `b{ Aignib([zbi`bubtfmgpbi{ &uog) Cmznpbg 4)4 Nipbtibp ri`

Ob{bgg{kfmep . db{pàpnobi `nb{) [bgd{p `nb Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathdbot÷i`bt uai

[pmtpibvp' Nicrdmpa ri` Un{naidmcbt~ bip{ztbkfbi hbn{p `nb{bt P~zagaonb) Nftb

Hapnumpnai n{p {awafg mre bvptnin{n{kfb mg{ mrkf niptnin{kfb Hapnub |rt÷kc|re÷ftbi

&uog) Cmznpbg ;););); Hapnumpnai `bt Ktaw` .)

Mrkf Irp|bt `bt P~zagaonb `bt ha`btibi Crgprtnipbtb{{nbtpbi' Lriobi _ng`bi

ri` Dbtre{atnbipnbtpbi {pbfbi fni{nkfpgnkf nftb{ Ztaeng{ `bh Ktawèri`nio imfb<

@bt ha`btib Crgprtatnbipnbtpb &5':" `bt Dbuõgcbtrio. |bnop {nkf obobi÷dbt

Ktawèri`nio ztni|nznbgg mreob{kfga{{bi' `bii bt n{p {pmtc mi Crgprt ri` Cri{p

nipbtb{{nbtp ri` fmp bni aeebib{ Crgprtubt{pàiìn{) @m bt ibrb Bipwnkcgriobi ri`

Etmob{pbggriobi inkfp {a {kfibgg mreinhhp' {awnb ctnpn{kf ri` {bgbcpnu hnp `bh

Hb`nrh Nipbtibp rhobfp' n{p `bt ha`btib Crgprtatbipnbtpb mdbt cbni ’Bmtg~

Màzpbt‗ &et÷f|bnpnobt Miwbi`bt.) B{ n{p lbàkf |r btwmtpbi' `m{{ bt {nkf hnp

eatp{kftbnpbi`bt Bpmdgnbtrio `b{ Ktawèri`nio{ mcpnu dbpbngnop' `m `nb{ {bnibt

crgprtbgg mumipomt`n{pn{kfbi Imprt bip{ztnkfp)=00 @nb ha`btibi Crgprtatnbipnbtpbi

{ni` ÷dbt `nb Irp|( ri` Iath(Hapnub &uog) Cmznpbg ;););); Hapnumpnai `bt Ktaw` .

|r bttbnkfbi)

@nb Lriobi _ng`bi &==';" `bt Dbuõgcbtrio. {ni` mg{ fbàin{pn{kf'

hmpbtnmgn{pn{kf ri` cai{rhatnbipnbtp kfmtmcpbtn{nbtp) [agmiob `nb Dbpbngnorio mi

bnibh Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp obi÷obi` [zmÑ dnbpbp' {ni` `nb Lriobi _ng`bi inkfp

mdobibnop) @m {nb mdbt' mreotri` nftbt Lrobi`gnkfcbnp' iakf ripbt {pmtcbt [png( ri`

=0; uog) Abfhnkfbi' 4::?< 44>e)=00 uog) Abfhnkfbi' 4::?< 42=




[bgd{pri{nkfbtfbnp gbn`bi' atnbipnbtbi {nb {nkf mh Irp|rio{ubtfmgpbi uai nftbi

Mgpbtobia{{bi) [nb {ni` inkfp `nb mi{ztrkfuagg{pbi ri` mrkf inkfp `nb {kfibgg{pbi

Irp|bt3 àkf n{p `bt Ptbi` `bt Ktawèri`nio{ bt{p ni nftbt Otrzzb miobcahhbi'

bip{ztnkfp bnib Dbpbngnorio nftbh Fmio |r Ibrbh ri` Mdwbkf{grio)=02 Dbn

ob|nbgpbt Mi{ztmkfb `b{ Fbàin{hr{(Hapnub &uog) Cmznpbg

;);););)4 Fbàin{hr{(Hapnub. cmii `nb{b db{kfgbrinop wbt`bi)

@nb Dbtre{atnbipnbtpbi &6'0" `bt Dbuõgcbtrio. ubteagobi \nbgb db{pài`no' irp|bi

`m{ Nipbtibp {bgd{pubt{pài`gnkf ri` {ni` {pmtc crgprtnipbtb{{nbtp) @m{ Biomobhbip

nh Ktawèri`nio cahhp nftbi dtbnpbi Nipbtb{{bi' mdbt ogbnkf|bnpnobh \bnphmiobg

bipobobi)=05 Nftb Hapnumpnai {nkf mi Ktawèri`nio |r dbpbngnobi dbtrfp uat mggbh

mre bvptni{n{kfbi Emcpatbi &uog) Cmznpbg

;);););)4 Fbàin{hr{(Hapnub.)

Inhhp hmi `nb{b Otrzzbi |r{mhhbi' {a {ni` cimzz ;:" `bt `brp{kfbi

Dbuõgcbtrio zapbipnbggb Ktawèri`nio(Pbngibfhbt) _àftbi` `nb ’Bmtg~

Màzpbt{‗' `nb et÷f|bnpnobi Miwbi`bt wnb `nb \nbg{ptbdnobi Ptbi`{bppbt' {nkfdbtbnp{ mcpnu hnp Ktawèri`nio mr{bnimi`bt{bp|bi' gnbop b{ uat mggbh mi `bt

za{npnubi _bnpbtbipwnkcgrio uai Ktawèri`nio ri` `bt ob|nbgpbi Mi{ztmkfb `bt

Irp|bthapnub' |rt÷kcfmgpbi`btb Hb`nbiirp|bt(P~zbi `mhnp ubtptmrp |r hmkfbi)

@bt Bteago uai Ktawèri`nio n{p mdbt inkfp irt uai `bi Mi{ptbioriobi `bt

Ninpnmpatbi ri` pbkfin{kfbi Uattmr{{bp|riobi mdfàiono' {ai`bti mrkf uah

\romio |r `bi lbwbngnobi Irp|btotrzzbi ri` `btbi Hb`nbicahzbpbi|bi) @nb

Irp|bt h÷{{bi hnp `bh Nipbtibp ri` `b{{bi Nieathmpnai{egrp rh|robfbi wn{{bi)

Dbn `bh ×dbtegr{{ mi Hõognkfcbnpbi' `nb `m{ Nipbtibp ni nifmgpgnkfbt ri`

ericpnaibggbt Fni{nkfp dnbpbp' bteat`btp b{ cahzbpbipb Bip{kfbn`riobi ri`

Mr{wmfgbi ptbeebi |r cõiibi ri` ’{bp|p nipbggbcprbggb Ebtpnocbnpbi uatmr{' `nb hnp

`bh pbkfin{kfbi \romio |r `bi Nieathmpnaibi inkfp{ |r pri fmdbi)‗=0? @m{

dbptneep `nb Irp|bt `b{ Nipbtibp{ nh Mggobhbnibi' |bnop mdbt mrkf' `m{{ irt bnib

hb`nbicahzbpbipb Hm{{b dbtbnp n{p |r bip{kfbn`bi' ad' wnb ri` wmtrh {nb bni

=02 uog) Abfhnkfbi' 4::?< 44>=05 uog) Abfhnkfbi' 4::?< 4;:=0? Mdbg{fmr{bt!_bfgbt' 4::=




Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp' bnibi Engh' ripbt{p÷p|p) Omz{cn ubt{pbfp `mtripbt' ’`nb

Eàfnocbnp |rt [bgd{patomin{mpnai bnib{ Bni|bgibi a`bt bnib{ {a|nmgbi [~{pbh{ nh

Fnidgnkc mre `nb {niiuaggb' beebcpnub ri` tbegbcpnbtpb Irp|rio pbkfin{kfbt Hb`nbi'

rh `m`rtkf `nb Gbdbi{}rmgnpàp ni `bt Nieathmpnai{ob{bgg{kfmep |r {pbnobti)‗=06

@bt Dbotnee Gbdbi{}rmgnpàp fni{nkfpgnkf `bt Irp|rio uai Ktawèri`nio n{p `mdbn

mr{ ubt{kfnb`bibi Zbt{zbcpnubi' wnb `bt Hb`nbiwntp{kfmep a`bt `bt Dng`rio |r

dbptmkfpbi) Otri`gbobi` {ni` `mdbn `nb Ubtbniemkfrio `b{ Gbdbi{ `bt Irp|bt

&mg{ Mtorhbip |rt Bpmdgnbtrio ibrbt Ob{kfàep{( ri` [btunkbha`bggb' wnb

Ktawèri`nio. a`bt `nb Bipemgprio bnibt ctnpn{kfbi' {bgd{pdb{pnhhpbi ri`

tbegbcpnbtpbi Zbt{õignkfcbnp `rtkf bnib bdbi{agkfb Irp|rio `b{ _bd 4):)

’_àftbi` `nb pbkfin{kf(ni{ptrhbipbggbi Cahzbpbi|bi mre `bt Miwbi`bt{bnpb

wbnpbt mi Db`brprio ubtgnbtbi' `m `nb Pbkfinc {bft bniemkf |r db`nbibi n{p'

obwniibi ni{db{ai`btb {bgd{ptbegbvnub ri` {a|nmgb Cahzbpbi|bi mi

Db`brprio)‗=0> @m{ Dbwr{{p{bni ri` `nb [arubtàinpàp nh Rhomio hnp Hb`nbi

ri` `bt Dbwbtprio ri` Caipbvprmgn{nbtrio uai Miobdapbi {pbnobi uat mggbh dbn

`bi l÷iobtbi Obibtmpnaibi) @nb{ wnt` dbtbnp{ ob|nbgp `rtkf `nb Nipbotmpnai `bt

Ubthnppgrio uai Hb`nbicahzbpbi|bi nh [kfrgripbttnkfp ubt{rkfp |r eõt`bti)=2:

Hnp `bh Dbwr{{p{bni' `m{{ bni ubtmipwatprio{dbwr{{pbt ri` ctnpn{kfbt Rhomio

hnp `bi Hõognkfcbnpbi `b{ _bd 4): ubt{pàtcp ni `nb Dng`rio bniobognb`btp wbt`bi

hr{{' n{p bnib wbnpbtb Ubtdb{{btrio ni `nb{bt Fni{nkfp |r btwmtpbi)

@bt niprnpnub Rhomio hnp ibrbi Miwbi`riobi `b{ Nipbtibp{ uai

Irp|btp~zagaonbi wnb `bi \nbg{ptbdnobi Ptbi`{bppbti ' `bi Dbtre{atnbipnbtpb i ri`

`bi Lriobi _ng`bi e÷ftp `m|r' `m{{ unbgb Nipbtibpirp|bt' db|nbfrio{wbn{b `nb

Ripbt{p÷p|bt bnib Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai' mg{ ’Zta{rhbipbi‗

&8Zta`r|bip#Cai{rhbip. db|bnkfibp wbt`bi) Ripbt {àhpgnkfbi Hõognkfcbnpbi'

`nb `m{ Nipbtibp dnbpbp' uai `bt Dbpbngnorio mi _ncnzb`nm' Pwnppbt dn{ |rt Irp|rio

`b{ ’Obeàggp ‗(Drppai{ mre Emkbdaac ' n{p Ktawèri`nio bnib ibrb Hõognkfcbnp `bt

\r{mhhbimtdbnp uai Enghfbt{pbggbti ri` Enghemi{) @rtkf `m{ Ktawèri`nio

bnib{ Engh{' wbt`bi Zbt{aibi' `nb bnobipgnkf Cai{rhbipbi {ni`' ogbnkf|bnpno |r

Zta`r|bipbi) @bt Irp|bt wnt` Pbng `b{ Zta`rcpnai{zta|b{{b{ ri` {ahnp |r bnibh

=06 OtàÑbt!Zafg{kfhn`p' 4::?< =?=0> OtàÑbt!Zafg{kfhn`p' 4::?< =>=2: uog) Obrcnio' 4:=:




obwn{{bi Otm` mrkf |rh Zta`r|bipbi `b{ Engh{) Drkf{pàdgnkf n{p `nb{ |r

btcbiibi' wbii `nb Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpeõt`btbt mg{ Zta`r|bipbi nh

Enghmd{zmii obimiip wbt`bi)=2=

Ni Cai{b}rbi| bipwnkcbgi {nkf `nb{b Zta{rhbipbi nhhbt hbft |r ’Zta(Mh{‗

&8ztaeb{{naibggbi Mhmpbrtbi.' `nb Mreomdbi mre bnibh fafbi }rmgnpmpnubi

Inubmr' {a|r{mobi ztaeb{{naibgg' bte÷ggbi) [nb {ni` obdng`bp' biomonbtp ri` orp

ubtibp|p ri` obfbi Nipbtb{{bi wnb Engh' nh Nipbtibp imkf ri` mtdbnpbi àtp bio

hnp ztaeb{{naibggbi Enghbhmkfbti |r{mhhbi)=24 Ztaen ri` Mhmpbrt ogbnkfbi {nkf

{a nhhbt hbft mi ri` `m{ õeebipgnkfb Ubtptmrbi ni ’bkfpb Bvzbtpbi‗ {nicp'

wàftbi` `m{ Mi{bfbi uai Mhmpbrtbi {pbnop) @nb{ fmp e÷t `m{ Ktawèri`nio nh

Enghdbtbnkf wbnp tbnkfbi`b Db`brpriobi<

\rh bnibi' ptmrbi `nb Enghzta`r|bipbi `bi Ktawèri`bti ni nftbt Taggb `b{

’Mhmpbrtengheõt`btbt{‗ hbft Rtpbng{}rmgnpàp |r mg{ `bi ’ztaeb{{naibggbi‗

Engheõt`btotbhnbi' wm{ db`brpbp' `m{{ `nb ’Mhmpbrtengheõt`btbt‗ nhhbt hbft mi

Mi{bfbi ri` Db`brprio obwniibi) @btbi [bgd{pubtptmrbi &’N karg` à pfmp lad

m{ wbgg m{ pfmp or~‗=2;. {pbnop wnb`btrh' rh `nb Taggb `b{ Engheõt`btbt{ |r mcpnu

ri` fàrenobt bni|ribfhbi) @mhnp {pbnop mrkf `nb Dbtbnp{kfmep {nkf mi

Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpbi enimi|nbgg |r dbpbngnobi) @nb caiubipnaibggb

Eõt`btfnbtmtkfnb wnt` ni Etmob ob{pbggp a`bt mi`bt{ eathrgnbtp< ’np dbkahb{

bun`bip pfmp pfb ptm`npnaimg tagb ae m damt` ae `ntbkpat{ fm{ dbkahb kgric~' ne iap

mimkftain{pnk)‗=20

\rh mi`btbi bthõognkfp `m{ Ktawèri`nio mrkf ’Mhmpbrtenghbhmkfbti‗ bni

Ztalbcp |r tbmgn{nbtbi) Mreotri` ri|rtbnkfbi`bt Tbebtbi|bi wnb bnibt ebfgbi`bi

Enghfakf{kfrg(Mr{dng`rio fmdbi `nb{b cmrh Kfmikbi nftb Enghn`bb mre Dm{n{

`b{ ’ptm`npnaibggbi‗ Enghenimi|nbtrio{ha`bgg{ |r enimi|nbtbi) @nb Ktaw` lbàkf

ubtptmrp ni `nb ’Mhmpbrtenghbhmkfbt‗ ri` |bnop `nb{b{ `rtkf nftb enimi|nbggb

Ripbt{p÷p|rio)=22

=2= uog) [adk|mc!OtaÑ' 4:=: 4:=24 uog) [adk|mc!OtaÑ' 4:=:< ;?=2; Fawb' 4::6< ;>=20 Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< =:?=22 uog) Fawb' 4::6< ;>e)




;););)4 @nb Ktaw` mg{ Kahhrinp~

Fàreno wnt` `nb OtõÑb `bt Kahhrinp~ mg{ bip{kfbn`bi`bt Emcpat e÷t bteagotbnkfb{Ktawèri`nio db{kftnbdbi) Mrkf ni Dbtnkfpbi ÷dbt Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpb ri`

’Faw(Pa(Ktawèri`‗(Miwbn{riobi eàggp nhhbt wnb`bt `bt Dbotnee Kahhrinp~) B{

{pbggp {nkf `mdbn `nb Etmob' ad `nb Ktaw` mrpahmpn{kf bnib Aignib( a`bt Untprmg(

Kahhrinp~ ri` wmtrh `m{ Kahhrinp~drng`nio ripbt{p÷p|bi{wbtp n{p1

[a emggbi `brpgnkfb Ripbt{kfnb`b ni `bt Irp|rio `b{ Dbotnee{ `bt Aignib( a`bt

Untprmg(Kahhrinp~ mre) ’Uai bnibh bnifbnpgnkfbi Ubt{pàiìn{ cmii cbnib Tb`b

{bni)‗=25 Pbng{ {pbfp `bt Dbotnee ’Kahhrinp~ e÷t \r{mhhbi{kfg÷{{b hnp {pmtcbi

Dni`riobi a`bt mrkf e÷t \r{mhhbi{kfg÷{{b S)))X' `nb bfbt ga{b monbtbi‗=2?' pbng{

wbt`bi Aignib(Kahhrinpnb{ bniemkf hnp `bi tbon{ptnbtpbi Irp|bti bnibt Zgmppeath

a`bt bnib{ {a|nmgbi Ibp|wbtcb{ ogbnkfob{bp|p' wa lbàkf inkfp |wmio{gàreno bni

tbobghàÑnobt Mr{pmr{kf a`bt {pmtcb Ubtdri`bifbnp ripbt `bi tbon{ptnbtpbi

Dbirp|bti uat|reni`bi n{p)=26 [bft ubtbniemkf gà{{p {nkf bnib Kahhrinp~ mg{ bnib

nipbtmcpnub Otrzzb uai Zbt{aibi `beninbtbi' ’`nb {nkf mreotri` bnib{

obhbni{mhbi Nipbtb{{b{ |r{mhhbioberi`bi fmdbi)‗=2> Nh Emggb uai

Ktawèri`nio ptneep |wmt bni {pmtcb{ obhbni{mhb{ Nipbtb{{b |r' fniobobi n{p `nbNipbtmcpnunpàp `bt Otrzzb {pmtc ztalbcp( ri`!a`bt zgmppeathmdfàiono< _nb nipbtmcpnu

cõiibi `nb Ripbt{p÷p|bt àtp monbtbi1 _nb {pmtc wnt` bni Mr{pmr{kf obeõt`btp1

@nb {zb|nmgn{nbtpbi Db|nbfriobi' `nb {nkf ÷dbt `m{ Ktawèri`nio dng`bi'

dm{nbtbi aep irt mre bnibh bni|nobi obhbni{mhbi Nipbtb{{b) ’B{ n{p `b{fmgd

`muai mr{|robfbi' `m{{ `nb Dni`riobi inkfp mgg|r {pmdng {ni`' `m b{ {nkf rh

“rinzgbvb Dni`riobiʷ fmi`bgp)‗=5: B{ n{p bfbt `nb Mr{imfhb' `m{{ {nkf hrgpnzgbvb'

bio ubtwadbib Db|nbfriobi ripbt `bi Dbpbngnopbi btobdbi) B{ n{p mrkf cbnib

Iapwbi`nocbnp e÷t bnib ericpnainbtbi`b Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai' `m{{ {nkf `nb

Ktaw`hnpognb`bt ripbtbnimi`bt cbiibi' mr{pmr{kfbi ri` Ubtdni`riobi

bniobfbi) Unbghbft {mhhbgp {nkf bnib miai~hb Hm{{b |rh \wbkcb `bt

Ztalbcpeõt`btrio mi ri` ubtdgbndp fàreno mrkf ni `nb{bt Riubtdri`bifbnp) Dgnkcp

=25 [kfmeebtp!_nb`bi(Dn{kfae' 4::>< ===2? [pbodmrbt' 4::=< 5?ee)=26 uog) [kfmeebtp!_nb`bi(Dn{kfae' 4::>< =4=2> [kfmeebtp!_nb`bi(Dn{kfae' 4::>< ===5: [pbodmrbt' 4::=< 5?




hmi ni `nb Eatbi a`bt Oà{pbd÷kfbt' {a dbpbngnobi {nkf irt wbinob Eõt`btbt mcpnu

mi @n{cr{{naibi a`bt Àfignkfbh)

Fàreno gnbop `m{ Eõt`bti `bt Bip{pbfrio bnibt Ripbt{p÷p|bt(Kahhrinp~ &|)D)

`rtkf Aeegnib(Ptbeebi' zbt{aimgn{nbtpb Ztaengb a`bt Kfmpericpnaibi. mrkf inkfp nh

Eacr{ `bt Ztalbcpninpnmpatbi) @mdbn n{p `nb Dng`rio {agkfbt zbt{õignkfbi

Ubtdni`riobi `rtkfmr{ |r `btbi Uatpbng) [nb eõt`btp `nb Caipnirnpàp `bt

Ripbt{p÷p|rio ri` `nb bhapnaimgb Dni`rio mi `m{ Ztalbcp) Bninob Zgmppeathbi

ripbt{p÷p|bi `nb{ |rh Dbn{znbg `rtkf `nb Hõognkfcbnp `bt Nipbotmpnai uai

Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnunpàpbi ni [aknmg Hb`nm(Ztaengb wnb Emkbdaac )

\wn{kfbi Ninpnmpat ri` bni|bgibi Eõt`btbti fniobobi n{p bnib biob Ubtdni`rio

db{ai`bt{ wnkfpno e÷t `bi Bteago `b{ Ztalbcpb{ ri` mrkf bniemkfbt |r

ubteb{pnobi) ’Iathmgbtwbn{b gm{{bi {nkf Db|nbfriobi `rtkf bnib Btwn`btrio

bteat`bti`b Fngebgbn{prio &Tb|nzta|npàp{iath. {pmdngn{nbtbi)‗=5= Mre `nb{bt

Miimfhb dm{nbtp mrkf `m{ Ktawèri`nio(Ztni|nz< @nb enimi|nbggb Ripbt{p÷p|rio

`b{ Eõt`btbt{ ri` `m{ Ob{kfbic `b{ Ninpnmpat{ {pbggbi tb|nztacb

Obobigbn{priobi `mt) @nb Tb|nzta|npàp{tbobg db{mop' `m{{ Hbi{kfbi' wbii {nb

bpwm{ btfmgpbi' hapnunbtp {ni` bnib Obobigbn{prio |r btdtniobi) @m`rtkf' mdbt

mrkf `rtkf `nb untprbggb Pbngimfhb mi `bi Fõfbi ri` Pnbebi `bt

Ztalbcptbmgn{nbtrio' bip{pbfp bnib Ubtdni`rio |rhni`b{p uai `bi Eõt`btbti |r

`bi Ninpnmpatbi) @nb{b wnb`btrh {pbfbi hbn{p bnibt miai~hbi Hm{{b obobi÷dbt)

Md{kfgnbÑbi` gà{{p {nkf eb{p{pbggbi' `m{{ `bt Dbotnee `bt Kahhrinp~ mg{

À}rnumgbip |r Ktaw` uat{nkfpno |r dbirp|bi n{p) @nb Irp|bt bnibt Ktawèri`nio(

Zgmppeath a`bt ‛_bd{bnpb {ni` hbft mg{ bnib ’untprbggb Otrzzb‗ mi|r{bfbi' `btbi

umob Eath crt|etn{pnobt' obhbni{kfmepgnkfbt Ubtdri`bifbnp uat mggbh mre `bt

Irp|rio `bt{bgdbi Zgmppeath' Pbkfiagaonb a`bt Paag{' {awnb bnibh

obhbni{mhbi pfbhmpn{kfb{ Nipbtb{{b dbtrfp)=54

@akf ogbnkfo÷gpno wbgkfb Dbotneegnkfcbnpbi hmi e÷t `nb Ktaw` wàfgp' {a {aggpb àkf

`nb Obhbni{kfmep{dng`rio inkfp mr{ `bh Eacr{ `bt Ninpnmpatbi obtmpbi a`bt omt

ripbt{kfàp|p wbt`bi) @bii' |rh bnibi n{p `m`rtkf `nb Cahhrincmpnai hnp `bt

Ktaw` ri` `mhnp `nb Dbwbtdrio `b{ Ztalbcp{ bniemkfbt &uog) Cmznpbg ;);)4)4)=

Hmtcbpnioericpnai .' |rh mi`btbi n{p bni OtaÑpbng `bt Nipbtibpirp|bt mi `bt

=5= [pbodmrbt 4::=< 56=54 uog) [kfmeebtp!_nb`bi(Dn{kfae' 4::>< =;




Pbngimfhb mi Kahhrinpnb{ nipbtb{{nbtp ri` `btbi Mr{pmr{kf wntcp {nkf

hapnunbtbi` mre `nb Ktaw` mr{ &uog) Cmznpbg ;););); Hapnumpnai `bt Ktaw` .)=5;

[agkfb Obhbni{kfmepbi {ni` mg{ atomin{kfb [~{pbhb |r {bfbi)

[kfmeebtp!_nb`bi(Dn{kfaee |nbfbi `m|r `bi Ubtogbnkf |rt Zegmi|biwbgp fbtmi<

Obhbni{kfmepbi {ni` wnb ’Crgprtzegmi|bi‗ |r {bfbi'‗ `)f) {nb cõiibi |wmt mrkf

wnb ’_ng`dgrhbi‗ fbtmiwmkf{bi' wbng `nb bip{ztbkfbi`bi Db`nioriobi |reàggno

|r{mhhbicahhbi' {nb cõiibi ri` {aggpbi mdbt mrkf' bdbi wnb dbn

’Crgprtzegmi|bi‗' ’`rtkf bniobfbi`b Zegbob ob{kfmeebi ri` ripbt{p÷p|p

wbt`bi)‗=50 @nb Ninpnmpatbi cõiibi `nb{ mh bniemkf{pbi eõt`bti' ni`bh {nb `nb

Ktaw` niuagunbtbi' {nb imkf nftbt Hbnirio etmobi ri` {nb bnigm`bi {nkf hnp `bi

Ztalbcpninpnmpatbi ri` ripbtbnimi`bt mr{|rpmr{kfbi)=52 \r dbmkfpbi dgbndp mdbt'

`m{{ `nb Bnobi`~imhnc ri` riuatfbt{bfdmtb bvpbtib Emcpatbi' wbgkfb `nb

Bipwnkcgrio bnibt Kahhrinp~ dbbniegr{{bi' |r bnibh obwn{{bi Otm` db{pbfbi

dgbndbi)=55 @nb Dbpairio {a|naz{~kfagaon{kfbt Emcpatbi `b{ Ktawèri`nio n{p

`mdbn bni wnkfpnobt [kftnpp hnp `bh `nb [pàtcrio `b{ Obhbni{kfmep{obe÷fg{ mcpnu

obeõt`btp wbt`bi cmii) Fngetbnkf n{p fnbtdbn `nb Tnprmgn{nbtrio `b{ Ktawèri`nio{'

rh Irp|bt mi `m{ Ztalbcp' `nb Zgmppeath |r dni`bi ri` `btbi Ga~mgnpàp |r eõt`bti)

Dbn{znbgb {ni`' Hnpognb`{kfmep{tnprmgb' rh `nb Irp|bt hnp `bi Mcpnunpàpbi ri`

_btc|brobi ubtptmrp |r hmkfbi' |rh Dbn{znbg ni Eath bnib{ [pmtporpfmdbi{ e÷t

lb`bi ibrbi Ripbt{p÷p|bt wnb b{ dbn `bt Zgmppeath [pmtpibvp `bt Emgg n{p) Mdbt

mrkf tbobghàÑnob untprbggb ri`!a`bt tbmgb Ptbeebi hnp Ztalbcpgbnpbti ri` `nb

Hõognkfcbnp' `nb Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnunpàpbi ni ubt{kfnb`bi{pb [aknmg Ibpwatcnio(

[bnpbi bni|rdni`bi' ripbt{p÷p|bi `nb Bipwnkcgrio uai Ktawèri`nio |r bnibh

Tnprmg)=5? Dtnmi Hbbkb' uai `bt mhbtncmin{kfbi Zgmppeath TakcbpFrd btcgàtp'

`m{{ Ktawèri`nio e÷t `nb Irp|bt uai TakcbpFrd dbtbnp{ bni ibrb{ Tnprmg n{p ri`

eagognkf |r bnibh Pbng nftbt N`bipnpàp wnt`) Hnp {pbnobi`bt Zazrgmtnpàp uai

Ktawèri`nio wnt` b{ ob{bgg{kfmepgnkf tbgbumipbt |r dbadmkfpbi ri` |r

ubteagobi' wbt' wnb ri` wa mg{ Ktawèri`bt mcpnu n{p' rh `nb Zbt{õignkfcbnpbi `bt

=5; uog) MT@!\@E(Hb`nbicahhn{{nai' 4:=:k=50 [kfmeebtp!_nb`bi(Dn{kfae' 4::>< 4>=52 uog) Cnio' 4:=:=55 uog) [kfmeebtp!_nb`bi(Dn{kfae' 4::>< 4>=5? uog) [kfmeebtp!_nb`bi(Dn{kfae' 4::>< 2:e)




mi`btbi db{{bt bni{kfàp|bi |r cõiibi)=56 Àfignkf wnb b{ `rtkf Emkbdaac (Ztaengb

fbrpb dbtbnp{ ob{kfnbfp) @nb{bi Bni|ro ni `bi Mggpmo `bt Ob{bgg{kfmep ongp b{

{bnpbi{ `bt Ninpnmpatbi |r eõt`bti' rh {a bnibi hmvnhmgb Irp|bi{pbnobtrio e÷t

dbn`b [bnpbi |r bttbnkfbi)

;););); Hapnumpnai `bt Ktaw`

Dbadmkfpbp hmi `m{ Eõt`btubtfmgpbi `bt Ob{bgg{kfmep' {pbggp {nkf {kfibgg `nb

Etmob imkf `bh Mitbn|) @bt Irp|bi' Ripbt{p÷p|bt bnib{ Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai |r

{bni' n{p aephmg{ inkfp {aeatp aeebi{nkfpgnkf ri` `bt Hbi{kf nh Mggobhbnibi mg{ bni

tmpnaimgb{ _b{bi dbcmiip) @akf b{ cmii cmrh `bt Ca{pbi(Irp|bi(Mitbn| {bni'

`bt `nb Ktaw` hapnunbtp bni Enghztalbcp enimi|nbgg |r ripbt{p÷p|bi' `bii `nb

Obobigbn{priobi `bt Ztalbcpninpnmpatbi {ni` hbn{p irt uai {~hdagn{kfbh _btp)

Bnibt `bt |biptmg{pbi M{zbcpb `b{ Ktawèri`nio{ n{p `nb Mi{ztmkfb `b{

bip{ztbkfbi` tnkfpnobi Hapnu( db|nbfrio{wbn{b Mitbn|{~{pbh{) ’N{p b{ omt inkfp

uatfmi`bi a`bt bip{ztnkfp b{ inkfp m`à}rmp `bt btwmtpbpbi Gbn{prio `b{

Pbngibfhbt{' ubthnppbgp `m{ Ztalbcp `bh R{bt {kfibgg `m{ Obe÷fg `b{

Mr{irp|bi{‗=5>) @nb `tbn Hapnucmpboatnbi hnp bvptni{n{kfbi ri`!a`bt niptni{n{kfbi

Emcpatbi obdbi Mre{kfgr{{ ÷dbt `m{ Mitbn|{~{pbh `bt Ripbt{p÷p|bt<

;);););)= Irp|(Hapnub

Hõognkfb bvptni{n{kfb Dbwboot÷i`b {nkf mi Ktawèri`nio |r dbpbngnobi' {ni` mre

`nb Pbnghapnub Db`÷tein{{b' Ri|retnb`bifbnp ri` `m{ Ubtgmiobi imkf Ubto÷prio

|rt÷kc|re÷ftbi) @nb{b Hapnub ubteagobi `mdbn cbnibi [bgd{p|wbkc' {ai`bti {ni`

unbghbft Hnppbg |rh \wbkc ri` mre `m{ Bttbnkfbi db{pnhhpbt Bi`|r{pài`b

mr{obtnkfpbp) @nb Db`÷tein{{b `bt Irp|bt {ni` {pmtc ni`nun`rbgg ri` e÷ftbi |r

bnibt nhhbt {pàtcbt wbt`bi`bi ’Fbpbtaobin{nbtrio `bt Imkfetmob mre

Hàtcpbi‗=?:' mrkf dbn `bt Enghimkfetmob) Ogbnkf|bnpno wnt` `m{ Cniaztaotmhh

&|rhni`b{p lbi{bnp{ `bt wbinobi Ztaotmhhcnia{. nhhbt fahaobibt ri`

=56 uog) Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< ?>=5> [adk|mc!OtaÑ' 4:=:< 0==?: [adk|mc!OtaÑ' 4:=:< ;>




cahhbt|nbggbt) @bt Hmtcp`trkc `rtkf \r{kfmrbtt÷kcomio ri` Cnia{pbtdbi dtniop

bnib @ahnimi| `bt Dgakcdr{pbt hnp {nkf ri` `bh obibnopbi \r{kfmrbt {pbfbi

wbinobt Mr{wmfghõognkfcbnpbi |rt Ubte÷orio) Eagob n{p bnib Ri|retnb`bifbnp `bt

Cai{rhbipbi' `m bni Riogbnkfobwnkfp |wn{kfbi Btwmtprio ri` _mftibfhrio

`bt Gbn{prio bip{pbfp< @nb Enghbztaotmhhb bippàr{kfbi `nb ]rmgnpàp{btwmtprio

`b{ \r{kfmrbt{) @nb hmiobgi`b Unbgemgp `bt Ztaotmhhnifmgpb ongp mrkf mg{ Otri`

`b{ ’Mre{pmi`b{ `bt Hm{{bi‗ obobi Hm{{bizta`rcpnaibi ri` Hmni{ptbmh)=?=

@nb Nipbtimpnaimgn{nbtrio `bt Enghdtmikfb' `nb @ahnimi| `b{ Fagg~waa`cnia{ ri`

`nb `mhnp bnifbtobfbi`b Fahaobin{nbtrio `bt Nifmgpb ri` À{pfbpnc' ’wnt` ni

Brtazm aep hnp Ptnunmgn{nbtrio ri` Inubggnbtrio ogbnkfob{bp|p ri` mg{

mhbtncmin{kfbt Crgprtnhzbtnmgn{hr{‗=?4 ctnpn{nbtp) @nb brtazàn{kfb Enghgmi`{kfmep

ri` nft Enghmiobdap {pbfbi ripbt mhbtncmin{kfbh Bniegr{{' {bn b{ `rtkf `nb

àhninbtbi`bi Hmtcpza{npnaibi mhbtncmin{kfbt Zta`rcpnai{enthbi' `nb Ztà{bi|

mhbtncmin{kfbt Enghb a`bt `btbi Uatdngèricpnai nifmgpgnkfbt ri` à{pfbpn{kfbt

Mtp)=?; @bt mhbtncmin{kfb Hb`nbinhzbtnmgn{hr{ wnt` uai unbgbi Hbi{kfbi mg{

Db`tafrio `bt crgprtbggbi N`bipnpàp bhzeri`bi' wb{fmgd `nb brtazàn{kfb

Crgprtzagnpnc hnp ubt{kfnb`bibi HmÑimfhbi wnb ]rapbitbobgriobi ri`

[rdubipnaibi ubt{rkfp' `nb brtazàn{kfb Enghzta`rcpnai |r ripbt{p÷p|bi)=?0

Niwnbebti impnaimgb Enghcrgprtbi iri pmp{àkfgnkf db{pbfbi ri` btfmgpdmt {ni`' n{p

nh Rhemio `nb{bt Mtdbnp inkfp |r cgàtbi) Mredmrbi` mdbt' mre `bh Ubt{rkf bnib

enghn{kfb Unbgemgp ebtimd `b{ Fagg~waa`(Hmni{ptbmh(Cnia{ |r dbwmftbi' dnbpbp

Ktawèri`nio ni `bt Pmp bnib Hõognkfcbnp e÷t `bi Enghcai{rhbipbi {nkf mcpnu ni

`nb Zta`rcpnai{gmi`{kfmep bni|rhn{kfbi ri` {ahnp mrkf `nb Ztaotmhhunbgemgp hnp

|r db{pnhhbi) @nb{b Zmtpn|nzmpnai cõiipb hbft _ntcrio |bnobi mg{

dbn{znbg{wbn{b `nb aep ctnpn{nbtpbi ]rapbitbobgriobi' |rhmg {agkfb zagnpn{kfbi

Bniotneeb ni `nb Enghgmi`{kfmep dn{ fbrpb wbino bteagotbnkf wmtbi) [a ’fni`btpbi

[kfrp|hbkfmin{hbi wnb ]rapbi `bi cahhbt|nmgn{nbtpbi Hmtcp hnp Engh( ri`

Ebti{bfztaotmhhbi inkfp `mtmi' wbnpbt ztnhàt imkf wntp{kfmepgnkfbi

Ob{nkfp{zricpbi |r ericpnainbtbi)‗=?2 Ktawèri`nio dnbpbp ni `nb{bt [nprmpnai `bh

=?= uog) Etnbdb!Tmhob' 4::6< >4e)=?4 _m{ngbw{cn' 4::>< 06=?; uog) Fbzz!Ctap|!_nipbt' 4::2< ;:2( ;=:=?0 uog) _m{ngbw{cn' 4::>< 06=?2 _m{ngbw{cn' 4::>< 46;




Enghcai{rhbipbi `nb Hõognkfcbnp `rtkf mcpnub Hnpob{pmgprio `bt Enghgmi`{kfmep'

`nb bnobibi enghn{kfbi Db`÷tein{{b |r bte÷ggbi ri` `nb Ri|retnb`bifbnp |r {pnggbi)

@nb{b Irp|(Hapnub' wnb ni`nun`rbggb Db`÷tein{{b' Ri|retnb`bifbnpbi ri`

Ubto÷priobi |bnkfibi {nkf `m`rtkf mr{' `m{{ db{pnhhpb _÷i{kfb irt |rh

Bttbnkfbi bnib{ bnobibi Uatpbng{ nh Uat`btotri` {pbfbi) Bni Enghztalbcp ubte÷op

inkfp rihnppbgdmt ri` mrpahmpn{kf ÷dbt bnibi Irp|bi e÷t `bi Ztalbcpripbt{p÷p|bt'

unbghbft wnt` `b{{bi bnobib ’Eàfnocbnp |rt Irp|bi{pneprio S)))X hnp `bh

Uatfmi`bi{bni bnib{ Db`÷tein{{b{ hmpbtnmgn{nbtp) Irp|bi n{p `b{fmgd uai `bt

Bnoirio |rt Dbetnb`norio bnib{ db{pnhhpbi Db`÷tein{{b{ |r bnibh caictbpbi

\bnpzricp mdfàiono)‗=?5 E÷t `nb Ktaw` fmi`bgp b{ {nkf dbn `bt Irp|bibtwmtprio

rh `bi btwmtpbpbi Bteago nftbt caggbcpnubi Mcpnunpàpbi) @nb{b Irp|(Hapnumpnai wnt`

ob{pbnobtp `rtkf bnibi dbtbnp{ md{bfdmtbi Bteago `b{ Ztalbcp{ ri` `bt

Dbpbngnorio `mtmi) @bt Bni{mp| mi Nipbtb{{b ri` Eõt`btwnggbi `b{ Ktawèri`bt{

wnt` `rtkf `nb Obobigbn{prio' mg{ bnib Mtp Ubto÷prio' obw÷t`nop) ’@nb Õcaiahnb

obfp uai tmpnaimgbh Fmi`bgi `bt Pbngibfhbt mr{' `nb irt `mii bpwm{ dbnptmobi'

wbii {nb `me÷t mrkf bnibi Obobiwbtp btfmgpbi)‗=?? [a n{p e÷t hmikfbi

Ripbt{p÷p|bt `nb Obobigbn{prio uai mr{{kfgmoobdbi`bt Ctmep {nkf e÷t a`bt obobi

`nb Ripbt{p÷p|rio bnib{ Ztalbcpb{ |r bip{kfbn`bi) ’Ni `nb{bh [niib cmii `nb

ni`nun`rbggb Bip{kfbn`rio uai Mcpbrtbi' {nkf mi caggbcpnubi Mcpnunpàpbi |r

dbpbngnobi mg{ bnib Mdwàorio `bt btwmtpbpbi Irp|bi ri` Ca{pbi bnibt Pbngimfhb

ha`bggnbtp wbt`bi‗=?6)

Ad `nb Obobigbn{prio iri haibpmtn{nbtdmt n{p a`bt inkfp' dgbndp `biiakf fàreno

|wbnptmiono' wnb `nb eagobi`bi Hapnub |bnobi)

;);););)4 Fbàin{hr{(Hapnub

@nb fbàin{pn{kfbi Hapnub' {nkf mi Ktawèri`nio |r dbpbngnobi' {ni` niptni{n{kf

obztàop ri` `nbibi `bt [zmÑdbetnb`norio ri` [pnhrgmpnai) @nb{b uai niibi

cahhbi`bi Mitbn|b {ni` inkfp mre àrÑbtb Fmi`griobi' {ai`bti mre `m{ za{npnub

Btemftbi bnibt Pàpnocbnp |rt÷kc|re÷ftbi) @bt Ripbt{p÷p|bt ztaenpnbtp uai `bt

=?5 Gaf{b' 4::4< 2==?? uog) [adk|mc!OtaÑ' 4:=:< ;6=?6 Gaf{b' 4::4< 24




fbàin{pn{kfbi ]rmgnpàp `b{ Zta`rcpb{ ri` `bt Mcpnai' `nb {bnib Ibronbt'

Ctbmpnunpàp' [bgd{pga{nocbnp ri` {bnib Gr{p mh Pbngbi bte÷ggbi)=?> @nb{b Hapnumpnai

bip{pbfp' ’wbii `bt Cri`b `bh Zta`rcp `rtkf `bi Ibrfbnp{wbtp' [pmpr{ a`bt

Atnonimgnpàp bnibi fõfbtbi bhapnaimgbi _btp |r{kftbndp a`bt {nkf `muai bnib

{a|nmgb Mibtcbiirio btfaeep)‗=6: @mdbn n{p `bt Ripbtfmgprio{emcpat bnib{

Ztalbcpb{ db`brpbi` e÷t `nb Mcpnunbtrio `bt Ktaw`) @rtkf `nb

mdwbkf{grio{tbnkfb ri` ctbmpnub Bnidb|nbfrio `bt Ztalbcpripbt{p÷p|pbt ni `bi

Zta`rcpnai{ubtgmre wbt`bi `nb Hapnub miobtbop) @mdbn {ni` Obobigbn{priobi

|wbnptmiono' `bii ’niptni{n{kfbt Irp|bi db|nbfp {nkf mre `nb Mr{e÷ftrio bnibt

Pàpnocbnp {bgd{p‗=6=) @bt Mitbn| n{p inkfp uattmiono `nb Enimi|nbtrio `b{ Ztalbcp{'

{ai`bti `nb Hõognkfcbnp hnp bnibh Enghztalbcp ri` obhbni{mhbt Ripbt{p÷p|rio

uai unbgbi Hbi{kfbi bnib @n{cr{{nai{zgmppeath |r {kfmeebi ri` wnkfpno

bt{kfbnibi`b Nifmgpb |r ubtdtbnpbi)=64 Inkfp irt zagnpn{kfb @acrhbipmpnaibi wnb

`m{ Ztalbcp Pfb Mob ae [przn` cõiibi `m`rtkf bnibi otaÑbi Bteago bt|nbgbi) B{

’{ni` fàreno {agkfb Pfbhbi ri` Ztalbcpb bteagotbnkf' `nb Mcpnun{pbi mi{ztbkfbi

&|rh Dbn{znbg Rhwbgp{kfrp|. a`bt Bhapnaibi' `nb bt{p ni Otrzzbi nftb uaggb

_ntcrio bipemgpbi cõiibi &\r{mhhbiobfõtnocbnp' Fbnhmpobe÷fg' Emi{.‗=6;

[agmiob `m{ Enghztalbcp mg{a Zapbipnmg fmp `nb Bhapnaibi omi|bt Otrzzbi

mi|r{ztbkfbi' wnt` b{ mi fbàin{pn{kf hapnunbtbi Ripbt{p÷p|bti inkfp hmiobgi)

’Zbazgb ni pfb ktaw` pbi` pa niub{p ni ztalbkp{ wfnkf pfb~ fmub mi bhapnaimg mi`

{aknmg mpptmkpnai pa)‗=60 Hbi{kfbi ubteagobi obhbni{mh bni \nbg mi{pmpp `nb

Mi{ptbiorio mggbni mre {nkf |r ibfhbi) @bh Ptbi` `b{ @N^ &@a(np(~art{bge. eagop

cai{b}rbipbtwbn{b `bt `b{ @N_A &@a(np(wnpf(apfbt{.) Mrkf Ktawèri`nio {pbfp

nh Obn{pb `nb{bt Otrzzbihbipmgnpàp) \rh bnibi wnt` `nb Gr{p mh Pbngbi ri` `bh

Mr{pmr{kf hnp mi`btbi dbetnb`nop' |rh mi`btbi dtniop `nb Otrzzbi`~imhnc

{kfibggbtbi Bteago) @nb Eõt`btrio uai Kahhrinp~drng`nio niibtfmgd `bt

Ripbt{p÷p|bt {aggpb `mfbt' wnb dbtbnp{ btwàfip' bni btcgàtpb{ \nbg `bt

Ztalbcpninpnmpatbi {bni)

=?> [adk|mc!OtaÑ' 4:=:< 0:=6: [adk|mc!OtaÑ' 4:=:< 0==6= [adk|mc!OtaÑ' 4:=:< 0:=64 uog) _ng`' 4::6=6; Ebrbt' 4:=:< >=60 Hmtah!Gmwpai' 4:=:< ?;




;);););); Iath(Hapnub

Hmikfb Ripbt{p÷p|bt {ni` uai Iath(Hapnubi wnb `bh bvptni{n{kfbi Ubtgmiobi

imkf Mibtcbiirio ri` `bi niptni{n{kfbi Hapnubi Mgptrn{hr{ ri` N`bipnencmpnai

miobptnbdbi {nkf mh Ktawèri`nio |r dbpbngnobi) =62 Bni enimi|nbggb M{zbcp {pbfp

`mdbn inkfp nh Uat`btotri`< ’pfb~ fmub haib~' drp pfb~ wmip m ognhz{b ae

ktbmpnunp~ wfnkf pfb~ aepbi kmiiap fmub ni pfbnt iathmg lad{‗=65 @m{ Obe÷fg `bt

Pmgbipbi`bkcrio ri` (eõt`btrio' btwbnpbtp `nb Taggb `b{ dgaÑbi Cai{rhbipbi

&uog) $Zta{rhbipbi‗ ni Cmznpbg ;););)= Kfmtmcpbtn{pncm .) @bt Ripbt{p÷p|btn`bipnen|nbtp {nkf {pmtc hnp `bh Ztalbcp ri` n{p |rh Pbng mrkf niuagunbtp'

dbn{znbg{wbn{b `rtkf bnib Bnigm`rio mi{ Engh{bp mg{ hõognkfb Obobigbn{prio

`rtkf `nb Hõognkfcbnp rihnppbgdmtb{ Ebb`dmkc |rt obdbi) ’Obg` wnt` inkfp mr{

Bnobiirp|' rh Nifmgpb |r cai{rhnbtbi' obobdbi' {ai`bti wbng ni `bi

Hb`nbicai{rhbipbi `m{ Dbwr{{p{bni bip{pbfp' `m{{ `nb {a|nmgbi \mfgriobi

`bi Zta`r|bipbi `b{ lbwbngnobi Nifmgp{ bni \bnkfbi uai _btp{kfàp|rio ri`

Mibtcbiirio n{p)‗=6? @rtkf `m{ [~{pbh `bt Obobigbn{priobi mdbt wnt` `bt

Mgptrn{hr{ `b{ Eõt`btbt{ irt iakf dbotbi|p fbtmr{obeat`btp) _m{ wnb`btrh

db`brpbp' `m{{ `bt hà|bimpn{kfb Kfmtmcpbt `b{ Ktawèri`nio(Ripbt{p÷p|bt{

bfbt {kfwmkf mr{obztàop n{p' nh Obobi{mp| |r `bh `b{ Hà|bi{' wnb bt uat

fn{patn{kfbh Caipbvp |r ubt{pbfbi n{p)=66 @nb{b{ Zfàiahbi wnt` mrkf ’nhzrtb

mgptrn{h‗ &{kfhrp|nobt Mgptrn{hr{. obimiip) @biiakf {pbfp bni mgptrn{pn{kfbt

Mitbn| ni `bi hbn{pbi Eàggbi `bt Dbpbngnorio mi bnibt Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai nh

Uat`btotri`' mdbt mrkf `nb ob{bgg{kfmepgnkfb Mibtcbiirio {znbgp bnib inkfp |r

ripbt{kfàp|bi`b Taggb)

_nb btwàfip' obfp `nb Õcaiahnb uai tmpnaimg fmi`bgi`bi Hbi{kfbi mr{)

Dbn{znbgb uai [zbi`bimcpnaibi |bnobi lbàkf `m{ Obobipbng< ’Ne onunio wbtb

{ptnkpg~ tmpnaimg' pfb miiarikbhbip ae m dno àimpnai hnofp gbm` apfbt zbazgb pa

onub gb{{ pa pfb kmr{b3 pfb~ hnofp enortb np ia gaiobt ibb`{ pfbnt haib~ m{

=62 uog) [adk|mc!OtaÑ' 4:=:< 0==65 uog) Gmumrv Sbp mg)X' 4:=:=6? _bi|gmee' 4:=:=66 uog) Cgbni!Fbnitnkf{' =>>5< 4?: ri` _nggimrbt' =>>?< =:5




hrkf)‗=6> Emcp n{p lbàkf' `m{{ bnib db{ai`bt{ {pmtc etb}rbipnbtpb ri` dbtbnp{

bteagotbnkf gmrebi`b Mcpnai iakf hbft Ktawèri`bt mi|nbfp) ’Pfb~ kmi pfbi fmub

pfb {bi{b pfmp pfb~ʷtb laninio eatkb{ wnpf {ahbaib bg{b S)))X mi` dbkahnio zmtp ae

m gmtobt kmr{b)‗=>: @nb Ripbt{p÷p|bt waggbi mh {kfibggbi Bteago `bt

Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai dbpbngnop {bni ri` `bi tnkfpnobi ’Tnbkfbt‗ dbwbn{bi) Mr{

`nb{bh Otri` bnoibi {nkf `nb Untmgnpàp uai Emkbdaac' Pwnppbt ri` mi`btbt [aknmg

Hb`nm Paag{ e÷t `bi [rzzatpbt db{pbi{' rh {bnibi Caipmcpbi |r |bnobi' wae÷t bt

{nkf enimi|nbgg biomonbtp fmp &[pmpr{obwnii.)=>= _bii {nkf bnib Zbt{ai e÷t `nb

Ripbt{p÷p|rio bnib{ Uatfmdbi{ S)))X bip{kfbn`bp' {a ob{kfnbfp `nb{ uat `bh

Fnipbtotri` uai zbt{õignkfbi ×dbt|broriobi ri` _btpuat{pbggriobi &’umgrb{‗.'

`nb bnib bip{kfbn`bi`b Taggb dbn `bt Cahhrincmpnai hnp Etbri`bi ri` Eõt`btbti

{znbgbi)‗=>4

;);););)0 Katzatmpb [aknmg Tb{zai{ndngp~

Lb imkf`bh ad b{ {nkf rh bnib Ztnumpzbt{ai a`bt bnib lrtn{pn{kfb Zbt{ai

fmi`bgp' `nb {nkf bnibh Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp dbpbngnop' cmii `nb Hapnumpnai

iakfhmg{ umtnnbtbi) @nb bnibi fmi`bgi mr{ ztnumpbt Imprt' `nb Mi`btbi ubteagobi

bni ztaeb{{naibggb{ Nipbtb{{b) [a dbpbngnobi {nkf Ripbtibfhbi uat mggbh ripbt

`bh Mitbn| `bt Katzatmpb [aknmg Tb{zai{ndngp~ &K[T.' bnibh

Riibfhbi{cai|bzp `m{ etbnwnggnob Dbnptàob |rt imkffmgpnobi Bipwnkcgrio e÷t

õcagaon{kfb' {a|nmgb ri` crgprtbggb Dbgmiob uat{nbfp) @nb Mr{wntcriobi `bt

imkffmgpnobi Ubtmipwatprio{÷dbtimfhb mre nipbtib ri` bvpbtib [pmcbfag`bt

bnib{ Ripbtibfhbi{ {ni` bnib wb{bipgnkfb Kfmtmcpbtn{pnc) Dbptmkfpbp hmi `nb

Dbpbngnorio mh Ktawèri`nio mg{ `nb ×dbtimfhb {a|nmgbt Ubtmipwatprio' {a

cmii bni Ripbtibfhbi `m`rtkf Ogmrdw÷t`nocbnp ri` Ubtptmrbi mredmrbi)

Cri`biga~mgnpàp wnt` bt|brop' Hnpmtdbnpbt hapnunbtp ri` `nb Dm{n{ e÷t

Caazbtmpnaibi dbn{znbg{wbn{b hnp `bt Zagnpnc ob{kfmeebi)=>; @nb Ripbtibfhbi

fmi`bgi mr{ `bh Dbwr{{p{bni fbtmr{' ’`bt Ob{bgg{kfmep ubtzegnkfpbp |r {bni'

=6> Gbaifmt`p' 4::6=>: Gbaifmt`p' 4::6=>=uog) Grkf{niobt' 4:=:=>4 Gn{{bc([kf÷p|' 4::6< 2::=>; uog) Hm~btfaebt!Otr{kf!Hbp|dmkf' 4::6< ?




mdbt mrkf mr{ `bh _n{{bi rh `nb bnobib Mdfàionocbnp uai bnibh

ericpnainbtbi`bi Rhebg`‗=>0) Lb imkf Ripbtibfhbi{zfnga{azfnb monbtp `nb{b{ mr{

bnibh mgptrn{pn{kfbh [bgd{pubt{pàiìn{ ri`!a`bt ztaenpatnbipnbtpbi Dbwboot÷i`bi

fbtmr{) Mdfàiono uah lbwbngnobi Enghztalbcp |nbgp `m{ Biomobhbip `mii mre

ubt{kfnb`bib Gbn{prio{bdbibi wnb Imkfwrkf{eõt`btrio &uog) `bt @bd÷pengh

`tbnbt [pr`bipbi Dr~mktb`np)kah!Kgaun{ @mt`bipat. a`bt zagnpn{kfb Mrecgàtrio

&uog) Ntm} eat {mgb .) [a |bnop mrkf `m{ Dbn{znbg `bt lrwn Fag`nio MO mg{

Fmrzp{zai{at uai @nb 0) Tbuagrpnai ' `m{{ `m{ enimi|nbggb Biomobhbip {awafg

mr{ õcaiahn{kfbt' õcagaon{kfbt ri` {a|nmgbt Ubtmipwatprio fbtmr{ ob{kfmf ri`

`nb [~ibtonbi `nb{bt @nhbi{naibi |rt imkffmgpnobi Bipwnkcgrio `b{

Ripbtibfhbi{ dbnobptmobi fmdbi)

;)0 Fbtmr{eat`btriobi ri` Ztadgbh{pbggriobi

’Unbgb Gbrpb obdbi bnibi Adagr{ ri` {kfai n{p `m{ Ztalbcp enimi|nbtp)‗( @m{ cgniop

bniemkf ri` inkfp wbnpbt ztadgbhmpn{kf) @akf unbgb Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnaibi ri` (

wbd{bnpbi {ni` gàio{p inkfp mr{obtbnep ri` dbtobi {awafg e÷t Ninpnmpat mg{ mrkf

Ripbt{p÷p|bt Tn{ncbi ubt{kfnb`bi{pbt Mtp) Lb obtniobt `nb{b Tn{ncbi obfmgpbi

wbt`bi' `b{pa wmft{kfbnignkfbt {pbggp {nkf Bteago bni) @bt ctbmpnub ri`

gõ{rio{atnbipnbtpb Rhomio hnp Fbtmr{eat`btriobi ni `bt @rtkfe÷ftrio {pbggp

ogbnkf|bnpno mrkf nhhbt bnib Kfmikb `mt Ktawèri`nio |r azpnhnbtbi ri`

{pmdngn{nbtbi)

;)0)= Nietmob{pbggrio `b{ `bhactmpn{kfbi Ztni|nz{

Ktawèri`nio |bnop ibrb Kfmikbi e÷t `nb db{pbfbi`bi Ha`bggb `bt

Enghenimi|nbtrio mre' obtm`b wbng b{ `bt bvn{pnbtbi`bi Atìrio `nb{b{ Dbtbnkfb{

tm`ncmg mi`bt{ obobi÷dbt{pbfp)=>2 @rtkf mdobegmkfpb Fnbtmtkfnbi ri` `nb

Ubthbn`rio d÷tactmpn{kfbt F÷t`bi bip{pbfp |wn{kfbi Obgòbdbt ri`

Obgìbfhbt' bnib `ntbcpb Ubtdni`rio) Ktawèri`nio n{p {ahnp mrkf mg{

@bhactmpn{nbtrio `b{ Enimi|nbtrio{zta|b{{b{ |r ubt{pbfbi' cahzgbhbipàt |r

=>0 H÷i{pbthmii' 4::?< ==>2 uog) Fawb' 4::6< 40?




Ni{ptrhbipbi `bt @bhactmpn{nbtrio `bt Zta`rcpnai &wnb bt{kfwniognkfb `nonpmgb

Cmhbtm{' Ktaw`{artknio r{w). ri` `b{ Ubtptnbd{ &wnb Mhm|ai)kah'

bdm~)kah .)=>5 @m{ Nipbtibp ptàop wb{bipgnkf |r `nb{bt Ptmi{eathmpnai |r< ’Pfb

mtkfnpbkprtb ae pfb Nipbtibp kai{zntb{ momni{p kga{b` {~{pbh{' S)))X egmppbi{ mgg

fnbtmtkfnb{)‗=>? @bhactmpn{nbtrio nh [niib `b{ Ktawèri`nio{ ’n{p mg{a `bt

Nidbotnee mggbt Mcpnunpàpbi' `btbi \nbg b{ n{p' mrpatnpàtb Fbtt{kfmep{{ptrcprtbi |r

bt{bp|bi `rtkf Eathbi `bt Fbtt{kfmep{caiptaggb uai ’ripbi‗' `bt

ob{bgg{kfmepgnkfbi Hnpdb{pnhhrio' Caazbtmpnai ri` ‛wa nhhbt hõognkf( `rtkf

etbnb [bgd{pdb{pnhhrio)‗=>6 Ni `bt caiubipnaibggbi Ztmvn{ `bt Enghzta`rcpnai {mf

ri` {nbfp b{ fbrpb iakf fàreno {a mr{' `m{{ `nb Ubtpbngrio{cmiàgb db{kftàicp

{ni`) @m ’wbobi `bt fafbi Zta`rcpnai{ca{pbi irt `nb _afgfmdbi`{pbi \romio

|rt Enghzta`rcpnai fmppbi S)))X' ripbtgmo `m{ Hb`nrh bnibt {ptbiobi Caiptaggb‗=>>'

`nb irt wbinob rimiobzm{{pb Enghbhmkfbt |r `rtkf{kftbnpbi {kfmeepbi)

Pbi`bi|nbgg fmp Ktawèri`nio `nb Ctmep `nb Enghcrgprtgmi`{kfmep |r

`bhactmpn{nbtbi' `nb ripbt bnibh {bft |biptmgn{pn{kfbi Mi{mp| atomin{nbtp n{p)

Enghb' mg{ [znbobg `bt ob{bgg{kfmepgnkfbi Rhobdrio' `nbibi mg{

N`bipnencmpnai{miobdap |rt ’Cai{ptrcpnai `bt bnobibi N`bipnpàp {awnb `bt

[kfmeerio `b{ [bgd{pdng`b{ bnibt Impnai‗4::) Cai{b}rbipbtwbn{b {aggpb `mii mrkf

`nb Ob{bgg{kfmep hnpbip{kfbn`bi cõiibi' wbgkfbt Engh zta`r|nbtp wnt` ri`

wbgkfb{ Engh{rlbp mh db{pbi Bnidgnkcb ni `m{ zagnpn{kfb' {a|nmgb' crgprtbggb ri`

ob{bgg{kfmepgnkfb Gbdbi ubthnppbgp) Inkfp |rgbp|p `b{fmgd pfbhmpn{nbtbi unbgb

’ktawòberi`bpb‗ Enghb õcagaon{kfb ri` zagnpn{kfb Nifmgpb' `nb' `nb

|ribfhbi`bi _÷i{kfb' Ptàrhb ri` Àio{pb `bt ogadmgbi Ob{bgg{kfmep uat

Cgnhmcmpm{ptazfbi' {a|nmgbt Riobtbkfpnocbnp ri` Pbttatn{hr{ ubtmtdbnpbi)

@biiakf hr{{ miobhbtcp wbt`bi' `m{{ `nb Ktaw` cbnib tbztà{bipmpnub{

Ob{bgg{kfmep{dng` ubthnppbgp' {ai`bti uatibfhgnkf mr{ Dng`rio{d÷tobtprh db{pbfp

&uog) Cmznpbg ;););)= Kfmtmcpbtn{pncm .

\wmt n{p ’`bhactmpn{kf enimi|nbtpb‗ Enghzta`rcpnai' inkfp hnp ’}rmgnpmpnu

fakfwbtpno{pbt‗ Enghzta`rcpnai ogbnkf|r{bp|bi' àkf n{p `bt ]rmgnpàp{{pmi`mtp

=>5 uog) Mi`bt{ai' 4::5< 5?=>? Fawb' 4::6< 0:=>6 Unghmt' =>?;< 4==>> Haimka' 4::>< 46=4:: _m{ngbw{cn' 4::>< 2: ri` uog) `m|r< Pfbatnbi uai [nboetnb` Ctmkmrbt' Bòmt Hatni ri` Zmrg E) Gm|mt{ebg`




`rtkf `nb enimi|nbggb Ripbt{p÷p|rio `rtkfmr{ |r dbbniegr{{bi) B{ gnbop {a mrkf ni

`bt Ubtmipwatprio ri` Hmkfp `bt Irp|bt `rtkf nftb Obg`mdomdb bnib }rmgnpmpnu

fakfwbtpnobtb Zta`rcpnai |r bthõognkfbi)4:= @nb Ninpnmpatbi h÷{{bi nftb

}rmgnpmpnubi Mi{zt÷kfb mdbt mrkf cahhrin|nbtbi' {a `m{{ `nb Ktaw` `nb Kfmikb

fmp hnp nftbt Ripbt{p÷p|rio wn{{bipgnkf `nb ]rmgnpàp `b{ Enghb{ |r fbdbi)

B{ dgbndp lbàkf ctnpn{kf |r fnipbtetmobi' niwnbebti Ktawèri`nio wntcgnkf

`bhactmpn{kfbt mg{ mi`btb Enghenimi|nbtrio{ha`bggb n{p) @bii pfbatbpn{kf cmii

bni gn}rn`bt Eõt`btbt mggbni `me÷t {atobi' `m{{ bni Engh enimi|nbtp wnt`) @nb

Ninpnmpatbi {pbfbi fnbt |wn{kfbi |wbn Za{npnaibi< Bnibt{bnp{ waggbi {nb imp÷tgnkf

hõognkf{p fafb enimi|nbggb Ripbt{p÷p|rio' mi`btbt{bnp{ mrkf bnib dbtbnpob{pbggpb

Ktaw`) Mrkf hnp `bt Hapnumpnai' `m{ Ztalbcp uat Hn{{dtmrkf |r {kf÷p|bi &uog)

Cmznpbg ;)0)6 Riogmrdw÷t`nocbnp . ri` `nb Hmtcbpnioericpnai `bt Ripbt{p÷p|bt

mr{|r{kfõzebi &uog) Cmznpbg ;);)4)4)= Hmtcbpnioericpnai .' {aggpb `nb Ztnatnpàp `bt

Ninpnmpatbi mre `bt Hadngn{nbtrio bnibt hõognkf{p otaÑbi Ktaw`' rimdfàiono uai

`btbi enimi|nbggbi Hõognkfcbnpbi' gnbobi) @m{ Ha`bgg Ktawèri`nio dm{nbtp mre

bnibh `bhactmpn{kfbi Mi{mp|' wnb {pmtc `nb{bt lbàkf ubteagop wnt`' gnbop

fmrzp{àkfgnkf ni `bi Fài`bi `bt Ninpnmpatbi)

;)0)4 Riemntb Mibtcbiirio

@bt Ninpnmpat {aggpb nh [niib `b{ `bhactmpn{kfbi ri` obtbkfpbi Ztni|nz{ uai

Ktawèri`nio mrkf bni wbnpbtb{ Tn{nca dbmkfpbi' `m{ `bt Irp|rio uai

Ktawèri`nio dbnwafip< @m{ ’ent{p pnhbt{ʷ {~i`tahb‗ db|bnkfibp bnib' {bnpbi{ `bt

Ripbt{p÷p|bt' bhzeri`bib Riobtbkfpnocbnp) [a hmikfbt Irp|bt ripbt{p÷p|p bni

Ztalbcp inkfp enimi|nbgg' {ai`bti `rtkf `nb Ubthnppgrio unbgubt{ztbkfbi`bt

Caipmcpb) Dbn{znbg{wbn{b fmp bni nipbtb{{nbtpbt Ripbt{p÷p|bt bni otaÑb{

Emkbdaac ( ri` Pwnppbt (Ibp|wbtc' mre `btbi Cmiàgbi bt `m{ Ztalbcp imkf mggbi

Ctàepbi dbwntdp ri` nfh `mhnp unbg Mrehbtc{mhcbnp ri` ibrb [zbi`bt dtniop)

@m{ Ztalbcp Ntai [c~ trep `nb Emi{ dbn{znbg{wbn{b `ntbcp `m|r mre' ÷dbt bni

Eathrgmt Uat{kfgàob e÷t [zai{atbi ri` Zmtpibt e÷t `m{ Enghztalbcp

bni|rtbnkfbi)4:4 Adwafg `m{ Ztalbcp ripbt Rh{pài`bi biath uah Biomobhbip

4:= uog) Drgcgb~' 4:=:4:4 Dgni` [zap Znkprtb{' 4:=:m




`b{ Irp|bt{ ztaenpnbtp' wnt` `nb{b Gbn{prio inkfp faiatnbtp) @nb Irp|bt' uat mggbh

{agkfb' `nb {nkf |rh bt{pbi Hmg mi bnibh Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp dbpbngnobi'

bhzeni`bi `nb ebfgbi`b Mibtcbiirio nftb{ Bni{mp|b{ aep mg{ bippàr{kfbi` ri`

riobtbkfp) Nftb mieàiognkfb Brzfatnb' `m{ Ztalbcp |r ripbt{p÷p|bi' {kfwni`bp)

’Pfmpʷ{ tbm{ai biarof pa ztaoia{pnkmpb pfmp ni pfb erprtb' ha{p {rkkb{{erg

ktawèri`nio {npb{ wngg aeebt hbkfmin{h{ pa hmz iai(haibpmt~ nizrp{ nipa

tbwmt`{)‗4:; Bnib Hõognkfcbnp wàtb dbn{znbg{wbn{b `nb Mi|mfg `bt ubthnppbgpbi

Ripbt{p÷p|bt mre bnibh ’Caipa‗ |r ubtdrkfbi' `m{ b}rnumgbip |r bkfpbh Obg` e÷t

`m{ Ztalbcp ubttbkfibp wnt`) @nb{ w÷t`b inkfp irt `m|r e÷ftbi' `m{{' `m{ [~{pbh

emntbt {kfbnip' {ai`bti mrkf `m{ Niuagubhbip {pàtcbi)

;)0); Ripbt{p÷p|rio{(Pnbe nh Eri`nioubtgmre

Mggbni `bt Ubtgmre uai Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnaibi dntop bninob Tn{ncbi) \nbg n{p b{'

bnib otaÑb ri` uat mggbh otaÑ|÷onob Ktaw` |r hadngn{nbtbi) Miobemiobi dbn

Etbri`bi' Dbcmiipbi ri` Emhngnb n{p `nb Ripbt{p÷p|rio bnib{ Ztalbcp{ ni `bt

[pmtpzfm{b hbn{p bip{ztbkfbi` fakf< ’p~znkmgg~ >2" ae kaiptndrpnai{ ni pfb

ktbmpnub {zmkb kahb etah ={p mi` 4i` gbubg etnbi`{ kntkgb{)‗4:0 Mrkf `nb Miomdbi

`bt Zgmppeath Ni`nbOaOa dbgbobi `nb{)4:2 @nb{b bt{pb Ripbt{p÷p|btotrzzb {bi`bp

bnib Mtp ’Ubtptmrbi{{noimg‗ mi `nb iàkf{pb Ripbt{p÷p|btwbggb' `m{ bip{kfbn`bi`

n{p e÷t `bi bteagotbnkfbi Eatpgmre `b{ Ztalbcp{) Btemftrio{obhàÑ ubtgàrep `bt

\rgmre mi |mfgrio{wnggnobi Ztalbcpripbt{p÷p|bti R(eõthno) ’Pfmp hbmi{ pfbtb n{

p~znkmgg~ {ptaio {rzzatp mp pfb gmrikf ae ~art kmhzmnoi' pfbi np }rnbp{ àwi ni pfb

hn``gb' dbeatb m egrtt~ ae {rzzatp mp pfb bi`)‗4:5

4:; Gmwpai!Hmtah' 4:=:< =2;4:0 Hmtah! Gmwpai' 4:=:< ?;4:2 uog) Dbgg' 4:=:4:5 Dtmini' 4:=:




Mddng`rio ;< Eri`nioubtgmre4:?

@nb Zgmppeath Cnkc{pmtpbt bumgrnbtpb nftb Ztalbcpb ri` cmh |rh {bgdbi Btobdin{

&uog) Mddng`rio ; .< @nb {a obimiipb @bm` \aib ' `m{ Pnbe ni `bt Hnppb `bt

Ztalbcpgmre|bnp eagop `bt bt{pbi Brzfatnb' ni Eagob inhhp `nb [zbi`bimcpnunpàp md)

[nkf imkf bnibt ubthrpgnkf beebcpnubi Hmtcbpnioaeebi{nub ri` bnibh unbg

ubt{ztbkfbi`bi Ztalbcp{pmtp mre bni bip{ztbkfbi`b{ Eatpgmrebi `bt Eri`nio(

Mcpnunpàpbi |r ubtgm{{bi' n{p tn{cmip) @bii irt bni obtniobt Mipbng mggbt Ztalbcpb

bttbnkfp `bi Zricp `bt Untmgnpàp' mi `bh ?:(6:" `bt Ripbt{p÷p|rio uai Etbh`bi

cahhp) Bip{kfbn`bi` n{p mg{a' `m{{ `nb{b{ bt{pb Hahbiprh obfmgpbi wnt` ri`

`nb Hapnumpnai{( ri` Hmtcbpniomtdbnpbi iakf ni `nb{bt Zfm{b ubt{pàtcp wbt`bi'

rh `bh Pnbezricp bipobobi|rwntcbi) Imfb `bt @bm`gnib {pbnop `nb

[zbi`bimcpnunpàp' obhàÑ `bh R(Ubtgmre' |r bnibh wbnpbtbi Fõfbzricp) @nb

Ot÷i`b fnbte÷t gnbobi `mtni< ’=) pfb ktbmpat mi` dmkcbt{ ztahapb pfb ztalbkp pa

hmcb {rtb npʷ{ eri`b` at pfmp pfbnt etnbi`{ obp ni dbeatb pfb bi`' mi` 4) zbazgbwfaʷub dbbi {nppnio ai pfb {n`bgnib{ &drp hbminio pa zgbòb. enimgg~ lrhz ni dbeatb

pfb dbgg tnio{‗4:6) @nb |bnpgnkfb Dbotbi|rio &hbn{p >: Pmob.' rh bnib db{pnhhpb

[rhhb |r bttbnkfbi' n{p bni bip{kfbn`bi`bt Hapnumpnai{ptnkc' `bt mrkf mg{

’Cnkc{pmtpbt (Beebcp‗ dbcmiip n{p ri` uai |mfgtbnkfbi Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi

&|)D) [pmtpibvp' Ni`nbOaOa . ÷dbtiahhbi wrt`b &uog) Pmdbggb =. @nb

4:? Dbibi{ai' 4:=:

4:6 Dbibi{ai' 4:=:




Mcpnunpàp{crtub |bnop dbn {àhpgnkfbi Ztalbcpbi' rimdfàiono uai Cmpboatnb ri`

Mcpnai{`mrbt' bnib àfignkfb Bipwnkcgrio mre) E÷t Ninpnmpatbi n{p b{ mg{a

bip{kfbn`bi`' {nkf `nb{bh Tn{nca aeebi{nu bipobobi|r{pbggbi) @m|r obfõtp mrkf

`nb Btfmgprio hmvnhmgbt Ptmi{zmtbi|' nh c÷i{pgbtn{kfbi Ztalbcpubtgmre nh

Dròbpzgmi ri` nh atomin{mpatn{kfbi Mdgmre wnb `bt \mfgrio{mdwnkcgrio)

@biiakf gnbop inkfp lb`b{ @bpmng ni `bt Fmi` `bt Ztalbcpninpnmpatbi< Ob{pmgpbp {nkf

bni Ztalbcp |rh Bnobigàrebt' dbcahhp bnibi Untmg(Hmtcbpnio Kfmtmcpbt ri`

ubtdtbnpbp {nkf ÷dbt `nb _bnpbi `b{ Nipbtibp{' n{p bni Caiptaggubtgr{p ÷dbt `nb

MrÑbi`mt{pbggrio `b{ Ztalbcp{ inkfp mr{|r{kfgnbÑbi) Hnp `bh Tn{nca' `m{{ bni

Ztalbcp mr{ `bh bnobipgnkfbi Caipbvp obtn{{bi ri` ni bnibi ibrbi'

hõognkfbtwbn{b riobw÷i{kfpbi \r{mhhbifmio ob{pbggp wnt`' h÷{{bi `nb

Ninpnmpatbi ctbmpnu rhobfbi) @rtkf rihn{{ubt{pài`gnkfb Dap{kfmepbi ri`

|nbgotrzzbiobimrb [ptbrrio gà{{p {nkf `nb Obemft bnibt {kfgbkfpbi Zrdgnknp~

lbàkf bni`àhhbi) Àfignkf `bt Uatdbtbnprio `b{ Ztalbcpgmrikfb{' bteat`btp

Ktawèri`nio mrkf bnib Imkfdbtbnprio `bt Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai' bomg ad imkf

bteagotbnkfbh a`bt mrkf inkfp bteagotbnkfbh Mdgmre) E÷t `bi Eatpgmre ri` `nb

Ubtwbtprio `b{ Enghztalbcpb{ ri` mrkf ni Fni{nkfp mre |rc÷iepnob Ztalbcpb {ni`

`nb Ripbt{p÷p|bt wbnpbtfni |r hapnunbtbi ri` ni `nb Mtdbnp hnp bni|rdni`bi' omi|

`bh Ztni|nz `bt Cri`bizegbob eagobi`)

;)0)0 Hmiobg mi ztaeb{{naibggbt Bni{pbggrio

Obtm`b `rtkf `nb {kfbnidmtb Bniemkffbnp' bnib Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai |r {pmtpbi'

ripbt{kfàp|bi unbgb Ninpnmpatbi `bi Mrewmi`' `bt fnipbt bnibt bteagotbnkfbi Mcpnai

{pbkcp) Gbp|pgnkf dng`bp {nkf `nb Ktaw` inkfp uai mggbni' unbghbft gnbop `bt Bteago ni

`bt ztaeb{{naibggbi Fbtmiobfbi{wbn{b) @bt \romio |rh ’Eri`bt(Hmtcp‗

bteat`btp uat mggbh mrkf `nb Niub{pnpnai uai \bnp' `nb `bt Enghbhmkfbt {bgpbi nh

×dbtegr{{ fmp) Btemftrio{wbtpb dbgbobi' `m{{ bnib beebcpnub

Ripbt{p÷p|bthapnunbtrio bni Uagg|bnp(Lad n{p ri` db{pbiemgg{ inkfp ibdbidbn

btgb`nop wnt`) @nb Enimi|nbtrio wnb mrkf Hmtcbpnio( ri` Ubtptnbd{{ptmpbonbi bnib{

Ztalbcp{' bomg mre wbgkfbh _bob' hr{{ bti{pfmep ri` ztaeb{{naibgg `rtkf`mkfp

dbptnbdbi wbt`bi ri` `m{ Biomobhbip uai &Hmtcbpnio(.Bvzbtpbi a`btMobiprtbi n{p `rtkfmr{ eõt`btgnkf) Bnib bteagotbnkfb Cmhzmoib {bp|p




Ztaeb{{naimgn{nbtrio uatmr{' `bii fàreno gnbop `m{ Ztadgbh |wn{kfbi Pfbatnb ri`

Ztmvn{ `bt Rh{bp|rio dbn `bi Enghbhmkfbti {bgd{p) B{ ebfgp aep `m{ Ciaw(faw

nh Hmtcbpniodbtbnkf ri` Gbtizta|b{{b uai Mieàiobti {ni` e÷t bteagotbnkfb

Hmtcbpniocmhzmoibi' mreotri` `bt cimzzbi \bnp{zmiib' fni`btgnkf) @nb

ubt{kfnb`bibi Zgmppeathbi ri` Ztalbcpb dboboibi `nb{bt Fbtmr{eat`btrio mre

ripbt{kfnb`gnkfb Mtp ri` _bn{b< @m{ Ztalbcp Gbo nfi rh- {bp|p mre ’ztaeb{{naibggb

Hmtcbpnio{ptmpbobi' `nb obgbtip fmdbi' F~zb{ |r bt|brobi' afib `m{ Nipbtb{{b

|r ubtdtbiibi' bni Fmrzpztadgbh nh Ktawèri`nio(Ob{kfàep)‗4:> Btgbnkfpbtp wnt`

`m{ fnbt `rtkf `nb Pmp{mkfb' `m{{ ’`bt Zgap {a {kfgnkfp n{p' `m{ bt {nkf orp nh

[hmggpmgc bnib{ [bcpbhzemio{ znpkfbi gà{{p)‗4=:

Bnib bteagotbnkfb Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai n{p Btobdin{ uai `mrbtfmepbh ri`

mrpfbipn{kfbh Biomobhbip hnp Emi{) ’Emi!kahhrinp~ eri`nio n{ iap mi bm{~

wm~ arp) _b `nìʷp kahb arp ae iawfbtb) _bʷub dbbi drng`nio art nipbtibp

kahhrinp~ mi` un{ndngnp~ {nikb =>>>' wnpf [pmt _tbkc) âr fmub pa niub{p m gap ae

pnhb mi` bibto~ pa wni pfb ptr{p ae pfb nipbtibp mr`nbikb‗ 4==' btcgàtp [mhrgn

Pat{{aibi uah Ntai [c~ (Ztalbcp) Mr{imfhbi ondp b{ imp÷tgnkf mrkf fnbt<

Ztalbcpb' `nb afib bnib gmiob Uatmtdbnp a`bt dbtbnp{ dbcmiipb' et÷fbtb Mtdbnpbi

bteagotbnkf `rtkf{pmtpbi) Bni Dbn{znbg fnbte÷t {ni` `nb `tbn Pbbimobt mr{ Biogmi`

hnp nftbh Ztalbcp Kgaun{ @mt`bipat ' `nb afib otaÑb Tbebtbi|bi' mdbt hnp Fngeb orp

ni{|binbtpbt [bgd{pubthmtcprio' bnibh ubthbnipgnkf ribip`bkcpbi Cgm{{ncbt `bt

Gnpbtmprt mg{ @tbfdrkfuatgmob ri` ztahnibipbt Ripbt{p÷p|rio dbtbnp{ bnib

dbmkfpgnkfb Mi|mfg mi Ripbt{p÷p|bti ri` Zrdgnknp~ fmdbi)4=4

Ni ubt{pàtcpbt _bn{b {ni` bnib ztaeb{{naibggb Fbtmiobfbi{wbn{b ri` bni

eri`nbtpbt Mreptnpp e÷t `nb Obwniirio uai [zai{atniozmtpibti bteat`btgnkf) Irt hnp

bnibt }rmgnpmpnu fakfwbtpnobi ri` ptmi{zmtbipbi Nietm{ptrcprt `b{ Ktawèri`nio(

Ztalbcp{ cõiibi mrkf ztaeb{{naibggb Eõt`btbt ri` Ripbtibfhbi mg{ Ripbt{p÷p|bt

obwaiibi wbt`bi)

Bni db`brpbi`bt M{zbcp ni `bt ztaeb{{naibggbi Fbtmiobfbi{wbn{b' `bt `m{

Ubtptmrbi `bt Ripbt{p÷p|bt bip{kfbn`bi` dbbniegr{{p' n{p `bt @mpbi{kfrp|) ’@nb

Dbptbndbt ripbtgnbobi {ptbiobi @mpbi{kfrp|db{pnhhriobi ri` wn{{bi' `m{{ `m{

4:> uog) Cmptni' 4:=:4=: Fmggbi{gbdbi' 4:=:4== Gmwpai!Hmtah' 4:=:< 564=4 uog) Dr~mktb`np)kah' 4:=:




Ubtptmrbi `bt Irp|bt `nb Dm{n{ e÷t nftbi ob{kfàepgnkfbi Bteago n{p)‗ 4=; @nb{bt

[kfrp| cmii irt ni \r{mhhbimtdbnp hnp {btnõ{bi ri` `mpbi{kfrp|obzt÷epbi

Ptmi{mcpnai{ripbtibfhbi ri` bnibh emkfhàiin{kfbi Dbptbndbi `bt _bd{npb

obwàftp wbt`bi)

;)0)2 Otbi|bi `bt Tb{{artkb Ktaw` ri` `b{

Enimi|nbtrio{inubmr{

N{p {nkf `bt Enghbhmkfbt `b{ Mrewmi`b{ bnibt Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai dbwr{{p ri`

bip{kfbn`bp {nkf |rt Irp|rio' n{p {nkf bnib wbnpbtb Fbtmr{eat`btrio |r dbmkfpbi<

@nb Ripbt{p÷p|bthm{{b n{p nh `bt|bnpnobi Miemio{{pm`nrh uai Ktawèri`nio

iakf {bft gnhnpnbtp) @nb \mfg `bt Ztalbcpb ri` Zgmppeathbi {pbnop wb{bipgnkf

{kfibggbt mg{ `m{ Ha`bgg Ktawèri`nio ni `bt Ob{bgg{kfmep miobiahhbi wnt`

ri` wnt` `nb Tb{{artkb Ktaw` wnt` eagognkf cimzz)4=0 ’Pfbtb wngg db m grgg ni pfb

zbteathmikb mi` obibtmg undb ni ktawèri`nio S)))X m{ pfb uagrhbptnk{ znkc rz

dbeatb pfb nietm{ptrkprtb mi` {aknmg dbfmunat{ hmprtb pa kmpkf rz wnpf pfb

uagrhb{)‗4=2

@nb{ |bnop {nkf mrkf mh inb`tnobi @rtkf{kfinpp `b{Enimi|nbtrio{inubmr{ dbn Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnaibi< _àftbi` `m{

Zta`rcpnai{dròbp bnib{ Cniaengh{ ni @brp{kfgmi` `rtkf{kfinppgnkf 0'0 Hna) ₧4=5'

5: Hna)4=? ni `bi R[M dbptàop' gnbop `nb `rtkf{kfinppgnkfb [rhhb bnibt

Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai hnp bpwm 2)::: ₧ ri` `mhnp `brpgnkf ripbt `bh

p~zn{kfbtwbn{b dbiõpnopbh Dròbp &uog) Pmdbggb =.) Imp÷tgnkf ondp b{ za{npnub

Mr{imfhbi' lbàkf wrt`b iakf inb bni Engh hnp bnibh 5: Hna) Dròbp `rtkf

Ktawèri`nio bthõognkfp ri` b{ n{p etmognkf niwnbebti {agkfb [rhhbi ÷dbtfmrzp

tbmgn{pn{kf mi|r{ptbdbi {ni`) \r `nb{bh \bnpzricp irp|bi uat mggbh Ia(!Hnkta(

ri` Gaw(Dròbp(Enghb Ktawèri`nio mg{ Enimi|nbtrio{ni{ptrhbip' wàftbi`

OtaÑzta`rcpnaibi wbnpbtfni mre `nb db{pbfbi`bi &Enimi|nbtrio{(.[ptrcprtbi

|rt÷kcotbnebi) [a {ni` `nb miob{ptbdpbi \nbg{rhhbi `bt Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpb

hbn{p tbmgn{pn{kf ri` `mfbt bip{ztbkfbi` obtnio obfmgpbi) Hmikfb

4=; [kfmeebtp!_nb`bi(Dn{kfae' 4::>< 204=0 uog) Etnbdb!Tmhob' 4::6< =644=2 Gmwpai!Hmtah' 4:=:< =:44=5 Km{pbi`~c' 4::6< ===4=? Km{pbi`~c' 4::6< 4=



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ?:

Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi gnhnpnbtbi `nb \nbg{rhhb omt' rh bnibh

’OtõÑbiwmfi{nii‗ `bt Ninpnmpatbi uat|rdbrobi ri` `nb Kfmikb mre bteagotbnkfb

Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnaibi `mhnp |r btfõfbi) @bt hmvnhmgb \nbgdbptmo dbptàop

dbn{znbg{wbn{b dbn Nicrdmpa 2:)::: ₧ ri` dbn h~{fbtzm{ =:)::: ₧ &uog) Pmdbggb

=< Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi.) Pmp{àkfgnkf bip{kfbn`bi {nkf nhhbt hbft

Enghbhmkfbt dbwr{{p e÷t bnib rimdfàionob Gaw(Dròbp(Zta`rcpnai' rh nftb

ctbmpnub Etbnfbnp |r btfmgpbi) Inkfp |rgbp|p {pbggbi Gaw(Dròbp(Zta`rcpnaibi aep

`nb bni|nob Hõognkfcbnp e÷t `bi Enghimkfwrkf{ `mt' nft @bd÷p |r {kfmeebi ri`

`mhnp mre {nkf mrehbtc{mh |r hmkfbi)4=6 @nb{ {znbobgp {nkf nh fafbi Nipbtb{{b

mi `bt Irp|rio uai Ktawèri`nio wnb`bt) @akf wnb dbn lb`bt Mtp `bt

Ztalbcpenimi|nbtrio' dgbndp `bt Cmhze rh `nb Ori{p `bt Obgòbdbt' mrkf nh

Dbtbnkf `b{ Ktawèri`nio' fmtp) Gbp|pgnkf gnbop b{ mi `bi Ztalbcpbi' wnb {pmtc {nb

{nkf rh `nb Ori{p `bt Ktaw` dbh÷fbi) @nb Irp|rio bnibt db{pnhhpbi

Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeath mi {nkf omtmipnbtp |wmt iakf cbnibi {nkfbtbi \romio |rt

Tb{{artkb Ktaw`' `m|r {ni` `nb Zgmppeathbi ni @brp{kfgmi` iakf |r rizazrgàt)

Fmp {nkf mdbt bt{phmg bnib Zgmppeath dbwàftp ri` bip{ztbkfbi` bteagotbnkfb

Uat|bnobztalbcpb fbtuatobdtmkfp' {a wnt` {nkf àtp `nb Hbftfbnp `bt

Ktawèri`nio(Ripbt{p÷p|bt mccrhrgnbtbi) \mfgbi uai mhbtncmin{kfbi

Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi |bnobi' `m{{ hnp {pbnobi`bt Gbonpnhn{nbtrio uai

Ktawèri`nio `rtkf M(Eb{pnumg{' `nb Enghdtmikfb ri` za{npnub Emgg{pr`nbi' `nb

\mfg `bt Eõt`btbt ri` `btbi Dbtbnp{kfmep otõÑbtb [rhhbi |r obdbi {pbnobi)4=>

@rtkf `bi \rwmkf{ mi Irp|bti {awafg dbn Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi mg{ mrkf

dbn Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp{bnpbi' n{p bni ’bvpbtibt Ibp|wbtcbeebcp‗ |r dbadmkfpbi

&uog) Cmznpbg ;)=)=)= Zgmppeathbi .) @nb{bt bip{pbfp' wbii `nb Hnpognb`bt|mfg bnib{

Ibp|wbtcb{ bnib Hni`b{potõÑpb bttbnkfp ri` {ahnp `b{{bi _btp wàkf{p ri`

`nb{b Pmp{mkfb wbnpbtb Irp|bt mi|nbfp) Crt|< Hnp wmkf{bi`bt R{bt|mfg {pbnop `bt

Irp|bi `b{ Ibp|wbtc{ ri` b{ bip{pbfp bnib za{npnub T÷kccazzgrio) @m{ fbnÑp' nh

Emgg uai Ktawèri`nio wntcp {nkf `nb{bt Beebcp mre `nb Obdbtmcpnunpàp mr{< [admg`

bni Ztalbcp a`bt bnib Zgmppeath bnibi `brpgnkfbi Uat{ztrio mi Ripbt{p÷p|bti nh

Ubtogbnkf |r mi`btbi db{np|p' {pbnop `btbi Irp|bt|mfg tm{mip mi' wàftbi` `nb

Caicrttbi|(Ztalbcpb hm{{nu mi Mpptmcpnunpàp ubtgnbtbi) Àfignkf ubtfàgp b{ {nkf

4=6 uog) Tmppb~' 4::2< 504=> uog) Gmumrv Sbp mg)X' 4:=:



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ?=

mrkf hnp `bt [zbi`bifõfb< [pr`nbi dbgbobi' `m{{ {nkf `nb Bni|bg{zbi`b mi `bt

[zbi`bifõfb `bt Hm{{b atnbipnbtp( `bt [zbi`bt zm{{p {nkf mi ri` wngg inkfp

`rtkf ubthbnipgnkfb Obn|nocbnp mreemggbi)44:

;)0)5 C÷i{pgbtn{kfb ri` crgprtbggb Uatdbfmgpb

Rimdfàiono uai `bt miob{ptbdpbi [rhhb ri` Ktaw`' n{p `m{ {kfbnidmtb

[pnohm' `m{ `rtkf Ktawèri`nio enimi|nbtpbi Enghbi migm{pbp bni wbnpbtbt Otri`

`bt hmikfbi Enghbhmkfbt `muai |rt÷kcfàgp' Ktawèri`nio mg{

Enimi|nbtrio{hõognkfcbnp ni Dbptmkfp |r |nbfbi) Imp÷tgnkf wrt`b ri` wnt`

db{ai`bt{ dbn `bi bt{pbi bteagotbnkfbi Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpbi `btbi obirp|pb{

Enimi|nbtrio{ha`bgg db{ai`bt{ fbtuatobfadbi ri` `nb Ztb{{b eacr{{nbtp {nkf

aephmg{ hbft `mtmre mg{ mre `bi Nifmgp) \wmt n{p `nb{ pbngwbn{b mrkf `rtkf `nb

lbwbngnob Ztalbcpztà{bipmpnai {bgd{pubt{kfrg`bp &uog) Cmznpbg ;)=)=)4

Ztalbcp{zb|nen{kfb Ktawèri`nio(_bd{bnpbi .' àkf lb hbft {nkf Ktawèri`nio

mrkf ni @brp{kfgmi` bpmdgnbtp' `b{pa ibdbi{àkfgnkfbt wnt` `nb{bt M{zbcp)

]rmgnpmpnub Uatrtpbngb wbt`bi tbobghàÑno wn`btgbop ri` mrkf `nb Mibtcbiirio

`rtkf `m{ Enghdr{nib{{ {pbnop) [pmt{ wnb Cnbebt [rpfbtgmi`44= dbpbngnobi {nkf ri`

’ktawòberi`bpb‗ Enghb wbt`bi mre M(Eb{pnumg{444 bniobgm`bi ri` bt|nbgbi

tbiahhnbtpb Mr{|bnkfiriobi< Zrpp~ Fngg ebnbtpb mre `bt 5:{pbi Dbtgnimgb

Ztbhnbtb' @nb 0) Tbuagrpnai 44; btfàgp `m{ ’Ztà`ncmp db{ai`bt{ wbtpuagg‗ `bt ED_

ri` wnt` e÷t `bi @brp{kfbi Cmhbtmztbn{ 4:=: iahninbtp' Ktr`b 440 ogài|p hnp

hbft mg{ |wmi|no Mr{|bnkfiriobi) Mdob{bfbi `muai' ondp b{ e÷t `nb \r{kfmrbt

wbnpmr{ mpptmcpnubtb' wbng ca{pbio÷i{pnobtb ri` {kfibggbtb Hõognkfcbnpbi ni `bi

Obir{{ ztnhnpnubt Enghzta`rcpnaibi |r cahhbi mg{ `btbi Zta`rcpnai `rtkf

Ktawèri`nio |r ripbt{p÷p|bi)

44: uog) [adk|mc!OtaÑ' 4:=:< 56e)44= uog) Pfb = [bkai` Engh' 4:=:m444 Mg{ M(Eb{pnumg cgm{{nen|nbtp `bt Enghzta`r|bipbiubtdmi` Engheb{pnumg hnp nipbtimpnaimgbh _bppdbwbtd) @m{ {ni`

`bt|bnp wbgpwbnp =; Eb{pnumg{' r)m) `nb Nipbtimpnaimgbi Engheb{p{znbgb uai Dbtgni ri` Kmiib{ &uog) Nipbtimpnaimg

Eb`btmpnai ae Engh Zta`rkbt{ M{{aknmpnai{' 4:=:.44; uog) Bibto~ Mrpaiah ‛ @bt Engh OhdF' 4:=:k440 uog) Ktr`b( Pfb Haunb' 4:=:



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ?4

Bni wbnpbtb{ Uatrtpbng ÷dbt Ktawèri`nio pmrkfp nhhbt wnb`bt ni @n{cr{{naibi

mre< ’Ubtcmrep‗ {nkf `bt Enghbhmkfbt `rtkf `nb ibrb Eath `bt Obg`mc}rn{b mi

`bi Cri`bi1 Tnkfpbp bt {bni Ztalbcp mre bnib bniemkfb Db{kfmeerio `b{ Obg`b{

mr{ ri` {pbggp `mdbn `m{ bnobipgnkfb c÷i{pgbtn{kfb [kfmeebi fnipbimi1 @bin{

Dmtpbgp uai [pmtpibvp btcgàtp `m|r< ’\nbg uai Ktawèri`nio {agg lm iri mdbt obimr

`m{ Obobipbng {bni) Obg` {mhhbgi e÷t Ztalbcpb' `nb inkfp ztaenpatnbipnbtp {ni` ri`

{kfai `b{fmgd bfbt mg{ ob{bgg{kfmep{ctnpn{kf' {bft {zb|nen{kf ri` `m`rtkf mrkf

{rzbt nipbtb{{mip obgpbi cõiibi) Imp÷tgnkf wbt`bi Ztalbcpb mrkf mre nftbi

Ripbtfmgprio{wbtp fni ripbt{p÷p|p wbt`bi) Bip{ztbkfbi` wbt`bi mrkf `nb{b

Ztalbcpb nftbi _bo ni{ Zatpmg eni`bi) Lbàkf dgbndp e÷t mggb Ninpnmpatbi S)))X `bt _bo

`bt ogbnkfb)‗442 \rhni`b{p cmii bnib Ztalbcpn`bb imkf [pmtp `bt Mcpnai mre

Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi inkfp hbft ÷dbtmtdbnpbp a`bt miobzm{{p wbt`bi) @m{{

{nkf Ztalbcpb uai uatifbtbni mh Zrdgncrh{ob{kfhmkc |r atnbipnbtbi ubt{rkfbi'

n{p mggbt`nio{ inkfp{ Ktawèri`nio([zb|nen{kfb{) Nh Obobipbng' Ktawèri`nio

bip{pmi` ripbt mi`btbh mr{ `bt Ninpnmpnub fbtmr{' {nkf obobi `bi

uatfbtt{kfbi`bi Cnia(Hmni{ptbmh |r wbftbi) MrÑbt`bh ericpnainbtp gmrp @t)

[õtbi Mrbt' _n{{bi{kfmepgbt mh Kahzrpbt( ri` Nieathmpnai{emkfdbtbnkf `bt

Rinubt{npàp Zbii{~guminm' Ktawèri`nio irt' wbng hmi $cbnibi otaÑbi Ztaenp

bt|nbgbi' {ai`bti bnibh Db`÷tein{ obtbkfp wbt`bi$ waggb‛ `bi bhapnaimgbi'

fbàin{pn{kfbi ri` mgptrn{pn{kfbi Db`÷tein{{bi `bt Obgòbdbt) @biiakf wbnÑ

cbnibt `bt Eõt`btbt obimr' $ad hmi mh Bi`b dbcahhp' wahnp hmi obtbkfibp

fmp$445 Crt|< B{ fbtt{kfp Nieathmpnai{(M{~hhbptnb) @nb Ripbt{p÷p|bt wn{{bi inkfp

ad {nkf nftb Obg`{zbi`b ’gafip‗' `nb Pbngimfhb mh Ktawèri`nio nftb

Btwmtpriobi bte÷ggp) Ogbnkf|bnpno gbdbi mrkf `nb Ninpnmpatbi bt{p bnihmg ni

Riobwn{{fbnp `mt÷dbt' ad ri` wbt nftbi Engh {bfbi ri` eõt`bti wngg) @bt

caipnirnbtgnkfb ri` ptmi{zmtbipb Mr{pmr{kf |wn{kfbi Ninpnmpatbi ri` Eõt`btbti

lbàkf' n{p bni beebcpnub{ Hnppbg' rh bni Nieathmpnai{(Ogbnkfobwnkfp |r eõt`bti)

Bni Uatdbfmgp uai Enghbhmkfbti n{p mrkf' `m{{ `nb Ktaw` inkfp |wmio{gàreno

bvzbtnhbipnbtetbr`nobt {ni` mg{ dbn{znbg{wbn{b Eõt`btotbhnbi ri` {nkf mh Bi`b

àkf gnbdbt dbcmiipbi ri` zazrgàtbi Pfbhbi |rwbi`bp' `nb nftbi

442 Dmtpbgp' 4:=:m445 _ng`' 4::6



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ?;

Btemftrio{fatn|aip ri` Uat{pbggrio{ubthõobi inkfp ÷dbt{pbnobi)44? Gbp|pgnkf

w÷t`bi `bhimkf `nb ’hn``gb ae pfb tam`‗( Ztalbcpb' fni{nkfpgnkf c÷i{pgbtn{kfbt

ri` pfbhmpn{kfbt _moin{' `bi Cmhze rh `nb Ktaw` obwniibi)446 Bteagotbnkfb

Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpb wnb Ntai [c~ a`bt Pfb Mob ae pfb [przn` |bnobi mdbt'

`m{{ b{ inkfp `mtmre micahhp `bi Hmni{ptbmh(Ob{kfhmkc |r ptbeebi' {ai`bti

`m{ Ztalbcp ÷dbt|brobi` `mt|r{pbggbi) @bii obtm`b Ktawèri`nio([rzzatpbt

{ni` inkfp obwnggp bnibi Engh |r ripbt{p÷p|bi' `bt `bi ÷dgnkfbi

Cniaenghztaotmhhbi obtbkfp wnt`' {ai`bti {nb {ni` mre `bt [rkfb imkf ibrbi

Nifmgpbi ri` à{pfbpn{kfbi Eathbi' `nb mre n`bmgp~zn{kfbh Enimi|nbtrio{wbo

cbnibi _bo ni{ Cnia eni`bi w÷t`bi)

Mdob{bfbi uai `bi c÷i{pgbtn{kfbi Uatdbfmgpbi obobi÷dbt $ktawòberi`bpbi$

Enghbi' {ni` mrkf `nb crgprtbggbi Uatdbfmgpb inkfp |r ripbt{kfàp|bi) B{ n{p

wbnpmr{ {kfwnbtnobt ni @brp{kfgmi` Hbi{kfbi `m|r |r dbwbobi crgprtbggb

\wbkcb |r ripbt{p÷p|bi' `m `nb{ ztnhàt mg{ {pmmpgnkfb Mreomdb ob{bfbi wnt`)

_àftbi` `nb [zbi`bidbtbnp{kfmep ni `bi R[M' `nb wbgpwbnp fõkf{pb n{p' dbeni`bi

{nkf `nb @brp{kfbi bt{p mi ;4) [pbggb)44> @nb [zbi`bidbtbnp{kfmep {pbfp fnbt

{pbggubtptbpbi` e÷t `nb Bipwnkcgrio{pbi`bi|bi {àhpgnkfbt zfngmiptazfn{kfbt

Ripbt{p÷p|rio{eathbi wnb `bh `bt hà|bimpn{kfbi Eõt`btrio a`bt `b{

hà|bimpn{kfbi [zai{atnio{ &uog) Cmznpbg ;);)4)= Obobigbn{priobi ri`

Enimi|nbtrio{mtpbi .) Ni @brp{kfgmi` ri` `bi R[M fbtt{kfbi uõggno ubt{kfnb`bib

[zbi`bicrgprtbi uat) ’Ni Mhbtncm ondp b{ mggobhbni wbinobt [pmmp' hbft

Bnobiubtmipwatprio `bt D÷tobt ri` eagognkf hbft |nungob{bgg{kfmepgnkfb{

Biomobhbip‗4;:) \rogbnkf n{p `bt {a|nmgb @trkc fõfbt {nkf obhbnii÷p|no |r

dbpàpnobi ri` `mhnp `m{ Nhmob |r ubtdb{{bti) ’Zfngmipftaznb n{p bnib

Otri`fmgprio' bnib Ptm`npnai ri` bnib Ni{pnprpnai ni `bi R[M)‗4;= @nb{ db`brpbp

mggbt`nio{ mrkf' `m{{ `m{ Ibp| `b{ [a|nmg{pmmp{ ri` `nb Taggb `b{ [pmmp{ dbn

wbnpbh inkfp {a rhemiotbnkf n{p wnb ni @brp{kfgmi`< Fnbt fmp `bt [pmmp ’`m{

{a|nmgb ri` crgprtbggb Gbdbi nhhbt hbft ÷dbtiahhbi ri` {aomt haiazagn{nbtp)

_bng `bt [pmmp {nkf mr{dtbnpbpb ri` fafb [pbrbti ubtgmiopb' {bn `nb ztnumpb

44? uog) Drgcgb~' 4:=:446 uog) Fmggbi{gbdbi' 4:=:44> uog) _bgpbt' 4:=:4;: _bgpbt' 4:=:4;= Fmndmkf' =>>5< 4?




Ninpnmpnub mr{obptakcibp' hbtcp _bgpbt mi)4;4 @bt Dbotnee `bt Zfngmipftaznb n{p ni

@brp{kfgmi` wbnpobfbi` ridbcmiip) @m{ Eõt`btdbwr{{p{bni ri` `nb Bni{pbggrio

`bt @brp{kfbi ubtài`bti {nkf mdbt ni l÷io{pbt \bnp' wbii mrkf {bft gmio{mh) [a

emggbi nhhbt fàrenobt [pnkfwatpb wnb ’mcpnub D÷tobtob{bgg{kfmep‗' ’Tbunpmgn{nbtrio

`bt @bhactmpnb‗' ’d÷tobtgnkfb Zmtpn|nzmpnai‗ ri` ’Obhbni{nii‗)4;; @nb crgprtbgg

db`niopb \rt÷kcfmgprio mi ’[zbi`bimcpnaibi‗ n{p |wmt |r dbt÷kc{nkfpnobi'

`biiakf n{p `m{ Zapbipnmg ni `bt Bipwnkcgrio `bt `brp{kfbi [zbi`crgprt |r

{bfbi) [a |bnopbi [pmpn{pncbi `b{ [zbi`bihainpat{ dbtbnp{ 4::? `nb Pbi`bi|'

`m{{ `nb [zbi`bi}rapb e÷t `bi Cri{p(!Crgprtdbtbnkf {pbnop)4;0 B{ n{p `muai

mr{|robfbi' `m{{ {nkf `nb{bt Ptbi` eatp{bp|p' mrkf aignib) [a ptàop `nb

Ubtdtbnprio `b{ Nipbtibp{ wb{bipgnkf |r bnibt Ubtài`btrio `bt

[zbi`bidbtbnp{kfmep dbn) ’B{ dnbpbp bvmcp `m{' waimkf [zbi`bt fbrp|rpmob

{rkfbi< Hbft Ptmi{zmtbi| ÷dbt `nb Ubtwbi`rio nftb{ Obg`b{ ri` `ntbcpbi

Mr{pmr{kf hnp lbibi' `bibi `nb [zbi`b |rorpb cahhp$4;2 Mr{ `bt

$Bnidmfi{ptmÑb‗ `b{ Ripbt{p÷p|bi wnt` {a|r{mobi bni ’Ctbn{ubtcbft‗)4;5

Dbn{znbgfmep n{p |r Dbadmkfpbi' `m{{ [btunkb{ wnb egmppt a`bt cmkfniogb 4;?' `nb

àfignkf `bh Ktawèri`nio mre etbnwnggnobi Cgbniobg`mdomdbi dm{nbtbi' bipobobi

mggbt Btwmtpriobi ni @brp{kfgmi` bnib biath fafb Imkfetmob btemftbi) @m{

|bnop' `m{ bnib obibtbggb Dbtbnp{kfmep e÷t crgprtbggb!c÷i{pgbtn{kfb Nifmgpb

Hnctadbptàob |r gbn{pbi mrkf ni @brp{kfgmi` pmp{àkfgnkf uatfmi`bi n{p ri` {nkf

`rtkf bip{ztbkfbi`b Miobdapb wnb Ktawèri`nio wbnpbt bipemgpbi wnt`)4;6

;)0)? Enimi|ob{bp|gnkfb Uatdbfmgpb

Ibdbi `bi c÷i{pgbtn{kfbi ri` crgprtbggbi Uatdbfmgpbi obobi÷dbt Ktawèri`nio'

{ni` mrkf tbkfpgnkfb M{zbcpb |r dbt÷kc{nkfpnobi) Ktawèri`nio mg{

Enimi|nbtrio{ha`bgg db{pbfp ni @brp{kfgmi` mre cbnibt {zb|nen{kfbi

4;4uog) _bgpbt' 4:=:4;; uog) Gmumrv Sbp mg)X' 4:=: ri` Fmndmkf' =>>5< 4?4;0 uog) @brp{kfbt Eri`tmn{nio Ubtdmi` b)U)' 4:=:`4;2 Bkcbtp' 4::>4;5 uog) Bkcbtp' 4::>4;? Egmppt)kah ri` cmkfniogb)kah {ni` `nb `bt|bnp hbn{pobirp|pbi [aknmg(Zm~hbip([btunkb{)4;6 uog) Hb~bt!_mppno' 4:=:




enimi|ob{bp|gnkfbi Otri`gmob) Lb imkf`bh wbgkfb Mtp `bt Enimi|nbtrio

{pmppeni`bp &uai [zbi`b dn{ Niub{pnpnai.' n{p `nb Ob{bp|b{gmob mi`bt{) [awafg

Ripbt{p÷p|bt mg{ mrkf Ninpnmpatbi {pbfbi uat `bt Fbtmr{eat`btrio {nkf inkfp ni

enimi|tbkfpgnkfbi Ibp|bi |r ubtemiobi' wm{ dbn{znbg{wbn{b `nb Tbkfpb ri`

Zegnkfpbi `bt lbwbngnobi Enimi|nbtrio{mtp dbptneep) [a dng`bi {nkf tbkfpgnkfb

Uatdbfmgpb wm{ `m{ \rt÷kc|mfgubt{ztbkfbi dbn Niub{phbip{' `bi @U@(

Uatubtcmre ri` `bi [zbi`bimretre nh Mggobhbnibi dbptneep)4;> Fnbt adgnbop b{ `bi

Atomin{mpatbi `nb{b Uatdbfmgpb bti{p |r ibfhbi ri` e÷t Cgàtrio ri`

Ptmi{zmtbi| fni{nkfpgnkf {agkfbt enimi|tbkfpgnkfbi Etmobi |r {atobi) Ni `bi

hbn{pbi Eàggbi wbt`bi niibtfmgd `bt MOD{ ri` `bt EM]{ `bt Ztalbcpb ri`

_bd{bnpbi {nprmpnai{mdfàionob ri` emgg{zb|nen{kfb Mipwatpbi ri` Gõ{riobi

miobdapbi)

;)0)6 [kfrp| `bt N`bb

Emcp n{p' `m{{ `bt Obgòbdbt ÷dbt bni Ztalbcp db{phõognkf nieathnbtp {bni hr{{'

bfb bt dbtbnp n{p Obg` `me÷t |r obdbi) Emcp n{p mrkf' `m{{ b{ ni `bt

Uatzta`rcpnai{zfm{b fàreno iakf cbnib caictbpbi ’Zta`rcpb‗ wnb Ptmngbt'

@tbfdrkf a`bt àfignkfb{ ondp' {ai`bti unbghbft bfbt bnib N`bb uatob{pbggp wnt`)

Ri` obimr `mtni gnbop bnib Obemft< `bt inkfp uatfmi`bib [kfrp| bnibt N`bb) N`bbi

{ni` inkfp |r {kf÷p|bi' {nb {ni` etbn ri` lrtn{pn{kf ob{bfbi ondp b{ cbnibi

N`bbicgmr) @bt rtfbdbttbkfpgnkfb [kfrp| bip{pbfp bt{p md `bh Bvza{b40:' `m{

fbnÑp ’{admg` bnib ni`nun`rbggb obn{pnob [kfõzerio inb`btob{kftnbdbi wrt`b &`nb

Inb`bt{kftnep n{p cbnib Uattmr{{bp|rio' mdbt tbobghàÑno hmineb{pnbtp {nkf `nb

ni`nun`rbggb obn{pnob [kfõzerio ni `bt Inb`bt{kftnep.)‗40= @bt Engh{paee cmii {ahnp

mdbt mrkf ni Eath bnib{ [pat~damt`{ a`bt ni Eapa{' Un`ba{ a`bt bnobibi

Enghmreimfhbi eb{pobfmgpbi ri` rtfbdbttbkfpgnkf ob{kf÷p|p wbt`bi) @mdbn otbnep

`m{ Rtfbdbttbkfp lb imkf Eathmp hbft a`bt wbinobt< [znbgenghbvza{b{ btgmiobi

4;> uog) Gmumrv Sbp mg)X' 4:=:40: Bni Bvza{b n{p bnib ’{|bin{kfb @mt{pbggrio `bt Fmrzp( ri` Ibdbi{ptàiob `b{ Zgap{' `bt Fmrzpenortbi ri`

nftbt Kfmtmcpbtn{pncm' nftbt Hapnub ri` Caiegncpb {awnb `bt wb{bipgnkfbi [kfmrzgàp|b bnib &Cnia(' Ebti{bf(.

Engh{‗) &Lmkad{fmdbi' 4::=< ;>. Bni Bvza{b uai hni`b{pbi{ mkfp [bnpbi e÷t bnibi >: Hnirpbi [znbgengh wnt` mg{

[kftnepwbtc obh) ¯ 4 Md{) = It) = RtfO rtfbdbttbkfpgnkf ob{kf÷p|p &uog) RtfO ¯4.)40= Lmkad{fmobi' 4::6< ;>




dbn{znbg{wbn{b mh gbnkfpb{pbi Rtfbdbttbkfp{{kfrp|' `m {nb bnib caictbpb

Ob{kfnkfpb mr{ zbt{õignkfbt obn{pnobt [kfõzerio `mt{pbggbi) Dbn

@acrhbipmtenghbi fniobobi n{p b{ `brpgnkf {kfwnbtnobt< [nb ubthnppbgi bnib

_ntcgnkfcbnp ri` mre ’`nb _ntcgnkfcbnp ondp b{ cbni Rtfbdbttbkfp‗404)

\r{mhhbiobem{{p n{p eb{p|r{pbggbi' `m{{ `m{ Rtfbdbttbkfp mi bnibt Ob{kfnkfpb

pfbatbpn{kf {kfwbt imkf|rwbn{bi n{p ri` mggb bipwnkcbgpbi Obobi{ptmpbonbi inkfp

wntc{mh {ni`) @nb bni|nob HmÑimfhb `nb =::" {nkfbt {kf÷p|p' mggbt`nio{ mrkf

uat lbognkfbt Mtp uai Eõt`btbti ri` Enimi|nbt{' n{p `nb N`bb e÷t {nkf |r dbfmgpbi)

Ztmcpn{kf cahhp mdbt `bt @nbd{pmfg( ri` `m{ n{p mrkf nh Emggb `b{ Ktawèri`nio

mi|ribfhbi( àrÑbt{p {bgpbi uat)40;

\wn{kfbi Obgòbdbt' Ztalbcpninpnmpat ri` obobdbibiemgg{ Zgmppeathdbptbndbt {ni`

`nb Tbkfpb fniobobi |wbnebg{etbn |r cgàtbi) @nb Ob{kfàepdb`nioriobi bipfmgpbi

hnppgbtwbngb nhhbt `nb Cgmr{bg' `m{{ `nb Tbkfpb mh _btc |r =::" dbn `bi

Ninpnmpatbi dgbndbi ri` `m{{ {awafg Obgòbdbt mg{ mrkf Zgmppeathdbptbndbt

cbnibtgbn Mi{ztrkf mre `m{ Enghwbtc fmdbi) @mhnp {ni` mg{a Hn{{ubt{pàiìn{{b

mr{ob{kfga{{bi) Hmikfb Zgmppeathbi db{pbfbi' gbp|pgnkf mrkf nh Nipbtb{{b `b{

Ztalbcpninpnmpat{' mre Gbn{prio{{kfrp|tbkfpb' `nb `m|r `nbibi' `m{ Ztalbcp nh

Tmfhbi `bt lbwbngnobi Zgmppeath |r dbwbtdbi &uog) Pmdbggb =.

;)0)6 Riogmrdw÷t`nocbnp

@bt Obemft' `m{{ `rtkf Ktawèri`nio Cai|bzpb ri` Obg`bt hn{{dtmrkfp ri`

|wbkcbipetbh`bp wbt`bi' {ni` {awafg `nb Ninpnmpatbi mg{ mrkf `nb Ripbt{p÷p|bt

mr{ob{bp|p) B{ db{pbfp `m{ Tn{nca' `m{{ `nb Ogmrdw÷t`nocbnp `b{ Ztalbcpb{ ri`

mggbt Dbpbngnopbi `mtripbt imkffmgpno gbn`bp)

@nb Enimi|nbtrio{mtp `b{ [zai{atnio{ n{p `bh Uatwrte mr{ob{bp|p' `m{{ `rtkf

`nb Dbpbngnorio uai Ripbtibfhbi `bt Nifmgp ri` _btp `bt c÷i{pgbtn{kfbi Gbn{prio

ri` `btbi hbnirio{dng`bi`b Ctmep dbbniegr{{p wbt`bi cõiipbi) @bt

otriòb{bp|gnkfb [kfrp| `bt Cri{petbnfbnp otbnep fnbt irt' wbii ni hminzrgmpnubt

ri` inkfp btcbiidmtbt _bn{b mre `m{ Enghwbtc Bniegr{{ mr{ob÷dp wnt`) ’@mobobi

n{p ni `bi Dbtbnkfbi' ni `bibi `brpgnkf wnt`' `m{{ fnipbt bnibt c÷i{pgbtn{kfbi

404 Lmkad{fmobi' 4::6< ;2e)40; uog) Lmkad{fmobi' 4::6< 4;



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ??

Mr{{mob bni [zai{at {pbfp' `nb{b Obemft inkfp obobdbi' `m `btlbinob' `bt wbnÑ'

`m{{ mr{ bnibt db{pnhhpbi Tnkfprio Bniegr{{ mre nfi obiahhbi wbt`bi {agg'

{nkf tbobghàÑno `mobobi {kf÷p|bi cmii)‗400 Hmi cmii {nkf `mt÷dbt {ptbnpbi'

niwnbebti {nkf bni Cai{rhbip wntcgnkf {kf÷p|bi cmii ri` `bi Bniegr{{ uai

[zai{atbi btcbiibi cmii)

[kfwnbtnobt {nbfp b{ dbn `bi Ninpnmpatbi `b{ Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcpb{ mr{< @bt

Ztalbcpninpnmpat fmp cbnibi Bniegr{{ mre `nb Ktaw`' {nb {kfgnbÑp bt{phmg inbhmi`bi

mr{) B{ {ztnkfp mrkf `rtkfmr{ inkfp{ obobi Ripbtibfhbi! Bnitnkfpriobi' `nb

{nkf ripbt `bh Hapnu `b{ K[T mi bnibh Ktawèri`nio(Ztalbcp enimi|nbgg

dbpbngnobi' {agmiob `m{ pmp{àkfgnkfb Mreptbpbi `b{ Ripbtibfhbi{ nh Bnicgmio hnp

`bh cahhrin|nbtpbi Biomobhbip {pbfp) _m{ mdbt' wbii bnib Enthm

Ktawèri`nio |rh Otbbiwm{fnio hn{{dtmrkfp1 _bii ripbt `bi Obgòbdbti

Zbt{aibi a`bt Atomin{mpnaibi mrepmrkfbi' `nb `nb Ogmrdw÷t`nocbnp ri` bpfn{kfb

Hatmg bnib{ Ztalbcp{ obeàft`bi1 _nb cmii {nkf dbn{znbg{wbn{b bnib

Cgnhmàcrhbipmpnai uat bnibi Bibtonbcai|btiubtptbpbt mg{ [zbi`bt {kf÷p|bi1

Pfbatbpn{kf n{p b{ hõognkf' `m{{ ’ribtw÷i{kfpb‗ Ripbt{p÷p|bt {nkf dbpbngnobi) @nb

Ztmvn{ dnbpbp `nb{db|÷ognkf |wmt cbnib Btemftrio{wbtpb' bninob Dbptbndbt

dbfmgpbi {nkf mdbt `m{ Tbkfp uat' nh Emggb uai Otbbiwm{fnio(Ubt{rkfbi

bni|rotbnebi |r cõiibi) Obibtbgg {bfbi Ktawèri`nio(Dbptbndbt mdbt `nb Obemft

uai Hn{{dtmrkf mg{ bfbt riwmft{kfbnignkf mi' `m {nkf `nb Ztalbcpninpnmpatbi ÷dbt

`nb nfibi ubte÷odmtbi Hb`nbicmiàgb ctnpn{kf hnp nftbi Ripbt{p÷p|bti

mr{bnimi`bt{bp|bi' wm{ bnibt ubt{rkfpbi Nhmobzagnprt bnib{ Ripbtibfhbi{

inkfp eõt`btgnkf wàtb) [bgd{p dbn Rhwbgpenghbi wnb Fahb 402 ' `bt |wmt cbni

ktawèri`nio(enimi|nbtpb{ Ztalbcp n{p' eàggp `bt ibompnub Dbnob{kfhmkc `b{

Otbbiwm{fnio{ inkfp mre `bi Engh |rt÷kc) Unbghbft {kfm`bp `nb{b Dbpbngnorio

`bh Ripbtibfhbi ri` `b{{bi Ogmrdw÷t`nocbnp' wbii b{ inkfp nh [niib `bt

Dap{kfmep `b{ Enghb{ fmi`bgp)405 ’Inbhmi` wnt` db{ptbnpbi' `m{{ `nb Obemft

db{pbfp' `m{{ `btlbinob' `bt Obg` ondp' mrkf Bniegr{{ ibfhbi cõiipb) Fnbt ongp b{'

`rtkf bip{ztbkfbi`b ob{bp|gnkfb Uatomdbi ri|rgà{{nobi Bniegr{{

400 Dtrfi!Hbfgniobt' =>>6< ==;402 @bt Engh Fahb wrt`b |r bnibh OtaÑpbng `rtkf `nb Ripbt{p÷p|rio `b{ etài|õ{n{kfbi Grvr{o÷pbt(Cai|bti{

ZZT &Orkkn' Zrhm' ûb{ [mnip Gmrtbip r{w). enimi|nbtp)405 uog) [pakctmfh' 4::>




md|rwbftbi)‗40? @nb Ktawèri`nio(Dbptbndbt cgàtbi |wmt lbwbng{ `nb Tbkfpb uai

Ripbt{p÷p|bt ri` Ninpnmpat' zgmppeath( ri` ztalbcp÷dbtotbnebi`b Tbobgwbtcb àfignkf

`bh Trièric{pmmp{ubtptmo `bt dbn{znbg{wbn{b @mrbt ri` Eath uai _btdrio

tbobgp' ondp b{ e÷t Ktawèri`nio lbàkf inkfp)

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wnt`' {kfibgg mreemggbi ri` dbcmiip obhmkfp)

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Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf ?>

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Mddng`rio 0< F~zb(\~cgr{42=

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hnppbg{ Ktawèri`nio bnibi wmftbi Obg`tbobi btgbdp)

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Hm{{bihmtcp mi) _bii {nkf bnib Pbkfiagaonb mre `bt _bggb `bt Bipwnkcgrio

inkfp uai Miemio mi wbnpbtdbwbop' wnt` `bt Bniomio ni `bi Mggpmo inkfp

obgniobi)424 Ubtatpbp hmi Ktawèri`nio nh Ubtgmre `b{ F~zb(\~cgr{ &uog)

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inkfp bti{p) Imkf `b{ F~zb(\~cgr{ obfp `nb{b Mtdbnp bnibi [kftnpp mre `bh ’Zem`

`bt Btgbrkfprio‗ ri` ondp bni tbmgn{pn{kfb{ Ubt{pàiìn{ `bt Uatpbngb ri` `bt

ztmcpn{kfbi Rh{bp|rio' gà{{p ogbnkf|bnpno mdbt mrkf `nb Otbi|bi ri` Ztadgbhb

`bt Enghenimi|nbtrio `rtkf Ktawèri`nio inkfp mrÑbt Mkfp) @mdbn wnt` `brpgnkf'

`m{{ hnp eatpgmrebi`bh Biomobhbip' Ktawèri`nio bni biathb{ Zapbipnmg

fni{nkfpgnkf `bt Enghenimi|nbtrio' uat mggbh mdbt hnp Dgnkc mre `nb

Enghubthmtcprio `mt{pbggp) Nh Hahbip lbàkf' ri` {aunbg {pbfp mrkf eb{p' h÷{{bi

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cõiibi) Eni`bi Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnunpàpbi mre `nb{bh _bo `bi Bniomio ni `bi

424 uog) [kfmeebtp!_nb`bi(Dn{kfae' 4::>< 44




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nipbotnbtbi ri` `nb Irp|rio |r bnibt [bgd{pubt{pài`gnkfcbnp |r hmkfbi' `biiakf

dgbndp `nb Etmob' wnb `bt ztaeb{{naibggb Irp|bi e÷t `nb Ninpnmpatbi mre fafbh

enimi|nbggbi Inubmr bttbnkfp wbt`bi cmii ri` Fnof(Dròbp(Ztalbcp inkfp irt bnib

Mr{imfhb `mt{pbggbi) _nb cmii b{ mg{ bti{p|ribfhbi`b{

Enimi|nbtrio{wbtc|bro ni `nb Enghdtmikfb Bni|ro fmgpbi1

_nb mh Miemio `bt Mtdbnp btgàrpbtp' {pbggp `nb õeebipgnkfb Engheõt`btrio bnibi

OtaÑpbng `bt n`bmgp~zn{kfbi Enghenimi|nbtrio `mt' mre `bi cmrh bni Enghdròbp

etbnwnggno ubt|nkfpbi cmii ri` hõkfpb) B{ n{p nh Hahbip inkfp ni [nkfpwbnpb' `m{{

Ktawèri`nio `m{ enimi|nbggb Zapbipnmg {pmmpgnkfbt Engheõt`btrio bttbnkfp ri` mg{

àhnimipb{ Ha`bgg `bt Enghenimi|nbtrio db{pbfp) Bdbi{a wnb Ktawèri`nio mg{

ibrbt' niiaumpnubt _bo wnkfpno ri` tnkfpno n{p' {a n{p mrkf `nb {pmtcb

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bninob ctbmpnub Enghztalbcpb mr{ õeebipgnkfbi Hnppbgi obeõt`btp wbt`bi)42; Mg{

|rubtgà{{nob ri` {nkfbtb ]rbggb |rt Dròbpnbtrio uai Enghbi' obtm`b à{pfbpn{kf

ri` pfbhmpn{kf bnobi{niinobt Enghb' n{p Ktawèri`nio dn{fbt inkfp obbnoibp) [a

wnt` Ktawèri`nio `nb ptm`npnaibggbi Enghenimi|nbtrio{}rbggbi bt{p bnihmg inkfp

bt{bp|bi cõiibi)420 @nb |rcriep{ptàkfpno{pb ri` {niiuagg{pb Irp|rio uai

Ktawèri`nio n{p ni bnibt f~dtn`bi Enimi|nbtrio{eath' mg{ Btoài|rio ri`

pbngwbn{bt Bt{mp| e÷t `nb Db{pmi`pbngb n`bmgp~zn{kfbt Enimi|nbtrio{ha`bggb' |r

{bfbi) Ktawèri`nio mg{ Pbng bnibt Hn{kfenimi|nbtrio cmii `nb @ben|npb' `nb `m{

’OnbÑcmiibiztni|nz‗ &uog) Cmznpbg 4)=)4 Õeebipgnkfb Engheõt`btrio . `bt

Eõt`btbnitnkfpriobi hnp {nkf dtniop ri` `nb hmiobgfmepbi Bnobicmznpmg`bkcbi `bt

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Bthmiobgrio õeebipgnkfbt Eõt`btobg`bt ri` {ai{pnobt Enimi|nbtrio{g÷kcbi mre

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42; uog) Dõppkfbt Sbp mg)X' 4:=:420 uog) Gmwpai!Hmtah' 4:=:< >4422 uog) Nglib!Cbng' 4:::< ==4




F~dtn`n{nbtrio uai Ktawèri`nio hnp caiubipnaibggbtbi Enimi|nbtrio{hbpfa`bi

n{p ni bninobi Ztalbcpdbn{znbgbi dbtbnp{ `bt Emgg ri` wnt` mrkf uai Zgmppeathbi wnb

[pmtpibvp mr{`t÷kcgnkf ripbt{p÷p|p) [pmtpibvp {bgd{p ztmcpn|nbtp mre f~dtn`b _bn{b'

ni`bh Ztalbcpnipnmpatbi' `nb mibtcmiip obhbnii÷p|no {ni`' rimdfàiono uah Bteago

`bt Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnai [zbi`bi {mhhbgi cõiibi) Bni mi`btb{ Dbn{znbg e÷t

bnib uatpbngfmepb Cahdnimpnai uai Ktawèri`nio ri` mi`btbi

Enimi|nbtrio{wbobi n{p `m{ Ztalbcp Ntai [c~' `b{{bi Ob{mhpdròbp uai 5'> Hna)

₧' uai `bh dbtbnp{ 5 Hna) ₧ `rtkf ptm`npnaibggb Enimi|nbtrio{}rbggbi wnb

Eõt`btriobi' @n{ptndrpatbi r{w) |rob{nkfbtp {ni`' unm Ktawèri`nio cahzgbppnbtp

wnt`) Mrkf `m{ Enghztalbcp Zrpp~ Fngg btoài|pb `bi n`bmgp~zn{kfbi

Enimi|nbtrio{wbo hnp ogbnkf |wbn bteagotbnkfbi Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnaibi mre `bt

Zgmppeath Cnkc{pmtpbt ) [a caiipb `rtkf `nb Ripbt{p÷p|rio `bt Ktaw`

mrepmrkfbi`b Dròbp`ben|npb mr{obognkfbi wbt`bi)425 @mdbn hr{{ inkfp irt

Ktawèri`nio aeebi e÷t `nb Cahdnimpnai hnp mi`btbi Enimi|nbtrio{hbpfa`bi

{bni' unbghbft h÷{{bi {nkf mrkf db{pbfbi`b Dròbp}rbggbi caazbtmpnai{wnggno

hnp Ktawèri`nio(Ninpnmpnubi |bnobi) B{ {ni` ubt{kfnb`bi{pb f~dtn`b

Enimi|nbtrio{ha`bggb `bicdmt' `nb bni wbnpb{ Bvzbtnhbipnbtebg` dnbpbi) [nb

e÷ftbi unbggbnkfp inkfp obtm`gnino |rt db{phõognkfbi Gõ{rio e÷t mggb Zmtpbnbi

e÷ftbi' `biiakf' ri` `m{ |bnop mggbni `nb zazrgàtb Bipwnkcgrio uai

Ktawèri`nio' {ni` Ibrbtriobi ri` Bvzbtnhbipb nh Dbtbnkf `bt Engheõt`btrio

obetmop ri` aeebi{nkfpgnkf iapwbi`no) [a wnt` ni `bi iàkf{pbi Lmftbi bnib

wbnpbtb Ptmi{npnai fni |r Ktawèri`nio ri` `mhnp ubtdri`bibi

Hn{kfenimi|nbtrio{eathbi {pmppeni`bi) Dn{fbt {ni` `nb [rhhbi `nb `rtkf

Ktawèri`nio ob{mhhbgp wbt`bi hnp wbinobi Mr{imfhbi bfbt obtnio) @akf

wbii {nkf Inubmr ri` Otm` `bt F~dtn`n{nbtrio ri` Caazbtmpnai uai

ubt{kfnb`bibi Enimi|nbtrio{ha`bggbi btfõfbi' cõiibi ni \rcriep mrkf

Hnggnaibidbptàob hnp Fngeb uai Ktawèri`nio btwntp{kfmepbp wbt`bi) [a dnbpbp

Ktawèri`nio {awafg e÷t Cgbniztalbcpb mg{ mrkf nh OtaÑztalbcp `nb Kfmikb mre

bnib ptmoeàfnob Enimi|nbtrio) @nb Ktaw` wnt` `m`rtkf iakf fbpbtaobibt wbt`bi'

wm{ `bi ztaeb{{naibggbi Fnipbtotri` ri` `nb enimi|nbggbi [znbgtàrhb dbptneep) @m{

db`brpbp mdbt inkfp' `m{{ Obdbt uai Hnktazm~hbip{ `m`rtkf mr{ `bh Eacr{

`bt Ninpnmpatbi obtmpbi' `bii `nb Ktaw` {bgd{p n{p' rimdfàiono uai nftbt Gn}rn`npàp'

425 uog) Zatpbtenbg`' 4:=:




bni wnkfpnobt Emcpat e÷t `bi Enghbteago)42?

E÷t bni \rcriep{ha`bgg `bt Enghenimi|nbtrio gà{{p {nkf mg{a uat{pbggbi' `m{{

mi{pbggb ÷dbt mr{engpbti`b ri` d÷tactmpn{kfb Engheõt`btbnitnkfpriobi' `nb

õeebipgnkfbi Engheõt`btriobi ÷dbt Ktawèri`nio(Zta|b{{b ubtpbngp wbt`bi) [a

cõiipbi Engheõt`btriobi nftb Ubtomdb dbn{znbg{wbn{b ubtfàgpin{hàÑno mi `bi

Bteago uai Ktawèri`nio(Mcpnaibi dni`bi) @nb{ w÷t`b inkfp irt bnib otmunbtbi`b

Ài`btrio `bt \r{kfgmo{ubtpbngrio db`brpbi' {ai`bti mrkf `bt Enghcrgprt) ’Ne

mi~pfnio pfb {ptaiob{p mtorhbip kmi db hm`b eat `n{nipbthb`nmpnio mi~ eath ae

drtbmrktmk~ etah nipbtza{nio ni pfb mggakmpnai ae tb{arkb{ pa pfb Mtp{)‗ 426 Mh

Bi`b {pbggp {nkf inkfp `nb Etmob' ad Ktawèri`nio iri bni Obobibipwrte |r

caiubipnaibggbi Engheõt`btrio n{p a`bt {bni cmii' unbghbft gnbop `m{ Zapbipnmg uai

Ktawèri`nio `mtni' `m{{ b{ bnib wbnpmr{ ’imp÷tgnkfbtb‗ Enimi|nbtrio{eath n{p'

’imp÷tgnkf‗ nh [niib uai imkfetmob{zb|nen{kf' `bhactmpn{kf' zmtpn|nzmpnu' egbvndgbt

ri` iàfbt mi `bi Db`÷tein{{bi mggbt Dbpbngnopbi) Bni f~dtn`b{

Enimi|nbtrio{ha`bgg mr{ Ktawèri`nio ri` `bi p~zn{kfbi Enimi|nbtrio{}rbggbi'

uat mggbh Engheõt`btriobi' w÷t`b mrkf bnib otri`gbobi`b Tbeathnbtrio `bt

`brp{kfbi Eõt`btbnitnkfpriobi ri` Eõt`btotri`{àp|b db`niobi) @nb

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dbn{znbg{wbn{b [path uat{kfgàop' {ni` |r bnibh otaÑbi Pbng hnp `bi Ztni|nznbi

`b{ Ktawèri`nio{ ubtbnidmt)42> @m{ \nbg `bt Tbeathnbtrio hr{{ hbft

Beebcpnunpàp ri` Ptmi{zmtbi| `b{ Eõt`bt{~{pbh{ {bni ri` `nb dbfrp{mhb mdbt

cai{b}rbipb Bipgm{{rio `bt `brp{kfbi Enghzta`rcpnai ni `nb [bgd{ptborgnbtrio)

’[a {aggpbi Eõt`btmiptàob inkfp hbft `rtkf Otbhnbi a`bt Nipbi`mipbi ad nftbt

c÷i{pgbtn{kfbi a`bt wntp{kfmepgnkfbi ]rmgnpàp dbrtpbngp wbt`bi) B{ n{p bni

riob{kftnbdbib{ Ob{bp| `bt Enghwntp{kfmep' `m{{ {nkf `bt c÷i{pgbtn{kfb a`bt

wntp{kfmepgnkfb Bteago bnib{ Enghb{ cmrh md{bfbi gà{{p' mrkf inkfp nh Tmfhbi

bnib{ iakf {a btemftbibi Bvzbtpbictbn{b{)‗45: \wmt {ni` Otbhnbi a`bt

Nipbi`mipbi o÷gpnob ’Mdc÷t|riobi‗ ni `bt Bip{kfbn`rio{eni`rio' àkf aephmg{ n{p

`btbi gmiolàftnob Btemftrio inkfp irt dbtbnkfbti`' {ai`bti cmii mrkf

obobipbngnob _ntcrio bipemgpbi) ’Zm{p “bvzbtnbikbʷ n{ b{zbknmgg~ `miobtar{ ni pfb

42? uog) Gmwpai!Hmtah' 4:=:<=5;426 Gmwpai!Hmtah' 4:=:< =?242> uog) [path' 4:::< >?45: [path' 4:::< >?




fmi`{ ae `bkn{nai hmcbt{ wfbi pfmp bvzbtnbikb `tnub{ `bkn{nai{ wfnkf kta{{ m

pnhb zbtna` wfbtb tm`nkmg kfmiob akkrt{ wnpfni tbgmpb` enbg`{)‗45= @m{

Enghdr{nib{{ dbeni`bp {nkf mggbni `rtkf `nb Ibrbtriobi `nonpmgbt Pbkfincbi ni

Rhdt÷kfbi ri` iapwbi`nobi Ubtài`btriobi) Ebtibt bip{ztnkfp b{ inkfp hbft

`bt fbrpnobi \bnp' `m{{ bni [pmmp' d|w) {bnib dbtregnkfbi Bip{kfbn`rio{ptàobt'

÷dbt `m{ \r{pmi`bcahhbi uai Enghzta`rcpnaibi bip{kfbn`bi) ’Enghb {ni`

\broin{ ri` Mr{`trkc `bt ha`btibi Crgprt ri` Ob{bgg{kfmep‗454 ri` hnp nfibi

mrkf nftb Zta`rcpnai{eathbi' Pbkfinc ri` Enimi|nbtrio) [a n{p Ktawèri`nio

Mr{`trkc `bt Enghzta`rcpnai bnibt ha`btibi' `nonpmgbi Ob{bgg{kfmep' ni `bt

Bip{kfbn`riobi inkfp mre Dm{n{ Bni|bgibt {pmppeni`bi' {ai`bti bnib omi|b Ktaw`

`nb Taggb `bt Dbtmpbt bniinhhp) @nb Ob`micbi{znbgb wbgkfb Taggb Ktawèri`nio

ni \rcriep ni `bt Enghenimi|nbtrio bniibfhbi wnt` ri` cõiipb' {ni` ribi`gnkf

eatp|re÷ftbi) E÷t `nb imfb \rcriep n{p bt{p bnihmg bip{kfbn`bi`' `m{{

Ktawèri`nio {nkf wbnpbt `bi ob{bgg{kfmepgnkfbi' pbkfin{kfbi ri`

enghfbt{pbggbtn{kfbi Db`÷tein{{bi mizm{{p) _bii {nkf Ktawèri`nio bt{p bnihmg

mre bnibh fafbi Inubmr ni `bt Ob{bgg{kfmep bpmdgnbtp fmp' h÷{{bi wbnpbtb

[kftnppb wnb `nb Bniognb`btrio ni `nb {pmmpgnkfb Engheõt`btrio inkfp hbft irt

Un{nai dgbndbi)

45= Gmwpai!Hmtah' 4:=:< =06454 _m{ngbw{cn' 4::>< 0?




Mifmio Pmdbggb =< Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi e÷t Engh &=!4.




Pmdbggb =< Ktawèri`nio(Zgmppeathbi e÷t Engh &4!4. S[pmi`< 46)=4)4:=:X




Enghubt|bnkfin{ &mgzfmdbpn{kf.

Dntmk~ &KM!R[M' aeebi .

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Tbonb< Lm{ai Dart}rb

@m{ @tbfdrkf dbeni`bp {nkf iakf ni Bipwnkcgrio' ÷dbt `bi Nifmgp n{p'

mrÑbt' `m{{ b{ bni [knbikb Enkpnai(Engh wnt`' inkfp{ dbcmiip)

Dr~mktb`np)kah!Kgaun{ @mt`bipat &RC' uatmr{{nkfpgnkf 4:=4 .www)dr~mktb`np)kah

Tbonb< M`tnmi Dgn{{' Dbilmhni Taddni{ mi` Pad~ [prdd{

@bt [znbgengh ‗Kgaun{ @mt`bipat‘ dm{nbtp mre `bh ogbnkfimhnobi'

ubtob{{bibi Tahmi uai Lrgb{ Ubtib) \wbn Lrobiètbri`b hnp

wntp{kfmepgnkfbi Ztadgbhbi gbtibi `bi Hnggnmt`àt Kgaun{ @mt`bipat

cbiibi' `bt cbnib tbkfp{hàÑnobi Btdbi e÷t {bni Ubthõobi db{np|p) Ni`bh

{nb nfh `m{ Gbdbi tbppbi waggbi' ubt{rkfbi `nb |wbn @mt`bipat `m|r |r

dtniobi' {nb |r màzpnbtbi ri` {ahnp nftb enimi|nbggb \rcriep |r {nkfbti)

Ktr`b &R[M' 4::>.

www)ktr`bpfbhaunb)kah

Tbonb< Lab Dbtgniobt

@bt @acrhbipmtengh inhhp `nb wbgpwbnp otõÑpb Micgmob bnibt

Dbuõgcbtrio{otrzzb obobi bnibi hrgpnimpnaimgbi Cai|bti ripbt `nb

Grzb< ×dbt ;:)::: Hbi{kfbi `bt ni`nobibi [pàhhb' `nb nh Mhm|aim{dbkcbi uai Bkrmàt gbdbi' fmdbi `bi Õg(Cai|bti Kfbutai'

bfbhmg{ Pbvmka' uat Obtnkfp obdtmkfp) Lab Dbtgniobt ztà{bipnbtp `nb

cahzgbvb [nprmpnai `b{ ’P{kfbtiad~g{ `b{ Mhm|aim{‗ mr{ ubt{kfnb`bibi

Zbt{zbcpnubi) @akf bomg mr{ wbgkfbh Dgnkcwnicbg< @nb Imprt|bt{põtrio

ri` `m{ hbi{kfgnkfb Gbn` `nb{bt Tbonai {ni` inkfp |r ubtgbroibi)




@nb 0) Tbuagrpnai( Bibto~ Mrpaiah~ &@' 4:=:.

www)0(tbuagrpnai)`b

Tbonb< Kmtg(M) Ebkfibt

@bt @acrhbipmtengh |bnop mifmi` dbn{znbgfmepbt Ztalbcpb ri` nftbt

Uatcàhzebt ni |bfi Gài`bti wnb bnib _bgp(Obhbni{kfmep mr{{bfbi cmii'

`btbi Bibtonbubt{atorio |r =::" mr{ btibrbtdmtbi ]rbggbi ob{zbn{p

wnt`) @m{ Enghpbmh dbogbnpbp biomonbtpb Ztahnibipb' Paz(Hmimobti'

metncmin{kfb H÷ppbt' Dmicbt ri` mhdnpnainbtpb Mcpnun{pbi mre `bt omi|bi

_bgp ri` |bnop' `m{{ bnib Bibtonbtbuagrpnai e÷t lb`bi bttbnkfdmt ri`

db|mfgdmt n{p) @bt Engh gbop inkfp irt Ztadgbhb' {ai`bti mrkf Gõ{riobi

`mt)

Fbtb % pfbtb &[TD!R[M!@' 4::>.

www)fbtbmi`pfbtb(engh)`b

Tbon{{brt< @mtca Griorgau

@nb Ptmoncõha`nb bt|àfgp `nb Ob{kfnkfpb `b{ Ibw âtcbt Lm||(Hr{ncbt{

Tadbtp' `bt hnppbi ni bnibt Gbdbi{ctn{b {pbkcp) @m {kfgàop nfh `bt [btdb

Dtmica uat' imkf Dbgotm` |r egnbobi' rh àtp bnib [kfbnibfb hnp Dtmica{

Dtmrp Agom bni|robfbi) Tadbtp dtmrkfp `tniobi` Obg` ri` obfp `bi @bmg

bni' Dtmica{ Etbri`ni {a bni Un{rh |r ubt{kfmeebi) _àftbi` `bt Zgmi'

{awafg e÷t Dtmica mg{ mrkf Tadbtp nhhbt cahzgn|nbtpbt wnt`' cahhbi

{nkf Tadbtp ri` Agom ni Dbgotm` omi| mgghàfgnkf iàfbt)

Fahb &ET' 4::>.

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Tbonb< ^mii Mtpfr{(Dbtptmi`

@bt dbcmiipb Grepdngèapaotme ri` Rhwbgpmcpnun{p ^mii Mtpfr{(Dbtptmi`

|bnop `bh \r{kfmrbt ni {bnibh @bd÷pengh dbbni`trkcbi`b Grepmreimfhbi

mr{ ÷dbt e÷ie|no Gài`bti ri` gbftp nfi Bftertkfp uat ri{btbh Zgmipbi ri`

`nb [atob' rh `b{{bi Ob{ri`fbnp) @bt @acrhbipmtengh db|nbfp cgmt

Za{npnai obobi `nb |bt{põtbtn{kfb Gbdbi{wbn{b `bt Hbi{kffbnp ri` e÷t

`bi Btfmgp `bt Bt`b)




Ntm} eat {mgb &R[M' 4::5.

www)ntm}eat{mgb)ato

Tbonb< Tadbtp Otbbiwmg`

@bt @acrhbipmtengh `bkcp `nb Pàpnocbnpbi uai mhbtncmin{kfbi

Ripbtibfhbi nh Ntmcctnbo mre) Nipbtunbw hnp &Bv(.Miob{pbggpbi {agkfbt

Enthbi wnb Fmggndrtpai' KMKN ri` CDT dbgbobi' `m{{ fnipbt `bi @bmg{

`nb Tbonbtrio ri` nftb Ubppbtiwntp{kfmep {pbkcp< @nb Ripbtibfhbi

btfmgpbi nh Obobi|ro e÷t `nb Ripbt{p÷p|rio `bt mhbtncmin{kfbi Ptrzzbi

otaÑb Etbnfbnpbi ni nftbt Ob{kfàep{e÷ftrio hnp wbino Caiptaggb)

Miobfõtnob uai obpõpbpbi Miob{pbggpbi cahhbi |r _atp ri` dbtnkfpbi'

`m{{ Ztaenp uat [nkfbtfbnp cahhp) Mrkf |bnop `bt Engh' `nb ubtobdgnkfbi

Ubt{rkfb `nb Ob{kfàep{e÷ftbt |r nipbtunbwbi ri` bnib [pbggrioimfhb |r

`bi Uatw÷tebi |r btfmgpbi)

Ntai {c~ &EN! MR[! @' uatmr{{nkfpgnkf 4:=4.

www)ntai{c~)ibp

Tbonb< Pnha Uratbi{agm

@nb [knEn( Cahõ`nb bt|àfgp `nb Ob{kfnkfpb uai `bi Im|n{' `nb imkf nftbt

Inb`btgmob nh \wbnpbi _bgpctnbo ni `nb Mipmtcpn{ ri` wbnpbt mre `bi Hai`

egafbi) Mre `b{{bi `ricgbt [bnpb ot÷i`bpbi {nb nftbi [p÷p|zricp

’[kfwmt|b [aiib‗ ri` zgmibi `nb Btadbtrio `bt _bgp) Nh Lmft 4:=6 n{p

`bt \bnpzricp obcahhbi) Tbimpb' bnib nftbt Imkfcahhbi' cbftp mre `nb

Bt`b |rt÷kc rh `nb Kfmikbi e÷t `nb T÷kccbft mr{ `bh Mgg |r ÷dbtzt÷ebi)

Gbo nfi rh- &@' uatmr{{nkfpgnkf 4:==.

www)`nbogrbkcgnkfbi)`b

Tbonb< Lmi Obato [kf÷ppb

’_÷t`b{p `r `bnibi Umpbt rhdtniobi' wbii bt `nkf `mtrh dnppbp1‗

@bt mgpb ri` ctmicb Zmptnmtkf `bt Ptm`npnai{emhngnb Hmi|g {ptbdp bnib

tm`ncmgb Gõ{rio e÷t {bnib Ctmicfbnp ri` `nb ×dbtomdb `bt Enthm ni `nb

Fài`b `b{ `rtkf{bp|rio{{pàtc{pbi Imkfeagobt{ mi) [kfmeep b{ bnib{ `bt

unbt Cni`bt nfi niibtfmgd bnibt _akfb ni{ Lbi{bnp{ |r dbeõt`bti' dbcahhp

`btlbinob `nb Enthm) _bii b{ cbnibt ÷dbt {nkf dtniop' obfp `m{



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf >:

Emhngnbinhzbtnrh mi bnib [pneprio) _àftbi` `nb \bnp gàrep' {pbggp {nkf `nb

Etmob' imkf Ubt|nkfp a`bt Hat`1

H~ Hnggnai @aggmt Haunb!M gnppgb dnp |ahdnb &R[M' uatmr{{nkfpgnkf 4:=4.

www)h~hnggnaiàggmthaunb)kah

Tbonb< Km{b~ _mgcbt

@nb Cahõ`nb bt|àfgp `nb Ob{kfnkfpb `b{ {kf÷kfpbtibi Hmimobt{ [pbunb'

`bt dbn {bnibh Lrioob{bggbimd{kfnb` uai bnibh Untr{ miob{pbkcp wnt`)

Md `m ubt{rkfp bt {bni riem{{dmtb{ Ubtgmiobi imkf Fntibi |r {pnggbi ri`

`mdbn |r ubthbn`bi' `m{{ Hmv' bni db{b{{bibt \ahdnb(Làobt' nfh |r imf

mre `nb Ebt{bi cahhp) Ogbnkf|bnpno dbh÷fp bt {nkf rh Rimreeàggnocbnp' rh

cbnibi Àtobt hnp {bnibt \rc÷iepnobi |r dbcahhbi)

Zgmi{ &R[M' uatmr{{nkfpgnkf 4:==.

www)zgmi{haunb)kah

Tbonb< Lm{ai Zfnggnz{

@bt Pftnggbt n{p bnib bvn{pbi|nbggb Tbn{b `rtkf `nb `ricgb Ubtomiobifbnp

mre `bt [rkfb imkf `bt \rcriep' bnib `÷{pbtb Ob{kfnkfpb ÷dbt Btgõ{rio<

Hmtc P~gbt ubtgà{{p `m{ Obeàioin{ mh {bgdbi Pmo {bnibt Ubtfmeprio) Ni

{bnibh et÷fbtbi Gbdbi) Bt fmp bni obeàftgnkfb{ Obfbnhin{) Bni cattrzpbt

Zagn|n{p fmp `bi @mrhbi mre nfh' bni papbt Hmii fàgp bnib obgm`bib

Zn{pagb mi Hmtc{ Caze ri` Lrgnb fàgp `bi [kfg÷{{bg |r `bh Obfbnhin{ ni

nftbt Fmi`' `m{ {nb mggb ubtdni`bp)

Zrpp~ Fngg &R[M' 4:=:.

www)zrpp~fngghaunb)kah

Tbonb< Hmppfbw Zatpbtenbg`

@m{ @tmhm bt|àfgp `nb Ob{kfnkfpb uai Kat~' `bt hnp Hnppb 4: mi bnibt

×dbtà{n{ Fbtani ob{patdbi n{p) Mh Uatpmo {bnibt Dbbt`norio ni

Dmgpnhatb bt|àfgbi {bnib Etbri`b ri` {bnib Emhngnb ni

}rm{nàcrhbipmtn{kfbi Nipbtunbw{' wnb ripbt{kfnb`gnkf {nb `m{ Btbnoin{

dbptneep) [a bip{pbfp inkfp irt bni Zatptàp uai Kat~ {bgd{p' {ai`bti mrkf

bnib nipbtb{{mipb Hngnbr{pr`nb ÷dbt `m{ Gbdbi mh Tmi`b bnibt



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf >=

mhbtncmin{kfbi OtaÑ{pm`p) Mthrp' Etbn|bnpob{pmgprio ri` Obwmgp {znbgbi

bdbi{a bnib Taggb wnb |btzgmp|pb Gbdbi{ptàrhb ri` `nb Faeeirio mre bnib

db{{btb \rcriep)

Pmzb{ptnb{ ae Fazb &R[M' 4::>.

www)pmzb{ptnb{aefazb)kah

Tbonb< Hnkfbmgbib Ktn{pnin Tn{gb~

@bt @acrhbipmtengh |bnop Gbdbi ri` Mtdbnp `bt Hbi{kfbitbkfp{mcpnun{pni

Dbpp~ Hmcain ri` nftbh Ontg Kfng` Ibpwatc &OKI. ni \nhdmdwb' Metnkm)

Tn{gb~ àcrhbipnbtp' wm{ {a aep noiatnbtp wnt`< Hn{{dtmrkf ri`

Ubtobwmgpnorio uai pmr{bi`bi lriobi Hà`kfbi' dbomiobi uai Hàiibti'

`nb ogmrdbi `mhnp nft FNU! MN@[( Gbn`bi fbngbi |r cõiibi) Ri` dbogbnpbp

Hmcain dbn nftbt Mtdbnp' `nb{bi Hà`kfbi |r fbgebi' ni nft Gbdbi |rt÷kc |r

eni`bi ri` mr{ `bh Btgbdpbi {pmtc fbtuat|robfbi)

Pfb = [bkai` Engh &R[M' aeebi.

www)pfb={bkaièngh)kah

Tbonb< Intumi Hrggnkc

Bnib Engh{bcri`b db{pbfp mr{ 40 Dng`bti) Lb`b{ `bt Dng`bt n{p bni tnb{nob{

Obhàg`b' `m{ uai fri`btpbi Gbrpbi wàftbi` bnibt Zmtp~ obhmgp wrt`b)

@nb Zmtp~oà{pb hmgpbi `nb Dng`bt {a' `m{{ `nb{b wnb bnib Mtp @mrhbicnia

minhnbtp wbt`bi cõiibi) Imkf `nb{bt bnibi [bcri`b Dng`minhmpnai'

eagobi `nb Ktb`np{) @nb{b wbt`bi mggb Ripbt{p÷p|bt mregn{pbi ri` bpwm bnib

[pri`b `mrbti) Ibdbi `bi Ktb`np{ wnt` bnib Hmcnio(Ae(@acrhbipmpnai

gmrebi' `nb `nb md{rt`b Bip{pbfrio{ob{kfnkfpb `b{ Engh{ bt|àfgp)

Pfb Mob ae pfb [przn` &RC' 4::>.

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Tbonb< Etmii~ Mth{ptaio

@m{ @acr(@tmhm dboniip hnp bnibt Etmob mr{ `bt \rcriep< $_f~ `nì/p

wb {paz kgnhmpb kfmiob wfbi wb {pngg fm` pfb kfmikb1$ Bni ×dbtgbdbi`bt

{pbfp ni `bi Pt÷hhbti `bt _bgp nh Lmft 4:22 ri` dgnkcp |rt÷kc mre `nb

Rt{mkfbi e÷t `m{ hbi{kfgnkfb [kfbnpbti) Ri|àfgnob



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf >4

Imkftnkfpbihbg`riobi ri` @acrhbipmpnaibi' btobdbi bnib

bt{kf÷ppbti`b Dngmi|< Noiatmi| ri` Hmkfp{ptbdbi wmtbi `nb Mr{gõ{bt e÷t

`nb Cmpm{ptazfb) _àftbi` `nb Zbt{zbcpnub `b{ Lmftb{ 4:22 Encpnai n{p

ri` mrkf hnp obwaggp ritbmgn{pn{kfbi Dng`bti mtdbnpbp' {a {ni` mggb

Ob{kfnkfpbi ri` [|bimtnbi `nb{b{ @acr(@tmhm{ Tbmgnpàp)

@bhmni gm ubnggb &E' 4::5.

www)or~ahkatz)kah

Tbonb< Lrgnbi Gbkmp' [~gumni Znarpm|

@bt [knEn(Crt|engh bt|àfgp `nb Ob{kfnkfpb uai Dad' `bt ni bnibt _bgp gbdp'

ni `bt mggb{ t÷kcwàtp{ gàrep< Pa` n{p Obdrtp' `nb Gbrpb wbt`bi l÷iobt' `m{

_n{{bi wnt` nhhbt wbinobt)))@nb{b ’Iathmgnpàp‗ cahhp zgõp|gnkf

`rtkfbnimi`bt' mg{ Dad {nkf bnib{ Pmob{ uatwàtp{ ni `bt \bnp dbwbop) Bt

ubt{pbfp iri' `m{{ {bni dn{fbtnob{ Gbdbi emg{kf wmt ri` bt dboniip bnibi

Cmhze obobi `nb ’T÷kcwàtp{‗(_bgp)



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf >;

Gnpbtmprtubt|bnkfin{

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MO @AC( Mtdbnp{obhbni{kfmep @acrhbipmtengh b)U) &Ft{o).' 4:=:m) BniHbn{pbtwbtc nh Ibdbgwbtebi) Ztb{{bhnppbngrio' ;:)==)4:=:)fppz<!!www)moàc)`b!`bQ@B!ztb{{!=;:66;!fzoQ`bpmng)S\robotneebi Lmirmt =;' 4:==X)

MO @AC( Mtdbnp{obhbni{kfmep @acrhbipmtengh b)U) &Ft{o).' 4:=:d)

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MO @AC ( Mtdbnp{obhbni{kfmep @acrhbipmtengh b)U) &Ft{o).' 4:=:k) Õeebipgnkf(tbkfpgnkfb{ Nipbtibp mre Ca{pbi uai Rtfbdbti ri` Zta`r|bipbi ( MO @ACctnpn{nbtp Btobdin{ `bt ;([prebi(Pb{p{) Ztb{{bhnppbngrio' 4:):?)4:=:.)fppz<!!www)moàc)`b!`bQ@B!ztb{{!=44=46!fzoQ`bpmngS\robotneebi Lmirmt =;' 4:==X)

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SMT@!\@E( Aignib{pr`nbX' 4:=:d) Irp|rio)fppz<!!www)mt`(|è(aignib{pr`nb)`b 89 Irp|rio)S\robotneebi Iaubhdbt =4' 4:=:X)

Dmtpbgp' @)' 4:=:m) azbinio {b{{nai nh {pat~`tnub hnp [pmtpibvp Drkfhb{{b

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Dmtpbgp' @)' 4:=:d) N{p [pmtpibvp obhbnii÷p|no1 Dgao< [pmtpibvp' =>):6)4:=:)fppz<!!www){pmtpibvp)`b!Dgao!Dgao(@bpmng{bnpb!d!N{p([pmtpibvp(obhbniirbp|no(5;) S\robotneebi Acpadbt >' 4:=:X)

Dbibi{ai' E)' 4:=:) Ptbi`{ ni Ztnknio mi` @rtmpnai) Dgao<Cnkc{pmtpbt'4=):>)4:=:)fppz<!!dgao)cnkc{pmtpbt)kah!za{p!==54=>26>>!ptbi`{(ni(ztnknio(mi`(`rtmpnai) S\robotneebi Acpadbt >' 4:=:X)




Drgcgb~' C)' 4:=:) N{ ktaw`(eri`nio pfb erprtb eat àkrhbipmtnb{1 Ni< PfbOrmt`nmi' =?)==)4:=:) fppz<!!www)ormt`nmi)ka)rc!{fbeenbg`(àk(

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Dbicbtp' _) =>>?) Crgprtenimi|nbtrio) Ni< Tmrfb' F)! @bhhbt' K) &Ft{o).'Crgprthmimobhbip) Pfbatnb ri` Ztmvn{ bnibt ztaeb{{naibggbi Cri{p =)Mreg)' Otr~pbt) [) ?;(60

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Dafi{mkc' T)!Ibipwno(Ob{bhmii' N)!Iafg' M)' 4::?) @nb àcrhbipmtn{kfbHbpfa`b ri` nftb Eat{kfrio{ztmvn{< Otri`gmobi }rmgnpmpnubt[a|nmgeat{kfrio 4) Mreg)' U{ Ubtgmo)

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Dtmini' @)' 4:=:) @mun` Dtmini/{ Ktaw`(Eri`nio kfbmp {fbbp) Dgao< Enghkartmob':?):2)4:=:) fppz<!!enghkartmob)dgao{zap)kah!4:=:!:2!`mun`(dtmini{(ktaw`(eri`nio(kfbmp({fbbp)fphg S\robotneebi Lmirmt 4:' 4:==X)

SDtmub Ibw Engh{X' 4:=:) [ktbbinio{) fppz<!!ntm}eat{mgb)ato!{ktbbinio{)zfz)

S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =:' 4:=:X)

Dtrfi' H)!Hbfgniobt' T)' =>>2) Tbkfpgnkfb Ob{pmgprio `b{ [zai{atnio N)Mggobhbnibt Pbng) Ubtptmo{tbkfp ( [pbrbttbkfp ( Hb`nbitbkfp (_bppdbwbtd{tbkfp' Dbkc K) F)

Dtrfi' H)!Hbfgniobt' T)' =>>6) Tbkfpgnkfb Ob{pmgprio `b{ [zai{atnio NN)[zb|nbggbt Pbng) [zatp(' Crgprt(' [a|nmg(' Rhwbgp( ri`Ztaotmhh{zai{atnio' Dbkc K) F)

Dri`b{|biptmgb e÷t zagnpn{kfb Dng`rio &Ft{o).' 4:=:) Nieathmpnai{( ri`

Cahhrincmpnai{pbkfiagaonb) fppz<!!www)dzd)`b! 89 _n{{bi 89Ogadmgn{nbtrio 89 Ubtibp|rio S\robotneebi Acpadbt >' 4:=:X)




Dr{bhmii' C)!O{kfbn`gb' Kf)' 4:=:) _bd 4):< Irp|rio {pbnop( Nipbtb{{b mimcpnubt Pbngfmdb {nicp) Ni< Hb`nm Zbt{zbcpnubi< Fbep ?(6!4:=:) [) ;2>(;56)

fppz<!!www)hb`nm(zbt{zbcpnubi)`b!=;?:)fphg)S\robotneebi Lmirmt =>' 4:==X)

Sdr~mktb`np)kahX' 4:=:) fppz<!!www)dr~mktb`np)kah! S\robotneebi Ebdtrmt 0' 4:==X)

Km{pbi`~c' A)' 4::6) @nb `brp{kfb Engheõt`btrio< Bnib Bumgrmpnai =) Mreg)' Ruc)

Kgbuî' D)' 4:::) _bob |rh Obg` < Engh(' Ebti{bf( ri` Hrgpnhb`nm(Enimi|nbtriobi 0) Mreg)' Obtgniobi< Dgbnkfbt)

SKtr`b( Pfb HaunbX' 4:=:) fppz<!!www)ktr`bpfbhaunb)kah!mwmt`{(mi`(eb{pnumg{!)S\robotneebi Acpadbt >' 4:=:X)

@munb{' M)Z)!_n{ptbnkf' I)' 4::?) Pfb Engh Enimikb Fmi`daac< Faw pa Eri`ârt Engh' Ibptndrpnai)

@bt Dbmreptmopb `bt Dri`b{tbonbtrio e÷t Crgprt ri` Hb`nbi &DCH.' 4::2) Engh(Eõt`btrio{tnkfpgninbi `bt DCH'fppz<!!www)dri`b{tbonbtrio)`b!_bd{!Dtbo!@B!Dri`b{tbonbtrio!DbmreptmopbterbtCrgprtri`Hb`nbi!Hb`nbizagnpnc!Engheabt`btrio!Tnkfpgninbi!tnkfpgninbi)fphg S\robotneebi Lmirmt ;' 4:==X)

@bt Dbmreptmopb `bt Dri`b{tbonbtrio e÷t Crgprt ri` Hb`nbi &DCH.' 4::>) Tnkfpgninb `b{ DCH ’Mitbn| |rt [pàtcrio `bt Enghzta`rcpnai ni@brp{kfgmi`‗&@brp{kfbt Engheõt`bteai`{ . <fppz<!!www)eem)`b!ni`bv)zfz1zmob8èeeQ{pmtp 89 Tnkfpgninb!MiptàobS\robotneebi Lmirmt ;' 4:==X)

@bt Dbmreptmopb `bt Dri`b{tbonbtrio e÷t Crgprt ri` Hb`nbi &DCH.' 4:=:)fppz<!!www)eem)`b!ni`bv)zfz1zmob8èeeQ{pmtp 89 @EEE ni \mfgbiS\robotneebi Lmirmt ;' 4:==X)

@brp{kfbt Eri`tmn{nio Ubtdmi` b)U' 4:=:m) _nbunbg {zbi`bi `nb @brp{kfbi1

fppz<!!www){a|nmghmtcbpnio)`b!ni`bv)zfz1n`84??+k4:66.)S\robotneebi Acpadbt >' 4:=:X)

@brp{kfbt Eri`tmn{nio Ubtdmi` b)U' 4:=:d) Bni{pbggriobi |rh [zbi`bi)fppz<!!www){a|nmghmtcbpnio)`b!ni`bv)zfz1n`84?>+Mikfat(_mtrh(;2664)S\robotneebi Acpadbt >' 4:=:X)

@brp{kfbt Eri`tmn{nio Ubtdmi` b)U)' 4:=:k) EM]{ |rh Eri`tmn{nio)fppz<!!www){a|nmghmtcbpnio)`b!ni`bv)zfz1n`8=;+?;)S\robotneebi Acpadbt >' 4:=:X)




@brp{kfbt Eri`tmn{nio Ubtdmi` b)U)' 4:=:`) _ae÷t {zbi`bi `nb Dri`b{d÷tobt1fppz<!!www){a|nmghmtcbpnio)`b!ni`bv)zfz1n`84?2+Mikfat(_nb(0>2?2)

S\robotneebi Acpadbt 4' 4:=:X)

@akcfati' C) 4::>< Hnb{b Engheõt`btrio) [pnkf ni{ Fbt| `b{ `brp{kfbi Cnia{)@bt [znbobg' :?):?)4::>)fppz<!!www){znbobg)`b!crgprt!cnia!:'=2=6'5;05=:'::)fphgS\robotneebi Lmirmt =;' 4:==X)

Bkcbtp' H)' 4::>) _bgpubtdb{{bti ê gm _bd 4): ( _mtrh `nb \rcriep `b{[zbi`bi{ nh Nipbtibp {pmppeni`bp) Ztb{{bhnppbngrio Dbppbtzgmkb)ato':0)=4)4::>)fppz<!!kh{)dbppbtzgmkb)ato!kh{!hmngnio!dzQbvptm!:>=4:0!fphgQ`b)fphg)

S\robotneebi Acpadbt =0' 4:=:X)

Boobt{' @)' 4::2) Enghenimi|nbtrio) Otri`gmobi ( Dbn{znbgb 2) Mreg)' [kfhn`pBtnkf Ubtgmo)

SBibto~ Mrpaiah~ ‛ @bt Engh OhdFX' 4:=:m)fppz<!!www)bibto~mrpaiah~)ato!ni`bv)zfz1mtpnkgbQn`8;?%kgmio8:S\robotneebi Iaubhdbt >' 4:=:X)

SBibto~ Mrpaiah~ ‛ @bt Engh OhdFX' 4:=:d)fppz<!!www)bibto~mrpaiah~)ato!ni`bv)zfz1mtpnkgbQn`8;5%kgmio8:S\robotneebi Iaubhdbt >' 4:=:X)

SBibto~ Mrpaiah~ ‛ @bt Engh OhdFX' 4:=:k) fppz<!!www)bibto~mrpaiah~)ato! S\robotneebi Iaubhdbt >' 4:=:X)

SBrtnhmob{( Karikng ae BrtazbX' 4:=:) _fmp wb à)fppz<!!www)kab)nip!p!ò0!brtnhmob{!Mdarp!`bemrgpQbi)m{zS\robotneebi Lmirmt =;' 4:==X

Emdn{kf' I)' 4::4) Eri`tmn{nio< [zbi`bi' [zai{atnio ri` hbft) 4) Mreg)'@brp{kfbt Pm{kfbidrkf Ubtgmo)

Ebrbt'E)' 4:=:) Ktawèri`nio e÷t Ctbmpnuztalbcpb) Ni< Gmi`b{fmrzp{pm`p [prppomtp'Mdpbngrio _ntp{kfmep{eõt`btrio &Ft{o).< Ktawèri`nio' Hnctaenimi|nbtrio'Egmppt % Ka( Bni ×dbtdgnkc ÷dbt ibrmtpnob Enimi|nbtrio{eathbi e÷tCtbmpnuztalbcpb) [) >(=:)

Senobia `brp{kfb enghobia{{bi{kfmep bOX' 4:=:) [aknmg Niub{phbip)fppz<!!enobia)`b!{aknmg(niub{phbip)fphg) S\robotneebi Iaubhdbt >' 4:=:X)

SEnghEbti{bfEai`{ Dm~bti OhdFX' 4:=:) Ubtomdbmr{{kfr{{)fppz<!!www)eee( dm~bti)`b!ni`bv)zfz1n`8?5%G8:)S\robotneebi Lmirmt =;' 4:==X



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf >?

SEngheõt`btrio{mi{pmgpX' 4:=:) Ztaeng) fppz<!!www)eem)`b! 89 Ztaeng)S\robotneebi Lmirmt =;' 4:==X

Etnbdb' F)!Tmhob' P)' 4::6) Hmtcb Bnobidmr< @bt Mre{pmi` `bt Hm{{bi obobi`nb Hm{{bizta`rcpnai =) Mreg)' Kmhzr{ Ubtgmo)

Obggbidbkc' C) ' a)L) Ob{kfnkfpb `bt Obia{{bi{kfmep( Cmrep `nb pm|-<fppz<!!www)pm|)`b!|bnprio!obia{{bi{kfmep!ob{kfnkfpbS\robotneebi Iaubhdbt >' 4:=:X)

Obrcnio' M)' 4:=:) [pr`nb |rt Hb`nbicahzbpbi| ni [kfrgbi< $Gbftbt fmdbiMio{p uat Caiptaggubtgr{p$) Dgao< Fbn{b aignib' 4>)==)4:=:) S\robotneebiIaubhdbt >' 4:=:X)fppz<!!www)fbn{b)`b!ibw{pnkcbt!hbg`rio![pr`nb(|rt(

Hb`nbicahzbpbi|(ni([kfrgbi(Gbftbt(fmdbi(Mio{p(uat(Caiptaggubtgr{p(==0;5;4)fphg S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

OtàÑbt' G)!Zafg{kfhn`p' H)' 4::?) Ztmvn{ _bd 4):< Zapbi|nmgb e÷t `nbBipwnkcgrio uai Hb`nbicahzbpbi| =) Mreg)' Cazà`)

Orhzbghmnbt' _)' 4:=:) Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf)fppz<!!orhzbghmnbt)ibp!4:=:!:2!:?!ktawèri`nio(nh(enghdbtbnkf! S\robotneebi [bzpbhdbt ;' 4:=:X)

Orii' B) Z)' 4:=:) Enub Enimiknio Ptbi`{ eat 4:==) Biptbzbibrt' 46)=4)4:=:<fppz<!!www)biptbztbibrt)kah!mtpnkgb!4=??>2S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt 4>' 4:=:X)

Fmobg' L)!Mth{ptaio' M)O)' =>>>) Ibp Omni' Emgcbi)

Fmndmkf' H)' 4::5) Fmi`drkf Eri`tmn{nio< [zbi`bi' [zai{atnio' [pnepriobi ni`bt Ztmvn{ ;) Mreg)' Kmhzr{ Ubtgmo)

Fmggbi{gbdbi' [)' 4:=:) [~hza{nrh |rt Enghenimi|nbtrio< @bt untprbggbCgniobgdbrpbg) pm|' 5)=4)4:=:< fppz<!!www)pm|)`b!=!gbdbi!engh!mtpncbg!=!`bt(untprbggb(cgniobgdbrpbg! S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt >' 4:=:X)

Fm~b{' O) 4:=:) Mr{ptmgnmʷ{ ={p aignib ktbmpnub Ktawèri`nio zgmpeath)Dgao<ptmi{hb`nm `b{noi' 4:):0)4:=:) fppz<!!ptmi{hb`nm`b{noi)ato!mr{ptmgnm{(={p(aignib(ktbmpnub(ktawèri`nio(zgmpeath!)S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =4' 4:=:X)

Fbni|b' P)' =>>>) Crgprtenimi|nbtrio< [zai{atnio' Eri`tmn{nio' Zrdgnk(Ztnumpb(Zmtpibt{fnz' GNP Ubtgmo H÷i{pbt)

Fbikcbg uai @aiibt{hmtkc' E)' 4::>) ’@nb ctbmpnub Etbnfbnp `b{ Tbon{{brt{ n{pfbngno‗) Ni< Fbiino(Pfrtmr' P) !Fbiinio' U) &Ft{o).) Ortr Pmgc< @nb`brp{kfb Enghni`r{ptnb nh 4=) Lmftfri`btp' [kf÷tbi Ubtgmo) [) 64(6>




Fbiibt' K) Sbp mg)X' 4:=:) Ktawèri`nio) Aignibcaiebtbi|< PtbeezricpCrgprthmimobhbip)ibp' 42)6)4:=:)

fppz<!!ztal)bhbm)mktadmp)kah!z4554>5;;!1gmrikfbt8emg{b%ek{Kaipbip8ptrb%zdHa`b8iathmg) S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

Fbzz' M)!Ctap|' E)!_nipbt' K) &Ft{o). 4::2) Ogadmgn{nbtrio `btHb`nbicahhrincmpnai< Bnib Bnie÷ftrio ni Hb`nbi nh ogadmgbi Caipbvp =)Mreg)' U[ Ubtgmo e÷t [a|nmgwn{{bi{kfmepbi)

Fbtwno' [)!_nkcbt' H)!Btib' B)' 4:=:) Obhbni{mh e÷t `nb Cri{p)fppz<!!www);{mp)`b!zmob!1{artkb8!crgprt|bnp!pfbhbi!=0>>:6!ni`bv)fphg)S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

Nglnib' @)!Cbng' C)' 4:::) Enghzta`rcpnai' D`)=' @bt Zta`r|bip 4) Mreg)' PtUbtgmo{rinai)

SNH@dX' 4:=:) @bhmni gm ubnggb &4::5.)fppz<!!www)nh`d)kah!pnpgb!pp:06::?:! S\robotneebi Lmirmt =2' 4:==X

SNipbtimpnaimg Eb`btmpnai ae Engh Zta`rkbt{ M{{aknmpnai{X' 4:=:) 4:=:kmgbi`bi`mt ae ENMZE mkktb`npb`, eb{pnumg{)fppz<!!www)enmze)ato!nipengheb{pnumg{Q{npb{)m{zS\robotneebi Lmirmt =2' 4:==X

Lmkad{fmobi' Z)' 4::=) Enghtbkfp) Nh Cnia( ri` PU(Ob{kfàep =) Mreg)' ZZUZtb{{b Ztalbkp Ubtgmo)

SCmptniX' 4:=:) GBO NFI RH- ‛ Lbp|p `bi ibrbi Engh uai Lmi Obato [kf÷ppbhnpenimi|nbtbi- Dgao< db{p ztmkpnkb{ ktawèri`nio( `bt dgao)=0)=:)4:=:)fppz<!!db{pztmkpnkb{ktawèri`nio)wat`ztb{{)kah!4:=:!=:!=0!gbo(nfi(rh(

lbp|p(`bi(ibrbi(engh(uai(lmi(obato({kfrppb(hnpenimi|nbtbi! S\robotneebi Iaubhdbt 40' 4:=:X).

Cnio' L)' 4:=:) _fmp Hmcb{ mi Biomonio Ktaw` Eri`nio Kmhzmnoi1Dgao< Cnion{ m Enic) 4:):6)4:=:) fppz<!!cnion{menic)kah!4:=:!:6!wfmp(hmcb{(mi(biomonio(ktaw`(eri`nio(kmhzmnoi!) S\robotneebi Lmirmt 45' 4:==X)

Cgbni' M)!Fbnitnkf{' _)' =>>5) Crgprthmimobhbip uai M ( \< 5:: Dbotneeb e÷t[pr`nrh ri` Ztmvn{ 4) Mreg)' @brp{kfbt Pm{kfbidrkf Ubtgmo)

Cgazz' P)' 4:=:< Crgprtegmptmpb< [zbi`bi e÷t bnibi {kfõibi \wbkc) @nb \bnp'45)2)4:=:) fppz<!!www)|bnp)`b!`nonpmg!nipbtibp!4:=:(:2!{zbi`bi(crgprt(zm~zmg(cmkfniogb S\robotneebi Lmirmt 4>' 4:==X)

Cõghbg' H)' 4::>< Zatpeagnahmimobhbip uai Cbppbi{àobi ri` [ahhbthàtkfbi)Ni< Fbiino(Pfrtmr' P) !Fbiinio' U) &Ft{o).) Ortr Pmgc< @nb `brp{kfbEnghni`r{ptnb nh 4=) Lmftfri`btp' [kf÷tbi Ubtgmo) [) =:>(=4;



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf >>

Ctb{{ibt' P)' 4:=:m) Ktawèri`nio ni @brp{kfgmi`) Dgao< Hb`nbi_O':=):6)4:=:) fppz<!!www)hb`nbi(wo)`b!ktawèri`nio(ni(`brp{kfgmi`)fphg

S\robotneebi Mror{p 4;' 4:=:X)

Ctb{{ibt' P)' 4:=:d) Pfmic ~ar bkaiah~ ri` Ktawèri`nio) Dgao< [pmtibvp'=5)=:)4:=:) fppz<!!www){pmtpibvp)`b!Dgao!Dgao(@bpmng{bnpb!d!Pfmic(~ar(bkaiah~(ri`(Ktawèri`nio(62) S\robotneebi Iaubhdbt =' 4:=:X)

Ctb{{ibt' P)' 4:=:k) Cnkc{pmtpbt ni @brp{kfgmi` ( `bt Ripbt{kfnb` uai [pmtpibvp|r nipbtimpnaimgbi Uatdng`bti) Dgao< [pmtpibvp' =;)=:)4:=:)fppz<!!www){pmtpibvp)`b!Dgao!Dgao(@bpmng{bnpb!d!Cnkc{pmtpbt(ni(@brp{kfgmi`(`bt(Ripbt{kfnb`(uai([(>5)S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

Ctb{{ibt' P) 4:=:`) Nipta`rknio [pmtpibvp)))Dgao< p;i' 42)=:)4:=:)fppz<!!p;i)`b!ibw{!p;i(gnicpnzz{(engb{fmtnio(hmtcbpnio(mnt(42(mzz({patb(46;;:?!) S\robotneebi Acpadbt 4>' 4:=:X)

Crtmpatnrh lriobt `brp{kfbt Engh &Ft{o).' 4::>) Eõt`bttnkfpgninbi `b{Crtmpatnrh{ lriobt `brp{kfbt Engh' 4;):0)4::>< fppz<!!www)crtmpatnrh(

lriobt(engh)`b! 89 Eõt`btrio S\robotneebi Lmirmt =;' 4:==X

Gmumrv' H) Sbp mg)X' 4:=:) @AC Za`nrh< KTA_@ ERI@NIO ‛ _bii `m{Zrdgncrh |rh Enimi|nbt wnt`) Za`km{p< Gbnz|nobt @AC(Enghwakfbi'4=)=:)4:=:) fppz<!!www)àceb{pnumg(gbnz|no)`b!u4!kh{!rzgam`!4:=:!mr`na!Ktawèri`nioQAtnonimgQHz;"4:Za`km{pQ=)hz;) S\robotneebi Acpadbt ;:' 4:=:X)

Gmdaunp|' B)' 4:=:) Ni`nbOaOa Ni{nofp< Kmhzmnoi{ pfmp {bi` == at hatb rz`mpb{'tmn{b =;?" hatb haib~) Dgao< Ni`nbOaOa' 44)==)4:=:)fppz<!!www)ni`nboaoa)kah!dgao!4:=:!==!ni`nboaoa(ni{nofp(ne(~ar({bi`(rz`mpb{(pfb~(wngg(eri`)fphg S\robotneebi Lmirmt 4?' 4:==X)

Gmio' O)!_nipbt' K)' 4::2) Hb`nbiõcaiahnb) Ni< Fbzz' M)! Ctap|' E)! _nipbt' K)&Ft{o). 4::2) Ogadmgn{nbtrio `bt Hb`nbicahhrincmpnai< Bnib Bnie÷ftrioni Hb`nbi nh ogadmgbi Caipbvp =) Mreg)' U[ Ubtgmo e÷t

[a|nmgwn{{bi{kfmepbi) [) ==?(=;5

Gmwpai' C)!Hmtah' @)' 4:=:) Pfb Ktawèri`nio Tbuagrpnai< [aknmg IbpwatcnioHbbp{ Ubiprtb Enimiknio' Ktbmpb[zmkb)

Gbaifmt`' @)' 4::6) _fmp Hmcb{ Zbazgb Onub1 Ibw âtc Pnhb{' :>):;)4::6)fppz<!!www)i~pnhb{)kah!4::6!:;!:>!hmom|nib!:>Z{~kfagao~(p)fphg1zmobwmipb`84 S\robotneebi Lmirmt 4:' 4:==X)

Gn{{bc([kf÷p|' B)' 4::6) Eri`tmn{nio) Ni< Cgbni' M) &Ft{o).< Cahzbi`nrhCrgprthmimobhbip) Fmi`drkf e÷t [pr`nrh ri` Ztmvn{ 4) Mreg)' Umfgbi)

[) 0>4(24;



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf =::

Gnppobt' F)!@ngc' M)' 4:=:) Mggb{ e÷t bnibi)Ni< Grepfmi{m Bvkgr{nub =:!=:' [)?=(?5)fppz<!!www)gfh(gariob)`b!Gb{bztadbQ;2:>4:6)fphg)

S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

Gnppobt' F) 4:=:) Ktawèri`nio nh Enghob{kfàep< Obg` {mhhbgi' afib |r dbppbgi)@nb \bnp' ;:)=4)4:=:< fppz<!!www)|bnp)`b!crgprt!engh!4:=:(=4!enghdtmikfb(ktawèri`nio S\robotneebi Lmirmt =' 4:=:X)

Gakfhmnbt' G)' 4:=:) [pazdmi}rb ptneep _ncngbmc{) Dgao< Fbn{b Aignib' :=)=4)4:=:)fppz<!!www)fbn{b)`b!pz!t0!mtpncbg!;;!;;?2?!=)fphg)S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

Gaf{b' Kf)' 4::4) Aignib Kahhrinpnb{< Õcaiahnc ri` Ob{pmgprio{m{zbcpb e÷t

Ob{kfàep{ha`bggb) H÷ikfbi< Pbkfin{kfb Rinubt{npàp' @n{{btpmpnai)

Grkf{niobt' I) 4:=:) @nonpmgb Pazecaggbcpb) Dgao< Ibrb \÷tnkfbt \bnprio' =0)=4)4:=:)fppz<!!www)i||)kf!imkftnkfpbi!dgao{!i||Qdgao{!dbpmdgao!`nonpmgbQpazecaggbcpbQ=)655>?=6)fphg) S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

Hmipbg' R)' 4::>) TPG Otarz< Obwnii dtnkfp rh ÷dbt 2: Zta|bip bni) @_@G':?):2)4::>)fppz<!!www)`w`g)`b!{pat~!4:622!tpgQotarzQobwniiQdtnkfpQrhQdbtQ2:Qzta|bipQbni!) S\robotneebi Lmirmt =;' 4:==X)

Hm~btfaebt' _)!Otr{kf' G) !Hbtp|dmkf' H)' 4::6) Katzatmpb [aknmgTb{zai{ndngnp~< Bniegr{{ mre `nb Bni{pbggrio |r Ripbtibfhbi ri` Hmtcbi'Emkrgpm{ Ubtgmo)

SHB@NM @b{c @brp{kfgmi` OhdFX' 4:=:) HB@NM 4::?(4:=;)fppz<!!www)hb`nm`b{c)`b!HB@NMQ4::?(4:=;)zfz!)S\robotneebi Lmirmt =;' 4:==X

SHb`nm _mubX' 4:=:) Ktaw` Eri`nio) Fazb at F~zb1) Dgao< Hb`nm _mub'==):?)4:=:) fppz<!!www)hb`nmwmub)pu!{npb!dgaoNpbh)keh1npbh8406!)S\robotneebi Acpadbt =0' 4:=:X)

Hbià|m' I)' 4:=:) Faw Enghhmcbt{ R{b Ktawèri`nio pa Cnkc{pmtp Zta`rkpnai{)Dgao< Hb`nm [fnep' 4=):>)4:=:)fppz<!!www)zd{)ato!hb`nm{fnep!4:=:!:>!faw(enghhmcbt{(r{b(ktawèri`nio(pa(cnkc{pmtp(zta`rkpnai{450)fphgS\robotneebi Iaubhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

Hb~bt' E)!_mppno' G)' 4:=:) @bt Emi mg{ Hà|bi) @brp{kfgmi`tm`na Crgprt'42)=:)4:=:< fppz<!!www)`tm`na)`b!`crgprt!{bi`riobi!pfbhm!=;:;654! S\robotneebi Acpadbt 45' 4:=:X)

Haimka' L)' 4::>) Engh ubt{pbfbi< Cri{p' Pbkfinc' [ztmkfb' Ob{kfnkfpb ri`Pfbatnb `b{ Engh{ ri` `bt Ibrbi Hb`nbi' tatata)



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf =:=

H÷i{pbthmii' H)' 4::?) Katzatmpb [aknmg Tb{zai{ndngnp~< Mr{ob{pmgprio ri`[pbrbtrio uai K[T(Mcpnunpàpbi' Omdgbt Ubtgmo)

Ibribt' H)![mi`fr' [)' 4::2) ’Fmtt~ Zappbt‗( [ptmpbonbi ogadmgbtHb`nbiripbtibfhbi) Bnib Emgg{pr`nb |rt iathmpnubi [pmcbfag`bt)Pfbatnb) Ni< Fbzz' M)! Ctap|' E)! _nipbt' K) &Ft{o). 4::2) Ogadmgn{nbtrio`bt Hb`nbicahhrincmpnai< Bnib Bnie÷ftrio ni Hb`nbi nh ogadmgbiCaipbvp =) Mreg)' U[ Ubtgmo e÷t [a|nmgwn{{bi{kfmepbi) [) 4:>( 446

Abfhnkfbi' B)' 4::?) @nb ibrb Hb`nbiIrp|btP~zagaonb HIP 4):(Ubtài`btriobi ri` Kfmtmcpbtn{pncm `bt Irp|btp~zbi) Ni< Hb`nmZbt{zbcpnubi 2!4::?' [) 445‛4;0) fppz<!!www)hb`nm(zbt{zbcpnubi)`b!=0:6)fphg) S\robotneebi Lmirmt =4' 4:==X)

Abfhnkfbi' B)![kftõpbt' Kf)' 4::0) @nb AignibIrp|btP~zagaonb &AIP.MT@!\@E(Aignib( [pr`nb 4::0)Ni< Hb`nm Zbt{zbcpnubi 6!4::0' [) ;65(;>;) fppz<!!www)hb`nm(zbt{zbcpnubi)`b!=;?:)fphg)S\robotneebi Lmirmt =4' 4:==X

Zmgetb~' L)!Om{{bt' R)' 4::6) Obibtmpnai Nipbtibp) @nb @nonpmg Impnub{< _nb {nbgbdbi ( _m{ {nb `bicbi ( _nb {nb mtdbnpbi =) Mreg)' Fmi{bt _ntp{kfmep)

Zatpbtenbg`' H)' 4:=:) Hmppfbw Zatpbtenbg` Ai Ptrg~ Kaggmdatmpnub' Bomgnpmtnmi' %Bkaiahnkmg Enghhmcnio) Dgao< Ptrg~ Etbb Engh' =:):4)4:=:)fppz<!!ptrg~etbbengh)fazbeatengh)kah!4:=:!:4!hmppfbw(zatpbtenbg`(ai(ptrg~(kaggmdatmpnub(bomgnpmtnmi(bkaiahnkmg(enghhmcnio)fphg)S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

Szt( ompbwm~X' 4:=:) [pmtpibvp)`b gõ{p `m{ Ptmi{mcpnai{ca{pbi(Ztadgbh dbnNipbtibp|mfgriobi hnp EnàtZm~ ri` ×dbtwbn{riobi) Ztb{{bhbg`rio[pmtpibvp' 4=)=4)4:=:) fppz<!!ztb{{bhnppbngrio)w{!ia`b!424;4;

Tmppb~' [) 4::2) Gbnpem`bi e÷t Gaw( Dròbp( Zta`rcpnaibi)Mumgai Zrdgn{f)

Tbfhb(Gmrbt' @) Sbp mg)X 4:=:) Engheõt`btrio) fppz<!!www)mt`)`b!nipbti!mdk! !n`8=50;6:4!in`8=50;6:4!`n`8=52>?;6!i:=?kp!ni`bv)fphg+mdkGn{pNpbhQ=

52>?;6!) S\robotneebi Lmirmt =;' 4:==X

Tbn{bt' D)' 4::>) [zbi`bt' [pmcbfag`bt ri` `nb \rcriep `b{ Eri`tmn{nio) Dgao<Iaiztaenp{(ubtibp|p' :?):?)4::>) fppz<!!dgao)iaiztaenp{(ubtibp|p)`b!ni`bv)zfz!{zbi`bt({pmcbfag`bt(ri`(`nb(|rcriep(`b{(eri`tmn{nio!) S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =;' 4:=:X)

Tabpfgbt' @)' 4:=:) [aknmg Zm~hbip % Ktawèri`nio)fppz<!!www){gn`b{fmtb)ibp!`mun`tabpfgbt!{aknmg(zm~hbip(ktawèri`nio!)S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf =:4

Ta{bidmrh' [)' 4:=:) Pfb Erprtb ae Ktaw` Eri`nio) Dgao< Hb`nmdn|dgaoobt{'46):=)4:=:) fppz<!!www)hb`nmdn|dgaoobt{)kah!{pbub(

ta{bidmrh!64?4:6?4)fphg) S\robotneebi Acpadbt =>' 4:=:X)

[mwmgg' M)' 4::>) Zm~zmg hmkfp Hnktazm~hbip{ ni @brp{kfgmi` pbrtbt mg{ ni R[M)Oagbh' =5)=4)4::>) fppz<!!www)oagbh)`b!:>=4!?=>45)fphg S\robotneebi@b|bhdbt >' 4:=:X)

[kfmeebtp' [)!_nb`bi(Dn{kfae' @)' 4::>) Bteagotbnkfbt Mredmr uai Aignib(Kahhrinp~{< Cai|bzpb' [|bimtnbi ri` Fmi`grio{bhzebfgriobi'[mg|drto Tb{bmtkf)

[kfhn`p' L) 4::?) [aknmg [aepwmtb mg{ Obobi{pmi` ri` _btc|bro `bt Aignib(

Eat{kfrio) Ni< _bgcbt' H) % _bi|bg' A)< Aignib(Eat{kfrio< Otri`gmobiri` Emgg{pr`nbi =) Mreg)' Fmgbh)' [)42=( 4?4)

[kfhnp|' D)' 4:=:) F~zb \~cgr{) fppz<!!www)dbti`({kfhnp|)ibp!wncn!nhmob{!F~zbQ\~cgr{)zio)S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

[fnhz' P)M)' 4::6) Mùbtpn{nio Ztahapnai' mi` Apfbt M{zbkp{ ae Nipbotmpb`Hmtcbpnio Kahhrinkmpnai{' Kbiomob Gbmtinio)

[nvp' B)' 4:=:) Bnib ha`btib mgpbtimpnub Enimi|nbtrio{eath< Ktawèri`nio) Dgao<NPE Kai{rgpnio nh Ibp|' 2)>))4:=:)fppz<!!npekai{rgp)wat`ztb{{)kah!4:=:!:>!:2!bnib(ha`btib(mgpbtimpnub(enimi|nbtrio{eath(ktawèri`nio!) S\robotneebi Lmirmt =0' 4:==X

[adk|mc' [)!OtaÑ' H)' 4:=:) Ktaw`{artknio< Otri`gmobi ri` Db`brprio e÷t `m{B(Dr{nib{{ =) Mreg)' F÷g{dr{kf' _)

S[zmiibt Engh{X' 4:=:m) Ktaw`(Eri`nio EM])fppz<!!www){zmiibtengh{)ibp!ia`b!=42;!+wfa)S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

S[zmiibt Engh{X' 4:=:d) [ktbbinio{) fppz<!!www){zmiibtengh{)ibp!{ktbbinio{)

S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

S[zmiibt Engh{X' 4:=:k) Ogadmg ztbhnbtb)fppz<!!www){zmiibtengh{)ibp!ogadmgQztbhnbtb)S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

[pmhzebt' D) < Enghenimi|nbtrio |wn{kfbi @brp{kfgmi` ri` Fagg~waa`) Ni<Fbiino(Pfrtmr' P) !Fbiinio' U) &Ft{o).) Ortr Pmgc< @nb `brp{kfbEnghni`r{ptnb nh 4=) Lmftfri`btp' [kf÷tbi Ubtgmo) [)=54( =?>

[pakctmfh' [)' 4::>) Zatptàp bnib{ ob{kfri`bibi Zgmibpbi' @nb \bnp'

:2):5)4::>) fppz<!!www)|bnp)`b!aignib!4::>!40!fahb(àcrhbipmtengh1zmob8= S\robotneebi Ebdtrmt 0' 4:==X)



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf =:;

[pbodmrbt' K)' 4::=) Otbi|bi untprbggbt Obhbni{kfmep< [ptrcprtbinipbtibpdm{nbtpbt Cahhrincmpnai{eatbi' U[ Ubtgmo)

[path' [)' 4:::) [ptrcprtbi `bt Enghenimi|nbtrio ni @brp{kfgmi` =) Mreg)'Zap{`mh< Ubtgmo e÷t Dbtgni(Dtmi`bidrto)

[rtawnbkcn' L)' 4::2) Pfb _n{àh ae Ktaw`{ Ibw b`) Ptm`b Zmzbtdmkc)' Mikfat)

SPfb = [bkai` EnghX' 4:=:m) fppz<!!www)pfb={bkaièngh)kah!)S\robotneebi Iaubhdbt =' 4:=:X)

SPfb = [bkai` EnghX' 4:=:d) fppz<!!www)pfb={bkaièngh)kah!2zfm{bzgmiS\robotneebi Iaubhdbt =' 4:=:X)

SPfb = [bkai` EnghX' 4:=:k) fppz<!!www)pfb={bkaièngh)kah!iaiztaenpS\robotneebi Iaubhdbt =' 4:=:X)

Um~ibtkfrc' O)' 4:==) Pfb Pfmic âr Bkaiah~' FmtzbtDr{nib{{)

Unghmt' E)' =>?;) [ptmpbonbi `bt @bhactmpn{nbtrio) Dmi` N < Pfbatnb`bt Ztmvn{'@mth{pm`p' Ibrwnb`' Fbthmii Grkfpbtfmi` Ubtgmo)

Uathdmrh' F)' =>>:) Enimi|nbtrio `bt Dbptnbdb 6) Mreg)' _nb{dm`bi< Omdgbt)

_mg`taz' H)H)' =>>4) Kahzgbvnp~< Pfb Bhbtonio [knbikb mp pfb Bòb ae At`btmi` Kfma{ =) Mreg)' [nhai % [kfr{pbt)

_m{ngbw{cn' U)N)' 4::>) Brtazàn{kfb Enghzagnpnc< Engh |wn{kfbi _ntp{kfmep ri`Crgprt =) Mreg)' RUC Ubtgmo{ob{bgg{kfmep hdF)

_bnÑ' H)' 4:=:) Ptbi`< \ribfhbi` &bteagotbnkfb. Bvzbtnhbipb hnpKtawèri`nio) Dgao< Ibribp|' =0)=4)4:=:)fppz<!!www)ibribp|)kah!4:=:!=:!=0!ptbi`(|ribfhbi`(bteagotbnkfb(bvzbtnhbipb(hnp(ktawèri`nio! S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt 4>' 4:=:X)

_bgcbt' H)!_bi|bg' A)' 4::?) Aignib(Eat{kfrio 4::?< Otri`gmobi ri`

Emgg{pr`nbi =) Mreg)' Fmgbh)

_bgpbt' Z)' 4:=:) @nb Hbi{kfbietbri`b fnipbt Ompb{ ri` Dreebpp)Ni< EM\':2):6)4:=:)fppz<!!www)em|)ibp!{!Trd@=5B=E22@4==00K0MB;E>@@E24D5B=@>!@akyB:5?M?K6M25000E>BM0E=60K?2M@05M:=yMPzgyBkahhaiy[kaipbip)fphg) S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

_bi|gmee' C)' 4:=:) [aknmg Zm~hbip ri` Ktawèri`nio( bnib ×dbt{nkfp)fppz<!!www)nca{ah)`b!4:=:!=:!==!{aknmg(zm~hbip(ri`(ktawèri`nio(bnib(rdbt{nkfp!) S\robotneebi Acpadbt ==' 4:=:X)

_ng`' [)' 4::6) Ktawèri`nio< Enghenimi|nbtrio zbt [btunbppbi{cn||b) pm|'



Ktawèri`nio nh Enghdbtbnkf =:0

:0):4)4::6) fppz<!!www)pm|)`b!=!gbdbi!engh!mtpncbg!=!enghenimi|nbtrio(zbt({btunbppbi{cn||b!1{tk8[\%kFm{f8:0;`dm?m;d)

S\robotneebi Lmirmt 4>' 4:==X)

_nggbidmkfbt' H)!Ebkfibt K)(M)' 4:=:) Nipbtunbw)fppz<!!www)bibto~mrpaiah~)ato!ni`bv)zfz1mtpnkgbQn`82=%kgmio8:)S\robotneebi @b|bhdbt =>' 4:=:X)

_nggimrbt' E)' =>>?) Crgprteõt`btrio) Ni< Tmrfb' F)! @bhhbt' K) &Ft{o).'Crgprthmimobhbip) Pfbatnb ri` Ztmvn{ bnibt ztaeb{{naibggbi Cri{p =)Mreg)' Otr~pbt) [) =:=(==6

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