Bahaya Human Trafficking dalam Menghadapi Konektivitas ASEAN

Iwan Sulistyo, M.A.

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Pokok-pokok Paparan

1.Transnational Crimes dan Human Trafficking

2.Instrumen Hukum3.Tantangan bagi Generasi Muda Indonesia

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Bagian ITransnational Crimes

(Kejahatan Lintas-negara) dan

Human Trafficking(Kegiatan Perdagangan Orang)

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Mengapa manusia bermigrasi?

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Globalisasi? “Globalisasi”menopangmunculnyaTransnationalCriminalOrganizations(TCOs)sertapeningkatanpelbagaiaktivitasterlarangmereka.

(ViottiandKauppi,2013:359)5

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Sisi Gelap Globalisasi?

Crimes (Kejahatan)?

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Konsep-konsep lain yang berdekatan:

The Breaking of laws; Violation of laws (Pelanggaran Hukum) Delinquency (Kenakalan anak/remaja) Deviant behavior (Perilaku Menyimpang

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Pelaku dan korban kejahatan:• Individu • Kelompok, masyarakat,

kolektif • Negara

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�  ItiscommittedinmorethanoneState;�  ItiscommittedinoneStatebutasubstantialpartofitspreparation,planning,directionorcontroltakesplaceinanotherState;

�  ItiscommittedinoneStatebutinvolvesanorganizedcriminalgroupthatengagesincriminalactivitiesinmorethanoneState;or

�  ItiscommittedinoneStatebuthassubstantialeffectsinanotherState.

Article3oftheUNConventionagainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime

TransnationalCrime?

Transnational Organized Crimes?

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UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 5 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PENGESAHAN UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME (KONVENSI PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA MENENTANG TINDAK PIDANA TRANSNASIONAL YANG TERORGANISASI)

Transnational Crimes dipandang sebagai

Ancaman Nasional dan Regional• Nasional: “Considering that crime phenomenon

has a significant impact to the stability of security and it potentially disrupts and threatens national development, Indonesia has been consistent with its efforts to uphold law enforcement to protect its citizens from transnational crime.” (Indonesian Defense White Paper 2015)

• Regional: ASEAN Plan of Action Against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children

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Different Forms of Transnational Organized Crime

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� Drugtrafficking� Humantrafficking� Smugglingofmigrants�  Illicittradinginfirearms� Traffickinginnaturalresources� Theillegaltradeinwildlife� Thesaleoffraudulentmedicines� Cybercrime http://www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/organized-crime.html

Money-launderingTerrorismMaritime piracyFirearmsCorruption

11 UNODC (2010)

12 UNODC, 2010

The Cost of Transnational Crime

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(PeterHoughet.al.,2015,p.233).

[pemalsuan]

What is Human Trafficking?“Article 3, paragraph (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons defines Trafficking in Persons as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.”

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https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html

"Pasal 3, paragraf (a) Protokol untuk Mencegah, Menekan dan Menghukum Perdagangan Manusia mendefinisikan Perdagangan Manusia sebagai perekrutan, pengangkutan, pengiriman, penyimpanan atau penerimaan orang, melalui ancaman atau penggunaan kekerasan atau bentuk lainnya. Pemaksaan, penculikan, penipuan, penyalahgunaan kekuasaan atau posisi kerentanan atau pemberian atau penerimaan pembayaran atau tunjangan untuk mendapatkan persetujuan dari seseorang yang memiliki kendali atas orang lain, untuk tujuan eksploitasi. Eksploitasi setidaknya mencakup eksploitasi pelacuran orang lain atau bentuk eksploitasi seksual lainnya, kerja paksa atau layanan, perbudakan atau praktik yang serupa dengan perbudakan, penghambaan atau pengangkatan organ tubuh."

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Elements Of Human Trafficking

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[penculikan]

[penipuan]

Human Trafficking (kegiatan perdagangan orang) dan People Smuggling (kegiatan

penyelundupan manusia)

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• Human trafficking berkembang pada abad 21 sebagai hasil dari ketimpangan ekonomi dan demografis dunia, peningkatan konflik, dan mungkin karena global climate change. (Loise Shelley, 2010)

• Dibutuhkan upaya yang terpadu antarpemerintah, civil society, the business community, organisasi multilateral, dan media.

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Transnational Crime in the Developing World “…transnationalcrimeandunderdevelopmenthaveamutuallyperpetuatingrelationship.”� Poverty� Inequality� Stateweakness

(JeremyHaken,2011)

Mengapa Asia Tenggara juga merupakan pusat human trafficking,

khususnya sexual trafficking? • Konflik kawasan

• Angka korupsi yang tinggi

• Transisi dari sistem komunis —> menyisakan kerentanan

• Aspek geografis yang membuat kondusif

• batas wilayah yang tidak jelas

• ketiadaan kendali pemerintah

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(Loise Shelley, 2010: 158)

“Golden Triangle”:Myanmar-Laos-Thailand

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Cambodia

•Dibanding kawasan lain, jumlah korban human trafficking terbanyak dari segi variasi nationalities ada di Eropa. (UNODC, 2010)

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Data soal Human Trafficking?

Bagian IIInstrumen Hukum

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Argumen PengantarSetiapnegara(pemerintah)diduniamemilikitantanganyangsangatberatdalammenghadapikejahatantransnasionalgunameminimalkankerugian.Sebagiannegaratidaksanggupataubahkangagaldalammelawankejahatantransnasional.

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Untukmelawankejahatantransnasional,negarasecaraperlahanharusmemperkuatdiridengansemakinmempertangguhimplementasidariinstrumenhukumyangtelahada(termasukstrategi);jugadarisegimentalitasaparatpenegakhukumnya.

Dimensipolitikdomestikkerapmenjadikendaladalammencegahdanmemberantaskejahatantransnasional.

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� The main instrument: “The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime” (adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000; It opened for signature by Member States at a High-level Political Conference convened for that purpose in Palermo, Italy, on 12-15 December 2000; and entered into force on 29 September 2003).

� Supplemented by 3 Protocols, which target specific areas and manifestations of organized crime: 1)   the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in

Persons, Especially Women and Children; 2)   the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea

and Air; 3)   the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and

Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition.

International Instruments in the Fight against Transnational Organized Crime.

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/treaties/CTOC/

Regulasi yang Relevan1. UU No. 6 Tahun 2011 tentang Imigrasi

2. KUHP (Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana)

3. UU Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang

4. UU No. 21 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang.

5. UU Perlindungan Anak

6. UU Perlindungan Saksi dan Korban

7. UU Pelayaran

8. UU No. 5 Tahun 2009 tentang Pengesahan UN Convention against TOC

9. UU No. 15 Tahun 2009 TENTANG PENGESAHAN PROTOCOL AGAINST THE SMUGGLING OF MIGRANTS BY LAND, SEA AND AIR, SUPPLEMENTING THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME (PROTOKOL MENENTANG PENYELUNDUPAN MIGRAN MELALUI DARAT, LAUT, DAN UDARA, MELENGKAPI KONVENSI PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-BANGSA MENENTANG TINDAK PIDANA TRANSNASIONAL YANG TERORGANISASI)

10.Konvensi Maritim (UNCLOS 1982)

11.Konvensi Geneva

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Persoalan Pengungsi dan Migrasi

Indonesia belum meratifikasi Konvensi tentang Pengungsi

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The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Bagian IIITantangan bagi Generasi

Muda Indonesia

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Jumlah Penduduk Dunia 2016 = 7,4 Milyar Manusia

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ViewtheDigitalDataSheetatwww.worldpopdata.org

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Competitiveness(Daya Saing)

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Demographic Bonus(Bonus Demografi)

2020-2030

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Terima Kasih

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