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Definability of Cai-F¨ urer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalth¨ ofer, Erkal Selman CSL 2016 Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalth¨ofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-F¨ urer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

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Page 1: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems inChoiceless Polynomial Time

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman

CSL 2016

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 2: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Origin: Database theory

query

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 3: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Origin: Database theory

query

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 4: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Origin: Database theory

query

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 5: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Origin: Database theory

query

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 6: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The most important problem in finite model theory

Question (Chandra, Harel 1982)

Is there a database query languageexpressingexactly the efficiently computablequeries?

Question (Gurevich 1988)

Is there a logic capturing Ptime?

Theorem (Fagin)

∃SO captures NP.

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 7: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The most important problem in finite model theory

Question (Chandra, Harel 1982)

Is there a database query languageexpressingexactly the efficiently computablequeries?

Question (Gurevich 1988)

Is there a logic capturing Ptime?

Theorem (Fagin)

∃SO captures NP.

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 8: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

What is a logic capturing PTIME?

Informal definition: A logic L captures Ptime if it defines preciselythose properties of finite structures that are decidable inpolynomial time:

1 For every sentence ψ ∈ L, the set of finite models of ψ isdecidable in polynomial time.

2 For every Ptime-property S of finite structures, there is asentence ψ ∈ L such that S = {A ∈ Fin : A |= ψ}.

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 9: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The most important problem in finite model theory

Question (Chandra, Harel 1982)

Is there a database query languageexpressingexactly the efficiently computablequeries?

Question (Gurevich 1988)

Is there a logic capturing Ptime?

Theorem (Fagin)

∃SO captures NP.

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 10: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Candidates for a logic capturing PTIME

Ptime

(

⊇⊆

FP + rk CPT + C

(

)

FPC

(

FP

(

FO

captures Ptime on even more classes, and

Theorem (Dawar,Richerby,Rossman)

The Cai-Furer-Immerman query over orderedgraphs is CPT-definable.

captures Ptime on manyinteresting classes of structures.

captures Ptime on ordered structures

cannot define transitive closure

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 11: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Candidates for a logic capturing PTIME

Ptime

(

⊇⊆

FP + rk CPT + C

(

)

FPC

(

FP

(

FO

captures Ptime on even more classes, and

Theorem (Dawar,Richerby,Rossman)

The Cai-Furer-Immerman query over orderedgraphs is CPT-definable.

captures Ptime on manyinteresting classes of structures.

captures Ptime on ordered structures

cannot define transitive closure

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 12: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Candidates for a logic capturing PTIME

Ptime

(

⊇⊆

FP + rk CPT + C

(

)

FPC

(

FP

(

FO

captures Ptime on even more classes, and

Theorem (Dawar,Richerby,Rossman)

The Cai-Furer-Immerman query over orderedgraphs is CPT-definable.

captures Ptime on manyinteresting classes of structures.

captures Ptime on ordered structures

cannot define transitive closure

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 13: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Candidates for a logic capturing PTIME

Ptime

(

⊇⊆

FP + rk CPT + C(

)

FPC

(

FP

(

FO

captures Ptime on even more classes, and

Theorem (Dawar,Richerby,Rossman)

The Cai-Furer-Immerman query over orderedgraphs is CPT-definable.

captures Ptime on manyinteresting classes of structures.

captures Ptime on ordered structures

cannot define transitive closure

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 14: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Candidates for a logic capturing PTIME

Ptime

(

⊇⊆

FP + rk CPT + C(

)

FPC

(

FP

(

FO

captures Ptime on even more classes, and

Theorem (Dawar,Richerby,Rossman)

The Cai-Furer-Immerman query over orderedgraphs is CPT-definable.

captures Ptime on manyinteresting classes of structures.

captures Ptime on ordered structures

cannot define transitive closure

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 15: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Candidates for a logic capturing PTIME

Ptime

(

=?

FP + rk CPT + C(

)

FPC

(

FP

(

FO

captures Ptime on even more classes, and

Theorem (Dawar,Richerby,Rossman)

The Cai-Furer-Immerman query over orderedgraphs is CPT-definable.

captures Ptime on manyinteresting classes of structures.

captures Ptime on ordered structures

cannot define transitive closure

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 16: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The logic: Choiceless Polynomial Time

Iterated creation of hereditarily finite sets,polynomial resource bounds

Hereditarily finite sets

1

2

A

1

2

{∅}{1} {{1}, 2} . . .

{2} {1, 2}

HF(A)

Operations

• Set-theoretic operations (∅, ∈, ∪,...), boolean connectives

• Comprehension terms: {s(x) : x ∈ t : ϕ(x)}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 17: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The logic: Choiceless Polynomial Time

Iterated creation of hereditarily finite sets,polynomial resource bounds

Hereditarily finite sets

1

2

A

1

2

{∅}{1} {{1}, 2} . . .

{2} {1, 2}

HF(A)

Operations

• Set-theoretic operations (∅, ∈, ∪,...), boolean connectives

• Comprehension terms: {s(x) : x ∈ t : ϕ(x)}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 18: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The logic: Choiceless Polynomial Time

Iterated creation of hereditarily finite sets,polynomial resource bounds

Hereditarily finite sets

1

2

A

1

2

∅ {∅}{1}

{{1}, 2} . . .

{2} {1, 2}

HF(A)

Operations

• Set-theoretic operations (∅, ∈, ∪,...), boolean connectives

• Comprehension terms: {s(x) : x ∈ t : ϕ(x)}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 19: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The logic: Choiceless Polynomial Time

Iterated creation of hereditarily finite sets,polynomial resource bounds

Hereditarily finite sets

1

2

A

1

2

∅ {∅}{1} {{1}, 2} . . .

{2} {1, 2}

HF(A)

Operations

• Set-theoretic operations (∅, ∈, ∪,...), boolean connectives

• Comprehension terms: {s(x) : x ∈ t : ϕ(x)}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 20: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The logic: Choiceless Polynomial Time

Iterated creation of hereditarily finite sets,polynomial resource bounds

Hereditarily finite sets

1

2

A

1

2

∅ {∅}{1} {{1}, 2} . . .

{2} {1, 2}

HF(A)

Operations

• Set-theoretic operations (∅, ∈, ∪,...), boolean connectives

• Comprehension terms: {s(x) : x ∈ t : ϕ(x)}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 21: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The logic: Choiceless Polynomial Time

Iterated creation of hereditarily finite sets,polynomial resource bounds

Hereditarily finite sets

1

2

A

1

2

∅ {∅}{1} {{1}, 2} . . .

{2} {1, 2}

HF(A)

Operations

• Set-theoretic operations (∅, ∈, ∪,...), boolean connectives

• Comprehension terms: {s(x) : x ∈ t : ϕ(x)}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 22: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The benchmark: The Cai-Furer-Immerman query

• Ptime-computable

• not FPC-definable

• benchmark

graph G = (V ,E ) subset T ⊆ V

CFI-graph GT

GT , GT ,

|T | even |T | odd

even odd

∼= ∼=

graph isomorphism problem

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 23: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The benchmark: The Cai-Furer-Immerman query

• Ptime-computable

• not FPC-definable

• benchmark

graph G = (V ,E ) subset T ⊆ V

CFI-graph GT

GT , GT ,

|T | even |T | odd

even odd

∼= ∼=

graph isomorphism problem

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 24: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The benchmark: The Cai-Furer-Immerman query

• Ptime-computable

• not FPC-definable

• benchmark

graph G = (V ,E ) subset T ⊆ V

CFI-graph GT

GT , GT ,

|T | even |T | odd

even odd

∼= ∼=

graph isomorphism problem

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 25: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

The benchmark: The Cai-Furer-Immerman query

• Ptime-computable

• not FPC-definable

• benchmark

graph G = (V ,E ) subset T ⊆ V

CFI-graph GT

GT , GT ,

|T | even |T | odd

even odd

∼= ∼=

graph isomorphism problem

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 26: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: construction

Graph G

vertex v · · · • v • · · ·e f

gadget v∗

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

odd gadget, v ∈ T

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 27: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: construction

Graph G

vertex v · · · • v • · · ·e f

gadget v∗

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

odd gadget, v ∈ T

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 28: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: construction

Graph G

vertex v · · · • v • · · ·e f

gadget v∗

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

odd gadget, v ∈ T

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 29: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: construction

Graph G

vertex v · · · • v • · · ·e f

gadget v∗

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

odd gadget, v ∈ T

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 30: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: construction

Graph G

vertex v · · · • v • · · ·e f

gadget v∗

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

odd gadget, v ∈ T

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 31: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: construction

Graph G

vertex v · · · • v • · · ·e f

gadget v∗

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

odd gadget, v ∈ T

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 32: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: construction

Graph G

vertex v · · · • v • · · ·e f

gadget v∗

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

odd gadget, v ∈ T

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 33: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: construction

Graph GT

vertex v · · · • v • · · ·e f

gadget v∗

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

odd gadget, v ∈ T

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 34: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: construction

Graph GT

vertex v · · · • v • · · ·e f

gadget v∗

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

even gadget, v /∈ T

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 35: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: construction

Graph GT

vertex v · · · • v • · · ·e f

gadget v∗

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

odd gadget, v ∈ T

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 36: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Cai-Furer-Immerman graphs: example

u∅

u{e,f }

v{e}

v{g}

w∅

w{f ,g}

e0

e1

g 0

g 1

f 0

f 1

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 37: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Results

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlogarithmic colour classesis CPT-definable.

X

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlarge degree is CPT-definableusing only sets of bounded rank.

X

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphsis not CPT-definablewithout using set-like objects.

X

Corollary

≈ -free PIL 6≡ CPT[rk ≤ k]

X

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 38: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Results

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlogarithmic colour classesis CPT-definable.

X

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlarge degree is CPT-definableusing only sets of bounded rank.

X

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphsis not CPT-definablewithout using set-like objects.

X

Corollary

≈ -free PIL 6≡ CPT[rk ≤ k]

X

Theorem(Dawar,Richerby,Rossman)

The CFI query overordered graphsis CPT-definable.

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 39: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Computing the parity of CFI graphs

Easy Ptime procedure

1 Label edge gadgets

2 Count odd vertex gadgets

CPT procedure(Dawar, Richerby, Rossman)

1 Construct super-symmetricobjects

2 Label edge gadgets

3 Count odd vertex gadgets

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 40: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Assigning edge labels

• •

• • •

• •

• •

• • •

• •

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 41: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Assigning edge labels

• •

• • •

• •

• •

• • •

• •

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 42: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Assigning edge labels

• •

• e0 •

• •

• •

• e1 •

• •

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 43: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Assigning edge labels

• •

f 0 e0 •

• •

• •

f 1 e1 •

• •

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 44: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Assigning edge labels

• •

f 0 e0 •

• •

• •

f 1 e1 •

• •

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 45: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Assigning edge labels

v∅ •

f 0 e0 •

• •

• •

f 1 e1 •

• •

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 46: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Assigning edge labels

v∅ •

f 0 e0 •

• •

• •

f 1 e1 •

• •

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 47: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Assigning edge labels

v∅ •

f 0 e0 •

• •

• •

f 1 e1 •

v{e,f } •

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 48: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Assigning edge labels

v∅ •

f 0 e0 •

v{e} •

v{f } •

f 1 e1 •

v{e,f } •

even

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 49: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Assigning edge labels

v∅ w∅

f 0 e0 g 0

v{e} w{e}

v{f } w{g}

f 1 e1 g 1

v{e,f } w{e,g}

even odd

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 50: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Computing the parity of CFI graphs

Easy Ptime procedure

1 Label edge gadgets

2 Count odd vertex gadgets

CPT procedure(Dawar, Richerby, Rossman)

1 Construct super-symmetricobjects

2 Label edge gadgets

3 Count odd vertex gadgets

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 51: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Computing the parity of CFI graphs

Easy Ptime procedure

1 Label edge gadgets

2 Count odd vertex gadgets

CPT procedure(Dawar, Richerby, Rossman)

1 Construct super-symmetricobjects

2 Label edge gadgets

3 Count odd vertex gadgets

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 52: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Why super-symmetry is useful

v∅ w∅

f 0 e0 g 0

v{e} w{e}

v{f } w{g}

f 1 e1 g 1

v{e,f } w{e,g}

even odd

· · · · · ·· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 53: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Why super-symmetry is useful

v∅ w∅

f 0 e0 g 0

v{e} w{e}

v{f } w{g}

f 1 e1 g 1

v{e,f } w{e,g}

even odd

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 54: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Why super-symmetry is useful

v∅ w∅

f 0 e1 g 0

v{e} w{e}

v{f } w{g}

f 1 e0 g 1

v{e,f } w{e,g}

even odd

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 55: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Why super-symmetry is useful

v∅ w∅

f 0 e1 g 0

v{e} w{e}

v{f } w{g}

f 1 e0 g 1

v{e,f } w{e,g}

even odd

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 56: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Why super-symmetry is useful

v∅ w∅

f 0 e1 g 0

v{e} w{e}

v{f } w{g}

f 1 e0 g 1

v{e,f } w{e,g}

even odd

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 57: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Why super-symmetry is useful

v{e} w∅

f 0 e1 g 0

v{e} w{e}

v{f } w{g}

f 1 e0 g 1

v{e,f } w{e,g}

even odd

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 58: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Why super-symmetry is useful

v{e} w∅

f 0 e1 g 0

v∅ w{e}

v{e,f } w{g}

f 1 e0 g 1

v{f } w{e,g}

even odd

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 59: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Why super-symmetry is useful

v{e} w∅

f 0 e1 g 0

v∅ w{e}

v{e,f } w{g}

f 1 e0 g 1

v{f } w{e,g}

odd odd

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 60: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Why super-symmetry is useful

v{e} w{e}

f 0 e1 g 0

v∅ w∅

v{e,f } w{e,g}

f 1 e0 g 1

v{f } w{g}

odd odd

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 61: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Why super-symmetry is useful

v{e} w{e}

f 0 e1 g 0

v∅ w∅

v{e,f } w{e,g}

f 1 e0 g 1

v{f } w{g}

odd even

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 62: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Results

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlogarithmic colour classesis CPT-definable.

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlarge degree is CPT-definableusing only sets of bounded rank.

X

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphsis not CPT-definablewithout using set-like objects.

X

Corollary

≈ -free PIL 6≡ CPT[rk ≤ k]

X

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 63: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with colour classes of logarithmic size

u x •

v ≺ ≺ · · · ≺ •

w y •

µ{u} µ{v} µ{w}

µ{u,v} µ{u,w} µ{v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w}

Construct O(2|C |) many sets

µ{u,v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w ,x} µ{u,v ,w ,y}

µ{u,v ,w ,x ,y} . . .

µV

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 64: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with colour classes of logarithmic size

u x •

v ≺ ≺ · · · ≺ •

w y •

µ{u} µ{v} µ{w}

µ{u,v} µ{u,w} µ{v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w}

Construct O(2|C |) many sets

µ{u,v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w ,x} µ{u,v ,w ,y}

µ{u,v ,w ,x ,y} . . .

µV

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 65: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with colour classes of logarithmic size

u x •

v ≺ ≺ · · · ≺ •

w y •

µ{u} µ{v} µ{w}

µ{u,v} µ{u,w} µ{v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w}

Construct O(2|C |) many sets

µ{u,v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w ,x} µ{u,v ,w ,y}

µ{u,v ,w ,x ,y} . . .

µV

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 66: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with colour classes of logarithmic size

u x •

v ≺ ≺ · · · ≺ •

w y •

µ{u} µ{v} µ{w}

µ{u,v} µ{u,w} µ{v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w}

Construct O(2|C |) many sets

µ{u,v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w ,x} µ{u,v ,w ,y}

µ{u,v ,w ,x ,y} . . .

µV

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 67: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with colour classes of logarithmic size

u x •

v ≺ ≺ · · · ≺ •

w y •

µ{u} µ{v} µ{w}

µ{u,v} µ{u,w} µ{v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w}

Construct O(2|C |) many sets

µ{u,v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w ,x} µ{u,v ,w ,y}

µ{u,v ,w ,x ,y} . . .

µV

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 68: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with colour classes of logarithmic size

u x •

v ≺ ≺ · · · ≺ •

w y •

µ{u} µ{v} µ{w}

µ{u,v} µ{u,w} µ{v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w}

Construct O(2|C |) many sets

µ{u,v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w ,x} µ{u,v ,w ,y}

µ{u,v ,w ,x ,y} . . .

µV

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 69: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with colour classes of logarithmic size

u x •

v ≺ ≺ · · · ≺ •

w y •

µ{u} µ{v} µ{w}

µ{u,v} µ{u,w} µ{v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w}

Construct O(2|C |) many sets

µ{u,v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w ,x} µ{u,v ,w ,y}

µ{u,v ,w ,x ,y} . . .

µV

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 70: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with colour classes of logarithmic size

u x •

v ≺ ≺ · · · ≺ •

w y •

µ{u} µ{v} µ{w}

µ{u,v} µ{u,w} µ{v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w}

Construct O(2|C |) many sets

µ{u,v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w ,x} µ{u,v ,w ,y}

µ{u,v ,w ,x ,y}

. . .

µV

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 71: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with colour classes of logarithmic size

u x •

v ≺ ≺ · · · ≺ •

w y •

µ{u} µ{v} µ{w}

µ{u,v} µ{u,w} µ{v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w}

Construct O(2|C |) many sets

µ{u,v ,w}

µ{u,v ,w ,x} µ{u,v ,w ,y}

µ{u,v ,w ,x ,y} . . .

µV

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 72: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Results

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlogarithmic colour classesis CPT-definable. X

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlarge degree is CPT-definableusing only sets of bounded rank.

X

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphsis not CPT-definablewithout using set-like objects.

X

Corollary

≈ -free PIL 6≡ CPT[rk ≤ k]

X

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 73: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Results

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlogarithmic colour classesis CPT-definable. X

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlarge degree is CPT-definableusing only sets of bounded rank.

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphsis not CPT-definablewithout using set-like objects.

X

Corollary

≈ -free PIL 6≡ CPT[rk ≤ k]

X

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 74: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Results

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlogarithmic colour classesis CPT-definable. X

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlarge degree is CPT-definableusing only sets of bounded rank.

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphsis not CPT-definablewithout using set-like objects.

X

Corollary

≈ -free PIL 6≡ CPT[rk ≤ k]

X

Theorem (Dawar,Richerby, Rossman)

The CFI-query overordered graphsis not definable in CPTusing only sets ofbounded rank.

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 75: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with large degree: Keeping the rank small

• Access to all subsets of V

• Intuition: “Ordered” objects need nesting

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 76: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with large degree: Keeping the rank small

• Access to all subsets of V

• Intuition: “Ordered” objects need nesting

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 77: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Graphs with large degree: Keeping the rank small

• Access to all subsets of V

• Intuition: “Ordered” objects need nesting

v∅

e0 f 0

v{e}

v{f }

e1 f 1

v{e,f }

· · · · · ·

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 78: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Results

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlogarithmic colour classesis CPT-definable. X

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlarge degree is CPT-definableusing only sets of bounded rank.X

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphsis not CPT-definablewithout using set-like objects.

X

Corollary

≈ -free PIL 6≡ CPT[rk ≤ k]

X

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 79: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Results

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlogarithmic colour classesis CPT-definable. X

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlarge degree is CPT-definableusing only sets of bounded rank.X

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphsis not CPT-definablewithout using set-like objects.

Corollary

≈ -free PIL 6≡ CPT[rk ≤ k]

X

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 80: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Lower bound: Set-like objects are necessary

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphs is not definable by anyCPT-program using only sequence-like objects.

Technique (Dawar, Richerby, Rossman)

• CPT-program Ck -formula over HF(A)`

• Show HF(A)` ≡Ck

HF(B)`

• A ≡C`·kB⇒ HF(A)` ≡CkHF(B)` if A,B C`·k -homogeneous

sets with small support

pebble game

What are sequence-like objects? – Strongly supported sets

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 81: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Lower bound: Set-like objects are necessary

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphs is not definable by anyCPT-program using only sequence-like objects.

Technique (Dawar, Richerby, Rossman)

• CPT-program Ck -formula over HF(A)

• Show HF(A)` ≡Ck

HF(B)`

• A ≡C`·kB⇒ HF(A)` ≡CkHF(B)` if A,B C`·k -homogeneous

sets with small support

pebble game

What are sequence-like objects? – Strongly supported sets

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 82: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Lower bound: Set-like objects are necessary

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphs is not definable by anyCPT-program using only sequence-like objects.

Technique (Dawar, Richerby, Rossman)

• CPT-program Ck -formula over HF(A)`

• Show HF(A)` ≡Ck

HF(B)`

• A ≡C`·kB⇒ HF(A)` ≡CkHF(B)` if A,B C`·k -homogeneous

sets with small support

pebble game

What are sequence-like objects? – Strongly supported sets

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 83: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Lower bound: Set-like objects are necessary

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphs is not definable by anyCPT-program using only sequence-like objects.

Technique (Dawar, Richerby, Rossman)

• CPT-program Ck -formula over HF(A)`

• Show HF(A)` ≡Ck

HF(B)`

• A ≡C`·kB⇒ HF(A)` ≡CkHF(B)` if A,B C`·k -homogeneous

sets with small support

pebble game

What are sequence-like objects? – Strongly supported sets

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 84: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Lower bound: Set-like objects are necessary

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphs is not definable by anyCPT-program using only sequence-like objects.

Technique (Dawar, Richerby, Rossman)

• CPT-program Ck -formula over HF(A)`

• Show HF(A)` ≡Ck

HF(B)`

• A ≡C`·kB⇒ HF(A)` ≡CkHF(B)` if A,B C`·k -homogeneous

sets with small support

pebble game

What are sequence-like objects? – Strongly supported sets

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 85: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Supports

”Corresponding“ move in A:

a

bc

Move in HF(A):

S supports x if Stab•(S) ≤ Stab(x)

Example

A = {a, b, c , d , e}Supports of {a, b, c}: A, {a, b, c}, {d , e}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 86: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Supports

”Corresponding“ move in A:

a

bc

Move in HF(A):

{{a}, {a, b, c}}

S supports x if Stab•(S) ≤ Stab(x)

Example

A = {a, b, c , d , e}Supports of {a, b, c}: A, {a, b, c}, {d , e}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 87: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Supports

”Corresponding“ move in A:

a

bc

Move in HF(A):

{{a}, {a, b, c}}

S supports x if Stab•(S) ≤ Stab(x)

Example

A = {a, b, c , d , e}Supports of {a, b, c}: A, {a, b, c}, {d , e}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 88: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Supports

”Corresponding“ move in A:

a

bc

Move in HF(A):

{{a}, {a, b, c}}

S supports x if Stab•(S) ≤ Stab(x)

Example

A = {a, b, c , d , e}Supports of {a, b, c}: A, {a, b, c}, {d , e}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 89: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Supports

”Corresponding“ move in A:

a

bc

Move in HF(A):

{{a}, {a, b, c}}

S supports x if Stab•(S) ≤ Stab(x)

Example

A = {a, b, c , d , e}Supports of {a, b, c}: A, {a, b, c}, {d , e}

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 90: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Lower bound: Set-like objects are necessary

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphs is not definable by anyCPT-program using only sequence-like objects.

Technique (Dawar, Richerby, Rossman)

• CPT-program Ck -formula over HF(A)`

• Show HF(A)` ≡Ck

HF(B)`

• A ≡C`·kB⇒ HF(A)` ≡CkHF(B)` if A,B C`·k -homogeneous

sets with small support

pebble game

What are sequence-like objects?

– Strongly supported sets

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 91: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Sequence-like objects: strong supports

v1, . . . , vk vertices of Kn.

x = {v1, . . . , vk} y = (v1, . . . , vk)

v1 v2 · · · vk v1 v2 · · · vk

v1 v2 · · · vk

strong support

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 92: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Sequence-like objects: strong supports

v1, . . . , vk vertices of Kn.

x = {v1, . . . , vk} y = (v1, . . . , vk)

v1 v2 · · · vk v1 v2 · · · vk

v1 v2 · · · vk

strong support

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 93: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Sequence-like objects: strong supports

v1, . . . , vk vertices of Kn.

x = {v1, . . . , vk} y = (v1, . . . , vk)

v1 v2 · · · vk v1 v2 · · · vk

v1 v2 · · · vk

strong support

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 94: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Sequence-like objects: strong supports

v1, . . . , vk vertices of Kn.

x = {v1, . . . , vk} y = (v1, . . . , vk)

v1 v2 · · · vk v1 v2 · · · vk

v1 v2 · · · vk

strong support

Wied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time

Page 95: Definability of Cai-Fürer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless ...polynomial time: 1 For every sentence 2L, the set of nite models of is decidable in polynomial time. 2 For every Ptime-property

Results

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlogarithmic colour classesis CPT-definable. X

TheoremThe CFI query over graphs withlarge degree is CPT-definableusing only sets of bounded rank.X

TheoremThe CFI query over complete graphsis not CPT-definablewithout using set-like objects. X

Corollary

≈ -free PIL 6≡ CPT[rk ≤ k]XWied Pakusa, Svenja Schalthofer, Erkal Selman Definability of Cai-Furer-Immerman Problems in Choiceless Polynomial Time