Einführung in die Internationalen Beziehungen

Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenInternationale Menschenrechtspolitik

Menschenrechte als Rechte von Individuen1) Liberale Abwehrrechte(negative Freiheitsrechte) Grundrechte

Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg

Einfhrung in die Internationalen Beziehungen2) Politische Teilhaberechte(positive Freiheitsrechte I) Brgerrechte

3) Soziale und konomische Teilhaberechte(positive Freiheitsrechte II) Subsistenzrechte


Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenMenschenrechte als internationales Recht

Vorlufer

z.B. Sklavereiverbot (Wiener Kongress 1815; Internationales Abkommen ber das Verbot von Sklaverei und Zwangsarbeit 1926)

z.B. humanitres Kriegsvlkerrecht (Haager Landkriegsordnung 1907; Genfer Konventionen zum Schutz von Kriegsopfern)


Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenEntwicklung seit 19451945 UN Charta: Anerkennung der universalen Menschenrechte

1947 UN-Menschenrechtskommission

1948 Allgemeine Erklrung der Menschenrechte

1966/76 Internationale Menschenrechtscharta Zivilpakt + Sozialpakt


Einfhrung in die Internationalen Beziehungen1966 Konvention gegen Rassendiskriminierung

1979 Konvention gegen Frauendiskriminierung

1984 Anti-Folter Konvention

1988 Anti-Vlkermord Konvention

1989 Kinderrechtskonvention


Einfhrung in die Internationalen Beziehungen


Konvention

Zivilpakt (CCPR)

Sozialpakt (CESCR)

Anti-Folter-Konvention (CAT)

Konvention gegen Rassendiskriminierung (CERD)

Konvention gegen Diskriminierung der Frau (CEDAW)

Kinderrechtskonvention (CRC)

Verfahrensart

Staatenberichte

Zwingend, regelmig

Zwingend, regelmig

Zwingend, regelmig

Zwingend, regelmig

Zwingend, regelmig

Zwingend, regelmig

Staatenbeschwerde

Bedarf Zustimmungserklrung

Nicht vorgesehen


Zwingend

Nicht vorgesehen

Nicht vorgesehen

Individualbeschwerde

Bedarf Ratifikation des Ersten Zusatzprotokolls

Nicht vorgesehen



Nicht vorgesehen

Nicht vorgesehen

Prfung anderer Informationen (z.B. von NGOs)

Nicht vorgesehen

Nicht vorgesehen

Vorgesehen, durch Ablehnungserklrung ausschliebar

Nicht vorgesehen

Nicht vorgesehen

Nicht vorgesehen

Schaubild: Die bestehenden UN-Menschenrechtskonventionen mit Schutzverfahren

Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenRegionale MR-AbkommenEuropa: Europarat (1949); Europische Menschenrechtskonvention (1950); Europische Gerichtshof fr MenschenrechteNord- und Sdamerika: Amerikanische Menschenrechtserklrung (1948), Inter-Amerikanische Menschenrechtskonvention (1969), Inter-Amerikanische Menschenrechtskommission der OAS, Inter-Amerikanischer Menschenrechtsgerichtshof (1979)Afrika: Afrikanische Charta der Rechte der Menschen und Vlker (1981), Afrikanische Menschenrechtskommission


Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenDie internationale Verregelung der Menschenrechte

zunehmende Dichte von internationalen und regionalen Menschenrechtsabkommen

zunehmende Zahl von Ratifikationen

erweitertes berwachungsinstrumentariumz.B. Hochkommissar/in fr Menschenrechte 1993z.B. Zusatzprotokoll zum EGMRz.B. Internationaler Strafgerichtshof 2000




Diagramm1

154

151

169

175

144

195

191

CESCR = Sozialpakt; CCPR = Zivilpakt; CERD = Konvention gegen Rassendiskriminierung; CEDAW = Konvention gegen Diskriminierung der Frau; CAT = Anti-Folter-Konvention; CRC = Kinderrechtskonvention

Zahl der aktuellen Vertragsstaaten der bestehenden UN-Menschenrechtskonventionen

Tabelle1

Konvention

CESCRCCPRCERDCEDAWCATCRCAnzahl aller UN-Mitgliedstaaten

Vertragsparteien (meist mit Ratifizierung)154151169175144195191

Tabelle2

Diagramm3

Jahr1Jahr

196721967

196871968

1969101969

1970141970

1971191971

1972251972

1973301973

1974361974

1975411975

1976461976

1977581977

1978631978

19796611

19807132

19817544

19828052

19838363

38583

188890

319193

419294

509499

5798103

66105110

73119120

82129130

88134138

95137151

103139154

107141161

114143163

121146165

129149166

135151168

142152170

144154175

Summe CAT

Summe CESCR

Summe CEDAW

Vertragsparteien

"Normenkaskade": Vertragsparteien von 3 Konventionen pro Jahr

Tabelle3

CATCESCRCEDAWJahrCATSumme CATCESCRSumme CESCRCEDAWSumme CEDAW

CountryCountryCountry196711

196812

Afghanistan1/4/1987Afghanistan1/24/83Afghanistan5 Mar 2003196957

1970310

Albania11 May 1994Albania4 Oct 1991Albania11 May 19941971414

1972519

Algeria12/9/1989Algeria9/12/89Algeria22 May 19961973625

1974530

AndorraAndorraAndorra1/15/971975636

1976541

AngolaAngola1/10/92Angola9/17/861977546

19781258

Antigua & Barbuda19/7/1993Antigua & BarbudaAntigua & Barbuda1 Aug 19891979563

19803661111

Argentina24/9/1986Argentina8/8/86Argentina7/15/8519815712132

19824751244

Armenia13/9/1993Armenia9/13/93Armenia9/13/931983580852

19843831163

Australia8/8/1989Australia10 Dec 1975Australia7/28/831985332852083

19861518388790

Austria29/7/1987Austria9/10/78Austria31 Mar 198219871331391393

19881041192194

Azerbaijan16/8/1996Azerbaijan8/13/92Azerbaijan7/10/951989950294599

19907574984103

BahamasBahamasBahamas8 Oct 1993199196671057110

19927731411910120

Bahrain6 Mar 1998BahrainBahrain6/18/0219939821012910130

199468851348138

Bangladesh5 Oct 1998Bangladesh5 Oct 1998Bangladesh11/6/841995795313713151

1996810321393154

BarbadosBarbados1/5/73Barbados16 Oct 19801997410721417161

1998711421432163

Belarus13 Mar 1987Belarus11/12/73Belarus2/4/811999712131462165

2000812931491166

Belgium25/6/1999Belgium4/21/83Belgium7/10/852001613521512168

2002714211522170

Belize17 Mar 1986BelizeBelize16 May 19902003214421545175

Benin12 Mar 1992Benin12 Mar 1992Benin12 Mar 1992

BhutanBhutanBhutan8/31/81

Bolivia12/4/1999Bolivia8/12/82Bolivia6/8/90

Bosnia & Herzegovina1/9/1993Bosnia & Herzegovina9/1/93Bosnia & Herzegovina9/1/93

Botswana8/9/2000BotswanaBotswana8/13/96

Brazil28/9/1989Brazil1/24/92Brazil2/1/84

Brunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam

Bulgaria16 Dec 1986Bulgaria9/21/70Bulgaria2/8/82

Burkina Faso4/1/1999Burkina Faso1/4/99Burkina Faso14 Oct 1987

Burundi18/2/1993Burundi9 May 1990Burundi1/8/92

Cambodia15 Oct 1992Cambodia26 May 1992Cambodia15 Oct 1992

Cameroon19 Dec 1986Cameroon6/27/84Cameroon8/23/94

Canada24/6/1987Canada19 May 1976Canada10 Dec 1981

Cape Verde4/6/1992Cape Verde8/6/93Cape Verde5 Dec 1980

Central African RepublicCentral African Republic8 May 1981Central African Republic6/21/91

Chad9/6/1995Chad6/9/95Chad6/9/95

Chile30/9/1988Chile2/10/72Chile7 Dec 1989

China4 Oct 1988ChinaChina11/4/80

Colombia8 Dec 1987Colombia29 Oct 1969Colombia1/19/82

ComorosComorosComoros31 Oct 1994

Congo30/7/2003Congo5 Oct 1983Congo7/26/82

Cook IslandsCook IslandsCook Islands

Costa Rica11/11/1993Costa Rica11/29/68Costa Rica4/4/86

Cte d'Ivoire18 Dec 1995Cte d'Ivoire26 Mar 1992Cte d'Ivoire18 Dec 1995

Croatia12 Oct 1992Croatia12 Oct 1992Croatia9/9/92

Cuba17 May 1995CubaCuba7/17/80

Cyprus18/7/1991Cyprus4/2/69Cyprus7/23/85

Czech Republic22/2/1993Czech Republic2/22/93Czech Republic2/22/93

Democratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of Korea9/14/81Democratic People's Republic of Korea2/27/01

Democratic Republic of the Congo18 Mar 1996Democratic Republic of the Congo11/1/76Democratic Republic of the Congo17 Oct 1986

Denmark27 May 1987Denmark1/6/72Denmark4/21/83

Djibouti5/11/2002Djibouti11/5/02Djibouti2 Dec 1998

DominicaDominica6/17/93Dominica9/15/80

Dominican RepublicDominican Republic1/4/78Dominican Republic9/2/82

Ecuador30 Mar 1988Ecuador6 Mar 1969Ecuador11/9/81

Egypt25/6/1986Egypt1/14/82Egypt9/18/81

El Salvador17/6/1996El Salvador11/30/79El Salvador8/19/81

Equatorial Guinea8 Oct 2002Equatorial Guinea9/25/87Equatorial Guinea23 Oct 1984

EritreaEritrea4/17/01Eritrea9/5/95

Estonia21 Oct 1991Estonia21 Oct 1991Estonia21 Oct 1991

Ethiopia14 Mar 1994Ethiopia6/11/93Ethiopia9/10/81

FijiFijiFiji8/28/95

Finland30/8/1989Finland8/19/75Finland9/4/86

France18/2/1986France11/4/80France14 Dec 1983

Gabon8/9/2000Gabon1/21/83Gabon1/21/83

GambiaGambia29 Dec 1978Gambia4/16/93

Georgia26 Oct 1994Georgia3 May 1994Georgia26 Oct 1994

1 Oct 199017 Dec 19737/10/85

Ghana7/9/2000Ghana9/7/00Ghana1/2/86

Greece6 Oct 1988Greece16 May 1985Greece6/7/83

GrenadaGrenada9/6/91Grenada8/30/90

Guatemala5/1/1990Guatemala19 May 1988Guatemala8/12/82

Guinea10 Oct 1989Guinea1/24/78Guinea8/9/82

Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau7/2/92Guinea-Bissau8/23/85

Guyana19 May 1988Guyana2/15/77Guyana7/17/80

HaitiHaitiHaiti7/20/81

Holy See26/6/2002Holy SeeHoly See

Honduras5 Dec 1996Honduras2/17/81Honduras3 Mar 1983

Hungary15/4/1987Hungary1/17/74Hungary22 Dec 1980

Iceland23 Oct 1996Iceland8/22/79Iceland6/18/85

IndiaIndia4/10/79India7/9/93

Indonesia28 Oct 1998IndonesiaIndonesia9/13/84

Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)6/24/75Iran (Islamic Republic Of)

IraqIraq1/25/71Iraq8/13/86

Ireland11/4/2002Ireland8 Dec 1989Ireland23 Dec 1985

Israel3 Oct 1991Israel3 Oct 1991Israel3 Oct 1991

Italy12/1/1989Italy9/15/78Italy6/10/85

JamaicaJamaica3 Oct 1975Jamaica19 Oct 1984

Japan29/6/1999Japan6/21/79Japan6/25/85

Jordan13/11/1991Jordan28 May 1975Jordan7/1/92

Kazakhstan26/8/1998KazakhstanKazakhstan8/26/98

Kenya21/2/1997Kenya1 May 1972Kenya9 Mar 1984

KiribatiKiribatiKiribati

Kuwait8 Mar 1996Kuwait21 May 1996Kuwait9/2/94

Kyrgyzstan5/9/1997Kyrgyzstan7 Oct 1994Kyrgyzstan2/10/97

Lao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic Republic8/14/81

Latvia14/4/1992Latvia4/14/92Latvia4/14/92

Lebanon5 Oct 2000Lebanon11/3/72Lebanon4/16/97

Lesotho12/11/2001Lesotho9/9/92Lesotho8/22/95

LiberiaLiberiaLiberia7/17/84

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya16 May 1989Libyan Arab Jamahiriya15 May 1970Libyan Arab Jamahiriya16 May 1989

Liechtenstein2/11/1990Liechtenstein10 Dec 1998Liechtenstein22 Dec 1995

Lithuania1/2/1996Lithuania11/20/91Lithuania1/18/94

Luxembourg29/9/1987Luxembourg8/18/83Luxembourg2/2/89

MadagascarMadagascar9/22/71Madagascar17 Mar 1989

Malawi11/6/1996Malawi22 Dec 1993Malawi12 Mar 1987

MalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia7/5/95

MaldivesMaldivesMaldives7/1/93

Mali26/2/1999Mali7/16/74Mali9/10/85

Malta13/9/1990Malta9/13/90Malta8 Mar 1991

Marshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall Islands

MauritaniaMauritaniaMauritania10 May 2001

Mauritius9 Dec 1992Mauritius12 Dec 1973Mauritius7/9/84

Mexico23/1/1986Mexico23 Mar 1981Mexico23 Mar 1981

MicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesia

Monaco6 Dec 1991Monaco8/28/97Monaco

Mongolia24/1/2002Mongolia11/18/74Mongolia7/20/81

Morocco21/6/1993Morocco3 May 1979Morocco6/21/93

Mozambique14/9/1999MozambiqueMozambique4/21/97

MyanmarMyanmarMyanmar7/22/97

Namibia28/11/1994Namibia11/28/94Namibia11/23/92

NauruNauruNauru

Nepal14 May 1991Nepal14 May 1991Nepal4/22/91

21 Dec 1988Netherlands11 Dec 19787/23/91

New Zealand10 Dec 1989New Zealand28 Dec 1978New Zealand1/10/85

NicaraguaNicaragua12 Mar 1980Nicaragua27 Oct 1981

Niger5 Oct 1998Niger7 Mar 1986Niger8 Oct 1999

Nigeria28/6/2001Nigeria7/29/93Nigeria6/13/85

NiueNiueNiue

Norway9/7/1986Norway9/13/72Norway21 May 1981

OmanOmanOman

PakistanPakistanPakistan12 Mar 1996

PalauPalauPalau

Panama24/8/1987Panama8 Mar 1977Panama29 Oct 1981

Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New Guinea1/12/95

Paraguay12 Mar 1990Paraguay6/10/92Paraguay4/6/87

Peru7/7/1988Peru4/28/78Peru9/13/82

Philippines18/6/1986Philippines6/7/74Philippines8/5/81

Poland26/7/1989Poland18 Mar 1977Poland7/30/80

Portugal9/2/1989Portugal7/31/78Portugal7/30/80

Qatar11/1/2000QatarQatar

Republic of Korea9/1/1995Republic of Korea4/10/90Republic of Korea27 Dec 1984

Republic of Moldova28/11/1995Republic of Moldova1/26/93Republic of Moldova7/1/94

Romania18 Dec 1990Romania9 Dec 1974Romania1/7/82

Russian Federation3 Mar 1987Russian Federation16 Oct 1973Russian Federation1/23/81

RwandaRwanda4/16/75Rwanda2 Mar 1981

Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & Nevis4/25/85

Saint LuciaSaint LuciaSaint Lucia8 Oct 1982

Saint Vincent & the Grenadines1/8/2001Saint Vincent & the Grenadines11/9/81Saint Vincent & the Grenadines8/4/81

SamoaSamoaSamoa9/25/92

San MarinoSan Marino18 Oct 1985San Marino

Sao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & Principe6/3/03

Saudi Arabia23/9/1997Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia9/7/00

Senegal21/8/1986Senegal2/13/78Senegal2/5/85

Seychelles5 May 1992Seychelles5 May 1992Seychelles5 May 1992

Sierra Leone25/4/2001Sierra Leone8/23/96Sierra Leone11/11/88

SingaporeSingaporeSingapore5 Oct 1995

Slovakia28 May 1993SlovakiaSlovakia28 May 1993

Slovenia16/7/1993Slovenia7/6/92Slovenia7/6/92

Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands17 Mar 1982Solomon Islands6 May 2002

Somalia24/1/1990Somalia1/24/90Somalia

South Africa10 Dec 1998South AfricaSouth Africa15 Dec 1995

Spain21 Oct 1987Spain4/27/77Spain1/5/84

Sri Lanka3/1/1994Sri Lanka6/11/80Sri Lanka5 Oct 1981

SudanSudan18 Mar 1986Sudan

SurinameSuriname28 Dec 1976Suriname1 Mar 1993

SwazilandSwazilandSwaziland

Sweden8/1/1986Sweden6 Dec 1971Sweden7/2/80

Switzerland2 Dec 1986Switzerland6/18/92Switzerland27 Mar 1997

Syrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab Republic4/21/69Syrian Arab Republic28 Mar 2003

Tajikistan11/1/1995Tajikistan1/4/99Tajikistan26 Oct 1993

ThailandThailand9/5/99Thailand8/9/85

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia12 Dec 1994The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1/18/94The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1/18/94

Timor-Leste16/4/2003Timor-Leste4/16/03Timor-Leste4/16/03

Togo18/11/1987Togo24 May 1984Togo9/26/83

TongaTongaTonga

Trinidad & TobagoTrinidad & Tobago8 Dec 1978Trinidad & Tobago1/12/90

Tunisia23/9/1988Tunisia18 Mar 1969Tunisia9/20/85

Turkey2/8/1988Turkey9/23/03Turkey20 Dec 1985

Turkmenistan25/6/1999Turkmenistan1 May 1997Turkmenistan1 May 1997

TuvaluTuvaluTuvalu6 Oct 1999

Uganda3/11/1986Uganda1/21/87Uganda7/22/85

Ukraine24/2/1987Ukraine11/12/73Ukraine12 Mar 1981

United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates

United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland8 Dec 1988United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland20 May 19764/7/86

United Republic of TanzaniaUnited Republic of Tanzania6/11/76United Republic of Tanzania8/20/85

United States of America21 Oct 1994United States of AmericaUnited States of America

Uruguay24 Oct 1986Uruguay4/1/70Uruguay9 Oct 1981

Uzbekistan28/9/1995Uzbekistan9/28/95Uzbekistan7/19/95

VanuatuVanuatuVanuatu9/8/95

Venezuela29/7/1991Venezuela10 May 1978Venezuela2 May 1983

Viet NamViet Nam9/24/82Viet Nam2/17/82

Yemen5/11/1991YemenYemen

Zambia7 Oct 1998Zambia4/10/84Zambia6/21/85

ZimbabweZimbabwe13 May 1991Zimbabwe13 May 1991



Diagramm1

154

151

169

175

144

195

191

CESCR = Sozialpakt; CCPR = Zivilpakt; CERD = Konvention gegen Rassendiskriminierung; CEDAW = Konvention gegen Diskriminierung der Frau; CAT = Anti-Folter-Konvention; CRC = Kinderrechtskonvention

Zahl der aktuellen Vertragsstaaten der bestehenden UN-Menschenrechtskonventionen

Tabelle1

Konvention

CESCRCCPRCERDCEDAWCATCRCAnzahl aller UN-Mitgliedstaaten

Vertragsparteien (meist mit Ratifizierung)154151169175144195191

Tabelle2

Diagramm3

Jahr1Jahr1

1967219672

1968719684

19691019695

19701419707

19711919719

197225197211

197330197311

197436197411

197541197514

197646197615

197758197720

197863197821

1979661124

1980713226

1981754427

1982805230

1983836333

3858335

18889037

31919339

41929442

50949947

579810350

6610511058

7311912065

8212913073

8813413879

9513715186

10313915488

10714116192

11414316393

121146165954

12914916610135

13515116810555

142152170010978

1441541752210986

Parteien CAT

Parteien CESCR

Parteien CEDAW

Parteien CAT OPT

Parteien CCPR OPT

Parteien CEDAW OPT

Vertragsparteien

"Normenkaskade": Vertragsparteien von 3 Konventionen sowie Zusatzprotokollen pro Jahr

Tabelle3

CATCESCRCEDAWCEDAW OPTCAT OPTCCPR OPTJahrCATParteien CATCESCRParteien CESCRCEDAWParteien CEDAWCEDAW OPTParteien CEDAW OPTCAT OPTParteien CAT OPTCCPRParteien CCPR OPTCEDAW OPTParteien CEDAW OPTCEDAW OPT

CountryCountryCountryCountryCountryCountry19671111Country

19681212

Afghanistan1/4/1987Afghanistan1/24/83Afghanistan5 Mar 2003AfghanistanAfghanistanAfghanistan19695724Afghanistan

197031015

Albania11 May 1994Albania4 Oct 1991Albania11 May 1994Albania6/23/03Albania01 Oct 2003Albania197141427Albania6/23/03

197251929

Algeria12/9/1989Algeria9/12/89Algeria22 May 1996AlgeriaAlgeriaAlgeria9/12/891973625211Algeria

1974530011

AndorraAndorraAndorra1/15/97Andorra14 Oct 2002AndorraAndorra1975636011Andorra14 Oct 2002

1976541314

AngolaAngola1/10/92Angola9/17/86AngolaAngolaAngola1/10/921977546115Angola

19781258520

Antigua & Barbuda19/7/1993Antigua & BarbudaAntigua & Barbuda1 Aug 1989Antigua & BarbudaAntigua & BarbudaAntigua & Barbuda1979563121Antigua & Barbuda

19803661111324

Argentina24/9/1986Argentina8/8/86Argentina7/15/85ArgentinaArgentinaArgentina8/8/8619815712132226Argentina

19824751244127

Armenia13/9/1993Armenia9/13/93Armenia9/13/93ArmeniaArmeniaArmenia6/23/931983580852330Armenia

19843831163333

Australia8/8/1989Australia10 Dec 1975Australia7/28/83AustraliaAustraliaAustralia9/25/911985332852083235Australia

19861518388790237

Austria29/7/1987Austria9/10/78Austria31 Mar 1982Austria9/6/00AustriaAustria10 Dec 198719871331391393239Austria9/6/00

19881041192194342

Azerbaijan16/8/1996Azerbaijan8/13/92Azerbaijan7/10/95Azerbaijan6/1/01AzerbaijanAzerbaijan11/27/011989950294599547Azerbaijan6/1/01

19907574984103350

BahamasBahamasBahamas8 Oct 1993BahamasBahamasBahamas199196671057110858Bahamas

19927731411910120765

Bahrain6 Mar 1998BahrainBahrain6/18/02BahrainBahrainBahrain19939821012910130873Bahrain

199468851348138679

Bangladesh5 Oct 1998Bangladesh5 Oct 1998Bangladesh11/6/84Bangladesh9/6/00BangladeshBangladesh1995795313713151786Bangladesh9/6/00

1996810321393154288

BarbadosBarbados1/5/73Barbados16 Oct 1980BarbadosBarbadosBarbados1/5/731997410721417161492Barbados

1998711421432163193

Belarus13 Mar 1987Belarus11/12/73Belarus2/4/81BelarusBelarusBelarus9/30/9219997121314621651129544Belarus

2000812931491166313261013135

Belgium25/6/1999Belgium4/21/83Belgium7/10/85BelgiumBelgiumBelgium17 May 19942001613521512168205241052055Belgium

20027142115221702375041092378

Belize17 Mar 1986BelizeBelize16 May 1990Belize9 Dec 2002BelizeBelize200321442154517588322220109886Belize9 Dec 2002

Benin12 Mar 1992Benin12 Mar 1992Benin12 Mar 1992BeninBeninBenin12 Mar 1992Benin

BhutanBhutanBhutan8/31/81BhutanBhutanBhutanBhutan

Bolivia12/4/1999Bolivia8/12/82Bolivia6/8/90Bolivia9/27/00BoliviaBolivia8/12/82Bolivia9/27/00

Bosnia & Herzegovina1/9/1993Bosnia & Herzegovina9/1/93Bosnia & Herzegovina9/1/93Bosnia & Herzegovina9/4/02Bosnia & HerzegovinaBosnia & Herzegovina1 Mar 1995Bosnia & Herzegovina9/4/02

Botswana8/9/2000BotswanaBotswana8/13/96BotswanaBotswanaBotswanaBotswana

Brazil28/9/1989Brazil1/24/92Brazil2/1/84Brazil6/28/02BrazilBrazilBrazil6/28/02

Brunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam

Bulgaria16 Dec 1986Bulgaria9/21/70Bulgaria2/8/82BulgariaBulgariaBulgaria26 Mar 1992Bulgaria

Burkina Faso4/1/1999Burkina Faso1/4/99Burkina Faso14 Oct 1987Burkina FasoBurkina FasoBurkina Faso1/4/99Burkina Faso

Burundi18/2/1993Burundi9 May 1990Burundi1/8/92BurundiBurundiBurundiBurundi

Cambodia15 Oct 1992Cambodia26 May 1992Cambodia15 Oct 1992CambodiaCambodiaCambodiaCambodia

Cameroon19 Dec 1986Cameroon6/27/84Cameroon8/23/94CameroonCameroonCameroon6/27/84Cameroon

Canada24/6/1987Canada19 May 1976Canada10 Dec 1981Canada18 Oct 2002CanadaCanada19 May 1976Canada18 Oct 2002

Cape Verde4/6/1992Cape Verde8/6/93Cape Verde5 Dec 1980Cape VerdeCape VerdeCape Verde19 May 2000Cape Verde

Central African RepublicCentral African Republic8 May 1981Central African Republic6/21/91Central African RepublicCentral African RepublicCentral African Republic8 May 1981Central African Republic

Chad9/6/1995Chad6/9/95Chad6/9/95ChadChadChad6/9/95Chad

Chile30/9/1988Chile2/10/72Chile7 Dec 1989ChileChileChile28 May 1992Chile

China4 Oct 1988ChinaChina11/4/80ChinaChinaChinaChina

Colombia8 Dec 1987Colombia29 Oct 1969Colombia1/19/82ColombiaColombiaColombia29 Oct 1969Colombia

ComorosComorosComoros31 Oct 1994ComorosComorosComorosComoros

Congo30/7/2003Congo5 Oct 1983Congo7/26/82CongoCongoCongo5 Oct 1983Congo

Cook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook IslandsCook Islands

Costa Rica11/11/1993Costa Rica11/29/68Costa Rica4/4/86Costa Rica9/20/01Costa RicaCosta Rica11/29/68Costa Rica9/20/01

Cte d'Ivoire18 Dec 1995Cte d'Ivoire26 Mar 1992Cte d'Ivoire18 Dec 1995Cte d'IvoireCte D'IvoireCte d'Ivoire5 Mar 1997Cte d'Ivoire

Croatia12 Oct 1992Croatia12 Oct 1992Croatia9/9/92Croatia7 Mar 2001CroatiaCroatia12 Oct 1995Croatia7 Mar 2001

Cuba17 May 1995CubaCuba7/17/80CubaCubaCubaCuba

Cyprus18/7/1991Cyprus4/2/69Cyprus7/23/85Cyprus4/26/02CyprusCyprus4/15/92Cyprus4/26/02

Czech Republic22/2/1993Czech Republic2/22/93Czech Republic2/22/93Czech Republic2/26/01Czech RepublicCzech Republic2/22/93Czech Republic2/26/01

Democratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of Korea9/14/81Democratic People's Republic of Korea2/27/01Democratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of Korea

Democratic Republic of the Congo18 Mar 1996Democratic Republic of the Congo11/1/76Democratic Republic of the Congo17 Oct 1986Democratic Republic of the CongoDemocratic Republic of the CongoDemocratic Republic of the Congo11/1/76Democratic Republic of the Congo

Denmark27 May 1987Denmark1/6/72Denmark4/21/83Denmark31 May 2000DenmarkDenmark1/6/72Denmark31 May 2000

Djibouti5/11/2002Djibouti11/5/02Djibouti2 Dec 1998DjiboutiDjiboutiDjibouti11/5/02Djibouti

DominicaDominica6/17/93Dominica9/15/80DominicaDominicaDominicaDominica

Dominican RepublicDominican Republic1/4/78Dominican Republic9/2/82Dominican Republic8/10/01Dominican RepublicDominican Republic1/4/78Dominican Republic8/10/01

Ecuador30 Mar 1988Ecuador6 Mar 1969Ecuador11/9/81Ecuador2/5/02EcuadorEcuador6 Mar 1969Ecuador2/5/02

Egypt25/6/1986Egypt1/14/82Egypt9/18/81EgyptEgyptEgyptEgypt

El Salvador17/6/1996El Salvador11/30/79El Salvador8/19/81El SalvadorEl SalvadorEl Salvador6/6/95El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea8 Oct 2002Equatorial Guinea9/25/87Equatorial Guinea23 Oct 1984Equatorial GuineaEquatorial GuineaEquatorial Guinea9/25/87Equatorial Guinea

EritreaEritrea4/17/01Eritrea9/5/95EritreaEritreaEritreaEritrea

Estonia21 Oct 1991Estonia21 Oct 1991Estonia21 Oct 1991EstoniaEstoniaEstonia21 Oct 1991Estonia

Ethiopia14 Mar 1994Ethiopia6/11/93Ethiopia9/10/81EthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopiaEthiopia

FijiFijiFiji8/28/95FijiFijiFijiFiji

Finland30/8/1989Finland8/19/75Finland9/4/86Finland29 Dec 2000FinlandFinland8/19/75Finland29 Dec 2000

France18/2/1986France11/4/80France14 Dec 1983France6/9/00FranceFrance2/17/84France6/9/00

Gabon8/9/2000Gabon1/21/83Gabon1/21/83GabonGabonGabonGabon

GambiaGambia29 Dec 1978Gambia4/16/93GambiaGambiaGambia6/9/88Gambia

Georgia26 Oct 1994Georgia3 May 1994Georgia26 Oct 1994Georgia8/1/02GeorgiaGeorgia3 May 1994Georgia8/1/02

1 Oct 199017 Dec 19737/10/851/15/02GermanyGermany8/25/931/15/02

Ghana7/9/2000Ghana9/7/00Ghana1/2/86GhanaGhanaGhana9/7/00Ghana

Greece6 Oct 1988Greece16 May 1985Greece6/7/83Greece1/24/02GreeceGreece5 May 1997Greece1/24/02

GrenadaGrenada9/6/91Grenada8/30/90GrenadaGrenadaGrenadaGrenada

Guatemala5/1/1990Guatemala19 May 1988Guatemala8/12/82Guatemala9 May 2002GuatemalaGuatemala11/28/00Guatemala9 May 2002

Guinea10 Oct 1989Guinea1/24/78Guinea8/9/82GuineaGuineaGuinea6/17/93Guinea

Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau7/2/92Guinea-Bissau8/23/85Guinea-BissauGuinea-BissauGuinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau

Guyana19 May 1988Guyana2/15/77Guyana7/17/80GuyanaGuyanaGuyana10 May 1993Guyana

HaitiHaitiHaiti7/20/81HaitiHaitiHaitiHaiti

Holy See26/6/2002Holy SeeHoly SeeHoly SeeHoly SeeHoly SeeHoly See

Honduras5 Dec 1996Honduras2/17/81Honduras3 Mar 1983HondurasHondurasHondurasHonduras

Hungary15/4/1987Hungary1/17/74Hungary22 Dec 1980Hungary22 Dec 2000HungaryHungary9/7/88Hungary22 Dec 2000

Iceland23 Oct 1996Iceland8/22/79Iceland6/18/85Iceland6 Mar 2001IcelandIceland8/22/79Iceland6 Mar 2001

IndiaIndia4/10/79India7/9/93IndiaIndiaIndiaIndia

Indonesia28 Oct 1998IndonesiaIndonesia9/13/84IndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesiaIndonesia

Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)6/24/75Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)Iran (Islamic Republic Of)

IraqIraq1/25/71Iraq8/13/86IraqIraqIraqIraq

Ireland11/4/2002Ireland8 Dec 1989Ireland23 Dec 1985Ireland9/7/00IrelandIreland8 Dec 1989Ireland9/7/00

Israel3 Oct 1991Israel3 Oct 1991Israel3 Oct 1991IsraelIsraelIsraelIsrael

Italy12/1/1989Italy9/15/78Italy6/10/85Italy9/22/00ItalyItaly9/15/78Italy9/22/00

JamaicaJamaica3 Oct 1975Jamaica19 Oct 1984JamaicaJamaicaJamaica3 Oct 1975Jamaica

Japan29/6/1999Japan6/21/79Japan6/25/85JapanJapanJapanJapan

Jordan13/11/1991Jordan28 May 1975Jordan7/1/92JordanJordanJordanJordan

Kazakhstan26/8/1998KazakhstanKazakhstan8/26/98Kazakhstan8/24/01KazakhstanKazakhstanKazakhstan8/24/01

Kenya21/2/1997Kenya1 May 1972Kenya9 Mar 1984KenyaKenyaKenyaKenya

KiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribatiKiribati

Kuwait8 Mar 1996Kuwait21 May 1996Kuwait9/2/94KuwaitKuwaitKuwaitKuwait

Kyrgyzstan5/9/1997Kyrgyzstan7 Oct 1994Kyrgyzstan2/10/97Kyrgyzstan7/22/02KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan7 Oct 1994Kyrgyzstan7/22/02

Lao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic Republic8/14/81Lao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic RepublicLao Peoples Democratic Republic

Latvia14/4/1992Latvia4/14/92Latvia4/14/92LatviaLatviaLatvia6/22/94Latvia

Lebanon5 Oct 2000Lebanon11/3/72Lebanon4/16/97LebanonLebanonLebanonLebanon

Lesotho12/11/2001Lesotho9/9/92Lesotho8/22/95LesothoLesothoLesotho9/6/00Lesotho

LiberiaLiberiaLiberia7/17/84LiberiaLiberiaLiberiaLiberia

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya16 May 1989Libyan Arab Jamahiriya15 May 1970Libyan Arab Jamahiriya16 May 1989Libyan Arab JamahiriyaLibyan Arab JamahiriyaLibyan Arab Jamahiriya16 May 1989Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Liechtenstein2/11/1990Liechtenstein10 Dec 1998Liechtenstein22 Dec 1995Liechtenstein24 Oct 2001LiechtensteinLiechtenstein10 Dec 1998Liechtenstein24 Oct 2001

Lithuania1/2/1996Lithuania11/20/91Lithuania1/18/94LithuaniaLithuaniaLithuania11/20/91Lithuania

Luxembourg29/9/1987Luxembourg8/18/83Luxembourg2/2/89Luxembourg7/1/03LuxembourgLuxembourg8/18/83Luxembourg7/1/03

MadagascarMadagascar9/22/71Madagascar17 Mar 1989MadagascarMadagascarMadagascar6/21/71Madagascar

Malawi11/6/1996Malawi22 Dec 1993Malawi12 Mar 1987MalawiMalawiMalawi6/11/96Malawi

MalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia7/5/95MalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysiaMalaysia

MaldivesMaldivesMaldives7/1/93MaldivesMaldivesMaldivesMaldives

Mali26/2/1999Mali7/16/74Mali9/10/85Mali5 Dec 2000MaliMali24 Oct 2001Mali5 Dec 2000

Malta13/9/1990Malta9/13/90Malta8 Mar 1991MaltaMalta24-Sep-03Malta9/13/90Malta

Marshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall IslandsMarshall Islands

MauritaniaMauritaniaMauritania10 May 2001MauritaniaMauritaniaMauritaniaMauritania

Mauritius9 Dec 1992Mauritius12 Dec 1973Mauritius7/9/84MauritiusMauritiusMauritius12 Dec 1973Mauritius

Mexico23/1/1986Mexico23 Mar 1981Mexico23 Mar 1981Mexico15 Mar 2002MexicoMexico15 Mar 2002Mexico15 Mar 2002

MicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesiaMicronesia

Monaco6 Dec 1991Monaco8/28/97MonacoMonacoMonacoMonacoMonaco

Mongolia24/1/2002Mongolia11/18/74Mongolia7/20/81Mongolia28 Mar 2002MongoliaMongolia4/16/91Mongolia28 Mar 2002

Morocco21/6/1993Morocco3 May 1979Morocco6/21/93MoroccoMoroccoMoroccoMorocco

Mozambique14/9/1999MozambiqueMozambique4/21/97MozambiqueMozambiqueMozambiqueMozambique

MyanmarMyanmarMyanmar7/22/97MyanmarMyanmarMyanmarMyanmar

Namibia28/11/1994Namibia11/28/94Namibia11/23/92Namibia26 May 2000NamibiaNamibia11/28/94Namibia26 May 2000

NauruNauruNauruNauruNauruNauruNauru

Nepal14 May 1991Nepal14 May 1991Nepal4/22/91NepalNepalNepal14 May 1991Nepal

21 Dec 1988Netherlands11 Dec 19787/23/9122 May 2002NetherlandsNetherlands11 Dec 197822 May 2002

New Zealand10 Dec 1989New Zealand28 Dec 1978New Zealand1/10/85New Zealand9/7/00New ZealandNew Zealand26 May 1989New Zealand9/7/00

NicaraguaNicaragua12 Mar 1980Nicaragua27 Oct 1981NicaraguaNicaraguaNicaragua12 Mar 1980Nicaragua

Niger5 Oct 1998Niger7 Mar 1986Niger8 Oct 1999NigerNigerNiger7 Mar 1986Niger

Nigeria28/6/2001Nigeria7/29/93Nigeria6/13/85NigeriaNigeriaNigeriaNigeria

NiueNiueNiueNiueNiueNiueNiue

Norway9/7/1986Norway9/13/72Norway21 May 1981Norway5 Mar 2002NorwayNorway9/13/72Norway5 Mar 2002

OmanOmanOmanOmanOmanOmanOman

PakistanPakistanPakistan12 Mar 1996PakistanPakistanPakistanPakistan

PalauPalauPalauPalauPalauPalauPalau

Panama24/8/1987Panama8 Mar 1977Panama29 Oct 1981Panama9 May 2001PanamaPanama8 Mar 1977Panama9 May 2001

Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New Guinea1/12/95Papua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New GuineaPapua New Guinea

Paraguay12 Mar 1990Paraguay6/10/92Paraguay4/6/87Paraguay14 May 2001ParaguayParaguay1/10/95Paraguay14 May 2001

Peru7/7/1988Peru4/28/78Peru9/13/82Peru4/9/01PeruPeru3 Oct 1980Peru4/9/01

Philippines18/6/1986Philippines6/7/74Philippines8/5/81PhilippinesPhilippinesPhilippines8/22/89Philippines

Poland26/7/1989Poland18 Mar 1977Poland7/30/80PolandPolandPoland11/7/91Poland

Portugal9/2/1989Portugal7/31/78Portugal7/30/80Portugal4/26/02PortugalPortugal3 May 1983Portugal4/26/02

Qatar11/1/2000QatarQatarQatarQatarQatarQatar

Republic of Korea9/1/1995Republic of Korea4/10/90Republic of Korea27 Dec 1984Republic of KoreaRepublic of KoreaRepublic of Korea4/10/90Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova28/11/1995Republic of Moldova1/26/93Republic of Moldova7/1/94Republic of MoldovaRepublic of MoldovaRepublic of MoldovaRepublic of Moldova

Romania18 Dec 1990Romania9 Dec 1974Romania1/7/82Romania8/25/03RomaniaRomania7/20/93Romania8/25/03

Russian Federation3 Mar 1987Russian Federation16 Oct 1973Russian Federation1/23/81Russian FederationRussian FederationRussian Federation1 Oct 1991Russian Federation

RwandaRwanda4/16/75Rwanda2 Mar 1981RwandaRwandaRwandaRwanda

Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & Nevis4/25/85Saint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & NevisSaint Kitts & Nevis

Saint LuciaSaint LuciaSaint Lucia8 Oct 1982Saint LuciaSaint LuciaSaint LuciaSaint Lucia

Saint Vincent & the Grenadines1/8/2001Saint Vincent & the Grenadines11/9/81Saint Vincent & the Grenadines8/4/81Saint Vincent & the GrenadinesSaint Vincent & the GrenadinesSaint Vincent & the Grenadines11/9/81Saint Vincent & the Grenadines

SamoaSamoaSamoa9/25/92SamoaSamoaSamoaSamoa

San MarinoSan Marino18 Oct 1985San MarinoSan MarinoSan MarinoSan Marino18 Oct 1985San Marino

Sao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & Principe6/3/03Sao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & PrincipeSao Tome & Principe

Saudi Arabia23/9/1997Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia9/7/00Saudi ArabiaSaudi ArabiaSaudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia

Senegal21/8/1986Senegal2/13/78Senegal2/5/85Senegal26 May 2000SenegalSenegal2/13/78Senegal26 May 2000

7/31/039/6/017/31/03

Seychelles5 May 1992Seychelles5 May 1992Seychelles5 May 1992SeychellesSeychellesSeychelles5 May 1992Seychelles

Sierra Leone25/4/2001Sierra Leone8/23/96Sierra Leone11/11/88Sierra LeoneSierra LeoneSierra Leone8/23/96Sierra Leone

SingaporeSingaporeSingapore5 Oct 1995SingaporeSingaporeSingaporeSingapore

Slovakia28 May 1993SlovakiaSlovakia28 May 1993Slovakia11/17/00SlovakiaSlovakia28 May 1993Slovakia11/17/00

Slovenia16/7/1993Slovenia7/6/92Slovenia7/6/92SloveniaSloveniaSlovenia7/16/93Slovenia

Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands17 Mar 1982Solomon Islands6 May 2002Solomon Islands6 May 2002Solomon IslandsSolomon IslandsSolomon Islands6 May 2002

Somalia24/1/1990Somalia1/24/90SomaliaSomaliaSomaliaSomalia1/24/90Somalia

South Africa10 Dec 1998South AfricaSouth Africa15 Dec 1995South AfricaSouth AfricaSouth Africa8/28/02South Africa

Spain21 Oct 1987Spain4/27/77Spain1/5/84Spain7/6/01SpainSpain1/25/85Spain7/6/01

Sri Lanka3/1/1994Sri Lanka6/11/80Sri Lanka5 Oct 1981Sri Lanka15 Oct 2002Sri LankaSri Lanka3 Oct 1997Sri Lanka15 Oct 2002

SudanSudan18 Mar 1986SudanSudanSudanSudanSudan

SurinameSuriname28 Dec 1976Suriname1 Mar 1993SurinameSurinameSuriname28 Dec 1976Suriname

SwazilandSwazilandSwazilandSwazilandSwazilandSwazilandSwaziland

Sweden8/1/1986Sweden6 Dec 1971Sweden7/2/80Sweden4/24/03SwedenSweden6 Dec 1971Sweden4/24/03

Switzerland2 Dec 1986Switzerland6/18/92Switzerland27 Mar 1997SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland

Syrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab Republic4/21/69Syrian Arab Republic28 Mar 2003Syrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab RepublicSyrian Arab Republic

Tajikistan11/1/1995Tajikistan1/4/99Tajikistan26 Oct 1993TajikistanTajikistanTajikistan1/4/99Tajikistan

ThailandThailand9/5/99Thailand8/9/85Thailand6/14/00ThailandThailandThailand6/14/00

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia12 Dec 1994The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1/18/94The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1/18/94The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia17 Oct 2003The Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaThe Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia12 Dec 1994The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia17 Oct 2003

Timor-Leste16/4/2003Timor-Leste4/16/03Timor-Leste4/16/03Timor-Leste4/16/03Timor-LesteTimor-LesteTimor-Leste4/16/03

Togo18/11/1987Togo24 May 1984Togo9/26/83TogoTogoTogo30 Mar 1988Togo

TongaTongaTongaTongaTongaTongaTonga

Trinidad & TobagoTrinidad & Tobago8 Dec 1978Trinidad & Tobago1/12/90Trinidad & TobagoTrinidad & TobagoTrinidad & Tobago11/14/80Trinidad & Tobago

Tunisia23/9/1988Tunisia18 Mar 1969Tunisia9/20/85TunisiaTunisiaTunisiaTunisia

Turkey2/8/1988Turkey9/23/03Turkey20 Dec 1985Turkey29 Oct 2002TurkeyTurkeyTurkey29 Oct 2002

Turkmenistan25/6/1999Turkmenistan1 May 1997Turkmenistan1 May 1997TurkmenistanTurkmenistanTurkmenistan1 May 1997Turkmenistan

TuvaluTuvaluTuvalu6 Oct 1999TuvaluTuvaluTuvaluTuvalu

Uganda3/11/1986Uganda1/21/87Uganda7/22/85UgandaUgandaUganda11/14/95Uganda

Ukraine24/2/1987Ukraine11/12/73Ukraine12 Mar 1981Ukraine9/26/03UkraineUkraine7/25/91Ukraine9/26/03

United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates

United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland8 Dec 1988United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland20 May 19764/7/86United Kingdom of Great Britain & N. IrelandUnited Kingdom of Great Britain & N. Ireland

United Republic of TanzaniaUnited Republic of Tanzania6/11/76United Republic of Tanzania8/20/85United Republic of TanzaniaUnited Republic of TanzaniaUnited Republic of TanzaniaUnited Republic of Tanzania

United States of America21 Oct 1994United States of AmericaUnited States of AmericaUnited States of AmericaUnited States of AmericaUnited States of AmericaUnited States of America

Uruguay24 Oct 1986Uruguay4/1/70Uruguay9 Oct 1981Uruguay7/26/01UruguayUruguay4/1/70Uruguay7/26/01

Uzbekistan28/9/1995Uzbekistan9/28/95Uzbekistan7/19/95UzbekistanUzbekistanUzbekistan9/28/95Uzbekistan

VanuatuVanuatuVanuatu9/8/95VanuatuVanuatuVanuatuVanuatu

Venezuela29/7/1991Venezuela10 May 1978Venezuela2 May 1983Venezuela13 May 2002VenezuelaVenezuela10 May 1978Venezuela13 May 2002

Viet NamViet Nam9/24/82Viet Nam2/17/82Viet NamViet NamViet NamViet Nam

Yemen5/11/1991YemenYemenYemenYemenYemenYemen

Zambia7 Oct 1998Zambia4/10/84Zambia6/21/85ZambiaZambiaZambia4/10/84Zambia

ZimbabweZimbabwe13 May 1991Zimbabwe13 May 1991ZimbabweZimbabweZimbabweZimbabwe

Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenAber: Kluft zwischen Normanerkennung und Normeinhaltungz.B. 2002 in 106 Staaten wurde immer noch gefoltert in 43 Staaten fanden extralegale Hinrichtungen statt in 34 Staaten wurden Menschen wegen der friedlichen Ausbung ihrer Menschenrechte verhaftet


Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenAnstze zur Erklrung des Puzzles

Realismus:Interessendurchsetzung hegemonialer Staaten(Aber: Warum scheren den Hegemon die Menschenrechte?)

Neoliberaler Institutionalismus:Internationale Institutionen (berwachungs- und Sanktionsmechanismen)Aber: Menschenrechte als Kooperationsproblem?


Einfhrung in die Internationalen BeziehungenRationalistischer Liberalismus:Modernisierungseffekt: Wirtschaftswachstum Demokratisierung

Konstruktivistischer Liberalismus:Transnationale Netzwerke und Bumerang-Effekt




The Boomerang Effect

_1136726958.doc

Global human rights polity

Human rights

INGOs

Western powers

Human rights regimes

Internat. Orgs.

government

Domestic opposition

NGOs

State X

Rechte, die der Mensch unabhngig von seiner Geburt, seinem Alter, seinem Geschlecht, seinen berzeugungen, seiner ethnischen oder sozialen Zugehrigkeit, seinem sozialen Status, seiner Staatsbrgerschaft oder anderen Verhltnissen hat

Liberale Abwehrrechte modernen Staatlichkeit: Grenzziehung zwischen ffentlich und Privatgegen den absoluten Staat -> Rechtsstaat

2) Teilhaberechte Privater in der ffentlichen Sphere Demokratisierung des Staates3) Entwicklung, Frieden, Umweltschutz aktive Schutzpflicht des ffentlichen gegenber den Privaten (Chancengleichheit; Gleichheit der Ausgangsbedingungen bzw. Verteilungsgerechtigkeit; Gleichheit im Endzustand). ABER keine wirkliche VerankerungWohlfahrts- bzw. InterventionsstaatProblem: Vlkerrecht: Staaten als einzige Trger von Rechten und Pflichten zwischenstaatliches RechtABER Universalittsanspruch der Menschenrechte Universalisierbarkeit der Menschenrechte (asiatische Werte?) Menschenrechte versus nationale Souvernitt und die Nicht-Einmischung in die inneren Angelegenheiten Brgerliche Freiheitsrechte vs. sozial-konomische Rechte (1. vs. 3. Dritte Welt)

Sklavereiverbot Ende 18. Jh. Transnationale Kampagne gegen den int. Sklavenhandel Anti-Slavery Society als frhe INGOHumanitres KriegsVR IRK (Henri Dunant)

UN Charta: Kompetenz, sich mit MR Fragen zu beschftigen, obwohl MR = Individualrechte ABER unklar, worin Kern der universalen MR besteht Einrichtung der UN-MRKOM: unfassenden Katalog der MR vorzulegenAllg. Erklrung der MR: alle drei Dimensionen, aber unverbindlichUN Pakte: Zivilpakt (Abwehr und pol. Teilhabe gegen die 2. Welt); Sozialpakt (wirt,, soz, kulturelle Rechte fr die 3. Welt) Grundlage aller universaler MR Normierungen

Dichte: Quantitt + Przision und RobustheitRatifikationen: Folien ABER: Ratifikation der Protokolle entscheidend, und da sieht die Ratifikation anders aus.berwachungsinstrumentarien: Quantitt (Kommissionen, Protokolle) + Verbreiterung der Klagemglichkeiten Individualklage

ABER: Ratifizierung nicht gleich Normeinhaltungalle Daten stammen von der Homepage www.bayefsky.com - eine Internet-Datenbank fr Recherche in UN-Rechtsquellen; URL: http://www.bayefsky.com/docs.php/area/ratif/node/1

CAT: Anti-FolterCESR: SozialpaktCEDAW: FrauenCCPR: ZivilpaktZusatzprotokolle: fr den CESCR gibt es keines, dafr habe ich das vom CCPR eingegeben, weil CESCR und CCPR Bestandteil ein und desselben Paktes waren - und jedenfalls ist die Trendlinie vom CCPR die einzige, die das Ursprungsverdacht besttigt.die Daten stammen von der Homepage www.bayefsky.com - eine Internet-Datenbank fr Recherche in UN-Rechtsquellen; URL: http://www.bayefsky.com/docs.php/area/ratif/node/1

Dichte: Quantitt + Przision und RobustheitRatifikationen: Folien ABER: Ratifikation der Protokolle entscheidend, und da sieht die Ratifikation anders aus.berwachungsinstrumentarien: Quantitt (Kommissionen, Protokolle) + Verbreiterung der Klagemglichkeiten Individualklage

ABER: Ratifizierung nicht gleich Normeinhaltung- Im Jahr 2002 gab es in mindestens 34 Staaten gewaltlose politische Gefangene, die ausschlielich wegen der friedlichen Ausbung ihrer grundlegenden Menschenrechte inhaftiert wurden

- In 106 Staaten wurden Menschen whrend ihrer Haft von Sicherheitskrften, Polizeibeamten oder anderen Staatsangestellten gefoltert oder misshandelt, viele starben an den Folgen der Folter oder den unmenschlichen Haftbedingungen

- In 54 Staaten waren im vergangenen Jahr Menschen willkrlich oder ohne Anklage und Verfahren in Haft

- In mindestens 42 Staaten der Welt wurden Menschen Opfer extralegaler Hinrichtungen

- Die Schicksale von z.T. seit den 70er-Jahren "verschwundenen" Menschen in mindestens 33 Lndern sind bis heute unaufgeklrt

Quelle: ai, Sektion Deutschland; URL: http://www2.amnesty.de/internet/aiallgem.nsf/7ea17bce3e650670c1256aa70051edb7/6ff6c7d22235ab65c12568fe0037beb1?OpenDocument

Documents

Einführung in die Internationalen Beziehungen