Experimental investigation of effects of partial shading and faults …lejpt.academicdirect.org/A31/183_200.pdf · 2018-01-02 · Experimental investigation of effects of partial

Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies

ISSN 1583-1078

Issue 31, July- December 2017

p. 183-200

183

Engineering, Environment

Experimental investigation of effects of partial shading and faults on

photovoltaic modules performances

Amor FEZZANI1*, Idriss HADJ MAHAMMED1, Said DRID2, Layachi ZAGHBA1,

Abdelhak BOUCHAKOUR1, Messaouda KHENNANE BENBITOUR1

1 Unité de Recherche Appliquée en Energies Renouvelables, URAER, Centre de

Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, 47133, Ghardaïa, Alegria 2LSPIE, Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Batna, Algeria

E-mail(s): [email protected]; [email protected] * Corresponding author, phone: 00213 664056302, fax: 00213 29870146

Received: July 18, 2017/ Accepted: December 01, 2017 / Published: December 30, 2017

Abstract

Temperature, solar insolation, shading and faults affect the performance of the

photovoltaic array. Often, the PV arrays get shadowed, completely or partially, by the

passing clouds neigh boring buildings, towers or by trees, and other utilities. The

situation is of a interest in a case of the large PV power plants. In the case of the

shading the characteristics of the PV module are more complex with the several peak

values. Under such conditions, it is very difficult to determine the maximum power

point (MPP). MATLAB-programmed modelling and simulation of photovoltaic

module is presented here, by focusing on the effects of partial shading on the output of

the photovoltaic (PV) module and Faults Bypass Diode. The proposed models

facilitate simulating the dynamic performances of PV-based power systems and have

been validated by means of simulation study. The southern part of Algeria, where the

experimental system is mounted, is particularly well appropriate to photovoltaic

systems. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model, experiments have been

conducted to compare the experimental and simulated current-voltage (I-V) and

power-voltage (P-V) curves of a PV system under some predefined partial shading and

faults bypass diode, using different PV technologies such as mono-crystalline and

multi-crystalline.

Keywords

Photovoltaic module (PV); MATLAB; Partial shading; Faults Bypass Diode

Experimental investigation of effects of partial shading and faults on photovoltaic modules performances

Amor FEZZANI, Idriss HADJ MAHAMMED, Said DRID, Layachi ZAGHBA, Abdelhak BOUCHAKOUR,

Messaouda KHENNANE BENBITOUR

184

Introduction

The photovoltaic system has attracted much attention due to the oil and environment

pollution in recent years [1-3]. Its merits are: inexhaustible; pollution-free; abundant; silent

and with no rotating parts and size-independent electricity conversion efficiently. The main

drawback is that: Form an operational point of the view, a photovoltaic array experiences

large variation of its output power under intermittent weather conditions. These phenomena

may cause operational problems at a central control centre in a power utility, such as

excessive frequency deviations, spinning reserve increase.

Integrating the PV power plant with other power sources such as diesel backup [2],

fuel cell backup [3], battery backup, super conductive magnetic energy storage backup are

ways to overcome variations of its output power problem [1,3]. However, a major challenge

in using a PV resource is to undertake its nonlinear output characteristics, which vary with

temperature and solar irradiance. The characteristics get more complex if the entire array does

not receive uniform irradiance, as in partially cloudy (shaded) conditions, resulting in multiple

peaks.

The presence of multiple peaks reduces the effectiveness of the existing maximum

power point tracking (MPPT) schemes [4, 7] due to their inability to discriminate between the

local and global peaks.

On the other hand, the performance of a photovoltaic generator is unfortunately

degraded by the presence of defects which may cause significant power losses; especially

reversed polarity [8, 9]. Nevertheless, it is very important to understand and predict the PV

characteristics to use a PV installation effectively, under all conditions.

Recently, the influence of partial shading on the energy yield of PV systems has been

widely discussed [10, 11]. The output current of the PV module is reduced by the number of

PV cells affected by shading. The most shaded PV cell in a string limits the total current in

that module. Moreover, there is also a reduction in the output voltage of the PV Module due

to shadow [12]. Many models have been reported in literature. A model, based on the one

diode model was given by Bishop [13]. This model offers optimal conditions for description

of the solar cell characteristics. Experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the

proposed method.

The overall decline in the output voltage depends on the number of bypass diodes that


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are activated in the PV modules that form the PV generator [14]. In [15, 16] the influence of

the bypass-diodes on mismatched PV systems is investigated. A study by Bia et al. [17]

presents a method to simulate the characteristic output of a photovoltaic system under partial

shading or mismatch conditions.

This paper presents the modelling and experimental verification of the PV energy

production losses under partial conditions based on one-diode mathematical model. The non-

uniform irradiance or partial shading occurs very habitually in solar PV arrays. To study the

shading effects modelling of solar PV module in reverse biased conditions is necessary.

The main feature of the proposed model is to include the effect of complete or partial

shading and fault in bypass diode in the model. Here, we present a MATLAB-based

modelling and experimental verification of scheme for studying the current-voltage

characteristic (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) of a photovoltaic module under a non-

inhomogeneous irradiance due to partial shading and fault in bypass diode. The experimental

study of the PV energy production losses under partial shading conditions is conducted on a

real PV plant within the URAER of Ghardaïa, Algeria. Different shading scenarios and faults

are analysed, considering a one or more cell of PV module shaded from 0% to 100%. The I-V

and P-V outputs characteristic curves of the PV measured in real conditions are reported.

Material and method

Model and simulation procedure

The physical behaviour of the module has conventionally been studied by representing

it as an equivalent electrical circuit composed of linear and non-linear components.

Solar cell (SPV) is the elementary component which converts the energy of light

directly into electricity by the PV effect. Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are built up with combined

series/parallel combinations of solar PV (SPV) cells [18, 19]. Each cell is typically a p-n

junction. There are several electrical circuit models for a PV cell in literature. An electrical

circuit with a single diode is considered as the equivalent photovoltaic cell in the present

paper. The basic model for a photovoltaic cell is show in Figure 1.




186

Figure 1. Simplified equivalent circuit PV model

In obscurity, the solar cell is not an active device; it works as a diode, i.e. a p-n

junction. It produces neither a current nor a voltage. However, if it is connected to an external

supply it generates a current Id, called diode (D) current or dark current.

The one diode equivalent circuit determines the I-V characteristics of the cell [19].

The equivalent circuit is described by the following Eq. (1):

sh

sV

IRV

phR

IRVeIII t

s

10

(1)

Where: I is the cell output current [A], V is the cell output voltage [V], Iph is the photocurrent,

function of the irradiation level (G) and junction temperature, I0 is the reverse saturation

current of diode, Vt=aKTc/q is the thermal voltage, q is the electron charge (1.602×10-19C), K

is the Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10-23J/K), a is the ideal factor, Tc is the temperature of the

cell, Rs and Rsh the series and shunt resistance respectively.

The photocurrent Iph can be evaluated with the Eq. (2):

STCcc

STC

STCph TTG

GII ,1

(2)

Where: ISTC is the short circuit current at Standard Test Condition (STC), while GSTC and

Tc,STC are the irradiation and temperature of the PV cell at STC, respectively, is the current

temperature coefficient.

Regarding the reverse saturation current I0 parameter, its value changes with the cell

temperature at STC conditions and can be found by using the following Eq. (3).

Ka

TTqE

STCc

crs

STCcc

g

eT

TII

,

11

3

,

0

(3)

Where: Irs is the reverse saturation current at STC conditions, Eg is the band-gap energy of the

_

Rs

Id Iph Ish

Rsh

T

G


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187

material.

In this work for Rs and Rsh the same relations in [20] are used as Eq. (4-5)

STCss RR , (4)

STC

STCshshG

GRR ,

(5)

Where: Rs,STC and Rsh,STC are the serial resistance and shunt resistance at STC conditions,

respectively.

Equation (1) is valid for a solar cell. For the exact application of this equation for PV

module, the term of (V+RsI) is replaced by (V+NsRsI)/Ns. To determine the five parameters,

exist in (1), which are: Iph, Rs, Rsh, I0 and a, you can see [21, 22].

Typically, Ns cells are connected in series to get the requisite voltage of PV module.

All the cells are forced to carry the same current called panel current in series panel. If one or

more cells are not receiving the equal solar irradiance or shaded these cells become reverse

biased which leads to power dissipation and thus to heating effects.

Figure 2 shows bypass diode covering n solar cells, one of these cells is working in

shading conditions while the rest are free of shadow.

Figure 2. Bypass diode covering n solar cells

Typically, panel consists of many solar cells, and for each n cells are equipped with

one bypass diode, so bypass diode is connected with a string (one string corresponds to n cells

in series) [23], Figure 2.

In this work, two actual modules were utilised, Shell Solar S75 (Multi-crystalline),

Solar Strom ASE100 (mono-crystalline). The electrical characteristics specifications under

STC form manufacturer are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Data of experimental PV modules

Silicon Type Shell Solar S75 Solar Strom ASE100

Open circuit voltage (Voc) 21.6 V 42.3 V

Short-circuit current (Isc) 4.7 A 3.2 A

Maximal voltage (Vmp) 17.6 V 34.1 V

Maximal current (Imp) 4.26 A 2.8 A




188

Maximal Power (Pmp) 75 W 95 W

Number of cells (Ns) 36 72

Equation (1) cannot be solved analytically. It can be put in the form f (V, I) = 0. The

resolution of the equation of this form can be done using the method of Newton-Raphson.

The flowchart for determining the characteristic I-V of a cell is illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Flowchart of the PV cell simulation

Study and simulation of partial shadowing effects in the PV module

The presented model and simulation procedure can be applied to the study of SPV

Solar irradiation (G) and cell temperature

(T)

Calculate the photon current, Iph

Calculate f (Ik ,Vkest, G, T)

Calculate the reverse saturation

current, I0

Current, Ik, Voltage, Vkest

Calculate f’ (Ik ,Vkest, G, T)

Calculate γ= f (Ik ,Vkest,G,T)/f’ (Ik , Vkref, G,

T)

γ>γref Yes

Vkest=V kest+γ Vk=Vkest

NO

I k+1=Ik +∆I

V (k+1)est=Vk


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working in partial shadowing conditions and faults in PV arrays.

2-

1+

a

beat

-C-

alfa

-C-

Voc_stc

v+

-

V

-C-

Tc_stc

-C-

Rsh

Rs

Rs

Ns

Ns

Np

Np1

-K-

Np

-C-

Isc_stc

MATLABFunction

IV

G

G

Diodes -

+

Controlled Current Source

1/Ns

1/Ns

(a) Block diagram of the PV model

+

-

PV module

(b) Encapsulated block

Figure 4. Simulink simulation to illustrate the I-V and P-V module output characteristics

The application of this Matlab-based simulation procedure can help to a better

understanding and prediction of the I-V and P-V characteristics of PV module. It can be used

to study the effect of temperature and irradiance variation conditions and effects in output

power reduction. It can be also useful in the study of bypass diodes configuration in the SPV

and its effects in output power variation and apparition of peaks and new maximum power

points in the P-V characteristic [23, 24].

As figure 4a reveals, a block of MATLAB function, which include the model of the

PV module of different technologies such as mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline, was used

to provide the current and voltage of the photovoltaic module output [25].

The subsystem was encapsulated to form the block of a PV module (see figure. 4b).

The parameters of the block of a PV module are listed in Table 2.




190

Table 2. Parameter of PV module

Irradiation (W/m2) 914.5

Temperature (STC) (K) 298

Open circuit voltage Voc (V) 21.6

Short-circuit current Isc_stc (A) 4.7

Serial resistance cell Rs (Ω) 0.0108

Shunt resistance cell Rsh (Ω) 13.52

Number of cells (Ns) 36

Current temperature coefficient (%/K) 0.04

Ideal factor (a) 1.04

In addition, to calculate the accuracy of the proposed technique, the relative error of

the generation power γP,v, the relative error of the generation current γI,v were defined by Eq.

(6-7) [17]:

100,

,,

,

exv

exvsiv

vPP

PP

(6)

100,

,;

,

exv

exvsiv

vII

II

(7)

Where: v means a certain voltage in the simulated and experimental I-V and P-V curves, Pv,si

and Pv,ex are the simulated and experimental powers at the voltage v in the P-V curve, Iv,si and

Iv,ex are the simulated and experimental current at the voltage v in the I-V curves.

Experiments and verification

The outdoor measurements were performed in the site of Applied Research Unit in

Renewable Energy (URAER), Ghardaïa, Algeria (latitude 32.49°N, longitude 3.67°E), and

Sunlight duration in number of days by year [26]. Additionally, the following meteorological

parameters are measured as two minutes averages:

• Solar irradiance measured by a Pyranometer (kipp ZonenTM CMP21) with is also

installed on a metal plate, coplanar with the PV field.

• Back of panel is recorded via PT100 resistive thermal sensors.

• Save the measurements in data loggers and store it for later analysis.

On overview, the test system is shown in Figure 5.


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Figure 5. Outdoor experimental setup

Figure 6 shows the evolution of module temperature, ambient temperature and

irradiation as function of time.

-200

0

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Date and Time

Irra

dia

tio

n [

W/m

2]

(a)

0

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Date and Time

Te

mp

era

ture

[°C

]

Tambient Tmodule

(b)

Figure 6. Evolution of irradiation (a) module, ambient temperature (b) as function of time

Accuracy evaluation of the model

One of the objectives of this work is the experimental study of PV modules in real

conditions of work. Experimental measurements were taken using the panel connected to the

Solmetric I-V Curve Tracer with SolSensor (see Figure 5). It measures the current-voltage (I-

V) curves of PV panels and immediately compares the results to the predictions of the built -in

PV models. More details can be found in [22].

• Measure the essential parameters for the I-V curve measurements (irradiance,

temperature cell and ambient temperature by SolSensor);

• Save the V-I curve data, extract points of interest and store the I-V curves for later

analysis.

PV Module

Irradiance & Temperature SolSensor

PC

I-V Data

G, T

Solmetric PV

Analyzer

Data loggers




192

To verify the proposed model, several experiments were implemented on the

established outdoor test platform on the roof of the experiment building in URAER;

experiments were conducted using mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline PV modules. Figure

7 shows the internal construction of the experimental two PV modules.

(a) Multi-crystalline (Shell Solar S75)

(b) Mono-crystalline (Solar Strom ASE100)

Figure 7. Connection schematic of bypass diodes in the two PV modules

There are 36 cells serially connected and tow cell strings and bypass diodes in multi -

crystalline module.

Every cell string has 18 cells and is protected by one bypass diode. Also, there are 72

cells serially connected and three cell strings and bypass diodes in mono-crystalline panel.

Every cell string has 24 cells and is protected by one bypass diode.

Results and discussion

To evaluation the effectiveness and accuracy of the model, several experiments were

conducted.

Figure 8 shows the simulated and experimental results for the two types of modules

(Multi-crystalline, Mono-crystalline) without shadows.


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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

1

2

3

4

5

M odule Voltage [V]

Mo

du

le C

urren

t [A

]

Simulated

Mesured: Mono-crystalline

Simulated

Mesured: Multi-crystalline

G=914.53 (W/m2), T=44°C

G=886.77 (W/m2), T=48.2°C

Mono-crystalline: Solar Stron ASE 100

Multi-crystalline: Shell Solar S 75

Figure 8. Simulation and experimental results on the test setup without shadows: Shell Solar

S75 PV and Solar Strom ASE100 PV

In these study case, the solid lines show simulation curves and dashed lines show

measurement curves. The above results show good agreement between measurement curves

and simulation curves.

Influence of the amount of shading with bypass diode

Experiments are achieved on PV modules under various shading conditions. The

shading process eliminates both the direct and diffuse radiation incident on the module.

To achieve shading of each cell, several pieces of black plastic are employed to cover

the PV cell. These tests under shading conditions are carried out in following steps: (1) Wait

duration of stable clear sky; (2) Cover PV cell by using black plastic; (3) Measure I-V

characteristics.

Figure 9. Shading on the photovoltaic module

Step 1, 2, 3

Step 1, 2, 3

Step 5

Step 4




194

For the poly-crystalline, as well as for the mono-crystalline PV modules, simulation

and experiments are performed applying shading scenarios to a single-cell or many cells:

• A string with 18 or 24 cells has been considered, supposing that one of the cells is

50%, 75% or 100% shaded (Figure 9, step1, 2, 3 respectively);

• Many cells shaded (step4, 5), figure 9.

Table 3 gives the partial shading conditions.

Table 3. The partial shading conditions

Silicon Type Shell Solar S75 Solar Strom ASE 100

Shading conditions

(step 1 to 5)

1 cell 50% shading 1 cell 50% shading



3 cells 100% shading 4 cells 100% shading

4 cells 100% shading 6 cells 100% shading

Table 4 summarizes the environmental data (irradiation and temperature).

Table 4. Environmental data

Silicon Type Shell Solar S75 Solar Strom ASE 100

Test conditions

(step 1 to 5)

G=800 (W/m2),T=47°C G=802 (W/m2), T=46.89°C

G=997 (W/m2), T=48.05°C G=793.8 (W/m2), T=48.03°C

G=863.45 (W/m2), T=50°C G=864.78 (W/m2), T=48.03°C

G=886.92 (W/m2), T=47°C G=834.92 (W/m2), T=48.89°C

G=834.15 (W/m2), T=48°C G=813 (W/m2), T=51°C

Figure 10 shows the simulated and experimental results for the two types of modules

with shadows.


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0 5 10 15 200

1

2

3

4

Module Voltage [V]

Mo

du

le C

urren

t [A

]

Multi-crystalline

1 cell 50% shading

1 cell 75% shading

1 cell 100% shading

3 cells 100% shading


No shading

G=863.45 (W/m2),T=50°C

G=800 (W/m2) ,T=47°C

G=886.92 (W/m2) ,T=37.84°C

G=997.45 (W/m2),T=48.07°C

G=886.92 (W/m2) ,T=47°C

G=834.15 (W/m2) ,T=48°C

(a)

(b)

0 10 20 30 400

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Module Voltage [V]

Mo

du

le C

urren

t [A

]

Mono-crystalline

No shading

1 cell 100% shading



1 cell 50% shading

1 cell 75% shading

Simulation

G=813 (W/m2),T=51°C

G=793.8 (W/m2),T=48.03°C

G=802 (W/m2),T=46.89°C

G=864.78 (W/m2),T=48.03°C

G=886.77 (W/m2),T=48.02°CG=834 (W/m

2),T=48.8°C

(c)

(d)

Figure 10. Simulation and experimental results on the test setup with shadows: Shell Solar

S75 PV (a, b) and Solar Strom ASE100 PV (c, d)

The proposed method can be used to predict the generation output of a real PV module

under complex operating conditions. It is observed that the simulated results closely match the

measured values (figure 10). In the case when the solar cells are shaded in series with a

bypass diode the shading influences on the I-V and the P-V characteristics of the module.

When one solar cell (1.4% shading of the module) is shaded the maximum power decreases

for approximately to 25% (Solar storm ASE 100 module).




196

It is observed from the above results; the use of bypass diodes can save the poorly

illuminated panels from damage and make this energy available to the load. But the P-V

characteristics under non-uniform irradiance with bypass diodes contain multiple peaks [27,

28]. The magnitude of the global maxima is dependent on the array configuration and shading

patterns.

Form Figure 10, it is clear that the larger γP,v and γI,v appears in the step 2, 3 for the

two modules. The calculated larger γP,v and γI,v is about 4.27% and 3.8% (Multi- crystalline)

and is about 4.5% and 4 % (Mono-crystalline).

Table 5 gives the relative errors between the proposed model and the experimental

data:

Table 5. Parameter of PV module

Error relative (%) γp,v γI,v

Mono-crystalline 4.5 4

Multi-crystalline 4.27 3.8

Faults bypass diode

In this scenario, different defect modes on the bypass diode are examined. Firstly,

disconnecting a bypass diode module without shadows, one cell 100% shading and one

bypass disconnected.

Figure 11 shows the simulation result of the behaviour of a module for various types

of faults bypass diode when a cell is 100% shaded.


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0 5 10 15 200

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Module Voltage [V] M

od

ule P

ow

er [W

]

Figure 11. Simulation and experimental results on the test setup with shadows Shell Solar

S75 PV module

It is observed from the above results; the use of bypass diodes can save the poorly

illuminated panels from damage and make this energy available to the load (the red lines

curve and the green line curve).

Conclusions

MATLAB/SIMULINK software has been developed to simulate the behaviour of PV

modules under variable meteorological conditions, the impact of partial shading and faults

bypass diode on the I-V and the P-V characteristics of the module.

To evaluate the precision of the proposed method, various testing schemes with

different shading conditions and defect in the PV module were conducted.

Validation of the simulation model was performed through the comparison between

simulation results and measurements form real working conditions in the desert environment.

The results show that the influence of the shading cannot be neglected and it is necessary to

consider it in the installation of the photovoltaic systems.

As the solution, it is crucial for site selection of the PV plants, so adequate

consideration to the terrain and geological condition of the installation location should be very

helpful.

0 5 10 15 200

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Module Voltage [V]

Mo

du

le C

urren

t [A

]

Simulation

G=648.04 (W/m^2) ,T=39.22°C

1 cell 100% shading ,1 bypass diode disconnected

G=659.13 (W/m^2) ,T=39.35 °C

1 cell 100% shading

G=634.17 (W/m2) ,T=37.84 °C

No shading ,1 diode bypass disconnected




198

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