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/98 1 How to build Social Robots WS 2006/07 Veranstaltung 1, 23. Oktober 2006

How to build Social Robots WS 2006/07 Veranstaltung 1, 23 ... · Sociable Robots, Socially Interactive Robots Game Theory Sociobiology Artificial Life Distributed AI Ethology Sociology

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How to build Social Robots WS 2006/07

Veranstaltung 1, 23. Oktober 2006

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How to build Social Robots WS 2006/07

Veranstaltung 1:

(1) Soziale Roboter als Interface zwischen Mensch und Maschine(2) Definition: Soziale Roboter(3) Typen sozialer Roboter nach Breazeal

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Geschichte

Erste Interfaces

ENIAC (1946) SAGE Project (1958-63)(Semi Automatic Ground Environment)

J. Licklider (Man Computer Symbiosis)

McCarty: Time Sharing (1960):Trennung von Programmierer und Benutzer

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Geschichte

Neue Werkzeuge

D. Engelbart (1961/62):„Augmenting Human Intellect“

Forschung Ein-/Ausgabegeräte: - Maus - Five Finger Key - Online Text System

I. SutherlandSketchpad, PhD-Thesis:Computergrafik und Objekte

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Geschichte

Xerox, Palo Alto

Alan Kay: Dynabook„Doing with Images makes symbols“

XEROX, Büro der ZukunftAlto (1972)Rastergrafik, GUI, Ethernet, Smalltalk,WYSIWYG uvm.

Jerome Bruner: enactive, iconic, symbolic

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Geschichte

Apple Computer

„I remember they showed me three things. But I was so blinded by the first one [the gra-phical user interface], I didn´t see the other two.“ (Steve Jobs)

Icons Steve Jobs, 1979

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Geschichte

Apple Lisa and Apple Macintosh

Apple Lisa, 1981Pull-Down Menus, Zwischenablage,Copy & Paste...

Apple Macintosh, 1983

?

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Konversation, Manipulation, Delegation

Konversation(MS DOS, Unix Shell)

Manipulation(MacOS, Windows)

Delegation(Agent)

Fortschritt in der Informatik

Vorwissen eines Benutzers

Komputation Schnittste

lle

?

t

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Soziale Roboter als Interface zwischen Mensch und Maschine!

„The social robot can be perceived as the interface between man and technology. It is the use of socially acceptable functionality in a robotic system that helps break down the bar-rier between the digital information space and people.“ (1)

„Contemporary interaction between humans and technology is dictated by machine-specific operations. Thus the user is required to conform to the operational procedures and learn the language of the machine. Machines do not provide intuitively understandable interfaces with the consequence that many users of a machine are unable to utilise its complete func-tionality.“ [...]

„The anthropomorphic design of human-machine interfaces is inevitable. The important cri-terion is to seek a balance between people’s expectations and the machines capabilities.“ (2)

(1) B. Duffy, Anthropomorphism and The Social Robot (2003)(2) B. Duffy, Anthropomorphism and Robotics (2002)

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Verhalten versus Handeln...

Verhalten sind alle Aktivitäten, die nach dem Reiz-Reaktions-Schema (SR) ablaufen. Sozia-les Verhalten meint dann, dass ein sozialer Stimulus die Reaktion ausgelöst hat.

Handeln soll dabei ein menschliches Verhalten (einerlei ob äusseres oder innerliches Tun, Unterlassen oder Dulden) heissen, wenn und insofern als der oder die Handelnden mit ihm einen subjektiven Sinn verbinden.

Soziales Handeln aber soll ein solches Handeln heissen, welches seinen von dem oder den Handelnden gemeinten Sinn nach auf das Verhalten anderer bezogen wird und daran in sei-nem Ablauf orientiert ist.

Max Weber, Soziologische Grundbegriffe

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Verhalten versus Handeln...

Max Weber, Soziologische Grundbegriffe

soziales HandelnReiz-Reaktions-Schema(spontan, unreflektiert)

Reflektion über den Sinn (subjektiver Sinn des Handelnden)

am Handeln anderer orientiertVerhalten

Handeln

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Definition: Soziale Roboter

Kerstin Dautenhahn:

(a) Social robots are embodied agents that are part of a heterogeneous group: a society of robots or humans.

(b) They are able to recognize each other and engage in social interactions.

(c) They possess histories (perceive and interpret the world in terms of their own experience).

(d) They explicitly communicate with and learn from each other

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Definition: Soziale Roboter

Brian Duffy:

(a) Sociality implies the existence of interactive relationships. An agent capable of interactive, communicative behaviour is considered social.

(b) The simple existence of two autonomous robots in the same environment forces aspects of social contact, be it direct or indirect.

(c) One perspective is that one should be aware of their mental states (i.e. motives, beliefs, desires, and intentions) and be able to attribute mental states to others, which allows one to predict and analyse the behaviours of both oneself and others.

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Einsatz und Einsatzgebiete von sozialen Robotern

Abhängig vom Aufgabengebiet (Situation, Aufgabe)

Pflege alter Menschen Pflege von Kleinkindern Beaufsichtigung von Schulkindern Haushaltshilfe Büroassistenz Krankenhausassistenz ...

Abhängig von Hauptkontaktperson(en)

Kinder, alte Menschen Bekannte vs unbekannte Personen Mit Robotern vertraute vs nicht vertraute Personen ...

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Soziale Robotik und relevante Felder

T. Fong et al, A Survey of Socially Interactive Robots (2003)

Economics

Collective Robots

Robot Societies,Swarms

Social Robots

Sociable Robots,Socially Interactive

Robots

Game Theory

Sociobiology

Artificial Life

Distributed AI

Ethology

Sociology

Anthropology

Psychology

Primatology

Arts / Design

Human Computer Interaction

Robotics, Engineering, Computer Science

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Soziale Roboter: Wer interagiert mit wem?

Fall 1: Roboter (Agenten) interagieren mit Robotern (Agenten)

Social Robot

Fall 2: Roboter (Agenten) interagieren mit Menschen, Tieren etc.

Sociable Robot

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Beispiele: Social Robots

(1) http://lis.epfl.ch/index.html?content=research/projects/SwarmBots/(2) http://www.spiderland.org/breve/(3) http://www.diesims2.de/pages.view_frontpage.asp

(2) Breve Toolkit(1) E-Puck SwarmBots

...

(3) The Sims 2

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Beispiele: Social Robots, Swarm Bots

(1) http://www.swarm-bots.org

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Beispiele: Sociable Robots

(1) http://www.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/ags/ai/projects/BIRON/(2) http://www.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/ags/wbski/(3) http://www.hitech-projects.com/icat/(4) http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/kismet/kismet.html

(2) MAX(1) BIRON (3) iCat (4) Kismet

...

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Beispiele: Sociable Robots

Philips iCat

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Beispiele: Sociable Robots

Paro

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The Media Equation

„The media equation comes from a research project that we call Social Responses to Com-munication Technologies. [...] In short, we have found that individuals interactions with computers, television, and new media are fundamentally social and natural, just like inter-actions in real life.“

kurz: Menschen verhalten sich Maschinen gegenüber wie anderen Menschen

Warum? „Our old brains automatically extrapolate when given a little hint. [...] A couple of well-chosen words, reliably communicated, can do the trick. [...] It is not an issue of artificial intelligence!“

Reeves & Nass, The Media Equation, 1996

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The Media Equation

Source Orientation

„The computer will be considered the source of information, not the programmer. [...] People working with computers will not think about programmers during an interaction. [...] Interactions with computers are more desireable for users when they don´t think about a programmer.“

Politeness

„When a computer asks a user about itself, the user will give more positive responses than when a different computer asks the same questions.“

...

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Kommunikationsmodell nach Shannon

Sender Empfänger

Geräusch

Inhalt/ThemaInformationBotschaft

Kanal

gemeinsame Zeichen: Transportmittel

Ziele und Gründe

Kodierung Dekodierung} Kontext, Bedingungen

Raum/OrtZeit/DauerHäufigkeitUmstände/Situation

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Menschliche Kommunikation: Die metakommunikativen Axiome

(1) Man kann nicht nicht kommunizieren.

(2) Jede Kommunikation hat einen Inhalts- und einen Beziehungsaspekt, derart, dass letzterer den ersteren bestimmt und daher eine Metakommunikation ist.

(3) Die Natur einer Beziehung ist durch die Interpunktion der Kommunikationsabläufe seitens der Partner bedingt.

(4) Menschliche Kommunikation bedient sich digitaler und analoger Modalitäten. Digitale Kommunikationen haben eine komplexe logische Syntax, aber bei Beziehun gen eine unzulängliche Semantik. Analoge Kommunikationen besitzen dieses se mantische Potential, aber keine eindeutige logische Syntax.

(5) Zwischenmenschliche Kommunikationsabläufe sind entweder symmetrisch oder komplementär, je nachdem, ob die Beziehung zwischen den Partnern auf Gleichheit oder Unterschiedlichkeit beruht.

P. Watzlawick et al, Menschliche Kommunikation (1969, 2003)

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Typen sozialer Roboter

As the complexity of the environment and the scenario increases, the social sophistication of the robot will clearly have to scale accordingly.

Complexity: Environment, Scenario (Application)

Soci

al S

ophi

stic

atio

n

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Typen sozialer Roboter

Non-Social

Social

Sociable

Socially Receptive

Social Interface

Socially Evocative

Classification: Sociable Robots(C. Brezeal)

completely engaged in social scenarios

maintenance complex social models

emotive expressions

adapt in some way to social situations

Classification: Social Interaction(B. Duffy)

Expectations?

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Typen sozialer Roboter

Socially evocative

Design nutzt menschliche Tendenz zur Anthropomorphisierung. Eigenschaften, die diese Tendenz evozieren z.B.:

Selbstgesteuerte Bewegung Sprachliche Ausgabe Rollenübernahme Manifestation von Emotionen Illusion von ‘Creation’ Autonomie

„The human attributes social responsiveness to the robot, but the robot´s behavior does not actually reciprocate.“

Beispiele: Tamagotchi, Puppen, Toy Pets

C. Breazeal, Towards Sociable Robots (2003)

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Typen sozialer Roboter

Social interface

Diese Klasse benutzt Social Cues und einfache Kommunikationsmodalitäten, um die Inter-aktion zu erleichtern. D.h. ein natürliches Interface, dass dem Menschen vertraut ist:

Natürliche Sprache Keine Tastatur Mimik Gestik

„The social model that the robot has for the person tends to be shallow (if any) and the social behavior is often pre-canned or reflexive.

Beispiele: Roboter Avatar, Museumsroboter

C. Breazeal, Towards Sociable Robots (2003)

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Typen sozialer Roboter

Socially receptive

Roboter, die von Interaktion profitieren oder Lernen von:

Handlungen (motor skills) Sprache (proto language) Kognitive Modellierung von bestimmten Fähigkeiten

„This class tends to be more perceptive of human social cues, allowing people to shape the robot´s behavior in richer ways. They are socially passive, however, responding to people´s efforts at interacting with them but not pro-actively engaging people to satisfy internal social aims.“

Beispiele: Dautenhahn & Billard, Nagai, 2003

C. Breazeal, Towards Sociable Robots (2003)

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Typen sozialer Roboter

Sociable

Roboter, die eigene interne Ziele und Motivationen haben und sozial aktiv sind, d.h. sie treten mit Menschen in Kontakt, um diese Ziele zu erreichen.

„The robot´s social behavior is a product of its computational social psychology.“

Beispiele: Kismet, Leonardo

C. Breazeal, Towards Sociable Robots (2003)

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Typen sozialer Roboter

Examples

Social InterfaceNursoBot

Sociable RobotKismet

Socially EvocativeTamagotchi

Socially ReceptiveYukie

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Typen sozialer Roboter

Examples: Yukie Nagai, Joint attention

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Typen sozialer Roboter

Examples: Kismet, MIT