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PROCEEDINGS
THE 6th
INDONESIAN
BIOTECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE
“ENHANCING INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY INOVATION”
SURAKARTA, 6 - 7 SEPTEMBER 2016
EDITORS:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Ahmad Yunus, M.S
Prof. Dr.-ing. Misri Gozan, M. Tech., IPM
Prof. Dr. Ir. Edi Purwanto, M.Sc
Prof. Dr. Ir. Djoko Purnomo, M.P
Prof. Dr. Ekowati Chasanah
Dr. Siswa Setyahadi
Dono Indarto, dr. M. Biotech., STt., P.hD.
Dr. Ir. Amalia T. Sakya, M.Phill
Organized by :
In collaboration with :
ISBN : 978-602-14235-6-1
Published by :
Faculty of Agriculture
Universitas Sebelas Maret
February, 2017
PROCEEDINGS
The 6th
Indonesian Biotechnology Conference
Surakarta, 6-7 September 2016
ii
ISBN : 978-602-14235-6-1
PROCEEDINGS
THE 6th
INDONESIAN BIOTECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE
ENHANCING INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH
BIOTECHNOLOGY INOVATION
6 - 7 SEPTEMBER 2016
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
EDITORS:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Ahmad Yunus, M.S
Prof. Dr.-ing. Misri Gozan, M. Tech., IPM
Prof. Dr. Ir. Edi Purwanto, M.Sc
Prof. Dr. Ir. Djoko Purnomo, M.P
Prof. Dr. Ekowati Chasanah
Dr. Siswa Setyahadi
Dono Indarto, dr. M. Biotech., STt., P.hD.
Dr. Ir. Amalia T. Sakya, M.Phill
DESIGN & LAYOUT:
The 6th IBC Organizing Committee
Published by :
Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret
Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A. Kotak Pos 4 Slouns 57126. Kentingan, Surakarta.
Telp/Fax : (0271) 637457. Website : http:// fp.uns.ac.id
Conference website : http:// ibc.uns.ac.id
February, 2017
COPYRIGHT :
All right of the papers in this book are reserved to the individual authors, and all right of the other parts to
conference committee. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronically or mechanically, or other wish without the prior permission the copyright owners. The
author is fully responsible for the content of their papers.
PROCEEDINGS
The 6th
Indonesian Biotechnology Conference
Surakarta, 6-7 September 2016
xiii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ...................................................................................................... iii
Organizing Committee............................................................................ iv
Conference Schedule ............................................................................... v
Table of contents .................................................................................... xiii
Invited Speaker Papers
1. Overview of Role Of Quality Infrastucture to Strengthening of Innovation
[Bambang Prasetya] .............................................................................................. 1
2. Mutations of The Coat Protein of Johnsongrass Mosaic Potyvirus In
Determiningthe Infectivity in Krish Sorghum [Suranto] ................................. 19
3. Molecular Physiology of Acid Soil Resistance of Arabidopsis and its
Application for Molecular Breeding and Plant-Diagnostics for Improving
Productivity of Crops in Acid Soil [Hiroyuki Koyama] .................................... 39
4. Molecular Breeding & Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) Systems in Oil
Palm [Enrique Ritter] ........................................................................................... 54
5. Cell Line Development of Human Erythropoietin [Adi Santoso] ................... 76
6. Wild Watermelon and Jatropha:Molecular Biology, Breeding and
Utilization of Xerophytes in The Arid Regions [Kinya Akashi] ...................... 97
7. Investigating The Biosynthetic Pathways of Phamacologically Relevant
Natural Products in The Uncultured Microbiome of The Marine Sponge
Theonellas Winhoei [Agustinus R. Uria and Jorn Piel ] ...................................... 129
8. Sugarcane Research at Guangxi University [Baoshan Chen] .......................... 147
9. Assisted Reproductive Technology as a New Emerging Health Service in
Asean [Mulyoto Pangestu] ................................................................................... 168
10. Roles Of Merck In Biofuel Industry [Chong Mun Keat] .................................. 177
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Indonesian Biotechnology Conference
Surakarta, 6-7 September 2016
xiv
Presenter Papers
Topic Field: Agriculture And Forestry Biotechnology ....................... 192
1. Efficiency of Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Markers in Estimating
Genetic Diversity of Jabon Merah (Anthocepallus macrophillus) [Restu,
Muhammad, Gusmiaty, Larekeng, Siti Halimah] ................................................. 193
2. Genetic Diversity of Sulawesi Ebony in in Situ Conservation Area
Revealed By Microsatellite Markers [Larekeng, Siti Halimah, Restu,
Muhammad, Gusmiaty, Yuni Fitri Cahyaningsih] ............................................... 199
3. Pollen Dispersal Distances of a Vulnerable Tropical Tree, Ebony
(Diospyros celebica Bakh.), in Experimental Forest of Hasanuddin
University [Gusmiaty , Restu, Muhammad, Arsyad, Mirza Arsiaty, Ikhsan La
Husen, Larekeng, Siti Halimah] ............................................................................ 206
4. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Tolerance Screening on Wetness
Using Morphological, Physiological and Protein Markers [Sholeh Avivi*, I
Gusta Dimas Satyalowa, Didik Pudji Restanto, Tri Agus Siswoyo, Sigit
Soeparjono, Sri Hartatik, Achmad Subagio] ......................................................... 214
5. Rejuvenation of Long Term Culture of Embryogenic Callus of Sago Palm
(Metroxylon sago Rottb.): Effect of Coconut Water and Sucrose in Liquid
Medium [Rizka Tamania Saptari, Imron Riyadi, Sumaryono] ............................ 222
6. The Micro Propagation Strategy of Phalaenopsis sp Orchid by Somatic
Embryogenesis [Didik Pudji Restanto, SigitSupardjono and Budi Kriswanto] . 229
7. Differential Gene Expression in Oil Palm Varieties Susceptible and
Tolerant to Ganoderma [Riza Arief Putranto, Indra Syaputra, Asmini
Budiani] ................................................................................................................. 233
8. Impact of Batik Industry Waste on Several Rice Varieties (Oryza Satival.)
[B. Suryotomo, Samanhudi, Suwarto, A. Yunus] ................................................. 244
9. Production of Biopesticide from Tobacco Leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) With
Digestion and Reflux Extractions [Ahmad Fauzantoro, Amirah Amatullah
Dalimunthe, Misri Gozan] .................................................................................... 250
10. Bradyrhizobium japonicum Plasmid Characterization from Agroforestry
System [S. Idiyah, Hartawati, N.Z. Lutfiyah, and M.P. Mberu] .......................... 255
11. Nutrient Content and Antioxidant of Tomato Under Drought Stress
Inoculated with Mychorrhiza [Amalia T Sakya, Muji Rahayu and Heri
Widiyanto] ............................................................................................................ 259
12. Genetic Diversity of Rice (Oryza sativa) Local Cultivated of Boyolali Black
Rice Based on Morphological Characters [Edi Purwanto, Endang Yuniastuti,
Meyriza Ayu Hatari] ............................................................................................. 265
13. Exploration of Potential Marine Red Macroalgae from the Southern Coast
of Java Island, Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia as Source
of Lectins [Choiroel Anam, Danar Praseptiangga, Ahmad Yunus, Ekowati
Chasanah, Nurrahmi Dewi Fajarningsih].............................................................. 273
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Indonesian Biotechnology Conference
Surakarta, 6-7 September 2016
xv
14. Efectivity of Soaking Period of Arenga Fiber And Coconut Water to
Growth and Yield in Hidroponic Substrates of Tomato [Dwi Harjoko,
Samanhudi, W.S. Dewi, and B. Pujiasmantoi] .................................................... 279
15. Multiplication Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Roxb. In Vitro [Dyah Utami,
Samanhudi, Sumijati] ............................................................................................ 285
16. Coconut Water and Banana Extracts Used for Multiplication Shoots of
Curcuma Xanthorrhiza In Vitro [Nur Andini, Samanhudi, Ahmad Yunus] ...... 291
17. Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Concentrations on Growth and Proline
Content of Tacca Leontopetaloides Shoots Cultured In Vitro [Andri Fadillah
Martin*, Betalini Widhi Hapsari, Rudiyanto, and Tri Muji Ermayanti] .............. 299
18. In Vitro Multiplication of Turmeric (Curcuma Domestica Val.) Axillary
Shoot Using BAP and NAA [Ayudya Kartika Sari, Pratignja Sunu, Ahmad
Yunus, Samanhudi] ............................................................................................... 305
19. Isolation And Purification Of Protoplast From Leaves Mesophyll Of Tacca
Leontopetaloides To Establish Protoplast Culture And Fusion [Dyah Retno
Wulandari*, Andri Fadillah Martin, Tri Muji Ermayanti] .................................... 310
20. Multiplication of Red Ginger In Vitro Using BAP and NAA [Dwi Fajar
Sidhiq, Ahmad Yunus, Bambang Pujiasmanto] .................................................... 315
21. Performance of Mentik Wangi Rice Generation M1 From The Results of
Gamma Ray Irradiation [Raden Dirgory Kuneng Brokusumojo, Ahmad
Yunus, and Sri Hartati] ......................................................................................... 323
22. Performance of Pandan Wangi Rice Generation M1 From The Results of
Gamma Ray Irradiation [Rachmad Nurcahyono, Ahmad Yunus, and
Nandariyah] ........................................................................................................... 333
23. Performance of Rojolele Rice Generation M1 From The Results of
Gamma Ray Irradiation [Adi Prabu Mahardhika, Ahmad Yunus, and
Nandariyah] ........................................................................................................... 341
24. RAPD Markers Screening for Genetic Diversity Analysis of Pterocarpus
indicus Wild [Purnamila Sulistyawati, Anto Rimbawanto, AYPBC
Widyatmoko] ........................................................................................................ 349
25. Influence of 2,4-D and Coconut Water on Callus Induction and Shoot
Multiplication of Artemisia Annua L. In Vitro [Noorita Retno Ning Tyas,
Ahmad Yunus, Samanhudi] .................................................................................. 354
26. Optimizing of Auxin and Cytokinin for in Vitro Shoot and Root Induction,
Multiplication and Mini-Tuber Seed Production of Potato Cultivar
”Granola Kembang” [Misbah Ruhiyat, Syarif Husen, Nurina Farahiyah] ........ 363
27. Identification of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi Associated with Rauvolfia
Serpentina (L.) Benth. Ex Kurz from Several Areas in Java-Indonesia [Sulandjari, Widyatmani Sih Dewi, Endang Yuniastuti] ...................................... 367
28. The Effects Of Substrate And Nutrition On Chili (Capsicum annuum)
Hydroponic [Dwi Harjoko, Samanhudi, W.S. Dewi, and Bambang
Pujiasmanto] ...................................................................................................... 371
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The 6th
Indonesian Biotechnology Conference
Surakarta, 6-7 September 2016
xvi
29. Genetic Analysis Of Orchid Hybrids (Dendrobium) With Random
Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) [Agus Budiyono , Sri Hartati, Ongko
Cahyono] ............................................................................................................... 379
30. Characterization of Salak (Salacca Zalacca (Gaertner (Voss)) Based on
Chromosome, Stomata and Molecular [Nandariyah] ....................................... 383
31. Growth for Orchid Hybrids Coelogyne asperata X Coelogyne pandurata
with NAA and Organic Matter in Vitro [Sri Hartati, Erika Maharani] ............ 386
32. Growth and Biological Efficiency of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus
Sp.) [Erny Ishartati, Syarif Husen dan Sukardi] ................................................... 392
33. Screening and Characterization of Cellulase Enzyme in Sweet Orange
(Citrus sinensis) Juice Clarification [Esti Widowati, Rohula Utami, Edhi
Nurhartadi, Restio Rahadyan Megawiranto Putro] ............................................... 397
Topic Field: Industrial Biotechnology .................................................. 404
34. Determination of Mass Transfer Coefficient of Nicotine Solid Liquid
Extraction with Ethanol Solvent in Packed Bed Extractor [Risky Azlia
Edrina, Misri Gozan*, Yuswan Muharam] ........................................................... 405
Topic Field: Medical Biotechnology ...................................................... 414
35. Toxicity Test of Human CD34+ Stem Cells in Sprague Dawley Rats
(Preliminary Study) [Basuki Supartono] ........................................................... 415
36. Pomela (Pomegranate Derived Ellagic Acid): A Natural Sodium Glucose
Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor For Type 2diabetes Treatment [Suryaningtyas
Margi Utami, Mila Ulfia, Aninditya Verinda Putrinadia, Rafi Amanda Rezkia
Amradani and Dono Indarto] ............................................................................... 422
37. Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Using Autologous Peripheral
Bloodmononuclear Stem Cells (Study Case) [Basuki Supartono, Prita
Kusumaningsih, Muzayyana Sakinah] ................................................................. 428
38. The Expression Analysis of TGF-Β1, IGF, and FGF on Superficial and
Deep Osteochondral Defects of Knee Joint in Sprague Dawley
Rats(Preliminary Study) [Basuki Supartono] .................................................... 433
39. Gene Cloning Encoding OMP 31-SOD Proteins of Brucella Into pPIC9K
Vector Using Escherichia Coli host System [Arizah Kusumawati, Sri Kartika
Wijaya, Ulfatul Husnaa, Yana Rubiyana, Adi Santoso] ...................................... 439
40. Antibiotic Susceptibility Evaluation of Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Isolated
from Local Pig Gastrointestinal Tract as Potentially Probiotic Candidate
[Jap Lucy, Johannes Nicolaus Wibisana, Tan Steven Ryan Susanto, and
Reinhard Pinontoan] ............................................................................................. 445
41. Optimization of Blue Sepharose Affinity Chromatography Conditions for
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rhuEPO) Purification [Yana
Rubiyana, Adi Santoso, Endah Puji Septisetyani, and Fathia Maulida] .............. 450
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The 6th
Indonesian Biotechnology Conference
Surakarta, 6-7 September 2016
xvii
42. The Comparison of Batch and Column Based Affinity Chromatography
in Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (rhEPO) Purification [Popi Hadi
Wisnuwardhani, Yana Rubiyana ,Endah Puji Septisetyani, and Adi Santoso] .... 454
43. Effect of Lysine And Histidine Residues on Nanoparticle Formation of
Palmitoyl-Based Lipopeptide as Transfection Reagent for Non-Viral Gene
Delivery Vehicle [Tarwadi*, Jalal A. Jazayeri, and Colin W. Pouton] ............... 460
Topic Field: Microbiology Biotechnology ............................................. 471
44. Optimization Of Chitinase Production From Bacillus Sp WS 4F [Nuur
Faridatun Hasanah, Deden R Waltam, Siswa Setyahadi, Dewi Nandyawati,
Djamil, Farah Nabila] .......................................................................................... 472
45. Comparison of Immunomodulatory Properties from Three Different
Indonesian Local Isolates of Lactic Acid Bacteria [Agustina Ika Susanti,
Tan Tjie Jan, Merry Vidianti, Jap Lucy, Lisza1, Lulu Florencia, Christy,
Reinhard Pinontoan] ............................................................................................ 478
46. Examination of Crispr/Cas System Type Ii-A in Streptococcus
thermophilus Isolated from Local Dairy Product [Lisa Charisa Wijaya,
Charles, Marcelia Sugata, Jap Lucy, Agustina Ika Susanti, and Tan Tjie Jan] ... 484
47. Cloning and Activity Assay of Rekombinant Sucrose Isomerase Klebsiella
pneumoniae in Escherichia coli Bl21 (DE3) [Feraliana, Sony Suhandono,
Tati Kristianti, Maelita Ramdani Moeis] ............................................................. 491
48. Microbial Desalination Cell Using Tempe Wastewater as Substrate with
Varying Phosphate Buffer Concentration and Salinity [Ginasesharita
Hardiyanti, Rita Arbianti, Tania Surya Utami, Heri Hermansyah] ..................... 496
49. Microbial Desalination Cell with Leachate and Sodium
Percarbonateasnaturally Buffering Electrolytes [Etri Dian Kamila, Tania
Surya Utami, Rita Arbianti, Heri Hermansyah] ................................................... 503
Topic Field: Marine and Vetereniary Biotechnology .......................... 508
50. Structure and Mucopolysaccaride Type of Major Salivary Glands of The
Sunda Porcupines (Hystrix Javanica) [Teguh Budipitojo*, Elvinkan Ruth,
Fitri Wulandari, Guntari Titik Mulyani, Yuda Heru Fibrianto] .......................... 509
51. Temporary Recovery of Pancreatic Β-Cellsin Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium [Widagdo Sri
Nugroho*, Dwi Liliek Kusindarta, Heru Susetya, Ida Fitriana, Tri Wahyu
Pangestiningsih, Yuda Heru Fibrianto, Sri Gustari, Teguh Budipitojo] .............. 515
52. Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (GRPR) in The Bovine Uterus and
Placenta [Teguh Budipitojo, Motoki Sasaki, Guntari Titik Mulyani, Daisuke
Kondoh, and Nobuo Kitamura] ........................................................................... 520
53. Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induction of Emestrin B From Marine
Derived Fungus Emericella Nidulans [Muhammad Nursid and Nurrahmi
Dewi Fajarningsih] .............................................................................................. 528
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The 6th Indonesian Biotechnology Conference
Surakarta, 6-7 September 2016
Page | 392
GROWTH AND BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF WHITE OYSTER
MUSHROOM(PLEUROTUS SP.)
Erny Ishartati,Syarif Husen, and Sukardi
Biotechnology Development Center, University of Muhammadiyah Malang,
Jl. Raya Tlogomas 246 Malang (65144) Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
White oyster mushroom is one type of mushroom that can be consumed because it contains
carbohydrates, protein, fat, crude fiber, Ca, Fe, thiamin, riboflavin high. The purpose of this study was to
examine the growing power and efficiency of biological types of seeds F1, F2 and F3 White Oyster
Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The experiment was conducted in a mushroom house owned by farmers
in the village Pendem, Malang. The method used the factorial randomized block design, consisting of 2
factors and 3 replications. Each treatment combination comprised 10 baglog as sample. The first factor is
the type of oyster mushrooms: T1: White Oyster strain Florida and T2: White Oyster strain Ostern. The
second factor is the type of seed: F1: F1 Seeds, F2: F2 Seeds, and F3: F3 Seeds. Results showed that the
interaction between the type of mushroom and the type of seeds to the thickness mycelium of the lowest
in treatment T1F1, the total number of clumps of fruiting bodies on T2F1 treatment, and the highest
biological efficiency in the treatment T1F2 and T2F2. Separately, the type of mushroom effect is not
significant to the speeds growing of mycelia, weight of fruiting body, stalk of mushrooms, harvesting
time, frequency of harvesting, while the treatment of seed types influential not significant almost in all the
parameters of observation, except on the parameters weight of fruiting body which F1 seed treatment
types have for the lowest weight
Keywords: Mushroom, Pleurotus, sp.,Grwoth,Efficiency.
1. Introduction
Mushroom is one of the horticultural commodities
which has been developed in Indonesia. There are
10 types of fungi that can be consumed, one of
them is white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.).
White oyster mushroom belongs to wood
mushrooms because it grows on rotting wood
media. This fungus grows in subtropics, temperate
climate, and the tropics area with ideal
environment. White oyster mushroom grows by
forming clump on the media. Each clump has
numerous branches and it can be stored longer.
Many people like to consume this kind of
mushroom since it has a unique taste. White oyster
mushroom contains protein, phosphorus, fat, iron,
riboflavin and lovastatin which are very good for
health [1-2-3]. The use of high quality seeds determines
the mushroom production success since it can
reduce the high level of contamination. The low
viability of seed will cause bioconversion and
decrease the mushroom production. The seeds
must be obtained from a pure culture and free of
contamination, it is must have superior genetic
traits in order to provide optimal results [4]. The
high quality of F0 seeds mushroom is needed to
produce high quality of F1 seeds. The
characteristics of good quality F1 seeds can be
seen from its mycelium which grows white and
thick on PDA media. The mycelium is also free of
contamination. The mushroom farmers are rarely
to conduct potential tests or biological efficiency
for the used mushroom seeds, they just believe the
seed sellers although there is no clear information
on the making process and no certificate.
Therefore, this experiment was aimed to study the
growth of the seed types (F1, F2 and F3) and to
examine the mushroom biological efficiency in
converting sawdust waste into fresh of white
oyster mushroom.
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2. Methods
The experiment was conducted in a
mushroom house owned by farmers in Pendem
village, Malang. The equipment used in this
experiment was: a drum for sterilization, plastic
bag in the size of 18x35 cm with 0.03 mm
thickness (2 kg), cotton, gas stove, thermometer,
ose needle, millimeter paper, PVC ring, hand
sprayer, and sieve with hole size 3mm x 3mm. The
materials used included: Albizia chinensis sawdust,
clean water, agricultural lime, SP36 fertilizer, bran,
corn flour, alcohol 70%, water, formaldehyde 2%,
CaCO3, and white oyster mushroom seeds (F1, F2
and F3).
This experiment was a factorial experiment
which used a randomized block design consisting
of two factors and three replications. Each
combination treatment comprising 10 baglog as
sample observations. Each treatment combination
comprised 10 baglog as sample. The first factor
was oyster mushrooms consisting of two types:
T1: White Oyster strain Florida and T2: White
Oyster strain Ostern. The second factor was the
type of seeds consisting of: F1: F1 Seeds, F2: F2
Seeds, and F3: F3 Seeds.
The steps in conducting this experiment
were described as follows:
1. Growing Media PreparationThe composition
of the growing media consisted of sawdust, bran,
corn flour, TSP, CaCO3 and water (80 Kg, 16 Kg,
8 Kg, 0.5 Kg, 0.5 Kg and 65%). The growing
media were mixed evenly and composted by
covering it with plastic for 3 days. The level of
water mixture or compost was arranged under the
65 % condition and a pH of 6.5..
2.Media Making: The mixed media were put in
plastic bags and then it was compacted by using
bottles. After that the tips of the plastics and PVC
ring were joined. Next, it was shaped like a bottle
and given a hole in the middle as a place for
mushroom seed. Lastly, it was covered with cotton
and plastic coated.
3. Media Sterilization: The sterilization was done
in a drum for 8 hours. Then, the growing media
were chilled for 24 hours before the inoculation.
4. Inoculation: The inoculation was done by
pricking the middle part of the media through the
rings, 15 cm from the height. A wooden stalk by 1
cm in diameter was used to make a hole. Then, the
hole was filled with mushroom seeds which have
been mashed. The media that have been filled with
seeds were covered with cotton and plastic.
5. Incubation: The incubation was performed by
storing the media which have been filled with
seeds in particular condition to grow the
mushroom mycelium. The needed temperature was
in the range of 24 0C – 28
0C and the humidity was
between 70 % - 95 %.
6. Cultivation: The cultivation was done by
setting the temperature and humidity. The
temperature was between 24 0C – 26.5
0Cwhile the
humidity was between 70% - 84 %.
7. Harvesting: : The harvesting was done after the
mushroom reached an optimum growth. The
mushroom was quite big but it was not fully
bloomed. The harvesting was performed by pulling
the entire of the clumps.
In this experiment, there were several
observation parameters. Those were: 1. Mycelium
growth rate, 2 Mycelium thickness, 3. Total
number of fruiting body clumps, 4. Fruiting body
weight, 5. Maximum length of the stalk, 6.
Harvesting time, 7. Harvesting frequency, 8.
Biological efficiency, 9.The level of baglog
contamination.
3. Results and Discussion
Based on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
of these following variables; the mycelium
thickness, the total number of clumps of fruiting
bodies, and the biological efficiency, the results
showed the significant interaction in the treatment
given to the type of oyster mushroom and the type
of seeds (Table 1).
In the mycelium thickness, treatments of
oyster strain Florida and F1 seed [T1F1], the
observation showed the lowest mycelium thickness
when compared to other treatments. The reason
was the contamination. Because of the
contamination, the mycelium spreading process
was hampered. This is in accordance with [7] who
states that if the oyster mushroom seeds have been
contaminated with other fungi, it can lead to
competition to get the nutrients substrate, so that
the spreading process is hampered or even
failsresultingthe fruit does not grow. The level of
contamination in this study was relatively low,
because from the 30 baglog samples used, only 2
samples were contaminated at the age of 50 days
after inoculation. There were several causes of
contamination in baglog media, such as: (a) the
steaming time which was not long enough to
prepare the media and to kill thecontaminating
microbes and fungi simultaneously, as well as the
heating temperature which was not optimal (the
ideal temperature for steaming is > 90 °C), if the
temperature is <90oC or unstable (fluctuating), the
possibility of contamination is quite big although
the steaming is done in a relatively long time,
(b)insects such as mosquitoes, flies and spiders
that were found in kumbung, because the spreading
process of the contaminating fungus spores could
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Surakarta, 6-7 September 2016
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be hampered by the spider webs, which
finally stuck in baglog and became a disease, (c)
the standard operating procedures (SOP) , the
essential proceduresto follow in orderto achievethe
smallest percentage of failures (0%), which was
not applied, such as; the use of masks when
working inside kumbung, sterilization of the
equipment with alcohol and the use of fire (a
Bunsen burner or candle) in the work space
(especially when the seeds were inoculated into the
production log), and (d) the unproper process of
composting the media, because composting was a
natural way to rot the materials, especially sawdust
as the main ingredient of baglog. The heating
process usually occurred in the first until the fifth
day as a result of fermentation process. The
temperature might reach 65 °C or more. This
natural heatinghelped rot the media and killed
pathogenic microbes (which cause disease), eggs
of insects and other organisms. One type of
contaminating fungi that usually attacked the
oyster mushroom baglog was Trichoderma sp.
This fungus caused green spots, especially on the
dead fungi. Other types of fungi that attacked the
mushroom growth media were Coprinus sp. and
Penicillium sp. The types of fungi that
contaminated the substrate part of sawdust
wereAspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., while the
type of fungus that attacked the mycelia was
Paecillomyces sp.
The total number of fruiting bodies of the
oyster strain Ostern and F1 seed [T2F1] showed
the lowest number of fruiting bodies when
compared with other treatments, which were 63.53
clumps. The total number of clumps of fruiting
bodies became one of the observation variables
because from the number of fruiting bodies, the
effect of treatments on the growth and the
development of the white oyster mushroomcould
be known. The total of fruiting bodies in one
clump is not equal to the weight of fruit, although
the numbers of fruiting bodies in one clump per-
harvest are many,but the fruiting bodies in one
clump per-harvest are many,but thetotal numbers
of the fresh weight obtained are not always high.
Table 1. Mean of Mycelium Thickness, Total number of clumps of fruiting body, Biological
Efficiency
Note: Numbers which are followed by the same letter in the same colum have no significance difference based on
BNJ 5% Test
The biological efficiency of oyster strain
Florida andF2 seed [T1F2], and the type of oyster
strain Ostern and F2 seed T2F2] showed high
biological efficiency. According to [5] the high
and low mushroom biological efficiency varies
depending on the media and the maintenance
during the formation of basidioma.
Separately, the fruit weight, types of
mushroom seeds showed significant differences,
whilethe percentage of mycelium growingspeed,
stalk length, harvest age and harvest frequency
showed no significant differences (Table 2).
On the fruit weight of themushroom type
treatment variable showed no significant
difference of fruit weight, whereas for the seed
type treatment variable, F1seed showed the lowest
total fruit weight when compared to other
treatments, which was 605.00 (g). Fresh weight
showed the water content in tissues or organs other
than organic materials. Fresh weight was the
growth result influenced by the moisture and the
temperature at that time. In this study, the weight
of Oyster strain Florida and Oyster strain Ostern
statistically showed no significant results, but the
weight of oyster strain florida tended to be heavier
compared to oyster strain Ostern. This trend was
due to the characteristics of oyster strain florida;
having higher water content than oyster strain
Ostern. In the seed type treatment, F1 seed showed
low fruit weight because of the presence of
Parameter Mycelium Thickness
(Cm)
Total number of clumps
of fruiting body
Biological Efficiency
(%)
Seeds Type
Mushroom Type
F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3 F1 F2 F3
Oyster strain
Florida (T1)
1.00a 1.13
b 1.20
b 71.25
b 65.73
b 71.87
b 53
a 66
b 52
a
Oyster strain
Ostern (T2)
1.23b 1.27
b 1.10
b 63.53
a 68.65
b 71.13
b 49
a 64
b 50
a
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The 6th Indonesian Biotechnology Conference
Surakarta, 6-7 September 2016
Page | 395
contamination. In the oyster mushroom
cultivation,it needed suitable media in order to get
maximum yield. There were some nutrient content
required by the oyster mushrooms for growth,
which were lignin, carbohydrates (cellulose and
glucose), protein, nitrogen, fiber, P (phosphorus),
K (potassium), Ca (Calcium) and vitamin [6]. [7]
states that the fresh weight of mushrooms
produced is determined by the media fertilityand
the nutrients such as carbohydrates and proteins.
Fresh weightwas associated with the mycelium
growth percentage in baglog (%). The higher the
percentage of mycelium growthwas, the higher the
fresh weight that was produced. Similarly, the high
frequency of harvest caused the high numbers of
fresh weight fruiting body.
In these variables; the percentage of
mycelium growing rate, fruit stalk length, harvest
age and harvest frequency, the fungus type and the
seed type, there was nosignificance difference.
This mycelium growth speed was greatly
influenced by the characteristics of the
baglogmedia;baglog water content, moisture, pH,
kumbung temperature, the level of contamination
and pests attacks, so if those characteristics were
fulfilled, the optimum growting speed of the
mycelium can be achieved. This was in accordance
with Maryati [2] who states that during the growth
of mycelium air humidity of 60-75% and a
growing medium with water content of about 65%
are required [2]. In addition, the optimum
temperature required was about 28oC, whereas for
the growth of mushroom fruiting bodies the
optimum temperaturewas 22-25oC [8]. Supported
by [9] who states that the faster the spread of the
mycelium is, the sooner the formation of fruit
bodies will be. The growth rate of the mycelium in
oyster mushroom was influenced by the nutrient
contents available in the growing media used.
Nutrition was the key factor in the growth of fungi
that was required for various metabolic processes
of the cells in order to produce high ATP energy
for growth. White oyster mushrooms required
nutrients containing a source of carbon, nitrogen,
minerals and vitamins. The good mycelium growth
(fast-growing)was caused by the growing medium
which wasdecomposed properly, so that the
nutrient contents in the media, such as C, N, P, and
K could be absorbed by the mushrooms well.
Nutrients which were rapidly absorbed by the
fungus would cause the mycelium grows and
develop rapidly [10]. The research conducted by
[11] revealed that the spreading speed of the of
mycelium was affected by temperature, humidity
of incubation and seed quality used.So, to support
the growth of mycelium in the oyster mushrooms,
ideally the incubation space should be of 24-290C
and 90-100% humidity.In addition, the level of
baglog density also affected the spread of
mycelium. If baglogwas too dense, the mycelium
would also be difficult to spread to the entire
baglog surface. Therefore, in fillingbaglog it
should be arranged not too dense and not too
tenuous.
Table 2. Mean of Mycelium Growth Rate, Fruiting Body Weight, Stalk Length. Harvesting Period,
andHarvesting Frequency
Note: Numbers which are followed by the same letter in the same column have no significance difference based on
BNJ 5% Test
Mushroom Type Mycelium Growth
Rate (%)
Fruiting
Body
Weight (g)
Stalk
Length
(Cm)
Harvesting
Period
(Days)
Harvesting
Frequency
(Days)
Oyster strain
Florida (T1) 43.67
a 655.78
a 2.60
a 72.76
a 5.62
a
Oyster strain
Ostern (T2) 43.53
a 654.44
a 2.59
a 66.91
a 5.71
a
Seeds Type
Seed F1 [F1] 43.53a 605.00
a 2.55
a 67.50
a 5.73
a
Seed F2 [F2] 42.80a 689.00
b 2.62
a 70.77
a 5.60
a
Seed F3 [F3] 44.47a 671.33
b 2.60
a 71.23
a 5.67
a
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The 6th Indonesian Biotechnology Conference
Surakarta, 6-7 September 2016
Page | 396
The length of the stalk generally ranged
from 10-15 cm. The media were very influential to
the mushroom growth. On the growth of fungi,
there were two important components that were
very influential, namely oxygen and carbon
dioxide. The carbon dioxide which was too much
on the growing processmightcause the stalk to
growtoo long and the the formatiom of the hood to
be abnormal. Therefore when it had entered a
period of growth, the environmental conditions
must be concerned and adjusted to the growing
media, which was high humidity and low light.
The harvesttime was relatively same since
the oyster strain Florida and Ostern were the type
of white oyster mushroom that, genetically, was of
no significance difference in the life span, so
wasits harvest frequency. The harvest frequency
wasgreatly influenced the planting medium. A
medium was one of the important aspects that
determined the success rate of white oyster
mushroom cultivation. The white oyster
mushroom media used must contain the nutrients
needed for growth and productivity, which
werelignin, carbohydrates (cellulose and glucose),
protein, nitrogen, fiber, calcium, glucose, nitrogen,
protein, and fats and vitamins [6]
4. Conclusion
1. There was significant interaction between the
type of oyster mushrooms and types of seed
on the thickness of the mycelium, the total
number of clumps of fruiting bodies, and the
biological efficiency.
2. On the mycelium thickness and the total
number of clumps of fruiting bodies, F1 seed
showed a low yield, while the biological
efficiency of F2 seeds showed a high yield.
3. Separately, almost all parameters observed
were of no significant differences, except on
the fruit weight, F1 seed parameters that
showed low yield.
References
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