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A Basic List of Musical Terms and Symbols
Terms & symbols that affect dynamics
Symbol Name What it means
cresc. crescendo growing louder
dim. diminuendo growing softer
f forte loud
ff fortissimo very loud
fff fortisissimo as loud as possible
fp forte-piano
play the note
loudly andimmediately growsoft
mf mezzo-forte moderately loud
mp mezzo-piano moderately soft
p piano soft
pp pianissimo very soft
ppp pianisissimo very, very soft
sfor sfz sforzandoplay the note withmuch force
Terms and symbols that affect tempo
accel. accelerando growing faster
cal. calandogrowing slowerand softer
fermatahold the notelonger than normal
rall. rallentando growing slower
rit. ritardando growing slower
rubato in a free tempo
stretto quicker tempo
string. stringendo faster and louder
Other common symbols and terms
- or > oraccent
play the note
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^ slightly louder
/ or // breaka longer pausebetween notes
breath marka slight pausebetween notes
cantabile singing, songlike
con with (con espr.=with expression orfeeling)
crescendo growing louder
D.C. da capogo back to thebeginning
D.S. dal segno go back to the sign
decrescendo growing softer
dolce sweetly
downbow/downstrokeplay with adownbow ordownstroke
espr. espressivoexpressively, withfeeling
fine the end (al fine=to the end)
harmonicplay the note as aharmonic
leg. legatosmoothly,connected
legg. leggero lightly
meno
less (meno mosso
= less movement;a little slower)
m.d. main droiteplay with the righthand
m.g. main gaucheplay with the lefthand
molto very (molto rit.=growing very
much slower)
mosso motion,movement, speed
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pes. pesante heavy
pizz. pizzicatopluck the stringwith the finger
plus more (plus lent=slower)
piorpeu more (pi mosso=more movement;quicker)
poco
a little (poco apoco cresc.=gradually growlouder)
senza without (senza rit.= without slowingdown)
sim. similein the samemanner
slurconnect the notessmoothly
sordino mute (con sordino= with mute)
! or ' staccatoplay the note
slightly shorter
stacc. staccatoplay the noteslightly shorter
sul on or near (sul A=play entirely onthe A string)
- or ten. tenutohold the note forits full value
ortrem.
tremolorapidly playing thesame or twoalternating notes
upbow/upstrokeplay the note withan upbow orupstroke
Standard Tempo Marks (listed in order from
slowest to fastest)
Largo
