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17.08.2017
1
Pflanzenkohle für das N-Management im Weinbau?
Neue Erkenntnisse aus Forschung und Entwicklung
Claudia Kammann, Andreas Haller und Otmar Löhnertz
KLIMAWANDEL IM RHEINGAU
KLIMAWANDEL:
STEIGENDE CO2-KONZENTRATIONEN
http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/images/indicators/800k-year-co2-concentration.gif
Unsere Kulturpflanzen sind hier entstanden:(bei 280 ppm CO2, nicht bei 400 ppm…)
ERHÖHTES CO2: WIRKUNG AUF REBEN
….u.a. Rebholz-Zuwachs
….Bodenkohlenstoff…??
URSPRUNG DER IDEE „PFLANZENKOHLE“:
ANTHROPOGENE SCHWARZERDEN
IM AMAZONASGEBIET (ADE)
„TERRA PRETA“ KEINE „WUNDERERDE“!
aktive „Herstellung“
(Liberia, Ghana):
AfDE
Solomon et al. 2016, Frontiers in Ecology
1993 Flood
1988 Drought
2012 Drought
2010 Flood
1983 Drought
2013 Flood
1977 Drought
Avg 1985-2015 = 9.59 Mg/Ha
1974 Drought
1993 Flood
2012 Drought
1988 Drought
2010 Flood
1983 Drought
1977 Drought
Avg 1985-2015 = 7.18 Mg/Ha
1974 Drought
Maize yields
SOC-reiche Böden sind resilienter!
17.08.2017
2
PFLANZENKOHLE FÜR NÄHRSTOFF-
MANAGEMENT & KOMPOSTIERUNG(NICHT „PUR“ VERWENDEN)
3 mm < BC particles < 5mm
3 Faktoren
1. Kompost-Addition (± 2% w/w)
2. N-Düngung (28 vs 140 kg N/ha)
3. Kontrolle, BCpure BCcomp (± 2% w/w)
Gewächshaus, Gefäßversuch (Quinoa)
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
UNTERSCHIED WIE TAG UND NACHT:
PFLANZENKOHLE „PUR“ VS. KOMPOSTIERT
26.04.2017 8
no compost plus compost
tota
l b
iom
ass (
g d
wt)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
control
BCpure
BCcomp
no compost plus compost
28 kg N ha-1
140 kg N ha-1
ba
c B
A
C
x x
yX X
Y
305%
168%160%
139%
61%
83%90%
96%
Different letters = significant biochar effects within bar group; 3-way ANOVA, p<0.05
Kammann et al. 2015, Scientific Reports
„ÜBERRASCHUNG“:
BIOCHAR „LIEBT“ NITRAT!WIE GELANGT ES IN DIE KOHLE…?
• Trocknen -Befeuchten
• Schütteln > Still
• Organic > keine
• K+ besser als Na+
• > steigender Produktionstemp
• + Restwasser > trockene PK
• (Kon-Tiki)
„ÜBERRASCHUNG“:
BIOCHAR „LIEBT“ NITRAT!
EINFLUSS PK-EIGENSCHAFTEN…?
Gra
pe 3
50
Gra
pe 5
00
Gra
pe 7
00
Gra
pe 9
00
Pine
350
Pine
500
Pine
700
Pine
900
Cyp
ress
350
Cyp
ress
500
Cyp
ress
700
Cyp
ress
900
KT Gra
pe 6
00-7
00
mg
NO
3
- g-1
of
bio
ch
ar
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
N adsorbedN extracted
Der Einsatz von Biokohle zur Reduzierung des Nitrataustrages 17.08.2017 11
PFLANZENKOHLE, NITRAT & BODENFAUNA
Name: Regenwurm-Reproduktionstest
Richtlinie: ISO 11268-2 (1998)
Spezies: Eisenia fetida
Substrate: Kunsterde oder Feldböden, z.B. LUFA
Dauer: 56 Tage
Parameter: Mortalität, Biomasse, Anzahl Juveniler
Design: Limittest
Der Einsatz von Biokohle zur Reduzierung des Nitrataustrages 17.08.2017 12
PFLANZENKOHLE, NITRAT & BODENFAUNA
Reproduktion: Regenwurm
Kontrolle PK PK-TeeUNBELASTET
Kontrolle PK PK-TeeNITRATBELASTET!
17.08.2017
3
Der Einsatz von Biokohle zur Reduzierung des Nitrataustrages 17.08.2017 13
PFLANZENKOHLE, NITRAT & BODENFAUNA
Nitrat-Auswaschung (“Starkregen”)
Der Einsatz von Biokohle zur Reduzierung des Nitrataustrages 17.08.2017 14
PFLANZENKOHLE, NITRAT & BODENFAUNA
“Nitrat aus Kohlepartikeln” - Extraktion
FAZIT: PFLANZENKOHLE-KOMPOSTE +
BEGRÜNUNGSMANAGEMENT
Humusaufbau: C:N:P:S….
FAZIT: PFLANZENKOHLE-KOMPOSTE +
BEGRÜNUNGSMANAGEMENT
Humusaufbau: C:N:P:S….
Vielen Dank! – FRAGEN?
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
PURE BIOCHAR: TOO EXPENSIVE TO RETURN
INVESTMENTS BY YIELD INCREASES
26.04.2017 17
Meta-study on crop yields:
Jeffery et al. 2015
(and other meta-studies)
VERSUS low amounts
e.g. biochar as organic root-zone fertilizer (Schmidt et al. 2015; in review)
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
…THE DIFFERENCE…?
NUTRIENTS CAPTURED IN BIOCHAR
26.04.2017 18
Kammann et al. 2015, Scientific Reports
untreated BC co-composted BC field-aged BC
BC- (
2-5
mm
)
BC- (
5-6.
2 m
m)
BC- (
6.2-
8 m
m)
BC+
(2-5
mm
)
BC+
(5-6
.2 m
m)
BC+
(6.2
-8 m
m)
Field
site
I
Nit
rate
in
/at
bio
ch
ar
(g N
kg
-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
KCl 24 h
KCl 1 h
H2O 24 h
H2O 1h
Field-agedBC: Yes….
Theory (Total N, CN Analyzer): 6.0 g N kg-1 BiocharRepeated Extractions Nitrate: 5.3 g N kg-1 Biochar
17.08.2017
4
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
DOES IT ALSO HAPPEN IN SOILS? –
YES IT DOES….
26.04.2017 19
But standard methods likely underestimate nitrate in BC-amended soils
Fig. 2a, Haider et al. 2016Repeated 2M KClextractions (1 h)
1st extraction: 13% of total
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
IS NITRATE JUST SORBED OR EXCHANGED?
CAN BC BECOME „FILLED“? …N2O…?
26.04.2017 20
METHODS
• 200g sandy soil (mixture)
• WHC 65%, daily adjustment
• + 3 barley seedlings/jar
• Jar sampling days 1, 3, 8, 15, 30
• N concentrations and 15N:KCl-extr.; plants; BC particles; N2O fluxes
Day 1 = N appl.15NH4 NO3
OR:NH4
15NO3
TREATMENTSControl, BCpure and BCcomp (± 2% w/w)
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
BARLEY BIOMASS GROWTH – BCCOMP DOES IT
WHEN NMIN IS NEARLY GONE!
26.04.2017 21
Kammann et al., in revision (Sci. Rep.)
15N 14N
15N/14N Verhältnis
Komp.14N!
Pur„nix“
day of experiment
0 7 14 21 28
Ba
rle
y b
iom
as
s (
g d
wt)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
A
(a)
Ctrl BCpure
BCcomp
(b)
A
B
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
N DYNAMICS SOIL
26.04.2017 22
(a)
Day of Experiment
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NH
4
+-c
on
c. (m
g N
kg
-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control
BCpure
BCcomp
(b)
Day of experiment
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NO
3
- -co
nc. (m
g N
kg
-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70A
A
A
B
C
B
B
A
B
B
C
B
A
A
B
A
A
B
A
B
B A
B
A A
BB
n.s.
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
15N DYNAMICS BIOMASS
26.04.2017 23
Day of experiment
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Tota
l N
in p
lant bio
mass (
µm
ol N
jar-1
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Control
BCpure
BCcomp
(a)
AA
B
(n.s.)
A
B
B
A
BB
Day of experiment
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Tota
l 1
5N
in p
lant bio
mass
(µm
ol
15N
jar-1
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Control
BCpure
BCcomp
(c)
Day of experiment
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Control
BCpure
BCcomp
NH4 15
N labeled (in NH4NO
3) NO
3 15
N labeled (in NH4NO
3)(d)
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
15N DYNAMICS BIOCHAR PARTICLES
26.04.2017 24
Day of experiment
0 7 14 21 28
BC
parti
cle
en
ric
hm
en
t
(15N
ato
m%
exces
s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
BCpure
particles
BCcomp
particles
Day of experiment
0 7 14 21 28
BC
parti
cle
en
ric
hm
en
t
(15N
ato
m%
exces
s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
(a) (b)NH4-15
N NO3-15
N
Day of experiment
0 7 14 21 28
% o
f to
tal
15N
jar-1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
BCpure
%15
N
BCcomp
%15
N
0 7 14 21 28
NH4-15
N NO3-15
N
17.08.2017
5
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
N2O EMISSIONS STILL REDUCD WITH BCCOMP
26.04.2017 25
Day of experiment
0 7 14 21 28
N2O
em
issio
ns
(µ
g N
kg
-1 h
-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
N2O
su
m (
µg
N k
g-1
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000 A
BB
Contr
ol
BCpure
BCco
mp
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
SUMMARY, OPEN QUESTIONS, PROSPECTS
26.04.2017 26
• Biochar captures and exchanges NO3-….
• …even better with age / „organics“ contact
• Plants profited from biochar-nitrate feeding
• N2O emissions were still reduced
„hidden“ N (nitrate): part of „Terra preta“ story…?
Can we design slow-release nitrate fertilizers, is there
a balance between N leaching protection and plant N
availability?
Is nitrate capture part ot a) the „Nepal-success“ story
and b) a N2O emission reduction mechanism…?
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
TAKE HOME, THANKS & QUESTIONS?
26.04.2017 27
Check: repeated nitrateextractions!
© H.-P. Schmidt
NPK + comp BC-org F + comp
Lets find economic benefits!
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
SUMMARY, OPEN QUESTIONS, PROSPECTS
26.04.2017 28
To
tal N
in
pla
nt b
iom
ass (
µm
ol N
ja
r-1)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Control
BCpure
BCcomp T
ota
l N
in
BC
pa
rtic
les (
µm
ol N
ja
r-1)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
(a) (b)
AA
B
A
B
B
A
BB
To
tal
15N
in
pla
nt b
iom
ass
(µm
ol
15N
ja
r-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 (c)
Day of experiment
0 7 14 21 28
To
tal
15N
in
pla
nt b
iom
ass
(µm
ol
15N
ja
r-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 (e)
15N
in
BC
pa
rtic
les (
µm
ol
15N
ja
r-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140(d)NH4-15
N NH4-15
N
Day of experiment
0 7 14 21 28
15N
in
BC
pa
rtic
les (
µm
ol N
ja
r-1)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140(f)NO3-15
N NO3-15
N
***
****** ***
***
AA,B
B
A
A,B
B
n.s.
(*)
A
BB
******
***
***
(*)
(*)
**
*
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
SUMMARY, OPEN QUESTIONS, PROSPECTS
26.04.2017 29
(a)
Nm
in-c
on
c. (m
g N
kg
-1)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Control
BCpure
BCcomp
(b)
NO
3-c
on
c. (m
g N
kg
-1 s
oil-m
ix)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70A
A
A
B
C
B
B
A
B
B
C
B
A
A
B
A
A
B
A
B
B A
B
A A
BB
(c)
ato
m%
15N
ex
ce
ss
in
am
mo
niu
m
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Day of experiment
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ato
m%
15N
ex
ce
ss
in
nit
rate
0
2
4
6
8
NH4
+ NO3
-
15NH4 labeled
A
AB
B
A
B
B
A
B B
(e)
A A
B
(d)
ato
m%
15N
ex
ce
ss
in
am
mo
niu
m
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Day of experiment
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ato
m%
15N
ex
ce
ss
in
nit
rate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
15NO3 labeled
(f)
n.s.
15NH4 labeled
A
B
B
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
15NO3 labeled
B
B
AA
B
B
n.s.
n.s.
Biochar 15N-nitrate capture and release
GHG EMISSIONS AND 15N IN N2O
26.04.2017 30
(a)
N2O
em
iss
ion
s (
µg
N k
g-1
h-1
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(b)
CH
4 f
lux
es
(n
g C
H4 k
g-1
h-1
)
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
N2O
su
m (
µg
N k
g-1
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000 A
BB
CH
4 f
lux s
um
(µg C
H4 k
g-1
)
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
B
A
B
(c)
day of experiment0 7 14 21 28
15N
ato
m%
ex
ce
ss
(N
H4 e
nri
ch
ed
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Control
BCpure
BCcomp
(d)
day of experiment0 7 14 21 28
15N
ato
m%
ex
ce
ss
(N
O3 e
nri
ch
ed
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
