Prashasan Final Settingsaruwa.moga.gov.np/mogawebsite/images/pdf/prashasan/...Government of Nepal Ministry of General Administration Administrative Reform and Internal Management Division

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Government of NepalMinistry of General Administration

Administrative Reform and Internal Management DivisionSingha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone : 4200187, 4200367, 4200368, 4200369Fax No. : +977-1-4200187Web : www.moga.gov.np

E-mail : [email protected]

Editorial BoardMr. Balananda Paudyal, Secretary - Chairman

Mr. Binod K.C., Joint Secretary - Member

Mr. Krishna prasad Dawadi, Under Secretary - Member

Mr. DhirKumar Shrestha, Assistant Secretary - Member

Mr. Ratnamani Bhattarai Section Offi cer - Member

Mr. Bhabani Pd. Shrestha, Section Offi cer - Member Secretary

PRASHASAN(The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration)

March, 2010, 114th Issue

;DkfbsLoP]ltxfl;s ¿kdf lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg ;ef, d'''n'ssf] efjL :j¿k / vfsf sf]g{ Jo:t 5 .

/fHo oltv]/ ;ª\qmd0fsf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf]n] o;sf] zf;sLo :j¿k klg ¿kfGt/0fsf] ;F3f/df 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff;Fu} zf;sLo :j¿ksf] 6'ª\uf] nfUg]5 . o; cj:yfdf b]zsf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt lghfdtL ;]jfn] klg cfkm"nfO{ zf;sLo :j¿k;Fu} ¿kfGt/0f u/L cfkm"nfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ctM /fHosf] :j¿k;Fu hf]l8Psf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j¿ksf af/]df clxn] cg'dfg ug'{ cJojxfl/s x'g ;S5 t/ klg o;tkm{ s'g} sfo{ gu/L a:g' tof/Lsf] cefj dflgg ;S5 . o;}n] o; cª\sdf o; ljifodf p7]sf s]xL ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5, h;n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] efjL :j¿ksf ;DaGwdf yf]/}dfq eP klg lbzfjf]w ug{ ;s] xfd|f] k|of; ;fy{s ePsf] dx;'; ug{]5f}F .

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oxL cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;d]t ;dofg's"n x'g] u/L cfkm"nfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf :jf:Yodf b]vf k/]sf ;an kIfx¿sf] plrt ;+/If0f / ;Djw{g ub}{ b'a{n kIfx¿af6 kf/ kfpgsf nflu of] b'n{e cj;/ xf] . o;sf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ o;n] ;dosf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;dofg's"n rNg ;Sg] ;]jfsf ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{ h?/L 5 . ctM k/Dk/fsf] jr{:jnfO{ wflg/fVg]eGbf klg hgefjgfcg's"n pknlAwd"ns x'g'kg]{ clgjfo{tf 5 . o;f] x'g ;s]sf] cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfn] cfkm\gf] ;fv hf]ufO/fVg ;S5 . o;sf nflu k|lqmofx¿sf] hfnf]af6 plDsP/ ;]jfd'vL aGbf g} o;n] ;a}sf] ljZjf; / e/f];f cfh{g ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf cufl8 b'O{cf]6f

r'gf}tLx¿ cj;/sf ¿kdf pkl:yt b]vf kb{5g\ . klxnf] / k|fylds dxŒjsf] ljifo xf], b]zsf] kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts Joj:yf;fk]If eP/ o;n] cfkm"nfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ Pj+ bf];|f] xf], Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf cfPsf gjLg cjwf/0ff / ;f]rnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ k|ljlwpGd'v Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;xh / ;'ne¿kdf k|j]z pknAw u/fpg' . oL cflb r'gf}tLnfO{ cj;/sf ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;s]sf] v08df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;kmntfsf] cfwf/e"t v'8\lsnf] pSn]sf] dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 .

oxL kl/k|]Ifdf b]zsf] efjL ;ª\3Lo :j¿ksf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|s[lt s:tf] x'g'knf{ < o; ljifodf ax;sf] pb\3f6g ug]{ p2]Zon] …k|zf;gÚsf] o; cª\snfO{ …;ª\3Lo :j¿kdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfÚ ljz]if– cª\ssf ¿kdf k|sflzt ug{ xfdLn] k|of; u/]sf xf}F . o;sf nflu xfdLn] ck]Iff u/]cg'¿ksf n]v/rgfx¿ ;Dk"0f{tM k|:t't ug{ g;s] klg xfd|f] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/lbP/ ljåfg\ n]vsx¿n] pknAw u/fpg'ePsf /rgfx¿dWo] pTs[i6 /rgfx¿ o; cª\sdf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F . afFsL /rgfx¿ qmdzM k|sflzt x'Fb}} hfg] jrga4tf;d]t hfx]/ ub{5f}F . ctM xfd|f] o; k|of;nfO{ ;kmn kfg{sf nflu cfkm\gf dxŒjk"0f{ /rgf lbP/ ;3fpg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ljåfg\ n]vsx¿ wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . o;} u/L ljleGg lsl;dn] ;3fpg' x'g] pk;lrj nIdLgf/fo0f pk|]tL gfoa ;'Aafx¿ gf/fo0f l/dfn, r'8fd0fL cof{n, ;'hftf bfxfn / sfof{no ;xfos lzjxl/ v/]nnfO{ klg pxfFx¿n] k'¥ofpg'ePsf] of]ubfgsf nflu wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F .

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;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf k|zf;lgs r'gf}tLx¿ -g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df_ lzj/fd Gof}kfg] !

ljQLo ;ª\3Lotfdf /fh:j kl/rfng k|bLks'df/ sf]O/fnf *;ª\3Lotfsf ;jfndf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;{+/rgf

sdn 1jfnL !*

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;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf pBf]u If]qsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 8f= dfwj clwsf/L !)$

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf M /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf ;Gbe{df ;'dg bfxfn !!#

;ª\3Lo g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 gful/sn] ck]Iff u/]sf ljifox¿ dx]Gb| ;}j'n] !!&

ljifo;"rL

Federalism and Local Government: Approaching in Nepal Narayan Bahadur Thapa !#&

e-Government Implementation Challenges in Nepal Dr. Subarna Shakya !$#

Career in the Private Sector verses Civil Service Divakar Devkota !$(

Aspect of Development Administration Dr. Sabitri Aryal {Acharya} !%#

k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;DaGwL klqsf 1

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;f/f+zs]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnLn] d'n'sdf ljBdfg hftLo, eflifs, n}ª\lus, juL{o, If]qLonufotsf

;d:ofx¿nfO{ kof{Kt ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]g . o;}n] ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt / ultzLn ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/sf ¿kdf l:jsfl/Psf] 5 . ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLn] /fHosf] zf;sLo clwsf/nfO{ s]Gb|af6 :yfgLo lgsfo;Dd k'¥ofpF5 . ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf Pj+ clwsf/x¿ klg ljs]lGb|t x'G5g\ . s]Gb|Ls[t ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf, hl6n tyf k|lqmofd'vL sfo{ljlw, cfb]z / lgoGq0fdf sfd ug]{ z}nL, s]Gb|Ls[t lg0f{o k4lt, uf]Ko / ckf/bzL{ sfo{z}nL cflbsf sf/0f d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGq k|hftflGqs Pj+ ljs]lGb|t x'g ;s]g . o;}sf/0f k|zf;g hgd'vL, pQ/bfoL, pknlAwd"ns / k|lt:kwL{ x'g ;s]g . d'n'ssf] kl/jlt{t zf;g k4ltcg'¿k k|zf;lgs ;+oGq klg ;Ifd, r':t / b'¿:t x'g' h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu d'n'ssf] ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLcg'¿k k|zf;lgs :j¿k / z}nLdf ;'wf/ ug'{k5{ . o;f] ubf{ cfpg ;Sg] r'gf}tL / cj;/x¿sf] cWoog ljZn]if0f x'g'k5{ . o;af6 k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf, k4lt / Ifdtfnufotsf If]qdf dha't cfwf/ tof/ ug'{ jt{dfg k|fyldstfsf] ljifo xf] .

k[i7e"ld g]kfn ljljw hfthflt, efiffefifL, wd{, ;+:s[lt, juL{o, If]qLo cflb ljz]iftfn] ;d]l6Psf] /fHo xf] . o:tf] kl/j]zdf d'n'sleq hftLo, juL{o, If]qLo, n}ª\lus Pj+ wfld{s cGt/lj/f]wx¿ x'g' :jfefljs xf] . ;dfhdf ljBdfg o:tf cGt/lj/f]wx¿sf] ;xL ;dfwfg;lxt :yfoL zflGt :yfkgfsf lglDt pko'Qm zf;sLo k|of; x'g'

:jfefljs x'G5 . ljut nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] PsfTds / s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo ;+/rgf;lxtsf] ck|hftflGqs /fHo Joj:yf sfod lyof] . o;sf/0f ;dfhdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, lnª\uLonufotsf lje]bx¿ cem} sfod 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df ;Dk"0f{ lje]bx¿sf] cGTo u/L b]znfO{ gofF ult k|bfg ug{ /fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfhGo /fHo

PRASHASAN � e Nepalese Journal of Public Administration2

Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 . o;af6 ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfd"ns hgk|ltlglwo'Qm ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL cjnDag x'G5 . o;sf nflu u[xsfo{ ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ / ckl/xfo{ 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n]

d'n'sdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}ª\lus

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k'g;+{/rgf ug]{ eg]sf] 5 . /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf

ubf{ nf]stflGqs tyf ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{

cfwf/ agfpg] k|lta4tf JoSt ul/Psf] 5 . d'n's

;'xfpFbf] /fHo k'g;+{/rgf tof/ u/L ;ª\3Lo zf;g

k|0ffnLdf cfa4 x'gsf nflu ;+ljwfg ;efdf

gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu u[xsfo{ eO/x]5 .

/fHosf] ;ª\3Lo gjLg zf;sLo :j¿kcg's"n x'g]

u/L k|zf;lgs k'g;+{/rgfdf ;d]t ;'wf/ ug'{

ckl/xfo{ 5 . o; ;Gbe{df lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{

hgpQ/bfoL, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{ tyf ;ª\3Lo

k|0ffnLcg'¿k t'Nofpg k|zf;g k'g;+{/rgfsf] tof/L

ug'{ h¿/L 5 .

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ul/G5 . o; k|0ffnLdf s]Gb|Lo / k|fGtLo ;/sf/

Pscsf{df k"0f{tM lge{/ klg x'Fb}gg\ / Pscsf{af6

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x'G5g\ . oL k|To]s txsf ;/sf/x¿ aLrdf ;xof]u,

;b\efj / cGt/lqmof x'G5 .

Federalism Latin zAb foedus af6

compact, convenant, agreement h:tf

zAbx¿af6 la:tfl/t ePsf] xf] . o;n] s]Gb|

/ k|fGtLo ;/sf/aLr ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] ;fem]bf/L

u/fpF5 . o;n] b]zsf] ;/sf/sf ljleGg txaLrsf]

;DaGwnfO{ hf]8\g] sfd u5{ . o;sf ;fy} s]Gb|

tyf k|fGtLo ;/sf/aLr zlQmsf] ljefhg x'G5,

h;n] tL b'j} ;/sf/x¿ ;dGjofTds tyf

:jtGq¿kdf ;ª\3df cfa4 x'G5g\ . ;ª\3Lotfsf

;DaGwdf Nicholas Haysom n] "Federalism also allows for government closer to the


people, greater local control over decisions which impact on citizen's daily lives" egL

kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . ljåfg\ K. C. Wheare n]

"Federalism is the political outcome when a number of States "seek unity without unIoication" egL kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ .

;ª\3Lotfsf l;4fGtx¿ ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL l;4fGtsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg k':tsdf km/skm/s l;4fGtsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;du|df o; k|0ffnLsf l;4fGtnfO{ d"ntM b'O{ lsl;daf6 JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 M

s_ å}w ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL -Dual Federalism_

o; k|0ffnLdf ;ª\3Lo tyf k|fGtLo ;/sf/x¿sf] lhDd]jf/L cnucnu tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . o;df ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] g} k|fGtLo ;/sf/dfkm{t :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿df lgoGq0f /fV5 . d]lS;sf], dn]l;of / ¿; o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

v_ ;dGjofTds ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL -Cooperative Federalism_

o; k|0ffnLdf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿n] :jfoQ k|fGtLo ;/sf/af6 j}wflgstf k|fKt ub{5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ;+j}wflgs ;DaGwg ;fdfGotM ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/;Fu x'Fb}g . ef/t, c:6]«lnof / Sofg8f o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLsf ljz]iftfx¿

/fHox¿s1= f] :jtGqtf / /fli6«o Pstf sfod x'g],å}w zf;g / zlQmsf] ljt/0f x'g],2=

;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf lglxt zlQmx¿ sfod x'g],3=

;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf nflu lglif4 zlQmx¿ 4=

sfod x'g],/fHo ;/sf/sf nflu lglif4 zlQmx¿ sfod x'g],5=

/fHo ;/sf/sf cf/lIft zlQmx¿ x'g],6=

;ª\3 / /fHo ;/sf/sf ;djtL{ zlQmx¿ x'g],7=

;ª\3 / /fHox¿aLr ljjfb x'g ;Sg],8=

;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rjtf sfod x'g],9=

bf]xf]/f] jf Psn gful/stf x'g ;Sg],10=

:jtGq Gofokflnsf x'g],11=

lnlvt Pj+ s7f]/ ;+ljwfg x'g],12=

s]Gb| / /fHox¿aLr zlQmsf] ljt/0f x'g] cflb . 13=

;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLsf u'0f tyf cju'0fx¿ ljZjdf @)) cf]6feGbf a9L d'n'sx¿ cl:tTjdf 5g\ . tLdWo] b'O{ bh{ghlt d'n'sdf dfq ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL cjnDag u/]sf /fHox¿dWo] s]xLsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; tLj| ultdf clu al9/x]sf] kfOG5 eg] s]xLsf] cj:yf emg\ gfh's ePsf] kfOG5 . d"ntM /fhgLlts Pj+ gful/s cg'zf;g / r]tgf ePsf] cj:yfdf o; k|0ffnLaf6 ck]Iffs[t pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] tYo :ki6 5 . o; ;Gbe{df o;sf alnof tyf sdhf]/ kIfx¿sf] pNn]v lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 M

s_ ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLsf u'0fx¿

/fHo :jtGq x'g],1=

/fhgLlts :jfoQtf sfod x'g],2=

ljsf;sf] clwsf/ lgIf]k0f x'g],3=

hftLo ljljwtfdf Pstf sfod x'g],4=

:yfgLo :jfoQtf;lxtsf] /fli6«o Pstf x'g],5=

/fHo / s]Gb|aLr zlQmsf] :ki6 afF8kmfF8 x'g],6=

:yfgLo ;d:of :yfgLo :t/af6} ;dfwfg x'g],7=

s]Gb|Lo zlQm / ;Qfsf] b'?kof]udf 8=

/fHosf] lgoGq0f x'g],;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod x'g],9=

hgtfsf] hLjg;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] 10=

s'/fdf zlQmsf] ljefhg x'g],


;fdflhs Gofo / ;b\efj sfod x'g],11=

;Gt'lnt ljsf; sfod x'g] cflb . 12=

v_ ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLsf cju'0fx¿

k|fs[lts / cfly{s ;|f]t ljt/0fdf ljjfb x'g],1=

;Ldf lgwf{/0fdf sl7gfO cfpg],2=

hftLo Pj+ eflifs ljjfb p7\g],3=

vlr{nf] k|0ffnL ePsf]n] k|zf;lgs vr{ 4=

a9\g],zlQm ljefhgdf ljjfb x'g ;Sg],5=

s]Gb|sf] x:tIf]ksf] ;Defjgf x'g],6=

If]qflwsf/sf] ljjfb x'g],7=

bf]xf]/f] s/sf] df/df kg{ ;lsg],8=

;fDk|bflos / /fhgLlts la:tf/sf] 9=

vt/f cflb .

;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf k|zf;lgs r'gf}tLx¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf d'n'snfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ ;ª\sNk ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 d'n'sdf ljBdfg hftLo, juL{o, If]qLo, n}ª\lusnufotsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg eO{ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;+j[l4 xfl;n x'g] tYodf ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf nflu d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGqnfO{ kl/jlt{t zf;g k|0ffnLcg's"n k'g;+{/rgf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt /fli6«o¿kdf l:jsfl/Psf] 5 . d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ eljiodf sfod x'g] /fhgLlts k4ltcg'¿ksf] zf;sLo sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ ;+oGqsf ¿kdf kl/sNkgf ul/g] x'Fbf o;sf] k|f¿ksf] klxrfg ubf{ /fhgLlts nIox¿;Fu tfbfTDo /fvL x]g'{kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . /fhgLlts kl/jt{g;Fu} gful/ssf] a9\bf] cfsfª\Iff tyf rfxgfnfO{ tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug{ / kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg k'/fgf]

k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ u/L ljutsf ljs[lt tyf sdLsdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg gx'g] u/L u[xsfo{ ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePsf] 5 .

g]kfndf /fHo ;+/rgf Pj+ zf;sLo :j¿ksf] olsg eO;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;Gbe{df s:tf] k|zf;lgs k'g;+{/rgfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg] eGg] ljifo cem} :ki6 5}g tyflk g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ef/tLo df]8nsf] x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf ;fy} txut¿kdf ;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] zf;sLo :j¿k x'g] cfwf/df k|zf;lgs k'g;{+r/gfsf] u[xsfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljZjsf ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL cjnDag u/]sf d'n'sx¿sf] k|zf;lgs :j¿k / k4ltsf] cWoog ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 . c:6«]lnofdf s]Gb|Lo /fHo / :yfgLo lgsfosf nflu ;DalGwt ;/sf/sf] eGff{;DaGwL PsfOaf6 g} egf{ ug]{ kl/kf6L 5 . o;n] ubf{ ToxfF tLgcf]6f 5'§f5'§} lghfdtL ;]jf sfod ePsf] kfOG5 . ef/tdf ;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo txsf km/skm/s lghfdtL ;]jf 5g\ . ToxfF ;ª\3Lo tyf k|fGtLo If]qsf] ;dGjo sfod /fVg] p2]Zon] s]Gb| tyf :yfgLo h'g;'s} If]qdf uO{ sfd ug{ ;Sg] u/L All India Service sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjdf ef/tLo lghfdtL ;]jf ;Ifd, ;'b[9, e/kbf]{ / j}1flgs;d]t ePsf] l:jsfl/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} pSt Joj:yf g]kfnL kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf];d]t 5 . o;}n] ef/tLo k|zf;lgs :j¿k Pj+ k4ltnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} d'n's;'xfpFbf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf / k4ltnfO{ cjnDag ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf Pj+ k4lt k/Dk/fut / oyfl:yltjfbL ;f]r / ;+:sf/af6 k|efljt 5 . o;}n] ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf hfFbf k|z:t k|zf;lgs r'gf}tLx¿ Joxf]g'{kg]{ cj:yf 68\sf/f] 5 . d"ntM ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf, tx jf >]0fLut k4lt, sd{rf/L b/aGbL ldnfg, gofF


sd{rf/L 5gf]6 k4lt, j[lQljsf; of]hgf /fHox¿sf aLrsf] ;dGjoh:tf If]qdf r'gf}tL v8f x'g ;S5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf hfFbf d"ntM lgDgfg';f/sf k|zf;lgs r'gf}tLx¿ cfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 M

s_ ;ª\u7gfTds r'gf}tLx¿k|zf;lgs ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿k s:tf] x'g] <• slt txsf] lghfdtL ;]jf x'g] < • s'gs'g ;]jf;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ <• If]qLo Pj+ c~rn sfof{nox¿sf] cj:yf s] • x'g] < cflb .

v_ cfotg jf cfsf/ut r'gf}tLx¿s]Gb|Lo ;ª\u7gsf] cfsf/ sqf] x'g] < • ;flassf ;ª\u7gx¿sf] lg/Gt/tf / gofF • ;ª\u7gx¿sf] :yfkgf s;/L ug]{ <k|fGtLo / :yfgLo txsf] k|zf;lgs cfsf/ • sqf] x'g] <s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo lgsfox¿df sd{rf/Lx¿sf] • ;ª\Vof olsg ug]{,sd{rf/Lx¿sf] • Right sizing ug{sf nflu O & M survery ug]{ cflb .

u_ b/aGbL Pj+ sd{rf/L ldnfgsf r'gf}tLx¿ s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿ ;dfof]hg x'Fbf a9L x'g] • sd{rf/L Pj+ b/aGbL ldnfg s;/L ug]{ < xfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/L jf • b/aGbLnfO{ k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo ;]jfdf s;/L ldnfg ug]{ <ljz]if Ifdtf, of]Uotf, cg'ej / If]qdf sfo{/t • sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg s;/L ug]{ < cflb .

3_ k4ltut r'gf}tLx¿ljBdfg >]0fLut k4• ltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' ;fGble{s x'G5 jf x'Fb}g <txut k4ltsf] PsLs[t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] • cjwf/0ff s;/L :yflkt ug]{ <

ljs]lGb|t Pj+ lgIf]k0f k|0ffnLnfO{ s;/L • cfTd;ft\ ug]{ <s;/L kf/blz{{tf Pj+ pQ/bfloTj sfod • ug]{ < cflb .

ª_ j[lQljsf; of]hgfsf] :j¿k s]Gb|Lob]lv :yfgLo ;]jf;Dd sd{rf/Lsf] • ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf s;/L ug]{ < of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;Defljt IfoLs/0fnfO{ • s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ < of]Uo sd{rf/L 5gf]6, kb:yfkgf, ;¿jf, • a9'jf, Ifdtf ljsf;, ;]jf;'ljwfnfO{ s;/L j}1flgs / ljjfb/lxt u/fpg] < ;'lglZrt / cg'dfgof]Uo j[lQljsf; • of]hgf s;/L tof/ ug]{ < cflb .

r_ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf r'gf}tLx¿ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf If]q klxrfg s;/L ug]{ <• cf/If0fsf nflu sf]6f / tx s;/L olsg ug]{ <• cf/If0f / of]Uotf k|0ffnLaLrsf] ;Gt'ng • s;/L sfod ug]{ < cj;/x¿sf] ljjfb/lxt ;Gt'lnt ljt/0f • s;/L ug]{ < Ifdtf j[l4 Pj+ ;zStLs/0f of]hgf • s;/L agfpg] < cflb .

5_ k|zf;lgs ldtJolotfsf] ;d:of5l/tf] / pTkfbgzLn ;ª\u7g s;/L • tof/ ug]{ <k|zf;lgs vr{nfO{ s;/L lgoGq0f ug]{ <• k|zf;lgs vr{sf nflu cfosf ;|f]tx¿ • s'gs'g x'g ;S5g\ < cg'bfg ;xof]unfO{ s;/L lg/Gt/tf lbO{ • j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 < cflb .


;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf cfpg ;Sg] k|zf;lgs r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug]{ pkfox¿

d'n'ssf] zf;sLo :j¿k ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLcGtu{t s]Gb|Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . o;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ k|zf;lgs ;+oGqnfO{ klg s]Gb|Lo, ;ª\3Lo / :yfgLo lgsfodf cnucnu ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L tLg txsf] lghfdtL ;]jf x'g ;S5 . oxLcg's"n lghfdtL ;]jf x'g] u/L ;dod} o;af/]df cWoog, ljZn]if0f / 5nkmn u/L kof{Kt u[xsfo{ ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu j}1flgs cfwf/ tof/ ug'{kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|zf;lgs r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 M

/fli6«o -s]Gb|Lo_, ;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo 1=

u/L rf/ lsl;dsf] lghfdtL ;]jf agfpg],

/fli6«o lghfdtL ;]jfn] d'n'ssf] h'g;'s} 2=

If]qdf uO{ sfd ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ . o;n] s]Gb|Lo / k|fGtLo /fHox¿sf aLrsf] ;dGjonfO{ ;[b[9 u/fpg e"ldsf v]Ng],

k|zf;g ;]jf, k|x/L ;]jfh:tf dx3= Œjk"0f{ ;]jfdf dfq /fli6«o lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;Lldt ug]{,;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo lghfdtL 4=

;]jfsf] cfcfkm\gf] 5'§f5'§[} ;]jf;d"x tyf sfo{If]q x'g ;Sg],

sd{rf/L 5gf]6 Pj+ egf{sf nflu s]Gb| / 5=

k|fGtdf 5'§f5'§} nf]s ;]jf cfof]u x'g ;Sg] t/ 5gf]6 ljlw, of]Uotf jf :t/ lgwf{/0f, gLlt / sfg'g eg] Pp6} x'g ;Sg] . :yfgLo ;]jfsf nflu ;DalGwt k|fGtLo nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg],

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQljsf; of]hgf ;ª\3Lo jf 6=

k|fGtLo /fHox¿sf] 5'§f5'§} x'g ;Sg],

xfn df}h'bf s]Gb|Lo lgsfox¿ -dGqfno, 7=

cfof]u, ;lrjfno cflb_ cfjZostfcg';f/ ufEg] jf vf/]h u/L r':t / ;fgf] ;+/rgf tof/ ug{ ;lsg],

s]Gb|Lo :t/df u7g ug'{kg]{ ;ª\u7gx¿, h:t} 8=

/fli6«o ljQLo cfof]u, ljjfb ;dfwfg kl/ifb\ h:tf ;ldlt / clt cfjZos ;+:yfx¿dfq u7g ug]{ . ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{If]qdf ljljwLs/0f ug{ ;lsg],xfn df}h'bf ljefu, If]qLo sfof{no / c~rn 9=

sfof{nox¿ vf/]h ug{ ;lsg],s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;ª\10=

Vof a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf Ps tx a9'jf lbO{ k|fGtLo /fHodf k7fpg k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;lsg],

:yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 11=

;DalGwt :yfgLo /fHodf g} kbldnfg ug{ ;lsg],

:j]lR5s cjsf;sf dfWodaf6 klg a9L x'g] 12=

b/aGbL s6f}tL ug{ ;lsg],

txut k|0ffnLdf uO{ b/aGbL ldnfg ug{ 13=

;lsg],

b/aGbL ldnfg ug{ g;sL a9L x'g] 14=

sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] cltl/St ;d"xdf b/aGbL /fvL cfjZostfcg';f/ ;ª\3Lo jf k|fGtLo /fHox¿df v6fpg] / cjsfz jf cGo s'g} dfWodaf6 kb l/St ePdf :jtM vf/]h ug{ ;lsg] cflb .

lgisif{ /fHo k'g;+{/rgfsf nflu ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLcg'¿ksf] /fHo :j¿k tof/ ug]{ u[xsfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df /fHosf] gjLg :j¿kcg's"n x'g] u/L k|zf;lgs k'g;+{/rgfsf] vfsf tof/ ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . o;sf


nflu k|zf;lgs k'g;+{/rgf cfof]u u7g eO{ s]xL sfo{;d]t ePsf 5g\ . k|zf;lgs ;+oGqleqsf P]ltxfl;s d"NodfGotf, :d/0fof]Uo cEof;, cg'ej / ;f]rnfO{ lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ug'{ Psflt/ h¿/L 5 eg] csf{lt/ ljutsf sdLsdhf]/L, ljs[lt, s';+:sf/, unt Pj+ cg'Tkfbs k4lt / ;+/rgfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{ h¿/L 5 . o;} u/L j}1flgs / k|zf;lgs :j¿k tof/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'' klg h¿/L 5 . xtf/df lg0f{o u/L sfof{Gjogdf kZrtfk ug]{ g]kfnL k|j[lQ sfod} 5 . o; ;Gbe{df r'gf}tLk"0f{ 38L xfd|f cufl8 5g\ . o;}n] pRr:t/Lo k|zf;lgs Pj+ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj

;r]t / hfu¿s x'g' h¿/L 5 . o; kl/k|]Ifdf d"ntM r':t / pTkfbgzLn ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{, ljjfb/lxt 9ª\un] b/aGbL ldnfg ug]{, ;'lglZrt / cg'dfgof]Uo j[lQljsf; of]hgf tof/ ug]{, of]Uo / ;Ifd sd{rf/L 5gf]6 u/L l;kmfl/; ug]{, If]qflwsf/ olsg ug]{, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] lbzf ;'lglZrt ug]{, ldtJooL / hgpQ/bfoL k4lt tof/ ug]{ cflb ;jfnx¿ k|d'v¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf 5g\ . o;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ;dod} cWoog, ljZn]if0f / 5nkmnsf] yfngL u/L eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] k|zf;lgs r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ k|of;

ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

cg'/f]w

– k|zf;gsf] a[xb\ If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ul/Psf / cfufdL lbgdf ul/g] sfo{ Pj+ k|zf;lgs ultljlwsf ;fy} k|zf;g;Fu ;Da4 cg';GwfgfTds, l;h{gfTds / 1fgf]kof]uL n]v/rgfx¿ o; klqsfdf k|sflzt x'Fb} cfPsf] ljifo k|zf;sLo If]qdf cle?lr /fVg] dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ ljlbt} 5 .

– ;'zf;g, ;+3Lo /fHok|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jf, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, cDa'8\:Dofg, ljB'tLo ;'zf;g cflb h:tf ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt n]v/rgfx¿ o; cÍdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

– k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf cg'ejLx¿, ;Da4 If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf ljåfg\x¿ / ;fdflhs cfly{s Pj+ af}l4s hut\df sfo{/t dxfg'efjx¿af6 …k|zf;gÚn] ;b}j ;xof]u kfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf ;xof]usf] lg/Gt/tf xfd|f] cfjZostf xf] . o; k|of]hgsf nflu lj1 / ljåfg\ dxfg'efjx¿af6 cfufdL cª\ssf nflu cg';Gwfgd"ns / /rgfTds n]v/rgfx¿ pknAw u/fOlbg' x'g ljz]if cg'/f]w ub{5f}F .

– g]kfnL efiffdf n]lvPsf n]v/rgfx¿ lk|tL / cª\u|]hL efiffdf n]lvPsf n]v/rgfx¿ Times New Roman kmG6df 6fOk u/L pknAw u/fOlbg' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f}F .

– ^ b]lv !% k]h;Ddsf n]v/rgfx?sf] ;'?df …n]vsf] ;f/f+zÚ -Abstract_, cfjZostfg';f/sf] ;fO6];g -Citation_ / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;dfj]z ul/Ps]f x'g'kg]{5 .

– k|sflzt n]v/rgfsf] kfl/>lds ?= #,))).– b]lv ?= %,))).– ;Dd /x]sf] 5 .

– k|sfzgsf nflu k|fKt s'g} klg n]v/rgf k|sflzt ug]{ jf gug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ ;Dkfbs d08n;Fu ;'/lIft 5 .


;f/f+z ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf / ;+/rgfnfO{ cfTdlge{/ eO{ :j;~rfngsf nflu cGo s'/fafx]s ljQLo

;ª\3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ffn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . /fh:j kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg, C0fsf] clwsf/ tyf ljQLo x:tfGt/0fh:tf ljifox¿nfO{ o;sf] cfwf/e"t kIfsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . k/Dk/fut :j¿ks} u}/s/ / s/ /fh:jsf] ;ª\sng ;ª\3Lotfdf klg ul/G5 . s/;DaGwL clwsf/ tyf bfloTj s;df /xg], s]s] j:t' tyf ;]jfdf s;/L ;ª\sng ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf ljZjel/ ljljw lsl;dsf cEof;x¿ kfOG5g\ . tL cEof;sf] cWoog tyf dgg u/L cfk\mgf] cfjZostf / ;DefJotfsf cfwf/df g]kfnn] cfˆgf] df}lns k|s[lt sfod ug{ ;S5 . s:tf /fh:jx¿ s'g txn] p7fpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf u}/s/ /fh:jsf ljifodf xftxltof/, kf;kf]6{ tyf le;f / cGt/f{li6«o jfl0fHo;Fu ;DalGwt z'Nsx¿ ;ª\3Lo txdf /fvL cGo ;Dk"0f{ u}/s/ /fh:jx¿ k|fGtLo txdf /flvg'k5{ . cfo s/, d"Noclej[l4 s/, eG;f/ / cGtMz'Ns u/L oL rf/ /fi6«JofkL c;/ kg]{ s/ ;ª\3Lo txdf /flvg'k5{ . gofF k|:tfj ug'{kg]{ pQ/flwsf/L s/ k|fGtLo txdf /flvg'k5{ . o;afx]s rnfodfg x'g g;Sg] lglZrt ;DklQ tyf :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]udf nfUg] s/x¿sf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo txdf clwsf/ lbOg'k5{ . /fh:j;DaGwL clwsf/sf] pko'Qm afF8kmfF8 ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgcg'¿k ePsf] v08df d'n'ssf] ;ª\3Lo :j¿ksf] pGglt / ljsf; lge{/ u5{ .

!= ;ª\3Lotfdf clwsf/sf] af“8kmf“8 ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] ljefhgnfO{ ljlzi6 cy{df ;ª\3Lotf eg]/ ;j{:jLs[t ljZn]if0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL ckgfPsf] d'n'sdf clwsf/, st{Jo / ;fwg;|f]t ;ª\3n] k|fGtnfO{ cyjf

ljQLo ;ª\3Lotfdf /fh:j kl/rfng

k|bLks'df/ sf]O/fnfpk;lrj;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

k|fGtn] ;ª\3nfO{ lbg] jf lng] geO{ cfkm"cfkm" ldn]/ Pscfk;df af+F8kmfF8 ug]{ xf] eg]/ l:jsfg'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljs]lGb|t Joj:yf / ;ª\3Lotfdf km/s g} oxLlg/ 5 . s]Gb|n] cfk"m dftxtsf


lgsfonfO{ sfg'g;Ddt tl/sfn] clwsf/ lbg] / tNnf] lgsfon] sfg'gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{ k|0ffnL ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf] eg] ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v u/L clwsf/x¿ afF8kmfF8 ul/G5 . ;ª\3Lotfdf s;}n] s;}nfO{ clwsf/ lbg] eGg] k|Zg g} cfpFb}g . x'gt ældNg cfPsf ;ª\3LotfÆ ePsf] d'n'sh:tf] cd]l/sfdf k|fGtLo /fHon] ;ª\3Lo /fHonfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] / k|fGtLo /fHoaf6 ;ª\3Lo /fHon] clwsf/ kfPsf] eg]/ tyf æc8\ofP/ /fv]sf] ;ª\3LotfÆ ePsf] d'n'sh:tf] ef/tdf ;ª\3Lo /fHoaf6 k|fGtLo /fHon] clwsf/ kfPsf ;Gbe{ pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . clwsf/ lbg]lng] ljifo xf] cyjf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ ljifo xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf dtdtfGt/ /x]sf] eP tfklg ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;j{;Ddt JofVofdf Pscfk;df afF8kmfF8 ug]{ ljifo g} xf] eg]/ :ki6 kfl/Psf] kfOG5 . ljlslkl8ofdf ;ª\3Lotfsf] JofVof ug]{ ;Gbe{df cf]6\;sf] kl/efiffnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 M

Fiscal federalism is concerned with "understanding which functions and instruments are best centralized and, which is best placed in the sphere of decentralized levels of government" (Oates, 1999). In other words, it is the study of how competencies (expenditure side) and fi scal instruments (revenue side) are allocated across different (vertical) layers of the administration. (from Wekipedia)

ljQLo ;ª\3LotfnfO{ Og;fOSnf]k]l8of l8S;g/Ldf o;/L JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 M 'Fiscal federalism is a system of transfer payments or grants by which a federal government shares its revenues with lower levels of government. Federal governments use

this power to enforce national rules and standards. There are two primary types of transfers, conditional and unconditional. A conditional transfer from a federal body to a provinc or other territory, involves a certain set of conditions. If the lower level of government is to receive this type of transfer, it must agree to the spending instructions of the federal government. An example of this would be the Canada Health Transfer. The second type of grant, unconditional, is usually a cash or tax point transfer with no spending instructions. An example of this would be a federal equalization transfer.'

ljQLo ;ª\3Lotfdf clwsf/sf] ljifo tyf cfGtl/s clwsf/ sxfFF /xG5 eGg] ljifo dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . clwsf/ lbg]lng] ljifonfO{ cjlzi6 clwsf/sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . dxTTjk"0f{ ;+j}wflgs JofVof eg]sf] cjlzi6 clwsf/ sxfFF lglxt /xG5 eGg] g} xf] . cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgdf cjlzi6 clwsf/ k|fGtLo txdf /xg] Joj:yf 5 . ;'/Iff, jfl0fHo / oL;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo ;ª\3sf] sfo{If]qdf / afFsL ;Dk"0f{ ljifox¿ k|fGtsf] sfo{If]qdf kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf sf/0f cjlzi6 clwsf/ k|fGtdf /xg] elgPsf] xf] . cd]l/sfdf ;ª\3n] ;'/Iff, jfl0fHo / oL;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodfq x]g{] ePsf]n] o;sf] sfo{If]q ;Lldt dflgGYof] t/ /fHosf] kl/jlt{t e"ldsf;Fu} clxn] sfo{If]q a[xt\ ePsf] 5 . JofVof ub}{ hfFbf jt{dfg ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] o'udf ;'/Iff / jfl0fHosf] sfo{If]qleq gkg]{ ljifo k|fKt ug{ cToGt ufx|f] x'g] /x]5 cyf{t\ k|foM ;a} ljifox¿ s'g} g s'g} k|sf/n] ;'/Iff / jfl0fHosf] 3]/fleq k5{ . o; cy{df cjlzi6 clwsf/ k|fGtLo txd} /x]sf] eP tfklg cd]l/sfdf ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/ a9L zlQmzfnL ePsf] xf] . ef/tdf cjlzi6


clwsf/ ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/d} /x]sf sf/0fn] :jtM ;ª\3 zlQmzfnL x'g] g} eof] . ;ª\3Lotfdf ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df ;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo s'g lgsfosf] clwsf/ s]slt x'g] eGg] Joj:yfn] cToGt dxTTj /fV5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df d'n's ;ª\3Lotfdf hfG5 / o;sf tLg tx ;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df ljQLo Joj:Yffkgsf ljljw kIfx¿dWo] /fh:j kl/rfngsf] l:ylt s] x'g] eGg] ljifo k|:t't ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] xf] .

@= ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf kIfx¿ @=! ljQLo gLltsf] ;~rfng ljQLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ b'O{cf]6f a[xt\ cjwf/0ffaf6 x]l/g'k5{ . klxnf], lghL ljQ / o;sf] dWo:ytf . o;nfO{ ljQLo gLlt -Financial Policy_ n] Joj:yfkg u5{ . ljQLo gLltcGtu{tsf ljifox¿Ù h:tf] df}lb|s gLlt, ljb]zL d'b|f;DaGwL k|fjwfg / a}ª\s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodgdf ug]{ sfo{x¿ Psn :j¿ksf] s]Gb|Lo a}ª\sn] ug]{ jf o;df ax'n cjwf/0ff Nofpg] . ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL ePsf clwsf+z d'n'sdf Psn :j¿ksf] s]Gb|Lo a}ª\s g} l:jsfl/Psf] 5, h;n] d'n'sel/ Ps}k|sf/sf] d'b|fsf] k|rng u5{ / clwstd tyf Go"gtd :fLdfx¿ tf]sL df}lb|s gLltsf] ;~rfng u5{ . ;dli6ut cfly{s ;"rsx¿df l:y/tf tyf ;du| d'n'ssf] cfly{s Ps¿ktfsf nflu clwsf+z ;ª\3Lo d'n'sn] Psn :j¿ksf] s]Gb|Lo a}ª\ssf] cjwf/0ff g} k|of]udf NofPsf 5g\ . oBlk d'b|f lgisf;gsf ;DaGwdf ljljw lsl;dsf] cjwf/0ff;d]t k|of]udf 5 . a]nfot PsfTds /fHo eP tfklg o;n] cfˆgf] Pp6f If]qnfO{ d'b|f k|sfzg / lgisf;gsf] :jtGqtf lbPsf] 5 . ljQLo gLltsf] ;~rfngdf PsfTds jf ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL ckgfPsf] d'n'sdf vf;} lje]b b]lvFb}g . ctM s]Gb|Lo a}ª\ssf ¿kdf xfn sfo{/t g]kfn

/fi6« a}ª\snfO{ g} k'g;+{/rgf / sfo{ljlzi6Ls/0f u/L ljQLo gLlt Joj:yfkgsf ¿kdf ;ª\3Lo u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf] Psn :j¿ksf] ;ª\3Lo a}Ísf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L ljQLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

@=@ ;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yf

ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] bf];|f] a[xt\ kIf eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs ljQ / o;sf] dWo:ytf xf] . ;fj{hlgs ljQsf cjojx¿df /fh:jsf ;|f]t / o;sf] afF8kmfF8, ljlgof]hg / vr{;DaGwL Joj:yf, ;fj{hlgs C0f lng] / ltg]{h:tf k|fjwfg / cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo x:tfGt/0f u/L rf/cf]6f kf6fx¿ k5{g\ . ;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf /fh:jsf ;|f]tx¿ s]s] x'g] / ltgsf] ;ª\sng tyf Joj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ eGg] ;+lxtfa4 k|fjwfgx¿n] g} ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cfly{s :jf:YonfO{ ;'lglZrt u5{ . tL ;ª\slnt /fh:jsf] vr{;DaGwL kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL ;+oGq / /fh:jsf] gk'u x'g] cj:yfdf aflx/ jf leqaf6 k|fKt x'g] C0f tyf cg'bfg ;ª\3Lo k|f0ffnL ;~rfngsf nflu clt g} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;afx]s /fh:j ;ª\sng ug{ g;Sg] k|fGtnfO{ s]Gb|n] / sdhf]/ k|fGtnfO{ alnof] k|fGtn] s]s;/L ;xof]u ug]{h:tf cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo x:tfGt/0f klg ;ª\3Lotfdf cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ dflgG5 .

@=# /fh:jsf ;|f]t / ;ª\sngsf tl/sf

hgtfsf] lxtdf ;/sf/n] sfd u5{ / hgtfn] ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] vr{ h'6fOlbg'k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffdf s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;/sf/n] hgftfaf6 s/ ;ª\sng ug]{ u5{ . s/ /fh:j / u}/s/ /fh:j u/L /fh:jsf b'O{cf]6f dxTTjk"0f{ ;|f]tx¿ x'G5g\ . u}/s/ /fh:jdf z'Ns, b08, hl/jfgf / b:t'/x¿ k5{g\ . u}/s/ /fh:jnfO{ /fh:jsf] k|d'v ;|f]t dflgFb}g / dfGg' klg x'Fb}g .


;dfhdf zflGt / ;'Joj:yf sfod /fVg, ;]jf k|bfgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ / sltko cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kIfx¿nfO{ lgoldt ug{sf nflu u}/s/ /fh:j lng] ul/G5 . ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq lnFbf lglZrt b:t'/ ltg'{k5{ . ;jf/L lgod pNnª\3g ubf{ lglZrt /sd b08 ltg'{k5{ . pBf]u Ohfht lnFbf lglZrt z'Ns ltg'{k5{ . o:tf w]/} s'/fx¿ 5g\, h'g s]xL k|fKt u/] jf s]xL lauf/ u/]afkt ;/sf/nfO{ /sd ltg{'k5{ . o:tf /sdx¿nfO{ u}/s/ /fh:j elgG5 .

;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL ePsf clwsf+z d'n'sdf u}/s/ /fh:j k|fGtnfO{ g} p7fpg / vr{ ug{ clwsf/ lbOPsf] x'G5 . s]slt k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf s]s;/L k|jfx ug]{ eGg] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|fGtdf g} /xg] ePsfn] ;Dk"0f{ u}/s/ /fh:j p7fpg] clwsf/ k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo txdf g} /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df klg u}/s/ /fh:j k|fGtLo / :yfgLo txdf g} /xg'k5{ . k|fGtLo / :yfgLo txdf s]slt clwsf/ /xg] cyf{t\ k|fGtn] s]slt / :yfgLon] s]slt u}/s/ /fh:j ;ª\sng ug]{ eGg] ljifodf lglZrt l;4fGt agfpg'k5{ . tL l;4fGt :ki6¿kdf ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ug'{k5{ . lgodg ug]{ ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt z'Nsx¿ k|fGtLo txdf lbOg'k5{, h:tf] ;jf/L rfns cg'dltkq k|bfg ubf{ lnOg] z'Ns, pBf]u ;~rfngsf nflu lbOg] cg'dltkqafktsf] z'Ns / o:t} lgodg;Fu ufFl;P/ cfpg] z'Ns p7fpg] clwsf/ cflb . o;af6 k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] lgodg ug]{ cfˆgf] bfloTj :ki6¿kdf k"/f ug]{ / ;f]afkt /sd;d]t ;ª\sng ug]{ cj:yf /xL Ps k|fGtleq Ps}lsl;dsf] lgodg k|0ffnL sfod eO{ ;'zf;g / Ps¿ktf sfod x'G5 .

o;afx]s s]xL lauf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf cyf{t\ lgod pNnª\3g u/]sf] cj:yfdf ltg'{kg]{ b08

/ hl/jfgfsf] /sd p7fpg] clwsf/ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ lbOg'k5{ . ;ª\3Lo txsf / k|fGtLo txsf lglZrt lgodx¿ x'G5g\ . tL lgodx¿sf] kfngfsf] :t/ cyf{t\ jf:tljs¿kdf kfngf eof] jf ePg eg]/ cg'udg ug]{ / kfngf u/fpg] dxTTjk"0f{ bfloTj :yfgLo txn] k|fKt u5{ . s;}n] lgod kfngf gu/]sf] v08df To;af6 z'Ns p7fpg ;ª\3sf] jf k|fGtsf] dfG5] vl6P/ cfPsf] v08df To; dfG5]nfO{ aflx/af6 cfPsf] lkm/ª\uLsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ u/L :yfgLo hgtf Psh'6 eO{ of] hl/jfgf xfdL ltb}{gf}F eg]/ k|ltsf/df hfg ;S5g\ t/ hl/jfgf p7fpg] clwsf/ :yfgLo txdf g} lbOPsf] v08df of] hl/jfgfsf] /sd xfdLn] xfd|} nflu p7fpg] xf] eGg] efjgf ;~rf/ eO{ ;ª\sng sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'G5 . :yfgLo hgtfn] :jo+ ;lqmo eO{ lgod kfng u/fpg] / kfng gug]{af6 :jo+ b08 / hl/jfgf ;ª\sng ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df :jcg'zf;g;d]t sfod x'g hfG5 . oL :ki6f]lQmsf cfwf/df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] u}/s/ /fh:j ;ª\sng l;4fGtsf ;DaGwdf ca aGg] ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 pNn]v x'g'k5{ . ca aGg] ;+ljwfgdf o; ljifonfO{ o; lsl;dsf] efiffdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5, …lgod;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿df z'Ns / b}b:t'/ p7fpg] clwsf/ k|fGtLo txdf x'g] / lgod kfngf tyf r]shfFr;Fu ;DalGwt b08hl/jfgf ug]{ clwsf/ :yfgLo txdf /xg]5 .Ú

#= s/ /fh:j hgtfn] ;/sf/nfO{ /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu lglZrt lt/f] afWosf/L¿kdf ltg'{k5{ . o;nfO{ s/ elgG5 . s/ ;ª\sngsf w]/} l;4fGtx¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] b'O{cf]6f l;4fGt pNn]Vo 5g\ . klxnf], ;/sf/af6 a9L kmfObf lng]n] a9L s/ ltg'{k5{ -Benloit Principle_ / bf];|f], ;Sg]n] ;/sf/nfO{


a9L s/ ltg'{k5{ -Ability Principle_ . plxn] kmfObfsf] l;4fGt a9L k|rlnt lyof] . /fHoaf6 h;n] a9L kmfObf lnG5, p;n] a9L s/ ltg{'k5{ eGgfn] /fHon] ;'/Iff / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] sfo{ a9L u5{ / wgL dflg;nfO{ cfˆgf] wg hf]ufpg klg a9L ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf k5{ . To:t} ;/sf/n] agfOlbPsf] kSsL ;8s, ljB't\h:tf ;]jfaf6 wgL dflg;n] a9L kmfObf lnG5g\ . o;f] ePsf]n] ltgLx¿n] a9L s/ ltg'{k5{ eGg] cfzo o; l;4fGtsf] xf] t/ ;do kl/jt{g;Fu} o; l;4fGtdf r'gf}tLx¿ cfP . wg ePsf dflg;n] cfˆgf] ;'/Iff cfk}m ug{ lghL ;'/Iff b:tf /fVg yfn] . pgLx¿n] lghL ;8s klg cfkm}F agfpg yfn] . pgLx¿n] lghL Po/kf]6{ agfO{ lghL ljdfg klg k|of]u ug{ yfn] . ul/ax¿ ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] pkof]u a9L u5{g\ . xfdL ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] pkof]u sd u5f}F{ t;y{ ;/sf/n] ul/a;Fu a9L / xfdL;Fu sd s/ lng'k5{ egL pgLx¿n] ts{ u/L k|rf/ ug{ yfn] . o;af6 ;/sf/nfO{ cK7\of/f] kg{ yfNof] . o;}n] ækmfObfsf] l;4fGtÆnfO{ sfd gnfUg] l;4fGtsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ yflnof] .

clxn] k|rngdf /x]sf] l;4fGt ;fdYo{sf] l;4fGt -Ability Principle_ xf] . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ ;/sf/af6 k|fKt kmfObfsf cfwf/df s/ ltg]{ geO{ JolStsf] ;fdYo{cg';f/ ;/sf/nfO{ s/ ltg'{k5{ . wgLn] a9L, ul/an] sd / wg gePsfn] s/ ltg{' kb}{g eGg] cjwf/0ff o; l;4fGtdf 5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df of] l;4fGt klg k"0f{¿kn] nfu" ePsf] 5}g, h:tf] cfoftlgof{tdf cfwfl/t eG;f/ / j:t' tyf ;]jf pkef]udf cfwfl/t d"Noclej[l4 s/ ul/a / wgLn] ;dfg¿kdf ltg'{k5{ . ¿= b'O{sf] Ps a§f ;nfO{ lsGbf ul/a / wgLn] a/fa/L d"Noclej[l4 s/ ltg'{k5{ . s'g} klg ;fdfgsf] d"No wgLnfO{ a9L / ul/anfO{ sd x'Fb}g . o; ;DaGwdf Pp6f ts{

s] 5 eg] wgLn] w]/} d"No kg]{ ;fdfg lsGbf To;df s]xL a9L d"Noclej[l4 s/ lt/]s} x'G5 . o;df dtdtfGt/ eP tfklg log} l;4fGtsf cfwf/df g]kfndf cfufdL lbgdf s/ /fh:jnfO{ x]l/g]5 .

$= s/ /fh:jsf If]qx¿ s/ /fh:jsf If]qdf cfo s/, d"Noclej[l4 s/ / eG;f/nfO{ dxTTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf ¿kdf Pj+ cGo s/nfO{ ;fdfGo ;|f]tsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . cfo s/, d"Noclej[l4 s/ / eG;f/ oL tLg s/nfO{ /fh:j ;ª\sngsf cfwf/sf ¿kdf dfq xf]Og, zf;g Joj:yfsf] /0fgLlts ;~rfngsf ¿kdf ;d]t lnOG5 . oL s/sf] ;ª\sng, ljt/0f tyf pkof]un] /fHosf] e"ldsf / ;fdYo{sf] lgwf{/0f u5{ .

$=! cfo s/

k|To]s JolQmn] cfk"mn] sdfPsf] /sdsf] Ps lglZrt efu s/sf ¿kdf ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg'k5{ . s/ a'emfpg] k|ltzt, tl/sf, ;Ldf;do / kl/l:yltcg';f/ km/s x'g ;S5 t/ a'emfpg'k5{ eGg] ljifodf sxLFst} låljwf 5}g . ;ª\3Lotfdf ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df of] s/ s'g txn] s;/L ;ª\sng ug]{ eGg] g} xf] . k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo txdf o:tf] s/ ;ª\sngsf] clwsf/ lbFbf k|fGtlkR5] km/s b/ / cfwf/ sfod x'g uO{ pBf]u / jfl0fHo ljsf;df c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ a9g hfG5 / ;ª\3Lo d'n'ssf] ;ª\3Lo :j¿ksf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt x'g] cj:yfdf d'n's k''U5 . ;+;f/sf clwsf+z ;ª\3Lo d'n'sdf o; s/nfO{ ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] clwsf/If]qleq /fv]sf] kfOG5 . s/sf] b/ s] x'g] / s/sf] bfo/f s] x'g] eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ / ;ª\slnt /sd ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /xg] Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ;+;f/sf cGo d'n'sem}F g]kfndf klg ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/s} dftxt /xg'k5{ .


;ª\sngsf tl/sfsf ;DaGwdf cGo d'n'sem}F oxfF klg ljljwtf ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ;ª\3sf k|ltlglwx¿ k|fGt cyjf :yfgLo txdf gk7fO{ ToxLFsf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGq k|of]u u/]/ ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;ª\3Lo / k|fGtLo ;/sf/aLr cfk;L ;dembf/L ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /fVg ;lsG5 . sltko k|fGtn] cfˆgf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] :t/sf cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo s/sf] b/eGbf s]xL a9L k|ltzt s/ p7fpg] / pQm a9L /sd cfkm}F /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ cy{zf:qsf] efiffdf lkUuL Aoflsª elgG5 . ;ª\3n] g} cfo s/ p7fpg'k5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/ s] xf] eg] ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] OlSjnfOh/sf] sfo{ ug'{k5{ cyf{t\ wgL k|fGtaf6 p7fPsf] /sd ul/a k|fGtnfO{ lbg'k5{ . k|fGtn] cfo s/ p7fpg] / cfk}m /fVg] Joj:yf u/]sf] v08df wgL k|fGt emg\ wgL x'Fb} hfg] / ul/a k|fGt emg\ ul/a x'Fb} hfg] cj:yf cfpF5 . o; ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] cfufdL ;+ljwfgdf :ki6¿kdf cfo s/sf] b/ / cfwf/ tf]sL ;ª\slnt /sd kl/rfng ug]{ clwsf/ ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/df /xg] / ;ª\sngsf] tl/sfsf ;DaGwdf ;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo txn] ;dembf/Lsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ug]{ pNn]v ug'{k5{ .

$=@= d"Noclej[l4 s/

j:t' jf ;]jf pkef]u u/]afkt lglZrt lt/f] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf o; s/ l;4fGtdf /x]sf] 5 . pTkfbs, ljt/s / ljq]mtfn] lt/]sf] d"Noclej[l4 s/ ;a} kl5 uP/ s/s§L ug{ kfpF5g\ lsgeg] ltgLx¿n] pTkfbgsf] pkef]u ub}{gg\ . h;n] pTkfbgsf] pkef]u u5{, p;}n] s/sf] ;Dk"0f{ ef/ axg ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf o; s/ l;4fGtsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] efjL ;ª\3Lo :j¿kdf of] s/ k|fGtLo txdf /fVbf ;ª\sngsf nflu 7"n} ;d:of kg{ ;S5 . s'g} Ps k|fGtdf pTkfbg ePsf] ;fdfg lglZrt¿kdf cGo k|fGtdf

pkef]u x'G5 . Pp6f k|fGtn] ;ª\sng u/]sf] s/ csf]{ k|fGtn] s/s§L ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 k|fGtk|fGtaLr emu8f / j}dg:otf l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . s'g k|fGtdf pkef]u ePsf] ;fdfg s'g k|fGtdf pTkfbg, ljt/0f / ljqmL x'Fb}5 egL 5'§\ofpg' cToGt hl6ndfq xf]Og, nueu c;Dej g} x'G5 . o;}sf/0f ;+;f/sf k|foM ;ª\3Lo d'n'sdf o; lsl;dsf] s/ ;ª\3sf] clwsf/If]qleq /xG5 . g]kfndf klg d"Noclej[l4 s/ ;ª\3Lo txsf] clwsf/If]qleq /xg' pko'Qm x'G5 . cfufdL ;+ljwfgdf cfo s/sf] Joj:yf h:t} …d"Noclej[l4 s/sf] b/, cfwf/ / kl/rfng ug]{ clwsf/ ;ª\3Lo txdf /xg] / ;ª\sngsf] tl/sfsf ;DaGwdf ;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo txdf ;dembf/L ug{ ;lsg]Ú k|fjwfg /fvL o; s/nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g'k5{ .

$=#= eG;f/

eG;f/ dx;'n b]zdf ljb]zaf6 ;fdfg lelqFbfs} cj:yfdf l;dfgfdf ltg'{kg]{ s/ xf] . eG;f/ dx;'n h'g k|fGtn] p7fpF5, ToxL /fHosf] cfDbfgL x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg] cGo k|fGtsf hgtfn] j:t'sf] pkef]u ul/lbPsf sf/0fn] To; :yfgsf] eG;f/ ljGb'df /fh:j ;ª\sng ePsf] xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df jL/uGhdf a9L /fh:j ;ª\sng x'G5 . Tof] /fh:j jL/uGhs} hgtfn] ;fdfg pkef]u u/]afkt p7]sf] xf]Og . o;sf] ;f6f] sf7df8f}Fsf hgtfn] a9L ;fdfg pkef]u u/]afkt p7]sf] xf] . sf7df8f}Fsf hgtfn] a9L ;fdfg pkef]u u/]afkt dfq jL/uGh eG;f/n] a9L /fh:j ;ª\sng u/]sf] xf] lsgeg] Tof] ;fdfg jL/uGh gfsfdfk{mt cfof] . olb ToxL ;fdfg jL/uGhsf] ;f6f] a'6jn gfsfaf6 cfpg] xf] eg] jL/uGhn] xf]Og, a'6jnsf] eG;f/n] a9L /fh:j ;ª\sng u5{ . o;}n] eG;f/


gfsfaf6 ;ª\slnt /fh:jnfO{ s;sf] cfDbfgL dfGg] < jL/uGh, a'6jn cyjf sf7df8f}Fsf] < oxL låljwf / dte]bsf sf/0f eG;f/ dx;'nnfO{ ;fdfGotM ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] clwsf/cGtu{t /fVg] ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy} ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] pbo / ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otfsf sf/0fn] eG;f/sf] b/ / cfwf/sf ;DaGwdf d'n'ssf] clwsf/df klxNo} ;ª\s'rg cfO;s]sf] x'G5 / oL k|fjwfgx¿ dfGgsf nflu sfg'gL / g}lts¿kdf /fHo afWo x'G5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\3sf] k|fjwfg cToGt s8f k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotM eG;f/nfO{ ;DalGwt d'n'ssf] /fh:jsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf sd / l;dfgfdf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgodgsf ¿kdf a9L x]l/G5 . k|fGtLo txdf eG;f/ /x]sf] v08df k|fGtn] o;nfO{ lgodgsf ¿kdf gx]/L /fh:jsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf dfq x]g]{ vt/f ;w}F /xg ;S5 .

o;sf ;fy} s'g} d'n'sn] b/ / cfwf/df kl/jt{g u/]sf sf/0fn] dnfO{ olt /sd gf]S;fg eof] eg]/ csf]{ d'n'sn] d'2f xfn]sf] v08df ;f] cg'dflgt /sd To; d'n'sn] Ifltk"lt{:j¿k ltg{'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfnn] eG;f/sf] b/ /cfwf/ ljJof;+sf] k|lta4tfsf] :t/eGbf a9fOPsf]v08df dfgf}F ls s'g} d'n's 3fgfn] Ifltk"lt{sf nflu bfjL ug{ ;S5 / g]kfnn] pQm cg'dflgt /sd ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;ª\3Lo d'n'sdf k|fGtLo txdf eG;f/ dx;'n p7fpg] clwsf/ lbOPsf] v08df o:tf] b'3{6gf x'g ;S5 . k|fGtlkR5] b/ / cfwf/ a/fa/ kl/jt{g eO/xgfn] 7"n} ;d:of lgDTofpg ;S5 . o;sf ;fy} eG;f/nfO{ /fh:jsf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf ¿kdf gx]/L ;fdfg cfoft tyf lgof{t lgodg ug]{ ;+oGqsf ¿kdf dfq x]l/g] sf/0fn] eG;f/ dx;'nnfO{ z"Godf emfg]{ sfo{qmd o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf d'n'sx¿df ;kmntfk"j{s ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 eg] blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo

cfly{s cleofgdf ;d]t of] ljifo k|v/¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . eG;f/nfO{ k|fGt clwg:t /flvPsf] v08df eG;f/ dx;'n bL3{sfndf z"Godf emf/L eG;f/nfO{ cfoftlgof{t lgodg ug]{ ;+oGqsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ cleofg vt/fdf kg{ hfG5 . oL ljljw sf/0f / k|efjsf sf/0fn] k|fozM ;ª\3Lo d'n'sdf eG;f/nfO{ k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo txdf g/fvL ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qdf /flvPsf]n] g]kfnsf] efjL ;+ljwfgdf klg …;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] eG;f/ dx;'n p7fpg] / bL3{sfndf eG;f/nfO{ j:t' tyf ;]jf cfoftlgof{tsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]Ú eGGf] k|fjwfg /fvL eG;f/nfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g'k5{ .

$=$= cGtMz'Ns

cfo s/, d"Noclej[l4 s/ / eG;f/afx]s ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] bfloTjcGtu{t kg]{ csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ /fh:jsf] ;|f]t cGtMz'Ns xf] . cGtMz'Ns j:t'sf] pkef]udf cfwfl/t s/ xf] . /sd ;ª\sng ug]{ clek|fon] dfq of] s/ nufO{+b}g . o;sf] p2]Zo j:t' tyf ;]jf pkef]udf lgoGq0f ug'{ xf] . ljnfl;tfsf j:t', ;fdflhs jf JolQmut :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ j:t'sf] pkef]unfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug{ of] s/ nufOG5 . h'g :yfgsf] hgtfnfO{ nlIft u/]/ cyjf h'g :yfgsf] hgtfn] pQm ;fdfg pkef]u u/]sf] xf], ToxL :yfgsf] hgtfn] of] s/ ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|fozM w'd|kfg, dBkfg;Fu ;DalGwt j:t' / ljnfl;tfsf j:t'df cGtMz'Ns nufOG5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df r'/f]6, laF8L, v}gL / hbf{h:tf JolQmut :jf:YonfO{ gs/fTds c;/ kg]{ s'/fdf, OF6f pTkfbgh:tf ;fd'bflos :jf:YonfO{ k|efj kfg]{ s'/fdf / s]xL ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ ljnfl;tfsf j:t' dfgL cGtMz'Ns nufpg] ul/Psf] 5 . oL j:t'df cGtMz'Ns nufpg'sf] p2]Zo s]jn /fh:j ;ª\sng ug]{ geO{ oL j:t'sf] cTolws pkef]udf lgoGq0f ug'{ xf] . k|fGtLo jf :yfgLo txdf cGtMz'Ns


lbOPsf] v08df j:t'sf] pTkfbg h'g k|fGtdf eof], ;f]xL k|fGtdf dfq ljqmL ePdf s'g} ;d:of kb}{g t/ Pp6f k|fGtdf pTkfbg eO{ csf]{ k|fGtdf ljqmL x'g] ;fdfgdf cGtMz'Ns s'g ljGb'df ;ª\sng ug]{ < o; ;DaGwdf 7"n} k|zf;lgs emd]nf x'G5 . b'O{ k|fGtaLr s/s§L ug{;d]t ;lsFb}g . ef/t / g]kfnaLr clxn] 8Lcf/kL ;DaGwdf klg ;d:of kl//x]sf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/taLr clxn] b]lvFb} cfPsf] 8Lcf/kLsf] ;d:of kl5 uP/ x/]s k|fGtaLr b]lvG5 . pkef]usf] clglZrttf / s/ ldnfgsf] ;d:ofsf sf/0fn] cGtMz'Ns k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] bfloTjdf gkf/L k|fozM ;ª\3Lo d'n'sdf ;ª\3nfO{ g} of] bfloTj lbOPsf] x'G5 . o;y{ g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df cGtMz'NsnfO{ ;ª\3Lo /fHosf] clwsf/df /flvg'k5{ . cGo s/eGbf cln km/s cGtMz'Nssf] xsdf s/sf] b/ / cfwf/sf ;DaGwdf clgjfo{¿kdf k|fGtLo ;'emfj u|x0f ug]{ k|fjwfg /flvg'k5{ . s'g ;fdfgsf] pkef]unfO{ xtf]T;fx ug'{kg]{5 cyjf s'g j:t'sf] pkef]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g'k5{ eGg] ;DaGwdf k|fGtsf] ;'emfjnfO{ cToGt dxTTj lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|fGtn] /sd ;ª\sng u/L To;sf] lglZrt k|ltzt cfkm}F /fVg];Ddsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ :ki6tM /fVg ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotM ;ª\3Lo /fHosf] clwsf/ / bfloTjdf log} rf/cf]6f s/x¿ /xG5g\ . cGo ;Dk"0f{ /fh:jsf] ;|f]t :yfgLo jf k|fGtLo txdf /xG5 .

%= :yfgLo txdf /xg] /fh:j–;DaGwL clwsf/

rnfodfg x'g g;Sg] j:t' tyf ;]jfdf nufOg] s/ ;fdfGotM :yfgLo txdf /xG5 . PseGbf a9L :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf o:tf] clwsf/ k|fGtLo txdf ;g]{ eP tfklg :yfgLo lgsfo;Fusf] ;dembf/Lsf cfwf/df b/ / cfwf/ to ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . :yfgLo ;DklQdf :yfgLo

;d'bfosf] clwsf/ eGg] ;j{dfGo dfGotfsf cfwf/df o:tf] k|fjwfg /flvG5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df 3/w'/Lcg';f/ nfUg] s/, 3/ axfndf nfUg] s/, k'FhLut nfedf nfUg] s/, 3/hUuf /lh:6«];g tyf :yfgLo ;|f]th:tf] lu§L, afn'jf, jg pkef]udf nfUg] s/x¿ :yfgLo txdf /xg' cfjZos x'G5 . :yfgLo ;|f]tsf ;DaGwdf PseGbf a9L :yfgLo lgsfodf /x]sf] v08df k|fGtLo ;dGjo cfjZos k5{ . cfly{s x}l;otsf cfwf/df :yfgLo tx hlt ;'b[9 / ;Ifd x'Fb} hfG5, d'n'sdf ;ª\3Lotf / clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 plQs} ;an x'Fb} hfG5 .

^= k|fGtLo txdf /xg] /fh:j clwsf/x¿

u}/s/ /fh:jsf ;|f]tx¿ k|fozM k|fGtLo bfloTjdf /xg'k5{ . kmd{ /lh:6«];g b:t'/, Ph]G;L /lh:6«];g b:t'/, oftfoft;DaGwL b:t'/, ko{6g If]qsf nflu cfPsf] b:t'/, k|b"if0f lgoGq0f z'Ns, :yfgLo ljsf; z'Ns, 6]lnkmf]g :jfldTj z'Ns, k|zf;lgs b08hl/jfgf, Goflos b:t'/ hl/jfgf, x'nfsnufot ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] z'Nsh:tf w]/} u}/s/ /fh:jx¿ k|fGtLo txdf /xg'k5{ . o;afx]s s/ /fh:jsf ;DaGwdf dgf]/~hg, xf6ahf/, rf8kj{x¿df v]lng] h'jf / xf]6]ndf x'g] Sofl;gf], ko{6g If]qdf nfUg] s/ / ;8s dd{tafkt lnOg] s/x¿ k|fGtLo clwsf/cGtu{t /xg'k5{ . cfly{s¿kdf k|fGtnfO{ ;Ifd agfO{ ;ª\3sf] cyjf l5d]sL k|fGtsf] d'v tfSg gkg]{ cj:yfdf k|To]s k|fGt;Fu /xg'k5{ .

g]kfndf xfn;Dd nfu" ug{ g;lsPsf] Pp6f gofF s/ 5, Tof] xf] pQ/flwsf/L s/ . ;+;f/sf k|fozM ljsl;t d'n'sdf of] s/ k|rngdf 5 . a]nfot, hfkfg, hd{gL / cd]l/sfnufotsf d'n'sdf #% k|ltzt b]lv ^% k|ltztsf b/n] of] s/ nufPsf]


kfOG5 . k'FhLut nfesf] Ps :j¿ksf ¿kdf o; s/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . s'g} JolQmsf] d[To' x'Fbf lghsf] ;DklQ pQ/flwsf/Ldf ;bf{ lglZrt k|ltzt cyjf emG8} cfwfhlt ;/sf/n] lnG5 / afFsL ;DklQdfq lghsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿df afF8kmfF8 ul/G5 . ;+;f/sf w]/} d'n'sdf of] k|rng 5 . ldlxg]t u/]/ sdfPsf] ;fgf] cfDbfgLdf s/ nfUg] t/ ldlxg]t gu/L Tolts} k|fKt x'g] k}lqs ;DklQdf s/ gnfUg] clxn]sf] Joj:yfn] ;fdflhs Gofo eO/x]sf] 5}g . o:tf] s/;DaGwL k|fjwfg gePsf]n] cfˆgf k'vf{sf] ;DklQ lgMz'Ns kfOxflnG5 egL wgL kl/jf/sf ;Gtltx¿ cfjf/f aGg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o;} u/L pgLx¿n] sfd u/]/ vfg]nfO{ x]o b[li6n] x]g]{;d]t k|rng 5 . ctM cfly{s k'g;{+/rgf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] clxn]sf] pko'Qm df}sfdf pQ/flwsf/L s/ nufpg'kb{5 . o;af6 k|fKt /sd k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] bfloTjdf /fv]/ ;Dk"0f{ k|zf;g ug]{ clwsf/;d]t k|fGtdf /xg'k5{ .

ljQLo ;ª\3Lotfsf k|d'v rf/ If]qx¿dWo] /fh:j kl/rfng Pp6f If]q xf] . k|:t't n]vdf /fh:j kl/rfngsf] cj:yf / bfloTj tyf k|zf;g s'g txn] s;/L ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf s]xL rrf{ ug]{ k|oTg ul/of] . afFsL /x]sf ljlgof]hg;DaGwL Joj:yf, C0f lng] k|fjwfg / cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo x:tfGt/0fsf ;DaGwdf leGb} rrf{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

&= lgisif{

/fh:j kl/rfng k|fljlws tTTj a9L ePsf] ljifo xf] . o;}n] k|fljlws n]vfhf]vf / ;ª\sngsf ;"qx¿sf ;DaGwdf lj1x¿åf/f :ki6 kfl/g' cfjZos x'G5 . o; ljifodf vf;} k|j]z gu/L ;ª\3Lotfdf /fh:j kl/rfngsf] l;4fGtsf ljifodf clxn] :ki6 x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . cfo

s/, d"Noclej[l4 s/, eG;f/ / cGtMz'NsÙ oL rf/ s/x¿ ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] bfloTjdf /xg'kg]{ x'G5 . k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] clwsf/df lgodg;Fu ;DalGwt u}/s/ /fh:Jf, dflysf rf/cf]6f s/ / l:y/ ;Dkltdf nfUg] s/afx]ssf cGo ;Dk"0f{ s/x¿, gofF k|:tfj ug'{kg]{ pQ/flwsf/L s/ tyf PseGbf a9L :yfgLo lgsfo ;DalGwt x'g] k|fs[lts

;|f]tsf] pkof]udf nfUg] s/x¿ /xG5g\ . o;afx]s

cg'udg / r]shfFr;Fu ;DalGwt u}/s/ /fh:j,

l:y/ ;DklQ;Fu ;DalGwt s/ / :yfgLo ;|f]tsf]

pkof]udf nfUg] s/ :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/df

/flvg'k5{ . /fh:j kl/rfngsf] of] l;4fGt ;ª\3Lo

g]kfndf l:jsfl/Psf] v08df cfufdL lbgdf ljQLo

Joj:yfkg ;xh / ljjfb/lxt x'g hfG5 .

g]kfn clxn] Jofks ;Defjgfo'Qm 9f]sf

vf]Ng] t/v/df 5 . klxrfg, kx'Fr / k|ltlglwTjsf

nflu lgdf{0f ul/g] ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf / ;+/rgfx¿sf]

lbuf]kg cfly{s dha'tLdf lge{/ /xG5 . PsfTds

d'n's ;ª\3Lotfdf hfg' eg]sf] adsf] Pp6f tf/

sf6]/ adnfO{ lgl:qmo kfg'{h:t} xf] . a'l4dtfk"0f{

tl/sfn] ;'ema'em ckgfP/ ;xL tf/ sfl6of] eg]

;du| d'n'ssf] pGglt x'G5 . o;sf] ;f6f] ljj]sxLg

eP/ c;dembf/Lk"0f{ tl/sfn] unt tf/ sfl6of]

eg] ad la:kmf]6 eP/ xhf/f}F–nfvf}F hgtfsf]

Hofg hfg ;S5 . ;ª\3Lotfsf] ljifo clxn]

/fhgLlt1sf] kf]N6fdf dfq 5 t/ o;sf] ;fdflhs

kf6f]sf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;dfhzf:qLsf]df, cfly{s

;DefJotfsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu cy{zf:qLsf]df klg

of] ljifo rrf{sf nflu k'Ug'k5{ . o;/L ;du| kIfsf]

ljZn]if0f ul/g'k5{ . s'lT;t efjg /fvL lglZrt

le8 p7fP/ cfk"mnfO{ dfq kmfObf x'g] s'/f dfUg]

/ le8n] h] dfUof] Tof] ljZn]if0f gul/sg lbg]

jt{dfgsf] kl/kf6L ;du| d'n'ssf] lxtdf 5}g .


st} xfdL adsf] unt tf/ sf6\g] lbzftk{m t

uO/x]sf 5}gf}F < ljQLo ;ª\3Lotfsf] jf:tljs cy{

/ dg;fo a'emL cfly{s / ;DefJotf ljZn]if0fsf

cfwf/df ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgaf6 lglZrttf k|bfg

u/L ;ª\3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo txdf pko'Qm

cfly{s k|0ffnL / ;+/rgfsf] :yfkgf tyf ljsf;

ug{' jt{dfg ;dosf] cfjZostf xf] .

;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rLEhtisham Ahmad and Giorgio Brosio (2008) 'Hand Book of Fiscal Federalism' Edward

Elgar Publishing Limited UK.Henry S. Reuss (1970), 'Revenue-sharing: crutch or catalyst for state and local

governments¿‎' Praeger Publishers New York.Lovise Aalen and Magnus Hatlebakk (2008) 'Ethnic and Fiscal Federalism in Nepal'

CMI Publication Bergen.Richard Miller Bird, François Vaillancourt (2006) 'Perspectives on Fiscal Federalism'

World Bank Publication.U. B. Singh (2003), 'Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union‎' Concept Publising Committee,

New Delhi.Wallace E. Oates 'An Essay on Fiscal Federalism' from http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/jeclit/

v37y1999i3p1120-1149.html Visited on 2010/01/ 29Wallace E. Oates 'Toward A Second-Generation Theory of Fiscal Federalism', from

International Tax and Public Finance Journal Volume 12, Number 4 / August, 2005, Springer Netherlands Publisher at http://www.springerlink.com/content/ gr47452823833084/

Websiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_federalismhttp://www.forumfed.org/en/index.php


http://dictionary.babylon.com/fiscal%20federalism

!= kl/ro

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u /fHon] cjnDag ug]{ ljsf; gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd, cfof]hgf th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog / ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgfaf/] ;/sf/nfO{ /fo;Nnfx Pj+ ;'emfj lbg] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] dxTTjk"0f{ lgsfo xf] . ljsf; k|zf;gsf ;Gbe{df cfof]un]] pknAw ;fwg;|f]tnfO{ afF8kmfF8 ug]{, ljleGg If]qdf ef}lts nIo tf]Sg] / cfjlws of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfo{qmd, kl/of]hgf, gLlt /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfof]u Pp6f o:tf] dxTTjk"0f{ lgsfo xf], hxfF /fli6«o cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ljrf/ljd{z, k/fdz{ / bL3{sfnLg ;f]r;lxtsf] cjwf/0ff tof/ kfl/G5 . ;fy} of] o:tf] ;+:yfut ;+oGq xf], h;n] gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;ª\3÷;+:yf / lghL If]qsf nflu ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ub}{ To;sf] ;dfwfgdf dfu{bz{g;d]t ub{5 . cfof]usf] cWoIfdf ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL /xg] Joj:yf 5 . k"/f ;do sfd ug]{ u/L cfof]udf Pshgf

pkfWoIf, 5hgf ;b:o / Pshgf ;b:o-;lrj /xG5g\ . o; cfof]usf] kb]g ;b:osf ¿kdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj / cy{ ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf 5 . pkfWoIf / ;b:ox¿ ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1 /xg'kg]{ dfGotf 5 / logLx¿sf] lgo'lSt /fhgLlts¿kdf ul/G5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf clws[t cfof]usf ;b:o–;lrj x'G5g\ .

@= P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld

g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] k|f/De @)!# ;fnaf6 ePsf] xf] . o;} l;nl;nfdf of]hgfa4 ljsf; Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;+:yfut¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf of]hgf cfof]usf] :yfkgf @)!# ;fndf ul/of] . of]hgf cfof]unfO{ a9L bIf / k|efjsf/L agfpg of]hgf d08n P]g, @)!# adf]lhd of]hgf d08n (a planning body) sf] :yfkgf;d]t @)!# ;fndf g} ePsf] lyof] . of]hgf d08nnfO{ of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf cltl/Qm cGo w]/} sfo{sf/L clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

@)!& ;fn kf}if !( ut] tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n] ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/L PsbnLo k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;"qkft u/] . tTkZrft\ /fhf dx]Gb|n] cfkm\g} cWoIftfdf /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\sf] u7g u/] . of] kl/ifb\ g]kfnsf] cfly{s of]hgf / gLltsf ;DaGwdf /fi6«sf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfosf ¿kdf /x\of] . o;sf lg0f{ox¿ tTsfnLg dGqLkl/ifb\n] u/]sf lg0f{o;/x dfGo x'g] Joj:yf lyof] . ;'¿df kl/ifb\sf] sfdsf/afxLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg 5'§} ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf ul/of] . @)!( ;fndf cfly{s

;ª\3Lotfsf ;jfndf/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;{+/rgf

sdn 1jfnLZffvf clws[t ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno


dfldnf dGqfnosf] :yfkgf ePkl5 ;lrjfnon] ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf sfo{ o; dGqfnodfkm{t ug{ yflnof] . o; cjlwdf ljsf; ah]6, ljb]zL cg'bfg tyf C0fnufot /fli6«o cfly{s ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf+z lqmofsnfkx¿ k|ToIf¿kdf /fli6«o of]hgf kl/ifb\sf] clwsf/If]qleq /flvPsf] lyof] .

@)@) ;fndf /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\ vf/]h u/L o;sf] ;§fdf s]Gb|Lo of]hgf lgsfosf] :yfkgf ul/of] . o;df k|wfgdGqL cWoIf tyf cGo ;a} dGqLx¿ kb]g ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf eof] . cfly{s dfldnf dGqfnosf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L of]hgf dGqfno /flvof] .

@)@$ ;fndf ljsf; ah]6 / ljb]zL ;xfotf;DaGwL ljifox¿ cy{ dGqfnosf] clwsf/If]qleq NofOof] . k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\cGtu{t /xg] u/L /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g ul/of] / o;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ Pp6f 5'§} ;lrjfnosf] ;d]t :yfkgf eof] . @)@* ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] sfdsf/afxL / pQ/bfloTjsf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] Pp6f lj:t[t cWoog k|ltj]bg (Report on Central Planning Agency, 1972) sf cfwf/df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/of] . jf:tjdf oxL cWoog k|ltj]bgs} cfwf/df of]hgfsf ultljlw / lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ nluof] .

@)$$ ;fndf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;+/rgfdf ;fdfGo kl/jt{g ul/of] . @)$^ ;fndf k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf / ;lqmo /fhtGqsf] cGTo;Fu} k~rfotsfnLg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ @)$& ;fndf s]xL ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g ul/of], h'g ;+/rgfn] xfn;Dd sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

#= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ x/]s kIfaf6 ;xof]u ug{ l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}Fdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Pp6f ;+:yfut lgsfo xf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;b:o–;lrj g} /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] ;lrjsf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;lrjfnosf] ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf clws[t x'G5g\ . o;sf] Psdfq ljefu s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefun] cfof]u / ;lrjfnonfO{ k|fljlws¿kdf ;xof]u ub{5 . o; ljefun] d'VotM of]hgf th'{df / Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f ug]{ e"ldsf Pj+ lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ub{5 .

;lrjfnosf] sfd, lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ lnPsf p2]Zox¿df ljsf;sf Ph]G8f / /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\ a}7ssf] cfof]hgf ug]{, jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd tof/L ug{÷u/fpg cfjZos ;dGjo ug]{, cfjlws ljsf; of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu cfjZos sfo{ ug]{ / cfjlws ljsf; of]hgf / jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dLIff u/fO{ k|ltj]bg tof/L ug]{ /x]sf 5g\ .

$= cfof]usf d"ne"t pknlAwx¿

b]z ljsf;sf nflu kfFr bzscl3b]lv cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgf÷gLlt th'{df ub}{ cfPsf] cfof]usf] ;+/rgf PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnLcg'¿k 5 . ljut cjlwnfO{ d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cfof]usf pknlAwx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

$=! of]hgf ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f M @)!# ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ePsf] of]hgf cfof]ub]lv xfn;Ddsf] l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ o;n] g]kfnsf] ljsf; k|lqmofsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ of]hgf ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f ug{ dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u¥of] . of]hgf ;+:s[lt


lgdf{0f g} o;sf] klxnf] dxTTjk"0f{ pknlAw dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .

$=@ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{df /fli6«o Wofgfsif{0f M dfgjdfqsf] ljsf;sf] kl5Nnf] cjwf/0ff xf], hxfF ljsf;sf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf dfgjnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fvL cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{df hf]8 lbOG5 . oxL kIfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} k|yd of]hgfb]lv 5}7f}F of]hgf;Dd cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu of]hgfdfkm{t /fli6«o Wofgfsif{0f x'Fb} cfPsf]df xfnsf jif{x¿df ;d]t o;nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 .

$=# ljsf; Ph]G8f, gLlt /0fgLlt / sfo{qmdsf] lgdf{0f M ljsf;nfO{ glthfd'vL Pj+ pknlAwd"ns agfpg ljsf;sf Ph]G8f, gLlt /0fgLlt / sfo{qmddf :ki6tf Pj+ j:t'lgi7tf cfjZos kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfof]un] ljifout dGqfno Pj+ If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ o;df dxTTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] 5 .

$=$ Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 ljsf; Joj:yfkg M g]kfnsf] ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljsf; of]hgfsf] :jLs[lt /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6} ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . kmn:j¿k g]kfndf ul/g] x/]s ljsf; of]hgfsf nflu cfof]u Psdfq ljsf; k|zf;gsf] s]Gb|Ls[t ;+:yfut lgsfo xf] .

$=% If]qut of]hgfsf gLlt /0fgLlt / sfo{qmdsf] lgwf{/0f M ljsf;sf nflu /fi6«sf] ;du| If]qsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} ljsf; ;dfj]zL, ;Gt'lnt Pj+ ;dGoflos x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ If]qut of]hgf / nlIft sfo{qmdsf] gLlt /0fgLlt / sfo{qmdsf] lgwf{/0fdf cfof]un]] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 .

$=^ jflif{s ljsf; ah]6 lgdf{0fdf cfwf/e"t k[i7kf]if0f M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] u}/pkl:yltdf g]kfnsf] jflif{s ah]6 lgdf{0f ;Dej b]lvFb}g . ah]6 l;lnª lgwf{/0fb]lv ljsf;sf If]qut vr{sf] lgSof}{nnufot ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hgdf cfof]un] dxTTjk"0f{ k[i7fwf/ k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

$=& PRSP, MTEF, MDG's adf]lhdsf] /0fgLlt to M pbf/Ls/0f, ljZjJofkLs/0f / dfgj clwsf/sf] b[li6n] ljsf;nfO{ Psfª\uL¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg ;lsFb}g . /fli6«o ljsf; /0fgLltx¿nfO{ :yfgLos/0f ub}{ ljZj d"NodfGotfsf cfwf/df ljZjJofkLs/0f ug{ ul/aL lgjf/0f /0fgLltkq, dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIocg'¿k sfo{ ug{ cfof]usf] e"ldsf Hofb} dxTTjk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L aGb} cfPsf] 5 .

$=* cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f / juL{s/0f Mljutdf ljgfcfwf/, nIo / /0fgLltcg';f/ ;~rfng ePsf cfof]hgfx¿n] Jofks¿kdf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u ul//fv]sf]df cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f u/]/ dfq ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yfsf nflu cfof]un] dxTTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k ljutdf sl/a !@ ;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf cfof]hgfx¿ cf=j= @)^%÷^^ df s'n ;ª\Vof $%! df ;Lldt ePsf 5g\ . o;df klxnf] k|fyldstfdf #!#, bf];|f] k|fyldstfdf !!% / t];|f] k|fyldstfdf @# cf]6f cfof]hgfx¿ /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .

$=( cGtlqm{of / ;dGjo M cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;DalGwt kIfx¿nfO{ af]nfO{ a}7s a;L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cfof]un] dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .


$=!) hgzlQm ljsf; M cfof]un] :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf cWoog, tflnd, ;]ldgf/ / uf]i7Laf6 hgzlQm ljsf;df dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

$=!! cGt/f{li6«o kmf]/ddf g]kfnsf] k|ltlglwTj M o;n] :Sofk, ;fs{, sf]nDaf] Knfgsf] ;Dks{ ljGb'sf ¿kdf sfd ug'{sf cltl/Qm cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf x'g] ljleGg ;ef, a}7s, ;]ldgf/df g]kfnsf tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;}sf dfWodaf6 cfof]un] g]kfnsf] ljsf; k|of;, pknlAw, ;d:of / r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

$=!@ If]qut gLlt lgwf{/0fdf k[i7kf]if0f M pBf]u, jfl0fHo, cfk"lt{ / ko{6gnufot cGo If]qut gLlt th'{df / tL If]qsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] cg''udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug{ cfof]usf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /lxcfPsf] 5 . cfof]us} ;'emfj / k[i7kf]if0fsf cfwf/df bh{gfF} gLltx¿sf] 3f]if0ff g]kfn ;/sf/n] ul/;s]sf] 5 .

%= cfof]usf d"ne"t ;d:ofx¿ %$ jif{sf] nfdf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] /fli6«o ljsf; k|of;df k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg / o;n] v]n]sf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ /lxcfPsf] 5 . o; ;ª\u7gn] cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z / /fli6«o cfjZostfadf]lhd sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ b]vf k/]sf d"ne"t ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

%=! cfof]usf] u7g / ;~rfng sfo{ljlw sfg'g gePsf] M xfn;Dd klg cfof]usf] u7g / sfo{;~rfngsf nflu PsLs[t sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfgdf ;d]t cfof]usf af/]df s'g} s'/f pNn]v 5}g . ljleGg P]g, lgod / sfof{ljlwdf 5l/P/ /x]sf clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]u ub}{ o;n] cfkm\gf] sfof{;~rfng ug'{kbf{ cg]sf}F ;d:of / r'gf}tL;Fu h'lw/xg'k/]sf] 5 .

%=@ ljz]if1tfsf] cefj M ljsf;sf] b"/b[li6, gLlt, /0fgLlt / sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ kIf Hofb} ljlzi6 sfo{ xf] t/ cfof]udf /fhgLlts lgo'lSt eO{ cfpg] kbflwsf/L slyt lj1 tyf /fhgLlts efua08fdf cfpg] x'Fbf o;n] /fli6«o ljsf; Joj:yfkgdf g} uDeL/ k|Zglrx\g v8f u/]sf] 5 .

%=# e"ldsfdf c:ki6tf / bf]xf]/f]kgf M cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/df cGo lgsfosf] clwsf/If]qleqsf ljifox¿;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] kfOG5 . o;n] sfg'gL hl6ntf ;[hgf ug'{sf ;fy} cfof]usf] cfkm\g} df}lns rl/q / e"ldsfdf ;d]t cGof]n Pj+ c:ki6tf yk]sf] 5 .

%=$ Low Profi le df cfof]u, Formality sf nflu cfof]u wfpg] k|j[lQ M ljsf; Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifout dGqfnox¿n] cfof]unfO{ dxTTj k|bfg u/]sf] kfOFb}g . cfof]un] a]nfavt lg/LIf0f u/L lbPsf] ;'emfj / k|ltj]bgsf] a]jf:tf ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko cj:yfdf of]hgf :jLs[lt ug]{ clwsf/ ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] ;lrjdf eP klg cfkm"n] Tof] clwsf/ k|of]u gu/L cfof]udf RofFv]bfpsf nflu k7fpg] k|j[lQ 5 . cfof]un] :jLs[lt lbPsf] eGg] cfwf/df cy{ dGqfno / ljb]zL bftf;Fu låkIfLo jftf{df o;nfO{ cufl8 ;fg]{afx]s cGo k|of]hgdf cfof]usf] e"ldsf gvf]Hg] / gb]Vg] k|j[lQ a9\b} uO/x]sf] kfOG5 .

%=% cfjlws of]hgf / jflif{s of]hgfaLr tfnd]n gePsf] M bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /0fgLlt / sfo{qmd;lxt cfof]un] of]hgf Pj+ kl/of]hgfsf] k|:tfj / vfsf tof/ kf/]sf] x'G5 t/ o;nfO{ jflif{s of]hgf / ah]6n] g;d]6\g] x'Fbf sltko If]qdf cfof]usf] cf}lrTodfly g} k|Zglrx\g v8f ePsf] 5 .


%=^ cGtd{Gqfno ;dGjo Hofb} lkmtnf] M Pscfk;df cGt;{DalGwt ljsf; ultljlw / lqmofsnfksf ;DaGwdf cfof]un] dGqfno– dGqfnoaLr ug'{kg]{ ;dGjo Hofb} lkmtnf] / sl/asl/a k|efjxLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .

%=& k/Dk/fut ;+/rgf / sfo{z}nL M jt{dfg cfof]usf] ;+/rgf sl/a #) jif{ k'/fgf] xf] . o;df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ Pj+ kl/jt{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfo{k|0ffnL klg DofS; j]a/sf] Ao'/f]qm];L df]8]ns} xf/fxf/Ldf 5 . jf:tjdf cfof]usf] of] ;+/rgfn] b}lgs sfo{;~rfngafx]s Policy Issue df hfg g;s]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 .

%=* ;fwg;|f]tsf] cefj M cfof]unfO{ 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg] gfddf b/aGbLdf Jofks s6f}tL u/] klg k/Dk/fb]lv g} ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf sfo{x¿df sdL gcfpFbf To;sf] k|efjsfl/tfdfly g} k|Zglrx\g v8f ePsf] 5 . cfof]udf /x]sf hDdf !%@ b/aGbLdf clws[teGbf ;xfos sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof a9L /x]sf]n] dxTTjk"0f{ ljifox¿df cfof]un] Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

%=( dxfzfvfx¿sf] sfo{ljefhg, lhDd]jf/L / bfloTjdf c:ki6tf / clws bf]xf]/f]kg Mcfof]usf] ;lrjfnodf /x]sf kfFr dxfzfvfx¿sf] sfo{ljefhg cfw'lgs d"No / dfGotfsf cfwf/df ls6fg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . Pp6f dxfzfvf / csf]{ dxfzfvfsf sltko lhDd]jf/L / bfloTjdf bf]xf]/f]kg b]lvG5 . o;n] pQ/bfloTj lng grfxg] / cln hl6n k|s[ltsf] sfo{nfO{ csf]{ dxfzfvfsf] sfd egL yGsfpg] k|j[lQ Hofbf b]lvG5 .

%=!) ;+:yfut ;"rgf k|0ffnL / tYofª\s Joj:yfkg Hofb} lkmtnf] M cfof]un] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf dxfzfvf, zfvf / JolStlkR5] km/skm/s b]lvG5 . Pp6} ljifo;d]t

km/skm/s :yfg / kmfOndf /x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . tYofª\sx¿ cBfjlws 5}gg\ . cfof]udf /x]sf] sDKo'6/ g]6js{ / j]ak]hsf] ;d]t dxQd\ pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfof]un] sfo{;Dkfbg g]kfnL efiffdf ub{5 t/ s'g} klg To:tf ljj/0f g]kfnL efiffdf cfof]usf] j]ak]hdf k9\g / b]Vg kfOFb}g . sd{rf/Lx¿n] k/Dk/fut kmfOlnª k|0ffnLnfO{ g} cFufln/x]sf] :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 .

%=!! lg0f{odf clws txn] sfo{;Dkfbgdf l9nfO M ;/sf/n] lg0f{o tLg txaf6 6'ª\Uofpg] eg] tfklg cfof]usf sltko lg0f{ox¿ of]hgf clws[taf6 p7fg eO{ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLaf6 ;b/ ug]{ k|s[ltsf] ePsfn] lg0f{osf nflu ;ft tx kf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o;n] ubf{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf Hofb} l9nf;':tL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sltko cfof]hgfx¿ t cfly{s jif{ Joltt x'g} nfUbf;d]t :jLs[ltsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

%=!@ sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu cfof]usf] ;lrjfno cj;/ lng] Kn]6kmd{dfq M cfof]usf] ;lrjfnonfO{ ljb]z hfg] Po/kf]6{sf ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;lrjfnodf ;¿jf eO{ hfg' eg]sf] ljb]z ;o/ ug]{ xf], sfd ug]{, Jofj;flostf k|bz{g ug]{ / glthf k|flKtsf nflu xf]Og eGg] dfgl;stf kfOG5 . o; k|j[lQ / dgl:yltsf sd{rf/Laf6 sfo{;Dkfbg u/fpFbf cfof]usf ;fd' cg]sf}F ;d:of / r'gf}tL b]lvPsf 5g\ .

%=!# cfof]usf] cfkm\g} ejg gePsf] Mcfof]usf] ;lrjfno dGqLkl/ifb\ tyf k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{nosf] ejgdf 6fFl;P/ a;]sf] 5 . cfof]usf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L, sd{rf/L / sfdsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df 5'§} ejg Pj+ ;+/rgf x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvG5 . k/Dk/fut z}nLsf] ejgn] cfw'lgs Joj:yfkgcg';f/ sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ Space / Location sf] cefj b]lvG5 .


%=!$ cfof]usf] sfo{z}nL k/fdz{bft[sf cltl/St Action df ;d]t hfg] u/]sf] M cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljifout dGqfno / ljsf; Joj:yfkgdf k/fdz{bft[ Think Tank sf ¿kdf cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ xf] t/ sltko cj:yfdf dGqfnoaf6 :jLs[t eO{ cfPsf of]hgf s6f}tLdf kg]{ / Ps dGqfnocGtu{t elgPsf cfof]hgf csf]{ dGqfnodf ;fg]{ u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k / u'gf;fx¿ ;DalGwt If]qsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] 5 .

plNnlvt ;d:ofsf cltl/Qm pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t ul/g] sltko sfo{qmdx¿dfly k|Zglrx\g v8f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . 7]Ssfk§f k|lqmofdf cg]sf}F ljjfb / em8k x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo, nIo / sfof{Gjog k|lqmof lglZrt geO{ sfo{qmd cfpFbf ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]udfly g} k|Zglrx\g v8f ePsf] 5 . lh=lj=;= / nfOg P]h]G;LaLrsf] ;dGjo k|efjsf/L b]lvFb}g . sfo{qmd :jLs[lt / clVtof/Ldf l9nfO 5 . cfly{s cg'zf;gdf sdL, u}/ah]6/L /sdsf] dfu / lgsf;f a9\bf] 5 . j}b]lzs ;xfotfdf ;~rflnt of]hgfdf vr{ u/]sf] /sd ;dodf ;f]wegf{ gx'g], ;|f]t gldnfO{ vr{ ug]{, ah]6 th'{df ubf{ j}b]lzs ;|f]tdf /fvL kl5 ;|f]tfGt/ ug]{, ;dodf dGqfnoaf6 k|ult k|ltj]bg k|fKt gx'g] / eP klg tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf glbg] Pj+ ck"/f] k|fKt x'g], cfof]usf] ;xdltljgf sfo{qmd :jLs[lt x'g] / sfof{Gjogsf qmddf cf}krfl/stfsf nflu dfq cfof]udf cfpg]h:tf cg]sf}F ;d:ofx¿ cfof]un] em]Nb} cfPsf 5g\ . cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L gx'Fbf ;d:of v8f x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

^= ;ª\3Lotfsf ;jfndf cfof]usf] k'g;{+/rgf

g]kfnn] ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf] pbf/ gLltn] ljutdf ;/sf/n]

hgtfsf] kf]if0f ug]{ sfo{af6 ;anLs/0f ug]{ e"ldsfdf ePsf] ¿kfGt/0fn] cfof]usf] sfo{z}nL / e"ldsfdf ;d]t kl/jt{g :jtMl;4 5 . jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf PsfTds /fHo Joj:yfaf6 ;ª\3fTds /fHo Joj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg;Fu} /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ ;f]xLcg'¿ksf] e"ldsf / sfo{k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n, k|efjsf/L Pj+ kf/bzL{ agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;/sf/sf] ;femf Go"gtd sfo{qmd / cf=j= @)^%÷^^ sf] ah]6 jStJodf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/g] s'/f pNn]v lyof] . ;+ljwfg ;efåf/f lgs6 eljiodf lgdf{0f x'g] gofF ;+ljwfgdfkm{t g]kfn ca ;ª\3Lo :j¿kdf k|j]z ub}{ 5 . casf] ;ª\3Lo zf;gsf] d"n d'2f / ljifo ljsf; Joj:yfkg u/L clwsflws nfe / k|ltkmn :yfgLo :t/b]lv /fli6«o :t/;Dd k'¥ofpg' /xg]5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] jt{dfg PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnL;Fu d]n vfg] :j¿kdf kl/jt{g u/L b]zsf] ;du| / ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . o; kl/k|]Ifdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ d'VotM lgDglnlvt tLg kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg' h¿/L b]lvG5 M

s_ d'n's ;ª\3Lotfdf k|j]z u/]kl5 s]Gb| / ;ª\3Lo /fHox¿df /xg] of]hgf cfof]usf] :j¿k, ;ª\3Lo cfof]ux¿aLrsf] cGt;{DaGw, s]Gb| / ;ª\3Lo cfof]ux¿aLrsf] ;DaGw, ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8df s]Gb|Lo cfof]usf] e"ldsf, s]Gb|Lo / ;ª\3Lo cfof]ux¿sf] sfo{k|0ffnL, tL cfof]ux¿sf] If]qut dGqfno tyf cGo lgsfo;Fusf] ;DaGw cflbsf af/]df uxg cWoog u/L ;f]sf] j:t'lgi7 lg¿k0f x'g'kb{5 . oxL cfwf/df s]Gb|Lo of]hgf cfof]u / ;ª\3Lo of]hgf cfof]usf] vfsf, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf ;fy} lhDd]jf/L


tyf pQ/bfloTj Pj+ lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] lg¿k0f;d]t x'g'kb{5 .

v_ s]Gb|Lo of]hgf cfof]u d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu ;f]rs]Gb| /xg] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ xfnsf] e"ldsfeGbf a9L b]z ljsf;sf nflu lrGtg ug]{ ynf]sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . o;sf nflu cfof]udf /x]sf]] k/Dk/fut sd{rf/LtGqsf] k"0f{ lj:yfkg u/L lj1x¿sf] hd36 x'g] ynf]sf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . cfof]usf ;b:ox¿;d]t ;DalGwt If]qsf ljifolj1 /xg] u/L of]Uotfsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ / gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ u/L o;sf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g x'g' h¿/L 5 . xfnsf] ;ª\u7gfTds :j¿kdf kl/j{tg u/L lj1tfsf cfwf/df ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ / ;f]xL cfwf/df ;'ljwfsf ;t{x¿sf] gofF sfo{d"ns Joj:yf;d]t Jojxf/df nfu" ug'{kb{5 .

u_ s]Gb|Lo of]hgf cfof]unfO{ b]z ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df cWoog÷cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{ klg o;sf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ csf]{ Hofb} dxTTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . o; ;Gbe{df o;sf hfgsf/÷lj1x¿;Fu uxg 5nkmn tyf ;/;Nnfx u/L lgSof}{ndf k'Ug' plrt x'g]5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL xfn;Dd klg gu/]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf ;ª\3Lo g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] vfsf sf]g{ cfof]unfO{ s;/L k'g;{+/lrt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]tkm{ ;dodf g} Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .

&= ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf cfof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] pkfox¿

lgolGqt, s]Gb|Ls[t Pj+ PsfTds cy{Joj:yfsf]

9fFrfdf cfof]un] xfn;Dd P3f/cf]6f cfjlws of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/L afx|f}F of]hgfsf] tof/L ub}{ 5 t/ g]kfndf h]hlt cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf; b]lvof], s] Tof] ;a} of]hgf Joj:yfkgs} pknlAw lyof] jf lyPg < j:t'lgi7 lx;fan] n]vfhf]vf x'g'kb{5 . jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] pd]/ k'u]sf] dfG5]sf] bf/LhF'uf cfpg' k|fs[lts lgod xf], o;df s;}n] h; lng ldNb}g . xfd|f ;Gbe{df h]hlt ;fdflhs cfly{s pknlAw xfl;n eP Tof] ;a} ;dosf] k|jfx;Fu} /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o If]qaf6 :jfefljs¿kdf ;~rflnt ljsf; lqmofsnfksf pknlAw x'g\ . of]hgfsf 7]nLdf efiffut z[ª\ufl/stf / pkdf yKb}df To;n] :jtM sfo{¿k lng g;Sg] ljutsf] cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

;ª\3Lo zf;gsf ;Gbe{df :yfkgf x'g] s]Gb|Lo of]hgf cfof]u / ;ª\3Lo of]hgf cfof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ jf:tljs ljsf; Joj:yfkgdf dfu{bz{g ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd g]t[TjbfoL ;+oGq agfpg lgDglnlvt If]qsf] Joj:yfkg x'g'kb{5 M

&=! u7g / ;~rfng sfo{ljlw sfg'g agfpg] M jt{dfg cfof]usf] u7g, ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfg'g gx'Fbf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;ª\3Lotfsf ;Gbe{df ;d]t :ki6 sfg'gL cfwf/ gePdf ljutdf h:t} s]Gb|Lo / ;ª\3Lo cfof]u /fhgLlts k|ltcfqmd0f / x:tIf]ksf] l;sf/ x'g ;Sb5 . ctM sfg'g lgdf{0f u/]/ g} s]Gb|Lo tyf ;ª\3Lo cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/, sfo{ljlw, u7g ljlw, lj1x¿sf] ;ª\Vof, cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lSt k|lqmof / of]Uotfsf] lgwf{/0f tyf cfof]unfO{ :jfoQ lx;fan] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f x'g'kb{5 .

&=@ ljz]if1 sfo{:ynsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ M;ª\3Lo zf;gdf ljsf;sf] b"/b[li6, gLlt /0fgLlt


/ sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ kIf Hofb} ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf] x'g] ePsf]n] o;;Fu cfa4 hgzlQm klg ;f]xLcg'¿k ;fk]If x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu cfof]udf /fhgLlts lgo'lSt aGb u/L ;DalGwt If]qsf lj1dfq lgo'lQm ug]{, s]Gb|Lo tyf ;ª\3Lo cfof]u / ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ;d]t ljz]if z}lIfs of]Uotf, bIftf / Jofj;flostfsf] lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xLcg'¿k sd{rf/L egf{ tyf kb:yfkg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] Joj:yf nfu" ug{ ;s]df b'j} txsf cfof]u / ;lrjfnonfO{ lj1sf] sfo{ynf] / Think Tank sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;Dej x'g]5 .

&=# e"ldsfdf :ki6tf / bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg] Ms]Gb|Lo of]hgf cfof]u / ;ª\3Lo of]hgf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf ;fy} ;Da4 cGo lgsfosf] clwsf/If]qleqsf ljifox¿ :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . o;sf] lgwf{/0fsf nflu Ps sfo{bnsf] u7g u/L To;n] lbPsf ;'emfjcg'¿k cfof]usf] sfo{If]q / e"ldsf lgwf{/0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

&=$ cfof]usf] sfd, sf/afxL / dxTTjnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg] M ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf ljifox¿sf] lg¿k0fdf s]Gb| tyf ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] cfof]usf sfdsf/afxL / dxTTjnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg] ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . s]Gb|Lo of]hgf cfof]un] a]nfavt lg/LIf0f u/L lbPsf] ;'emfj / k|ltj]bgsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/÷cfof]u k"0f{ k|lta4 tyf lhDd]jf/ Pj+ pQ/bfoL x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . cfof]un] :jLs[lt glbPsf sfo{qmddf s]Gb|Lo tyf ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/af6 ah]6 g} ljlgof]hg gx'g] Joj:yf nfu" ug'{kb{5 .

&=% s]Gb|Lo of]hgf / ;ª\3Lo of]hgfaLr tfnd]n ldnfpg] M s]Gb|Lo of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /0fgLlt / sfo{qmd;lxt cfof]un] tof/

kf/]sf k|:tfj / vfsfcg'¿k ;ª\3Lo of]hgfsf] tof/L ug]{ / ;f]xLcg'¿k sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o:tf] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L ePdf s]Gb|Lo of]hgfsf nIo / p2]Zo k|flKtsf ;fy} ;du| /fi6«sf] ;Gt'lnt Pj+ ;dfj]zL ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ub} hfg]5 .

&=^ cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo k|efjsf/L agfpg] M Pscfk;df cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; ultljlw / lqmofsnfksf ;DaGwdf cfof]un] cGt/dGqfnoaLr ug{'kg]{ ;dGjonfO{ s;/L a9LeGbf a9L k|efjsf/L / Jojl:yt agfpg ;lsG5 < o;tkm{ a]n}df Wofg lbg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o;f] ePdf ;|f]t;fwgsf] dxQd k|of]u x'g'sf ;fy} yf]/} nufgL / ;fgf] k|of;af6 klg 7"nf] pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] sfo{jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'g hfg]5 .

&=& ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ug]{ M s]Gb|Lo tyf ;ª\3Lo cfof]usf] sfo{af]emcg';f/ cfly{s ;|f]t;fwg / ef}lts ;|f]t;fwgsf cltl/Qm hgzlQmsf] ;d]t plrt tfnd]n x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

&=* ;+:yfut ;"rgf k|0ffnL / tYofª\s Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L agfpg] M s]Gb|Lo Pj+ ;ª\3Lo cfof]un] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{sf nflu cfjZos ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu Online Integrated Management Information System sf] ljsf; ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o; Joj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u ug{ ;s]df b'j} txsf cfof]unfO{ Paperless Adminstration System Management sf nflu oy]i6 cfwf/x¿ l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg]5 . ;dodf g} cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}lts / k|fljlws If]qsf tYofª\sx¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L To;sf] plrt k|zf]wg ug{ ;s]df s]Gb|Lo tyf ;ª\3Lo gLlt tyf sfo{qmd Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;"rgf dxTTjk"0f{ ;fwg aGg ;Sg]5 .


&=( sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{Ifdtf, bIftf / cfof]usf] cfjZostfcg'¿k j}b]lzs tflnd / cWoogdf k7fpg] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ M cfof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtf, bIftf /fli6«o cfjZostf / tflnd÷cWoogsf] cf}lrTosf cfwf/df dfq j}b]lzs tflnd÷cWoogdf k7fpg] Joj:yf nfu" ug{ ;s]df Jofj;flos sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} cfof]u÷;lrjfnosf] nIopGd'v sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .

&=!) cfof]usf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L / glthfpGd'v agfpg] M b'j} txsf cfof]un] cfkm\gf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;dodf g} sfo{qmd :jLs[lt / gofF cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsfx¿ b"|t ¿kdf tof/ ug]{, s]Gb|Lo÷;ª\3Lo tyf dGqfno:t/Lo ;dLIff a}7s lgoldt¿kdf a;fNg], ah]6 sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgfsf] cg'udg ug{ s]Gb|Lo of]hgf cfof]usf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;ª\3Lo cfof]u, cy{ dGqfno / ljifout dGqfnosf k|ltlglw /x]sf] ;+oGq agfO{ k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg u/L ;dodf g} k[i7kf]if0f;lxt ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;s]df b'j} txsf cfof]usf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L / glthfpGd'v aGg hfg]5 .

plNnlvt kIfsf cltl/Qm t];|f] kIf cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{, ePsf k|fjwfg s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ / %) k|ltzteGbf sd k|ult ug]{ cfof]hgfaf/] tTsfn 5fglag u/L sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; cfjZos 5 . cg'udg d"Nofª\sg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg j}1flgs Pj+ j:t'lgi7 cg'udg d"Nofª\sg lgb]{lzsf agfpg], ljsf; sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ;ª\3Lo lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, pRr k|fyldstf k|fKt / hg:t/df k|efj kfg]{ sfo{qmdx¿sf] :jtGq cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{

sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;+oGqsf] ;d]t cfjZostf kg]{5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t sfof{Gjog x'g] cfof]hgfsf] kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf sfod ug{ sfg'gL Joj:yf;d]t x'g'kg]{5 .

*= lgisif{

lgoGq0fåf/f g} cy{tGqnfO{ ;xL ult / lbzf lbg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfcg'¿k @)!# ;fnb]lv g]kfndf cfjlws of]hgfsf] ;'¿cft eof] . lgolGqt ultljlw, of]hgfa4 ljsf;, nufgL / /f]huf/Ldf ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fh:tf bz{gn] nfdf] ;do;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfof] . ljut %$ jif{sf] cjlwdf ljsf;sf ljleGg df]8]nx¿ sfof{Gjog eP . o; cjlwdf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f, cfly{s, Jofkfl/s, cf}Bf]lus / ;fdflhs If]qdf s]xL ;'wf/sf ;ª\s]tx¿ b]vf t k/] t/ ck]lIft ljsf;sf] pknlAw eg] xfl;n x'g ;s]g . kmntM ljZj kl/j]zdf g]kfnsf] ljsf; k|of; emg\ sdhf]/, hL0f{ / bogLo b]lvof] . ctM casf] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df Sustainable and inclusive federal structure: that works for all: new Nepal land for opportunity sf] gf/fnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;Sg] u/L s]Gb|Lo tyf ;ª\3Lo of]hgf cfof]usf] ;+/rgf tof/ u/L nfu" ug'{kb{5 . jt{dfg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] e"ldsf / sfo{nfO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf b[li6n] ;kmn dfGg ;lsg] cfwf/x¿ 5}gg\ . To;}n] ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf b'j} txsf cfof]unfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L agfO{ ljsf; Joj:yfkgdf ;Ifd Pj+ Jofj;flos lgsfosf ¿kdf ;+:yfut ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]tkm{ ;dodf g} Wofg k'¥ofpg' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . ljsf;nfO{ hg:t/af6} k|:km'l6t agfpg ;ª\3Lo of]hgf cfof]usf] e"ldsf lqmofzLn, sd{zLn, ;[hgzLn Pj+ hgd'vL x'g'kb{5 eg] /fli6«o ljsf; k|of;nfO{


;+:yfut¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg s]Gb|Lo of]hgf cfof]u ;zQm k|efjzfnL Pj+ bl/nf] ;f]rs]Gb|sf ¿kdf /xg'kg]{ x'G5 . b'j} txsf cfof]usf]

e"ldsf k|efjsf/L ePdf glthfpGd'v ljsf; Joj:yfkgdfkm{t cfTdlge{/, ;dfj]zL, ;dGoflos / ;d'Ggt g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿

sF8]n, k'ik/fh, -@)^%_, efjL g]kfndf ljQLo ;ª\3Lotf M l;4fGt, cjwf/0ff / vfsf, sf7df8f}F, :jzf;g cWoog k|lti7fg .

=== === ===, -@)^!_, ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGt / g]kfnsf] k'g;+{/rgf, sf7df8f}F, zf/bf sF8]n .1jfnL, sdn, -@)^! ;fn h]i7 @!_, …pbf/ gLltdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] e"ldsfÚ, uf]/vfkq,

sf7df8f}F, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg . === === ===, -@)^^ ;fn dª\l;/ !%_, …of]hgf cfof]u k'g;+{/rgfsf] ;jfnÚ, uf]/vfkq, sf7df8f}F, uf]/vfkq

;+:yfg . ;'j]bL, ;f]dnfn, -@)^%_, g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotf / sfo{lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f, sf7df8f}F, >LdtL c~hgf

;'j]bL .=== === ===, -@)^^ ;fn sflt{s !&_, sfof{no cfa4tf k|ltj]bg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

-cWoog k|ltj]bg_, nlntk'/, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg . === === ===, cf=j= @)^^÷^& df ;~rflnt 7\"nf tyf pRr k|fyldstf / hg:t/df k|efj kfg]{ cfof]hgfx¿sf]

;dLIff k|ltj]bg, sf7df8f}F, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . === === ===, -efb|, @)^^_ ljsf; cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg Joj:yf / cg'udg kmf/d tyf

lgb]{lzsf, sf7df8f}F, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno .=== === ===, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .=== === ===, tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^^÷^&_, sf7df8f}F, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .=== === ===, gjf}F of]hgf -@)%$–@)%(_, sf7df8f}F, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .=== === ===, bzf}“ of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_, sf7df8f}F, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .=== === ===, ;/sf/sf] ;femf Go"gtd sfo{qmd cf=j= @)^$÷^%, sf7df8f}F, cy{ dGqfno .=== === ===, ah]6 jStJo, @)^%÷^^, sf7df8f}F, cy{ dGqfno .=== === ===, Report on Central Planning Agency, 1972 .Websiteswww.decentralization.org .www.idasa.org.za .www.npc.gov.np .


;f/f+z

@)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] hgfb]zcg';f/ gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ub}{ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ / ;d[4, cfw'lgs Pj+ Gofok"0f{ g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ cleofgdf g]kfn h'6]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfndf ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+ljwfg ;efdf g]kfnnfO{ s]Gb|, k|fGt / :yfgLo u/L tLg txdf k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ ;xdlt ag]sf] 5 . ca aGg] ;+ljwfgn] d'n'ssf] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] :j¿kaf/] :ki6 lgwf{/0f ug]{5 . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf;lxtsf] gofF g]kfndf hgtfn] ;]jf;'ljwf l56f], 5l/tf], k|efjsf/L / ldtJooL tl/sfn] k|fKt u/L pgLx¿df ;'zf;g ePsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf r':t, b'¿:t, ldtJooL, bIf, l56f], 5l/tf], ;]jfu|fxLd'vL, pQ/bfoL, lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L x'g'kb{5 eg] ;ª\3fTds /fHo k|0ffnLcg'¿ksf] cfsf/ / :j¿k lgwf{/0f u/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg plrt tl/sfn] ug'{kb{5 . To:t} jt{dfg cj:yfdf b]vf k/]sf lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;d:of / ljs[ltnfO{ ;dod} ;dfwfg ul/g'kb{5, tadfq ;ª\3fTds Joj:yfdf hgtfn] k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|fKt ug]{5g\ . o; n]vdf ;ª\3Lotf / lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kl/ro, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTTj, xfn b]vf k/]sf lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;d:of, ;'wf/sf If]q / lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k'g;{+/rgfaf/] 5f]6f] rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/ro zf;g k|0ffnLdf zlQm s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;d:of

jf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ dfWod ;ª\3Lotf

xf] . ;ª\3Lotf o:tf] zf;g k|0ffnL xf], hxfF

lglZrt clwsf/x¿ /fli6«o -s]Gb|Lo_ ;/sf/eGbf

;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf lghfdtL ;]jf

/d]z cof{nzfvf clws[t:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

tNnf] txsf ;/sf/x¿åf/f k|of]u ul/G5 . o:tf

clwsf/x¿ ;+j}wflgs¿kdf ;'lglZrt x'g]

ePsf]n] /fli6«o ;/sf/df lge{/ x'g' kb}{g .

;+ljwfgn] ljefhg u/]sf] ;Ldfleq /xL s]Gb| /


PsfOn] cfcfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|of]u ub{5g\ . xfn

ljZjdf ;ª\3Lotf ckgfpg] b]zx¿ blIf0f

clk|msf, dfOqmf]g]l;of, ;]G6 ls6\; PG8 g]le;,

Sofd¿g, Olyof]lkof, gfOh]l/of, O/fs, ;'8fg,

sª\uf], hd{g, l:j6\h/NofG8, c:6]«lnof, cl:6«of,

ch]{lG6gf, af]l:gof xh{uf]legf, :k]g, a]lNhod

/l;of, d]lS;sf], a|flhn, e]g]h'onf, ;o+'Qm /fHo

cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;, dn]l;of,

ef/t / kfls:tfg /x]sf 5g\ .

/fHo PsfTds jf ;ª\3fTds h] eP tfklg k|To]s d'n'sn] ;/sf/sf] sfdsfhnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;~rfng ug{sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g u/]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} b]zn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ u}/;}lgs ;/sf/L ;]jfsf ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 eg] s'g} b]zn] lghfdtL ;]jf xf]Og egL tf]lsPsf ;]jfafx]ssf cGo ;]jfnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{t /fv]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@^ df æ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / ;z:q k|x/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kbafx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c¿ ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbÆ egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg;d]t_ sf] bkmf @ -s_ df lghfdtL ;]jf eGgfn] bkmf # adf]lhd ul7t ;]jf ;Demg'k5{ eGg] pNn]v 5 . bkmf # df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofª\s ;]jf, OlGhlgol/ª ;]jf, s[lif ;]jf, Gofo ;]jf, k//fi6« ;]jf, k|zf;g ;]jf, n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf, jg ;]jf, ljljw ;]jf / lzIff ;]jfsf] u7g ug]{ pNn]v 5 . oL ;]jfcGtu{t %@ cf]6f ;d"xx¿ / $! cf]6f pk;d"xx¿ 5g\ . :jf:Yo ;]jf / ;+;b ;]jfsf af/]df lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf :ki6 pNn]v geP tfklg Jojxf/df

lghfdtL ;]jfcGtu{t g} /fv]sf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{kflnsfsf cleGg cª\u x'g\, h;n] ;/sf/åf/f :jLs[t gLltlgod Pj+ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog u5{g\, hgtfdf cfwf/e"t ;]jf lgikIf 9ª\un] k|bfg ub{5g\ . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ ;/sf/sf] /fh:jaf6 tna vfg], ljlzi6 1fg / ;Lk ePsf, t6:ytfk"j{s sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ u/fpg ;Sg], of]Uotfsf cfwf/df lgo'Qm x'g], :yfoL k|s[ltsf, ;/sf/sf tkm{af6

hgtfnfO{ ;]jf lbg] sd{rf/L x'g\ .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxŒj

lghfdtL ;]jf /fHo ;~rfngsf] Ps k|d'v cª\u xf] . o;sf] cefjdf s]Gb|df xf];\ jf k|fGtdf xf];\, /fHo ;~rfngsf] kl/sNkgf;d]t ug{ ;lsFb}g . ;/sf/ km]/abn x'Fbf;d]t /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ x'Fbf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ;+1f lbg] ul/G5 . gLltlgdf{0fdf /fhgLlt1x¿;Fu / ;]jfk|jfxdf gful/sx¿;Fu cfa4 /x]/ lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;/sf/sf] ;';~rfngdf ;xof]u ul//x]sf] x'G5 . cfd gful/ssf] e|"0fb]lv lrxfg;Ddsf ofjt\ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+oGq lghfdtL ;]jfdfq xf] eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# df g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7g ug{ ;Sg] pNn]v u/]af6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTTj emlNsG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿

ljifd kl/l:yltdf ;d]t cljrlnt /xL hgtfdfem ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfk|lt hgtfsf] h'g¿kdf ;Ddfg / e/f];f x'g'kg]{ xf], ;f] gePsf] cfefif x'G5 . b]z ;ª\3Lotftkm{ cu|;/ eO/x]sf] ;dodf lghfdtL ;]jf ljleGg


cf/f]k / ;Df:ofaf6 u|l;t 5 . o;nfO{ cfly{s b[li6n] af]lemnf] / cg'Tkfbs, ;ª\u7gfTds b[li6n] lgoGq0f ug{ sl7g, ;]jfsf b[li6n] hgd'vL geO{ ;/sf/d'vL, pQ/bfloTjsf b[li6n] pQ/bfloTj axg ug{ pbfl;g, lg0f{osf b[li6n] glthfd'vL geO{ k|lqmofd'vL, kl/jt{gsf b[li6n] k/Dk/fd'vL / cf}krfl/stf lgefpg] ;+oGqsf ¿kdf :yflkt Pj+ e|i6 k|j[lQsf] egL cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;d:of / ljs[ltsf ¿kdf k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts/0f xfjL x'g', ;xL 7fpFdf ;xL JolQmsf] kl/rfng gx'g' /fd|f] dfG5] xf]Og xfd|f] / cfˆgf] dfG5]sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; x'g', sd{rf/L ;¿jf hyfefjL x'g', sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;xL d"Nofª\sg gx'g', b08k'/:sf/nfO{ glthf;Fu cfa4 gug'{, cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Sg] tna ;'ljwf gx'g', ljb]zdf x'g] tflnd uf]i7Ldf lglZrt JolQmsf] Psflwsf/ x'g', a9'jf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ gug'{, u'gf;f] ;'Gg] k|efjsf/L ;+oGq gx'g' cflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . To:t} gofF k|ljlw / ;LknfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" gug'{, bfloTj kG5fO{ clwsf/ vf]Hg', ;lrj gLltut Joj:yfdf cNdlng] / dGqL b}lgs k|zf;g rnfpg] sfddf cNdlng]h:tf ljk/Lt sfd u/fO b]lvg', of]hgfa4 ¿kn] k|zf;g ;~rfng gul/g', sd{rf/Ldf dgf]an, g}ltstf / pTk|]/0ffsf] lubf]{ cj:yf b]vf kg'{, ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;xL¿kdf k|of]u gx'g', k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of; ;fª\u7lgs kIfdf a9L s]lGb|t x'g' h:tf ;d:of / ljs[lt klg lghfdtL ;]jfdf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .

/fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f;Fu t6:y / lgikIf /x]/ cfk\mgf] sfo{df ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljutb]lv g} /fhgLlts/0fn] k|>o kfPsf] cfef; x'G5 . ;/sf/ kl/jt{g;Fu}, dGqLsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jfdf x'g] ;'gfdLsf] 5fnn]

sd{rf/Ldf tgfjsf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/Ln] s;/L tgdg lbP/ sfd unf{g\ < hgtfn] ;f]r]cg';f/sf] ;]jf s;/L k|fKt unf{g\ < ;f]Rg'kg]{ a]nf ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L ;lrj / ;f]eGbf dflysf kbdf k'Ug /fhgLlts bnk|lt e'msfj ePs} x'g'kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . JolQmsf] Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf cfwf/df kbf]Gglt ug'{kg]{df ;f]cg';f/ geO{ /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] efuj08f / cf/If0fsf gfddf rog ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf s;/L r':t, b'¿:t / lgikIf x'G5 eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug]{ < /fhgLlts kx'Fr gePsf], rfs8LrfKn';L ug{ ghfGg], Odfgbf/, ;Ifd sd{rf/L s'g dgf]ann] lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]/ sfd ug]{ < ;Ifd, st{Jolgi7 / Odfgbf/ sd{rf/L klg s'g} kf6L{ ljz]ifsf] /fhgLlts efuj08fdf l;kmfl/; eP tfklg lgikIf eP/ sfo{ ug{ vf]Hbf pQm /fhgLlts bnsf] bafan] sfd ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf cfOk/]df p;df pTkGg x'g] xLgtfaf]wn] ;]jfk|jfxdf x'g] l9nf;':tLsf] lhDdf s;n] lng] < o:tf ofjt\ k|Zgx¿ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf plAh/x]sf 5g\ .

;'wf/sf If]q

æs'g} klg b]zsf] ;/sf/ Tof] b]zsf] lghfdtL k|zf;geGbf c;n x'g ;Sb}gÆ eGg] egfO 5 . s]Gb||Lo ;/sf/, k|fGtLo ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo ;/sf/ h] eP tfklg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Ifdtf, k|efjsfl/tf / hjfkmb]lxtfdf g} ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf / hgtfsf] ;d'Gglt lge{/ /xg] x'gfn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofsf] ;dod} ;dfwfg ug{ cu|;/ x'g'k5{ . cGoyf k|lts"n kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf x'g ;S5 / ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf uP klg hgtfn] ck]lIft ;]jf kfpg ;Sb}gg\ .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ xf] eg] ;j{k|yd t /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ . ;Ifd, st{Jolgi7 / Odfgbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ /fHon] sb/


ug'{k5{ . /fhgLlt1 / sd{rf/LaLrsf] sfo{df :ki6 ;Ldfª\sg u/L b}lgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L k|zf;g oGqsf] xf] eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g'k5{ . ;lrjnufotsf pRr kb tyf nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf efuj08fsf] /fhgLlt TofuL ;Ifd, Odfgbf/ / of]Uo JolQmnfO{ rog ug'{k5{ . JolQmut :jfy{cg'¿k P]glgod af/Daf/ kl/jt{g u/L k|zf;gdf cl:y/tf lgDTofpg] kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo ug{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ bL3{sfnLg gLltsf cfwf/df ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf kIfnfO{ ;fª\u7lgs kIfdf dfq s]lGb|t gu/L dfgj ;|f]t ljsf;sf kIfdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . plrt JolQmnfO{ plrt :yfgsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ kb:yfkg, ;¿jf, a9'jf, tflndh:tf j[lQ ljsf;sf kIf;Fu cfa4 ug'{k5{ . a9'jf k|0ffnLnfO{ kf/bzL{ / cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg'k5{ . ;do ;'xfpFbf] tnaeQf, sfo{jftfj/0f / cGo ;'ljwf lbO{ sd{rf/LnfO{ sfdk|lt pTk|]l/t ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{k5{ .

hgtfnfO{ lbOg] ;]jfsf] p2]Zo, ;]jf lbg] dfWod, nfUg] ;do, b:t'/, ph'/Lsf] Joj:yf / Ifltk"lt{sf] k|fjwfg;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkqsf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ . cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 ;]jf ljt/0f ug'{k5{ . sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgnfO{ b08k'/:sf/;Fu cfa4 ug'{k5{ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{]tkm{ Wofg lbg'k5{ . sd{rf/Lx¿sf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg / ;dfwfg ug{ pko'Qm ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf ultzLn / ;do;fk]If x'g'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf b]vf k/]sf lng Dofg]hd]G6, kf]6{kmf]lnof] Dofg]hd]G6, 6]lnjls{ª, cfp6 ;f]l;{ª, Dofg]hd]G6 sG6«ofS6h:tf gjLg k|j[lQnfO{ lghfdtL k|zf;gdf leq\ofpg'k5{ . 5'§f5'§} sf]7fdf zfvf, kmfF6sf] Joj:yf gu/L 8]:s l;:6dsf ¿kdf Pp6} 6]a'n / Ps}hgfaf6 ;Dk"0f{ sfd ;Dkfbg x'g ;Sg]

Joj:yf nfu" ug'{k5{ . o;n] ubf{ sfd / hgtfk|lt sd{rf/Lx¿ pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k'g;{+/rgf

zf;g Joj:yf PsfTds jf ;ª\3fTds h] eP tfklg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|s[lt Pp6} x'g] ub{5 tyflk zf;sLo ;+/rgfsf] km]/abn x'Fbf o;sf] :j¿k / cfsf/df eg] lgZro g} leGgtf cfpg] ub{5 . k|To]s txsf ;/sf/n] cfcfˆgf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L / cg's"ntfcg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jf / k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf u/]sf x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf ;Gb{edf s]Gb|, k|b]z/k|fGt / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] ;/sf/ x'g] lgZrtk|foM 5 . To;}n] casf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ klg ;f]xLcg';f/ Jojl:yt ul/g'kb{5 . o; ljifodf k|z:t cWoog cg';Gwfg x'g' h¿/L 5 . ;ª\3Lotf ckgfPsf d'n'ssf] cg'ej / ToxfFsf] k|lqmof Pj+ k4lt cWoog u/L ;+ljwfg/sfg'g lgdf{tfnfO{ ;'emfj lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

c:6]«lnofdf s]Gb|Lo /fHo / :yfgLo lgsfosf nflu ;DalGwt ;/sf/sf egf{;DaGwL PsfOaf6 g} egf{ ug{ tLg 5'§f5'§} lghfdtL ;]jf k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ef/tdf s]Gb|Lo /fHo / :yfgLo txsf cnucnu lghfdtL ;]jf eP klg tLg} txsf sd{rf/Lsf] cGt/3'ng x'g] ub{5 . oBlk k|d'v k|zf;lgs kbx¿df s]Gb|Lo lghfdtL ;]jfåf/f g]t[Tj lbg] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 / s]Gb|Lo txb]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd g} s]Gb|Lo tyf /fHo ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|efj /x]sf] kfOG5 . lhNnf kl/ifb\sf] k|zf;lgs kbsf nflu k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf ¿kdf Indian Administrative Service (IAS) Offi cer /x]sf] x'G5 . pQm sfo{sf/L clws[tn] lhNnf kl/ifb\sf ;a} dxfzfvfsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ug]{ / ljsf;sf of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ub{5 . To;} u/L dWod tx Ansdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g, ljQ, ;fj{hlgs sfo{x¿,


s[lif, :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;dfh sNof0f ljefux¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . tL ljefudf ;/sf/n] lgo'lQm u/]sf] clwsf/Ln] ;lrj jf k|zf;sLo clws[tsf ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5 . csf]{tkm{ lhNnf txdf l8l:6«s sn]S6/ x'G5, h'g s]Gb|Lo txsf] a9L clwsf/ k|fKt k|zf;lgs sd{rf/L xf] / lhNnfel/sf] gful/s k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng Pj+ /fh:j ;ª\sngdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf v]Nb5 . gu/kflnsf tyf u|fd txdf /fHo ;/sf/sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 5gf]6 ePsf ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Lx¿ d'Vo clws[tsf ¿kdf sfd u5{g\ . gu/kflnsfdf k|fljlwsx¿ -OlGhlgo/, ;/;kmfO ;'k/Lj]Ifs, hg:jf:Yo clws[t, lzIff clws[t_ klg /fHo ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . -;fksf]6f M @)^%_

:yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf ef/tdf tLg lsl;dsf k|0ffnLx¿ k|rngdf /x]sf kfOG5g\ . klxnf], s'g} :yfgLo lgsfon] cfkm\gf nflu sd{rf/L af]8{dfkm{t cfkm}F egf{ ug]{ / ;]jfsf ;t{x¿ klg cfkm}F tf]Sg], bf];|f], s'g}s'g} /fHodf ;dfg¿kdf nfu" x'g] u/L :yfgLo lgsfosf nflu PsLs[t :yfgLo ;]jf lgdf{0f u/L /fHoel/sf nflu Ps} lsl;dsf] ;]jf;t{ nfu" ug]{ / t];|f], :yfgLo / /fHo ;]jf b'j}lt/ af6 Ps 7fFpdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ PsLs[t u/L /fHo ;]jfdf n}hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 -sfsL{ M @)^^_ .

ef/tsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gn] /fHo–/fHo /fHo / s]Gb|aLr ;DaGwstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] tyf nf]slk|o ePsf] kfOPsf]n] ToxfFsf] k|lqmof / k4ltnfO{ cjnDag ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ljleGg k|fGtsf] ljlzi6 cj:yfsf] uxg cWoog / ljZn]if0fkZrft\ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dfkb08 tof/ ul/g'kb{5 . s]Gb|, k|fGt/ k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ug]{ sfdsf] lglZrt u/L s]s:tf ;]jf k|bfg ug{ s:tf sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZostf

kg]{ xf] < kb ljj/0f, sfo{ ljj/0f, sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmof / u'0f:t/sf] cWoog u/L kb juL{s/0f ul/g'k5{ .

;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf s]Gb|, k|fGt, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr sfo{lhDd]jf/L b]xfoadf]lhd x'g pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 -yklnof M @)^^_ M

s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ M /fHosf] cfGtl/s Pj+ afXo ;'/Iff, gful/stf, df}lb|s gLlt / cfly{s :yfloTj, k//fi6«÷j}b]lzs ;DaGw, cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, eG;f/÷cfo s/ / d"Noclej[l4 s/sf] Joj:yf, cWofudg / ;Ldf Joj:yfkg /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf; / lbuf]kgf tyf /fli6«o ;|f]t / ;Dkbfsf] kl/rfng, afF8kmfF8 / lgodg, a[xt\ nufgL nfUg] pRr k|ljlw pkof]u x'g] jf ljz]if lsl;dsf ljz]if1tfsf cfwf/df aGg] k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f /fli6«o k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, k|fGt / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ug{ g;Sg] 7"nf7"nf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{x¿, cGt/k|fGt÷cGt/:yfgLo ;/sf/sf If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/ /x]sf ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;dGjosf sfo{x¿ / åGå Joj:yfkg, ;du| s]Gb|Lo / If]qut gLlt -vf; u/L k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng / ;dfgtfd"ns g]kfnL ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{_, dfkb08 / u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug{], ;du| jf ax'If]qLo k|efj kfg{] cg'udg / lgodg ug{] ljifox¿, cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw / /fHoaf6 k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf ljifosf] sfof{Gjog, a[xQ/ cWoog, cg';Gwfg / vf]hsf sfo{x¿ / ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng /fli6«o :t/df hf]lvd k'¥ofpg] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg, k|fGt / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf kIfdf bft[;+:yf tyf ;xof]uL ;+:yf kl/rfng, pRr :t/sf] dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; /f]huf/sf cj;/sf] ;[hgf / lghfdtL ;]jf Joj:yfkg, s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ / k|fGtLo ;/sf/aLr If]qflwsf/ :ki6 gePsf sfo{x¿ .


k|fGtLo ;/sf/ M s]Gb|Lo gLltcg's"n x'g] u/L ;du| k|fGtLo Pj+ If]qut gLlt th{'df / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f, k|fGtLo ljsf;sf k|fyldstf / k|fGtLo÷If]qLo of]hgf th{'df, k|fGtLo s/ tyf u}/s/ Joj:yf, cGt/:yfgLo ;/sf/ ljifos ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo zflGt;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf sfo{x¿, åGå Joj:yfkg, k|fGtLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/ / k|fGt–k|fGtaLr afF8kmfF8 / pkof]u /fli6«o cfjZostf / ;fj{ef}ldstf cIIf"0f /fVg k|aGw ug{] sfo{x¿, dfgjLo ;|f]t ljsf; /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] ;[hgf, k|fGtLo k|zf;g ;+oGq lgdf{0f Pj+ ;~rfng / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k|zf;g ;+oGq lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u, s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txaLr ;dGjo, ;xhLs/0f / ;|f]t k|jw{g sfo{, If]qLo :t/df hf]lvd k'¥ofpg] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg, pk/fli6«o ;8s, pRr :t/sf] cf}krfl/s÷cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf k|fljlws lzIff, :jf:Yo ;]jf, jgh+unsf] hu]gf{ tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f sfo{, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts tyf v]ns'b ljsf;, ;dfj]zL tyf ;dtfd"ns ;dfh ;[hgf ug{] /0fgLltlgdf{0f / dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, j[4, afnaflnsf / zf/Ll/s czQmtfsf] lxt / ;+/If0fsf sfo{x¿, k|fGt / :yfgLo ;/sf/leq /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs ;dfj]zL x'g] gLlt /0fgLlt cjnDag ug{] u/fpg] sfo{x¿, k|fGtLo ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr If]qflwsf/sf] :ki6tf gePsf sfo{x¿ .

:yfgLo ;/sf/ M :yfgLo :t/sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] gLlt -s]Gb|+Lo / k|fGtLo gLltk|lts"n gx'g] u/L_ Pj+ bL3{sflns of]hgf th{'df / sfof{Gjog, s]Gb|Lo÷k|fGtLo dfkb08sf] kfngf, hg;]jfk|jfx;DaGwL ;a} sfo{x¿, :yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf] k|jw{g, lzIff / dgf]/~hg ;Da4 >Jo–b[Zo;DaGwL ;+:yfx¿ -;fd'bflos /]l8of], ;fd'bflos 6]lnlehgh:tf_ sf] ;~rfng, ljBfno

lzIff, cgf}krfl/s / Jofj;flos lzIff, k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf / k|ltsf/fTds tyf k|jw{gfTds :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sfo{x¿, v]ns'bsf] ljsf;, ;/;kmfO, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / k|jw{g, :yfgLo ;8s÷oftfoft, s[lif pkhsf] ljljwLs/0f / ahf/ Joj:yf, ;xsf/L k|jw{g, n3' shf{, :yfgLo :t/sf] s/, ;]jf z'Nssf] Joj:yf / /fh:j afF8kmfF8, :yfgLo efiffsf] ;+/If0f, ljsf;;Fu ;Da4 u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfng, dfgjLo ;|f]t ljsf; /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] ;[hgf / :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng, s]Gb|Lo÷k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] ug{] egL tf]lsPafx]ssf ;a} sfo{x¿, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{x¿, dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f sfo{, ;dfh sNof0fsf sfo{x¿ / ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ;zQmLs/0fsf sfo{x¿ / hgtfsf] ;/f]sf/ / ;+nUgtfdf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ / ljifox¿ .

;/sf/sf ;+oGqsf] cfsf/cg';f/ :yfgLo :t/df pknAw x'g ;Sg] sd{rf/L ;ª\Vof, s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 pknAw u/fpg] ;ª\Vof / ;DalGwt k|fGtn] gofF lgo'lQmaf6 k"lt{ ug]{ ;ª\Vof olsg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . s]Gb|df sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof a9L x'g] tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/L klg a9L x'g] x'Fbf b'j}nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L ;ª\Vof ls6fg u/L afFsL sd{rf/LnfO{ k|fGtdf k7fpg' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . s]Gb|sf sd{rf/L / :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf;t{ km/skm/s ePsf]n] s]Gb|sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf /f]Hg lbg] gLlt lnO{ k|fGt/k|b]zdf hfg rfx]df Ps tx a9'jf u/L jf ljz]if ;'ljwf lbP/ ;dfof]hg ug{ jf sfhdf v6fpg pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/df ;dfof]hg ug'{sf ;fy} k|fGtdf hfg rfx]df cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf{åf/f k|fGt/ k|b]zdf


;dfof]hg ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu lj1x¿ ;lDdlnt ;+oGq agfP/ clxn]b]lv g} sfo{ yfNg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|fGtaf6 s]Gb| cfpg ;Sg] / s]Gb|af6 k|fGt k7fpg ;lsg] u/L Joj:yf ubf{ cg'ejsf] ;f6f;f6 x'g] b]lvG5 . 5gf]6 k4lt Ps} lsl;dsf] ug]{ t/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf s]Gb| / k|fGtdf 5'§f5'§} ubf{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L k|fGtx¿sf] cfk;L ;xdltdf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ubf{ ldtJooL x'g ;S5 .

lgisif{

zf;sLo k4ltdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTTjk"0f{ :yfg x'G5 . gLlt ljZn]if0f u/]/ xf];\ jf kfl/t gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog u/]/ xf];\, lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;b}j ;/sf/ / hgtfsf] glhs /x]/ sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o;n] hgtfsf] cfsfª\IffnfO{

;/sf/;Dd / ;/sf/sf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ hgtf;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd u5{ . ;ª\3Lo nf]stGq ;dfj]zL :j¿ksf] / hgd'vL x'g'kg]{ tyf ;fwgdfly ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] kx'Fr x'g'kg]{ ;Gbe{df ;zQmLs/0f, ;fdflhs Gofo /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;Gt'ng Pj+ Gofosf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu /fli6«o Pstf sfod u/fpg] / ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] dxTTjk"0f{ dfWod lghfdtL ;]jf x'g ;S5 . ;/sf/ kl/jt{g x'Fbf Pj+ s]Gb|, k|fGt / :yfgLo lgsfoaLr c;dembf/L x'Fbf lghfdtL ;]jfn] dWo:ystf{ / lg/Gt/tfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfnfO{ dha't agfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfn ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL ckgfpg] lbzftkm{ cu|;/ ePsf]n] ;ª\3Lotfsf] efjgfcg'¿k lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dod} ;dfwfg ub}{ u'0ffTds lsl;dsf] ;Ifd, ;an, r':t / k|efjsf/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j¿k Pj+ dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{ cu|;/ x'g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

cof{n /d]z, -@)^$/ ^/ !(_, …lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/Ú, uf]/vfkq, sf7df8f}F, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg .sfsL{, O{Gb|, -@)^^/ (/ @(_, …lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k'g;{+/rgfÚ, uf]/vfkq, sf7df8f}F, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg .vgfn, k|f= s[i0f -@)^% sflt{s !^-#)_, …;ª\3Lotf s] xf] s] xf]Og <Ú, lxdfn -va/klqsf_ nlntk'/,

lxdfn ldl8of k|f=ln= .9sfn, cfgGb/fh, -@)^% r}q_, …;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL, lghfdtL ;]jf / ef/tLo cg'ejÚ, k|zf;g,

k"0ff{ª\s !)(, sf7df8f}F, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .yklnof, lbg]z, -@)^^_, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/ -sfo{kq_, sf7df8f}F, :yfgLo ljsf;

dGqfno .;fksf]6f, s[i0f k|;fb;lxt, -@)^%_, g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf txut ;/sf/aLr sfo{lhDd]jf/L /

clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f, nlntk'/, lhlj; dxf;ª\3 g]kfn .=== === ===, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .=== === ===, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) -;ftf} ;+zf]wg_, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .=== === ===, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .


ljifo k|j]zg]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljz]iftf, ljljwtf /

ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{gsf nflu g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] 5 . o;/L /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ /fHosf tTTjx¿sf kIfdf ¿kfGt/0f, kl/is[ttf jf x]/km]/ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . of] ¿kfGt/0f jf kl/jt{gsf] sfo{ s;/L Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L¿kdf ug{ ;lsG5 egL ;+ljwfg ;efcGtu{tsf] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] lg/Gt/ sfo{ ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf jf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8sf ;DaGwdf cGo ljifosf cltl/Qm d'Vo¿kdf cl3 cfPsf] ljifo xf];ª\3Lotf . ;ª\3Lotf;DaGwL cWoog / ljZn]if0f ubf{ o;sf]] d"ne"t kIf eg]sf] ;ª\3 -s]Gb|_ / k|b]z jf ;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿aLr clwsf/sf] ljefhg g} xf]egL lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 . ljZje/ ;ª\3Lotfsf ljleGg :j¿kx¿ kfOG5g\ . tL :j¿kx¿dWo];ª\3Lotfsf] :j¿k bf]xf]/f], ;xof]uL, ;dfg jf c;dfg h] eP klg o;af6 /fHosf] xfnsf];+/rgfdf ;f/jfg\¿kdf kl/jt{g x'g] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . of] kl/jt{gn] /fHosf cGo kIfsf ;fy} lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg x]/km]/, ¿kfGt/0f jf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf d"ntM gLlt sfof{Gjog, ;'zf;g sfod, kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg / sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo ;/sf/L ;+oGq jf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] ldof]sf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .xfnsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf kl/jt{gsf] dfu pRr /x]sf ;Gbe{df ;ª\3Lotfdf b]zsf] ;ª\3Lo tx, k|fb]lzs tx, :yfgLo tx

/ ljz]if ;+/rgfaf6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg] cj;/ /r'gf}tLsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu kl/jt{g Joj:Yffkgsf]yk cfjZostf lglZrt¿kdf kg]{ b]lvG5 .

kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg / cj;/sf] k|flKt x]t'

JolSt, ;d"x, ;dfh /fHo / ljZje/sf nflu kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg Ps lgoldt¿kdf ;Dkfbg ul//xg'kg]{ k|fs[lts, ljZjJofkL / dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . ;fdfGo cy{df pNn]v ubf{ Psy/L¿k, cj:yf, u'0f cflbaf6 csf]{y/L ¿k, cj:yf, u'0fdf ablng] jf ¿kfGtl/t x'g] lqmof g} kl/jt{g xf] . o:tf] sfo{nfO{ x]/km]/, cbnLabnL, ;f6km]/jf ljlgdo;d]t eGg ;lsG5 . kl/jt{gnfO{ cu|udg, ¿kfGt/0f jf oyfl:yltaf6 cl3 a9g]k|lqmofsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . of] ck]lIft cj:yf / ljBdfg cj:yfaLrsf] b"/L sd ug]{ jf k"/f ug]{ dfWod jf k|lqmof xf] . cfhsf] ;dfhdf ljz]if u/L

kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg

tf]of 1jfnL

pk;lrj

k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no


ljZjJofkLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f, k|lt:kwf{sf] ljsf;, 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh, k|ljlwsf] tLj| ljsf; / dflg;sf ljljw OR5f Pj+ cfsfª\Iffh:tf kIfx¿n] ubf{ ljutsf ;dodf eGbf kl/jt{gnfO{ tLj| agfPsf] kfOG5 cyf{t\ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts, k|fljlws / Joj:yfksLo kIfn] ubf{ kl/jt{gnfO{ clgjfo{ / ljZjJofkLu/fPsf 5g\ . ;}4flGts¿kdf cWoog ubf{ kl/jt{gsf /0fgLlts / afWofTds u/L b'O{cf]6f cjwf/0ff kfOG5 . o;} u/L k|s[ltsf cfwf/df dfudf cfwfl/t / k"lt{df cfwfl/t u/L b'O{ k|s[ltsf]kl/jt{g x'G5 . kl/jt{gnfO{ nfu" ug]{ ;Gbe{df s]Gb|, :yfgLo / b'j} u/L tLgcf]6f kl/jt{g sfof{Gjog z}nL Jojxf/df k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;du|df ljBdfg cj:yf / ck]lIft cj:yfaLrsf] b"/Lsd ug{ jf x6fpg of]hgf ug]{, ;ª\u7g ug]{, g]t[Tj lng], ;dGjo ug]{, lgoGq0f ug]{ / cg'udg d"Nofª\sg ug]{ sfo{ g} kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg xf] .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf M g]kfnsf] /fHo ;+/rgf s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds :j¿kaf6 ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgadf]lhd ¿kfGt/0f x'g nfu]sf] 5 .of] ¿kfGt/0fsf ;fy} g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg /fHosf] ;+/rgfcg's"nsf] ;+/rgfsf] lgdf0f{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu xfn ljBdfg gLlt, Jojxf/ / ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;} u/L g]kfnsf] ljBdfg /fli6«o ;f]r /fi6« lgdf{0f, cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f /x]sf] Pj+ /fli6«o nIo ;fdflhs cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu cfwf/tof/ ug'{ /x]sf ;Gbe{df ;f]xLadf]lhdsf] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt sfo{x¿ l56f] / k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;Dkfbg u/Lcfd hgtfsf] ;Gt'li6sf] txnfO{ pRr agfpg /ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x¿ ug{ g]kfnsf ;/sf/L;ª\u7g / ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ k|lt:kwL{, ;xof]uL,

Jofj;flos / l56f]5l/tf] agfpg clgjfo{ ePsf]5 . h'g;'s} kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{df klg hgzlQmsf] ljifo d'Vo¿kdf cfpg] ;Gbe{nfO{ dWogh/ /fVbf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t ljBdfg hgzlQmsf] 1fg, bIftf, ;Lkdf ;'wf/Nofpg Pjd\ sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/ ug{;d]t kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] yk cfjZostf klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .o;} u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /0fgLlts ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt x'g] sdhf]/L ;Rofpg, ;an kIfsf] k|jw{g ug{, cj;/nfO{ a9fpg / r'gf}tLnfO{ cj;/df abNg;d]t kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf ;xh} af]w ug{ ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf a]nfavt p7g] u/]sf u'gf;fx¿ M ;/sf/L ;+/rgfx¿ af]lemnf eP, sfo{ljlw / k|lqmof hl6n 5, gjLg k|ljlwsf] pkof]u Go"g 5, ;[hgfTds Pj+ cGj]if0ffTds sfo{ sd x'g] u/]sf] 5 cflbh:tf ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / ;]jfnfO{ kf/bzL{, lhDd]jf/ / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg Pj+ ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pRr pkof]u u/L r'xfj6, sld;g / e|i6frf/ Go"g ug{;d]t kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L lghfdtL ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgf, ljBdfg k|ljlw, k|jfx eO/x]sf] ;]jf / sfo{/t sd{rf/Ldf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ jf kl/is[ttf jf ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu Pj+ ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf olsg ug{, xfn ljZjdf k|rlnt Joj:yfkgsf gjLg cjwf/0ff nfu" ug{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o bafasf] ;fdgf ug{, oyfl:yltjfbaf6 d'lQm kfpg / hgu'gf;fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{;d]t kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg yk cfjZos ePsf] 5 . pko'{Qm ljZn]if0fkZrft\ kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg ubf{ b]lvg] cfd ;d:ofx¿ / cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] s]xL pkfox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;d:of / pkfox¿ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL


;]jfdf kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf nflu eGbf cfd k|s[lt / k|j[lQsf cfwf/df klxrfg ul/Psf ljifox¿ x'g\ . g]kfnsf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{sf] kl/jt{gsf] gS;f :ki6 geO;s]sf] cj:yfdf tn plNnlvt ljifox¿ ;xof]uL ljifosf ¿kdf dfq klxrfg ul/Psf x'g\ .

kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg ubf{ k|foM ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ d'Vo ;d:ofx¿ M

afXo jftfj/0f -/fhgLlts cj:yf, cfly{s o cj:yf, ;fdflhs cj:yf, k|fljlws cj:yf / ;f+:s[lts cj:yf_ / cfGtl/s jftfj/0f -;an kIf, sdhf]/ kIf, cj;/ kIf / r'gf}tL kIf_ sf] cWoog ljZn]if0fljgf tby{¿kdf kl/jt{gsf] of]hgf, gLlt, p2]Zo, sfo{qmd / sfo{of]hgf th'{df ul/g' / sfof{Gjogsf] yfngL ug'{,kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df :ki6 ;f]r, Wo]o, nIo o /0fgLlt / sfo{of]hgfljgf kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ cl3 a9fpg',kl/jt{g Joj:Yffkgsf] sfo{ ubf{ s'g} Ps If]qdf o dfq kl/jt{g ug'{, pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf c;dfgtf x'g', hgzlQmdf /x]sf] gsf/fTds dgf]j[lQ, sfof{Gjogdf hfg'k"j{ g} c;kmn x'g] 8/ / sd{rf/Ldf b]lvg] zlQm ;DaGwk|ltsf] ;r]ttf,JolQmut :jfy{nfO{ pRr dxTTj lbg', kl/jt{gsf] o dxTTj ga'‰g', klxn]sf c;kmn kl/jt{gnfO{ ;lDemg' / oyfl:yltjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] afx'No, kl/jt{g o Joj:yfkgdf b]lvg] sdhf]/ ;~rf/ Joj:yfkg, ;|f]t;fwgsf] ckof{Kttf, k|lta4tfsf] sdL / gjLg k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 kl5 x6\g] afgL,kl/jt{gsf] j}olSts k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] o sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf, afgL / Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf] ljifoj:t';Fu kl/k"/stfsf] sdL,kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df sd{rf/Lx¿n] o

sfddf pTk|]/0ff / pRr dgf]an k|bz{g gug]{, ;d:ofsf sf/0f / k|efjsf] ljZn]if0fljgf …x'G5Ú eGg] gaf]Ng]h:tf k|j[lQx¿,Confusiono df /x]h:tf] ug]{, t'¿Gt cfnf]rgf ug]{, lg¿T;fxL x'g], sfof{nodf l9nf] cfpg] / l56f] hfg], tgfjdf /xg], cGt/j}olQms ;DaGw sdhf]/ x'g] / sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt x'g], k"j{ lqmofzLn gx'g] cyf{t\ tf]lsPsf] jf o nufPsf] dfq sfo{ ug]{, k|];nfO{ uf]Ko s'/f eGg] / kl/jt{gk|lt gsf/fTds ;f]r /fVg],kl/jt{g ul/Psf ljifodf ;d]t b]lvg] u/]sf] o cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf] sdL, h;n] ubf{ kl/jt{g lbuf] gx'g],hf]lvd glng], ;[hgfTds sfo{ gug]{, o cGj]if0ffTds vf]h gug]{ / sfo{;Dkfbgdf b]lvg] sdhf]/ Jofj;flostfsf] :t/ .“If you don’t know where you’re

going, you’ll end up somewhere else.”kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] dxTTjk"0f{ pkfox¿ M

ko l/jt{gsf] of]hgf agfpFbf / sfof{Gjog ubf{ afXo jftfj/0f / cfGtl/s jftfj/0fsf]cWoog, ljZn]if0f u/L ;f]adf]lhdsf]gLlt, of]hgf /0fgLlt / sfo{of]hgf agfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{,ko l/jt{g Joj:yfkgn] ;d]6\g] jf k|efljt x'g];ª\u7g / k4ltleqsf sd{rf/L / ;fem]bf/sf];xdlt / ;xeflutfnfO{ of]hgf, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgh:tf kIfdf ;w}F pRr k|fyldstf lbg],ko l/jt{g JoJf:yfkgsf] sfo{ ubf{ /0fgLlts ljZn]if0f u/L clxn]sf] cj:yf / ck]lIft cj:yfsf] klxrfg ug]{ cyf{t\ xfnsf] cj:yfdf cfkm" / cfˆgf] ;ª\u7g sxfFF 5 / kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg sxfF+ k'luG5 egL lglZrt ug]{,ko l/jt{gkZrft\ sxfFF k'luG5, ToxfF k'Ug] k|lqmof


s] xf], nIo lsg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] eGg]h:tf kIfx¿ lglZrt / ;/n agfpg], ko l/jt{g Joj:yfkg ubf{ kl/jt{gsf] k|s[lt (Nature of Change), kl/jt{gsf] cj/f]w (Resistance to Change), kl/jt{g ultzLntf (Change Dynamics) / kl/jt{gsf] g]t[Tj (Leadership for Change) sf] ;"Id¿kdf lg/Gt/ ljZn]if0f ug]{,ko l/jt{g Joj:yfkg eGgf;fy lglZrt¿kdf cfpg] ljifo xf] cj/f]w . o:tf] cj/f]w ug]{sf]Respect ug]{, p;sf] s'/f ;'Gg], v'nf¿kdf :ki6 ljifo eGg], zfGt /xg] cfˆgf] Clear focus agfpg],ko l/jt{gsf] Vision, Mission, Goal, Objectives, Strategy, Action plan /;|f]t;fwgsf ;fy} cg'udg d"Nofª\sgsf af/]df ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+nUgtfdf lg0f{o ug]{ / k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ Joj:yfkg ug]{,sd{rfo /Lsf] pTk|]/0ff / dgf]an lg/Gt/ a9fpg], ;d"x ultzLntf / ;d"x sfo{df hf]8 lbg], Pscfk;df ljZjf; / P]Soa4tf a9fpg],;ª\u7gdf tgfj Joj:yfkg o / åGå Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg], ;f+:s[lts d"NonfO{ Wofgdf /fVg], sd{rf/LnfO{ lg/Gt/empower ug]{,Joj:yfks jf sfof{no k|d'vno ] Technical, Conceptual, Human, Coping /Emotional skill a9fpg] / tL ;a} ;Lkx¿sf] k|efjsf/Lpkof]u ug]{,ko l/jt{gsf] klxrfg /fd|f];Fu ug]{, cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{, lg/Gt/ Feedback lng], cfjZos ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Joj:yf ug]{, kl/jt{gsf] Urgency a9fpg], Joj:yfkg kIf ;w}F Pro-active x'g],/o fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs k|lta4tf, pko'Qm g]t[Tj, cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] Joj:yf / kof{j/0fLo(Ecological) kIfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kg]{,

ko l/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] ;ª\u7gfTds ljsf; (OD) / Action Research df lg/Gt/ hf]8 lbg],sd{rfo /LnfO{ kmfObf x'g] kIfaf6 ;'¿ ug]{, Umbrella Approach ckgfpg], Demand Led Change df hf]8 lbg],ko l/jt{g Joj:yfkg ubf{ cfjZostf–cg';f/ a]jf:tf, ;DemfO{a'emfO{, a}7s, ;Demf}tf, ;xof]uh:tf /0fgLltx¿sf] k|efjsf/Lsfof{Gjog ug]{ .

kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg JolQmut :t/, ;d"x :t/ /;ª\u7g :t/sf ;fy} ljZjJofkL¿kdf cTofjZos ljifo xf] . h'g ;ª\u7gn] kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf]sfo{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sb5, Tof];ª\u7g g} lglZrt¿kdf k|lt:kwL{, Jofj;flos /;kmn x'G5 . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL;]jfdf kl/jt{gsf] dfu pRr /x]sf] 5 . dfly plNnlvt pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf ;fy sfo{ cl3 a9fpFbf cj/f]wx¿ :jtM sd eO{ pRr glthf k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff /fVg ;lsG5 .g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf of]hgfa4 / :jtM:km"t{ kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf 5 . kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;a} kIf tof/ eO{ s'zn cj/f]w Joj:yfkgsf]dfWodaf6 g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df u'0ffTds, pknlAwd"ns, ;do;fk]If /hgd'vL agfpg ;lsG5 ."The main danger in the life is the people who want to change every thing or no thing." - Lady Nancy Astor.


;f/f+z;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL eg]sf] s]Gb|df /x]sf] zlQm / clwsf/ ljleGg k|fGtLo /fHodf ;+ljwfgåf/f

g} k|bfg ub}{ ;a} k|fGtsf] Ps ;ª\3 /xg] Joj:yf;lxtsf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL xf] . s]Gb|Lo jf PsfTds /fHo Joj:Yffsf] 7Ls pN6f] Joj:yf xf] ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf . o;sf cfwf/e"t dfGotf eg]sf] /fHo zlQm / clwsf/sf] ljleGg k|fGtLo /fHox¿df afF8kmfF8 Joj:Yffkg ug]{ k|lqmof xf] . ;ª\3Lotfsf ljleGg df]8]nx¿ 5g\ . xfn;Dd ljZjsf @* cf]6f b]zn] pQm df]8]ndf pko'Qm df]8]nsf] cEof; ub}{ ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ca aGg] gofF ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf;Fu} k|zf;gsf] klg k'g;+{/rgfsf] dfu{bz{g aGg]5 / ;f]xLcg'¿k k|zf;lgs :j¿ksf] lgdf{0f x'g]5 . o;/L aGg] gofF k|zf;lgs ;ª\u7gaf6 gful/sn] w]/} ck]Iff u/]sf 5g\ . casf] lghfdtL ;]jf zf;sLo z}nLdf ;'wf/ ub]{ ;'zf;go'Qm / e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;gn] cf]tk|f]t ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jf aGg'k5{ . casf] k|zf;gaf6 gful/sn]cfkm\gf] clwstd ;xeflutf rfx]sf 5g\ . gofF g]kfnsf] efjL lghfdtL k|zf;gaf6 cfd gful/sn]Pp6} ynf]af6 cfkm"n] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf k|flKtsf] ck]Iff u/]sf 5g\ eg] ;]jfk|jfxdf sfg'gL / k|lqmofut ;/ntf, kf/blz{tf / hgpQ/bfoL k|zf;g, l56f]5l/tf] ;]jf, hgn]vf k/LIf0fsf] Joj:Yffh:tf cg]sf}FF ljifodf pTs6 ck]Iffx¿ /fv]sf] kfOG5 . oL gful/ssf ck]Iffx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ sd{rf/LtGqdf w]/} ;'wf/x¿ ug'{k5{ . /fHosf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;/f]sf/jfnf / gful/sx¿sf] jf~5gLo ;xeflutfsf]ck]Iff ;ª\3Lo /fHo Joj:yfaf6 /fv]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu efjL lbgdf d'n'ssf]k|zf;gtGqn] w]/} 7"nf7"nf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdfgf ug'{kg]{5, en} tL r'gf}tLx¿ cj;/ g} lsg gx'g\ .

;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 gful/sn] /fv]sf ck]Iffx¿

v]d/fh lg/f}nfzfvf clws[t

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno


;ª\3Lotfsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt/fHosf] zlQm / clwsf/ s]Gb|Lo /fHodf

dfq g/xg] k|fGtLo /fHodf ;d]t /xg] dfGotf g} ;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf xf] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f s]Gb|n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/x¿sf] cEof; ug]{ k|0ffnL xf] eg] ;ª\3Lotf s]Gb|df dfq} zlQm g/xg] jf /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 / Joj:yfkg k|lqmof xf] . ;ª\3Lotfn] /fHo;Qf / zlQmsf] ljt/0f tyf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} k|fb]lzs k|fyldstf / ljz]iftfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfddf klg ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfn] hf]8 lbG5 .

ljZjdf b'O{ k|sf/sf ;ª\3Lo /fHox¿sf] k|rng b]lvG5 . o;dWo] ljleGg :jtGq /fHox¿ ldn]/ Pp6} ;ª\3Lo /fHo aGg] k|lqmof Pp6f xf] eg] csf]{ s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds /fHosf] k|fb]lzs 9fF+rfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ jf /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfåf/f k|b]zx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/L ;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL aGg] k|lqmof klg kb{5 . ljZjsf xfn @* /fi6«x¿n] ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cEof; ul//x]sf 5g\ t/ tL ;a} klxnf] df]8]n cyf{t\ ljleGg :jtGq /fHonfO{ PsLs[t u/L agfOPsf] ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfcGtu{t kb{5g\ . g]kfndf eg] Pp6f l;ª\uf] /fHonfO{ k'g;+{/rgfdfkm{t ljleGg /fHodf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ tL /fHox¿sf] ;ª\3 agfpg] df]8]ncGtu{t cEof; eO/x]sf] 5 .

d"ne"t¿kdf ;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLsf :j¿kx¿sf] gfd pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g] ePsfn] oxfF ;ª\If]kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tL lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M–

!= bf]xf]/f] ;ª\3Lotf -Duel or two Tier Federalism_ – o;cGtu{t k|To]s ;ª\3Lo PsfO Pscsf{sf] cwLgdf g/xL k"0f{¿kdf :jtGq /xG5g\ . o;nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ ;ª\3Lotf

-Competitive Federalism_ klg elgG5 .

@= ;xof]uL ;ª\3Lotf -Co-operative or inter-locking Federalism_ – s]Gb| / k|fGt tyf k|fGt–k|fGt Pscsf{df cGt/lge{/ eO{ ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf sfd ug]{ k|s[ltsf] ;ª\3Lo 9fFrfnfO{ ;xof]ufTds ;ª\3Lotf elgG5 .

#= ;dfg clwsf/ ePsf ;ª\3Lo /fHo -Symmetric Federalism_ – o:tf] ;ª\3Lotfdf ;a} k|fGtLo ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ ;dfg¿kn] ljt/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .

$= leGgleGg clwsf/ af“8kmf“8 ul/Psf ;ª\3Lo /fHo -Asymnetric Federalism_ – k|fGtsf] ;|f]t;fwg, /fhgLlts g]t[Tj axg Ifdtf, ;fdl/s dxTTj cflbnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ o;k|sf/sf] ;ª\3Lo /fHosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .

pko{'lNnlvt df]8]nx¿dWo] g]kfnn] s'g k|sf/sf] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf ckgfpg] xf], ;f]xLcg'¿k /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf x'g]5 / k|zf;lgs k'g;+{/rgf;d]tsf cfwf/ ToxL df]8]n aGg]5 . ;ª\3Lotf ckgfPsf b]zx¿n] ljleGg txdf ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt b]vfPsf 5g\ . blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+ljwfgdf /fli6«o, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] ;/sf/ /xg] / ;f]xLcg'¿k k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . l5d]sL /fi6« ef/tsf] cEof; x]g]{ xf] eg] ;ª\3 / /fHosf cltl/Qm :yfgLo txsf ¿kdf k~rfot / gu/kflnsfsf] Joj:yf;d]t 5 / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf klg s]Gb|, k|fGt / :yfgLo u/L tLgk|sf/sf] /x]sf] kfOG5 .

l:j6\h/NofG8df eg] Federation, Cantons / Commun cyf{t\ Municipalities /xg] Joj:yf 5 eg] c:6]«lnofdf Executive Government / states b'O{ tx /xg] Joj:yf 5 . a]lNhoddf ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/, If]qLo / ;fd'bflos ;/sf/,


k|fGtLo / ;fd'bflos ;+:yf tyf ;x/L lgsfo u/L rf/ txdf /fHosf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ cWoog ubf{ /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] ;+ljwfg ;ef;dIf k]; u/]sf] cjwf/0ffkq / k|f/lDes d:of}bf k|ltj]bgn] tLg txsf] /fHosf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 .

!= ;ª\3Lo tx M s]Gb|Lo /fHo, h;n] ;a} k|fGtsf] ;~rfng, clwsf/sf] k|of]u / kfngf u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ elgPsf] 5 . o;df Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf / sfo{kflnsfsf] Joj:yf zlQm ;Gt'ng / k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k x'g]5 .

@= k|fb]lzs tx M ;ª\3Lo PsfOdf ljefhg ul/Psf] If]q / :j¿ksf ¿kdf k|b]z x'g] / k|b]zsf] zf;g ;~rfng / k|fb]lzs If]qsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ elgPsf] 5 . o;df Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf / sfo{kflnsfsf] Joj:yf zlQm ;Gt'ng / k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k x'g]5 .

#= :yfgLo tx M ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] txsf ¿kdf :yfgLo tx /xg] / ;f]cGtu{t ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf /xg] Joj:yf ul/g] elgPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf] k[i7e"ld :juL{o >L % a8fdxf/fhlw/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ljleGg 6'qmfdf 5l/Psf ;;fgf /fHox¿nfO{ Pp6} dfnfdf ufF:b} PsLs[t cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f u/] . ;g\ !*@% df pkTosf ljhokZrft\\ tLj| ag]sf] PsLs/0f cleofg ;'uf}nL ;lGw;Dd cfOk'u]/ /f]lsof] . zfxj+zLo /fhtGqfTds d'n'snfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] Ps ;"qdf ufF:b} nfg] qmdsf] cGTo klg ToxL ;'uf}nL ;lGwkZrft\\ eof] . @))& ;fndf /fhf / hgtfsf] ;xof]udf kfl/jfl/s /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo

eO{ k|hftGqsf] ;'¿cft ePsf] d'n'sdf @)!& ;fnb]lv @)$^ ;fn;Ddsf] ;lqmo /fhtGq / @)$^ ;fnkZrft\sf] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq, ax'bnLo k|hftGq / ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL;Fu c;xdt x'+b} u0ftGqfTds d'n'ssf] ;kgf b]v]/ ;z:q ljb|f]xdf plqPsf] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ klg ;ª\3Lo u0ftGq g]kfnsf] sf/s zlQmsf ¿kdf b]lvof] . @#* jif]{ zfxj+zLo /fhtGqfTds /fHo;Qfpk/ wfjf af]Nb} g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] !) jif]{ ljb|f]x / g]kfndf zfxj+zLo /fhfdWo] lgs} nf]slk|o /x]sf !! cf}F k':tfsf /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] j+zgfz x'g] u/L u/fOPsf] b/af/ xTofsf08 / tTkZrft\ /fhu2L cf/f]x0f u/]sf /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] w'ldn / cnf]slk|o cg'xf/ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;Xo ePg . o;} t /fhf jL/]Gb| / o'j/fh bLk]Gb| u'dfpg'k/]sf] hgkL8f clg 1fg]Gb| / pgsf 5f]/f kf/;sf] /fHo;Qf df]xn] ubf{ l5GgleGg ePsf g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnx¿ PsLs[t eO{ e"ldut ljb|f]xdf plqPsf] dfcf]jfbL;d]t nfO{ ;fy lnP/ ef/tLo ;xof]udf !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/L u/fO{ /fhtGq / /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf lj¿4df pleg] b/f] cfwf/e"ld agfP . @)^@÷^# sf] !( lbg] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;"qkft eof] . cGttf]uTjf g]kfn u0ftGq pGd'v x'Fb} uof] . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] P]ltxfl;s r'gfjkl5 a;]sf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7saf6 g]kfnnfO{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ul/of] . o;} k[i7e"lddf hgtfsf cyfx OR5f / cfsfª\IffnfO{ uf]8d]n ub}{ g]kfnsf] efjL /fHo ;+/rgfsf] :j¿k lgwf{/0f ul/g'k5{ . o;} cfwf/e"ldaf6 g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgf;d]t ul/g' cfjZos b]lvG5 . /f]u, ef]s, xTof, cftª\s, czflGt, e|i6frf/, s'zf;g / ;fdGtL ;+:sf/n] hsl8Psf cfd g]kfnL hgtfsf c;ª\Vo cfsfª\Iff / ck]Iffx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ /fHok|bQ ;]jfx¿ hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df ;/n / ;xh 9ª\un] k|jfx ug{ ;Sg' g} casf] d'n'sL k|zf;gsf] k|d'v bfloTj / r'gf}tL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .


k|zf;gsf] efjL ;+/rgf

g]kfnsf] k|zf;gsf] efjL ;+/rgf;d]t /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] . g]kfnnfO{ slt txsf] /fHo ;+/rgf / zf;sLo :j¿kdf ljefhg ul/G5, ;f]xLcg'¿k k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] klg :j¿k lgwf{/0f x'g ;S5 . tyflk g]kfnsf] k/Dk/fut 9fFrf / z}nLdf ¿dlNnPsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ cfw'lgs, j}1flgs / hgd'vL s;/L agfpg] xf] < o; ljifodf k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]un] klg oy]i7 Wofg lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . casf] k|zf;g Slim, prompt, skillful, professional, propublic, Transparant, Responsive, Result Oriented / Highly motivated x'g} k5{ . o;sf nflu g]kfnsf /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] 7f]; gLltsf ;fy cfkm\gf] sd{rf/L;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fg'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 eg] jt{dfg sd{rf/LtGqn] klg cfkm\gf] :jfy{l;l4sf nflu dfq} xf]Og, bL3{sfnLg / uDeL/ eP/ efjL k|zf;gsf] k'g;+{/rgfsf nflu 7f]; ;'emfj /fhgLltnfO{ lbg ;Sg'k5{ . g]kfnL hgtfsf ck]Iff cyfx 5g\ . efjL k|zf;gaf6 hgtfn] /fv]sf ck]Iffx¿sf] oxfF lgs} nfdf] ;"rL tof/ x'g ;S5 . tL ck]Iff ;Daf]wg ub}{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf w'ldn ePsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;fvnfO{ pFrf] kfg]{ lbzfdf xfdLn] uDeL/ x'g} k5{ .

;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 gful/sn] /fv]sf ck]Iffx¿

!= zf;sLo ;'wf/, ;'zf;g / e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;g M ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs g]kfnsf] efjL k|zf;gaf6 g]kfnL hgtfn] ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt vf]h]sf 5g\ . ljut / jt{dfgsf] h:tf] e|i6frf/hGo ;+:s[ltnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ub}{ zf;sLo z}nLdf ;'wf/ ub}{ e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;gsf] kl/sNkgf g]kfnL hgtfn] u/]sf 5g\ . of] efjL gofF g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gaf6 hgtfn] /fv]sf dxTTjk"0f{

ck]Iff x'g\ . olb xfdLn] casf] k|zf;gnfO{ Slim, professional, prompt, result orianted, competetive, enterprenusership, pro-public, transparant, committed / hgtfk|lt ;Lw} pQ/bfoL agfpg ;s]gf}F eg] b]zdf h:tf];'s} zf;g Joj:yf nfu" u/] klg hgtfsf cfsfª\Iff / ck]Iffx¿sf] ;Daf]wg x'g ;Sg] 5}g . e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;gsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu /fHon] /fi6«;]jsx¿sf nflu Go"gtd hLjg lgjf{x ug{ k'Ug] tnaeQf / ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug}{k5{ / sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg cfk\mgf] k];fut dof{bfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ /fHosf] ;'ljwfdf lrQ a'emfO{ hgtfsf] ;]jfdf dg, jrg / sd{n] pRr dgf]ansf ;fy ;dlk{t x'g'kg]{5 . clg hgtfn] klg cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] vf]hL ubf{ /fHok|lt cfkm"n] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ bfloTjsf] klg Vofn ub}{ Odfgbf/ / cg'zfl;t gful/s aGg] k|0f ug'{kg]{5 . cGoyf c/fhstfn] gofF laxfgLsf] ;"qkft x'g lbg] 5}g / cfd gful/sn] rfx]h:tf], ;f]r]h:tf] / vf]h]h:tf] gjLg g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fdf afwf k'Ug]5 .

@= gful/s ;xeflutf;lxtsf] lghfdtL ;]jf M casf] lghfdtL k|zf;gaf6 hgtfn] cfkm\gf] ;xeflutfsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\ . hgtfs} /f]hfOdf, hgtfs} vf]hfOdf, hgtfn] rfx]h:tf] ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jf;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"lt efjL gofF g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGqaf6 gful/sn] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo txdf jf:tljs lj1 eg]sf hgtf g} x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] cg'ej / ;xof]u g} jf:tjdf gLlt tyf of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xL ;fljt x'g ;S5 . ctM :yfgLo txdf gful/ssf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{} sd{rf/LtGqn] sfd ug'{kg]{5 . o;sf nflu sfg'gL Joj:yfdf g} gful/s ;xeflutfnfO{ :ki6 / Jojl:yt kfg'{kg]{ cfjZostf /xG5 .

#= sfg'gL / k|lqmofut emGem6/lxt lghfdtL


;]jf M gofF g]kfnsf] gofF lghfdtL k|zf;gaf6 cfd gful/sn] k'/fgf / sfd gnfUg] emGeml6nf sfg'gx¿sf] cGTo rfx]sf 5g\ . ca hª\uaxfb'/sf] d'n'sL P]gaf6 gofF g]kfn rNg ;Sb}g . gful/ssf] rfxgf oxL xf] . o:tf cJofjxfl/s sfg'gnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg'kg]{ / tTsfn sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{5 . To:t} ;/sf/L ;]jf;'ljwf lngdf gful/snfO{ sfg'gL / k|lqmofut emGem6n] klg lgs} lk/f]n]sf] 5 . t;y{ Service delivery df cfOkg]{ ;a} lsl;dsf nfdf / k§\of/nfUbf k|lqmof g} l9nf;':tL / 3";vf]/Lsf sf/s x'g\ . To;nfO{ gful/sn] dx;'; ug]{ u/L ;/nLs[t ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

$= kf/bzL{ / hgpQ/bfoL lghfdtL ;]jf MgofF g]kfnsf] gofF k|zf;g kf/bzL{ aGg} k5{ / pgLx¿ vertically eGbf klg ;Lw} hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL aGg'kg]{ dfu cfd gful/ssf] 5 . gful/sn] lt/]sf] s/af6 tnaeQf vfg]x¿ g} jf:tjdf ckf/bzL{ / xflsdL dfgl;stfaf6 k|]l/t /x]sf] eGb} casf k|zf;s xflsdL dfgl;stfaf6 ;xof]uL / ;xhstf{sf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f x'g'kg]{ h¿/L b]lvG5 . hgtfn] cfk\mgf] ;do / z'Nssf] d"No vf]H5 . p;n] cfk\mgf] ;do / lt/]sf] d"Nocg';f/sf] ;]jfsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . of] :jfefljs klg xf] . casf sd{rf/Ln] s], slt, s;/L, lsg / slxn]h:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ kf/bzL{ 9ª\un] lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;} u/L casf] k|zf;gn] ;]jfk|jfx ub}{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL aGg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf] :ki6 Joj:yf / Uof/]G6L ca aGg] gofF g]kfnsf] gofF sfg'gx¿df ug'{k5{ . kf/blz{tfsf] JofVof ub}{ o;sf] Limitations sf] ;Ldfª\sg ul/g'k5{ eg] hgpQ/bfloTjnfO{ klg ljleGg ;dfwfgsf ljsNkx¿;d]t ;'emfpFb} :ki6 JofVof ug'{k5{ . cGoyf oL kIf klg k'gM csf]{ k':tfnfO{ ;'emfj lbg] v'/fs alg/xg ;S5 .

%= Ps} ynf]af6 cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"ltdf ;xof]uL lghfdtL ;]jf M cfufdL lbgdf gful/sn] ljut / jt{dfgsf] h:tf] ;]jfcg';f/sf] 5'§f5'§} sfof{nodf uP/ ;]jf lng'kg]{ afWotfsf] cGTo rfx]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfwf/e"t ;]jf Ps} ynf]af6 k|fKt xf];\ eGg] ck]Iff ;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLaf6 u/]sf 5g\ . of] ljifo ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;ª\slnt ;'emfjx¿af6 klg b]lvPsf] 5 . h:t} M cfwf/e"t ;]jfcGtu{t :jf:Yo k/LIf0fsf] ;]jf, gful/stf / kf;kf]6{sf] k|flKt, hUufsf] /lh:6«];g kf; / lt/f] ltg]{ ljifo, hGdd[To', a;fOF;/fOh:tf JolQmut 36gf btf{ k|lqmof, ;fgfltgf d'2fdfldnfsf] lg¿k0f cflb ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jf;'ljwfx¿ Ps} ynf]af6 k|fKt xf];\ eGg] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\ . o; ljifodf k|zf;g k'g;+{/rgf ubf{ dgg ug'{k5{ . lghfdtL ;]jfn] klg o; ljifodf uDeL/ x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

^= l56f]5l/tf] ;]jfsf] kl/k"/s lghfdtL ;]jf Mgful/sn] /fHoaf6 l56f]5l/tf] 9ª\un] ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\ . of] :jfefljs xf] . l56f]5l/tf] ;]jfsf gfddf Go"gtd sfg'gL / k|lqmofut dfGotfnfO{ ;d]t cfTd;ft\ gu/L kfnf] s'g]{ afgLsf] cefjdf l56f]sf] gfddf u}/sfg'gL / If]qflwsf/aflx/sf] ;]jf;d]t dfu ug]{ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;sf] lg¿k0fsf nflu hgtfnfO{ cfkm"n] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jfk|jfxsf af/]df ;';"lrt ug]{ bfloTj /fHosf] xf] . cfd gful/sn] klg cfkm"n] k|fKt ug{ rfx]sf] ;]jf s'g sfof{noaf6 s;/L k|fKt x'g] xf] eGg]af/]df hfgsf/ x'g' h¿/L b]lvG5 . t/ o;f] eGb}df sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] bfloTjaf6 klG5g eg] ldNb}g . :ki6 / ;a}n] k9\g ;Sg] u/L gful/s a8fkqsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ / :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf] sfof{non] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf af/]df gful/snfO{ ;';"lrt ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o;sf


nflu sfg'gdf g} o:tf] Joj:yf /fvL k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] sfof{Gjog ul/g'kg]{5 . o;sf nflu Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkqsf] Joj:yf sfg'gaf6 g} Jojl:yt ul/g'k5{ . o;n] ubf{ sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf :ki6tf, ;xhtf / ;lhnf] dx;'; x'g]5 eg] gful/sn] cfk\mgf] ;]jfk|flKtsf] tl/sfsf af/]df :ki6¿kdf ;';"lrt x'g] cj:yfsf] Uof/]G6L x'g ;S5 .

&= hgn]vfk/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf;lxtsf] lghfdtL ;]jf M ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] ;]jfdf vr{ u/]sf] ah]6 s;/L, slxn], sxfFF, lsg / sf]af6 vr{ ePsf] xf] eGg]af/]df hfGg kfpg] / ;f]sf] k/LIf0f ug{ kfpg] ck]Iff casf] k|zf;gaf6 /fv]sf 5g\ . of] ljifo ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL jt{dfg sfg'gdf Jojl:yt eO;s]sf] ljifo xf] . oyfy{df of] :jfefljs klg 5 . t/ s'g xb;Dd s:tf] ljlw / k|lqmofaf6 o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ xf] < ;f] s'/f sfg'gaf6 g} Jojl:yt ub}{ k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ To;sf nflu rflxg] cfjZos ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . jt{dfg dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] vf;} cf}lrTo gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm ;+oGq vf/]h ub}{ hgn]vfk/LIfssf] j}slNks ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ul/g'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

*= kl/0ffdd'vL lghfdtL ;]jf M gofF g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;g k|lqmof / emGem6sf] e"d/Ldf g¿dlNnO{ k|0ffnL / l;4fGtsf cfwf/df cl3 a9\g'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . eGg'sf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg] OGk'6 lbPkl5 k|f];]l;ª ub}{ cGttM kl/0ffd cfpg'k¥of] . pQm kl/0ffd hgtfn] b]Vg] / dx;'; ug{;Sg] x'g'kg]{5 . k|zf;lgs sfo{;Dkfbgn] gofF g]kfnsf] gful/ssf] kl/jlt{t cfsfª\IffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;Sb}g . of] ck]Iff gful/ssf] txaf6 ePsf] Jofjxfl/s cfsfª\Iff xf] . jf:tjdf casf] lghfdtL k|zf;g Result Oriented aGg g;s] To;af6 gful/sn] 7f]; ;xof]u / ;xsfo{sf]

ck]Iff ug{ 5f8\5g\ . ctM ca aGg] k'g;{+/lrt lghfdtL k|zf;g kl/0ffdd'vL aGg} k5{ .

(= cu|ufdL lghfdtL ;]jf -Reactive xf]Og Proactive_ M cfd g]kfnL gful/sn] ca aGg] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf hgtfsf] lxtdf aGg] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\, h'g ;w}F hgtfsf] cu|ufdL ;f]r / Jojxf/sf] kl/k"/s aGg ;sf];\ . k'/ftg / k/Dk/fjfbL ;f]r Pj+ 9/f{af6 ljsl;t / k|lzlIft sd{rf/LtGq casf lbgdf cu|ufdL ;f]rsf ;fy Proactive aGg'kg]{5 . Reactive e"ldsfn] casf] lghfdtL k|zf;gn] hgtfsf cfsfª\IffnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g / cfkm\gf] lu/]sf] ;fvnfO{ pFrf] kfg{ klg ;Sb}g . ctM casf] k|zf;g Reactive xf]Og Proactive aGg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

lgisif{ jf:tjdf ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL eg]sf] s]Gb|df /x]sf] zlQm / clwsf/ ljleGg k|fGtLo /fHodf ;+ljwfgåf/f g} k|bfg ub}{ ;a} k|fGtsf] Ps ;ª\3 /xg] Joj:yf;lxtsf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL xf] . b]zsf] k|zf;lgs :j¿k s:tf] aGg] eGg] ;jfn To; b]zsf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf lge{/ x'G5 . To;}n] efjL g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf s;/L Jojl:yt x'G5 eGg] ljifo /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf;Fu;Fu} x'g] k|zf;lgs k'g;+{/rgfaf6 :ki6 x'g] g} 5 / ca aGg] ;+ljwfgdf To;sf] Joj:yfkg x'g] g} 5 . h]xf];\ d'n's ca s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLaf6 ;ª\3Lo :j¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f x'g] qmdsf] clGtd r/0fdf 5 . o; cj:yfdf g]kfnL gful/sn] efjL gofF g]kfnsf] /fHo, ;/sf/ / k|zf;gaf6 lgs} ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\ . /fHosf gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogstf{ eg]sf] k|zf;gtGq g} xf] . d'n'ssf] k|zf;gtGqnfO{ r':t, b'¿:t / k|efjsf/L agfpg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . o;sf nflu sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;bf /fHo / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpFb} pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t / pRr dgf]ansf ;fy sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf


/fHon] ug'{kg]{5 . cGoyf jt{dfgs} kof{j/0fLo oyfy{af6 g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 hgtfn] /fv]sf ck]Iff k"/f u/fpg sd{rf/LnfO{ ef]sf uf]¿ hf]t]em}F hf]ltof] eg] To;n] ;fy{s kl/0flt

NofpFb}g . o;sf nflu d'n'ssf] gofF cg'xf/ km]g{ tlD;Psf /fhgLlts bnx¿ Odfgbf/ / k|lta4 eP/ ;dlk{t x'g} k5{ . cGoyf Pscsf{df bf]if y'kfb}{ wf/]xft nfpg'sf] cy{ /xg] 5}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

=== === ===, ;+ljwfg ;ef /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^^, sf7df8f}F, ;+ljwfg ;ef /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ;ldlt .

=== === ===, ;+ljwfg ;ef /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)^^, sf7df8f}F, ;+ljwfg ;ef /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt .


;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d]¿b08sf ¿kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;Lldt¿kdf eP klg 6]8« o'lgog clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg, @)^$ n] zfvf clws[t;Ddsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] 6]8« o'lgog clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|bfg ug{] ;+;f/sf yf]/} d'n'sdWo] g]kfn klg Ps xf] . cGo b]zdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\u7g :jtGqtfnfO{ l:jsfl/P klg 6]«8 o'lgognfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] kfOFb}g . o; kl/k|]Ifdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL If]qdf lqmofzLn o'lgogx¿n] lhDd]jf/Laf]wsf ;fy 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf o'lgogx¿n] k];fut d"No, dfGotf / dof{bfsf] hu]gf{ ub}{ k];fut ljlzi6Ls/0f, bIftf clej[l4 / Jofj;flostfsf] k|jw{gdf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ . /fli6«o ljsf;, b}lgs k|zf;g ;~rfng, /fli6«o lxt k|jw{g, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx / gLlt Joj:yfkgh:tf] uxgtd cleef/f af]s]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ /fhgLlts¿kdf t6:y, ;]jfk|jfxdf lgikIf /

;/sf/sf] gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdk|lt k|lta4 agfpg ;lsPdf dfq lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg ;lsG5 .

@)^@÷^# sf] cfGbf]ngsf] ;dodf ælghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/sf] Uof/]G6L ul/of];\Æ eGg] dfu lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿n] /fv]sf lyP . o; dfunfO{ @)^# j}zfv @* ut]sf lbg k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw ;efn] æ;'/Iff ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js /fhkqfª\lst k|yd >]0fL / ;f]eGbf pRr txsf /fi6«;]js / Joj:yfksLo sfo{ ug'{kg]{ sfof{no k|d'vafx]s lghfdtL sd{rf/Lnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ k];fsdL{x¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gsf cle;lGwcg';f/sf 6«]8 o'lgogsf cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ug]{ ;ª\sNk ub{5 . ;f]cg';f/ >d P]g / 6]«8 o'lgog P]gdf tTsfn cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{z ub{5Æ eGg] ljifosf] ;fj{hlgs dxTTjsf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ n] /fhkqfª\lst t[tLo >]0fL;Ddsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] dfq 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pSt P]gn]] o:tf 6«]8 o'lgogn] dfq dfGotf kfpg] ;Lldt Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

6«]8 o'lgog s] xf] <

d"ntM 6]«8 o'lgog cfGbf]ngdf b'O{ If]q dxTTjk"0f{ /x]sf 5g\ M -!_ zf/Ll/s >d ug]{ / -@_ dfgl;s >d ug]{ . log} >ldsx¿sf] xslxtsf nflu lqmofzLn /xg' 6]«8 o'lgog cfGbf]ngsf]

;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yfdf 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/

k'0ok|;fb 9sfn


d'Vo nIo /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s >d ug]{n] k];fut xslxt / clwsf/sf nflu :yflkt k];fut ;ª\u7g÷;]jfsf] b[li6sf]0feGbf pBf]u÷Joj;fo÷snsf/vfgf, lzIf0f ;+:yf, sd{rf/L, ;+:yfg, kmd{, ;~rf/, sfg'g cflb If]qdf sfo{/t >dhLjLx¿sf] ;ª\3;ª\u7gnfO{ 6]«8 o'lgog elgG5 .

sd{rf/L÷sfdbf/ ;a} 6]«8 o'lgogsdL{ x'g\,ü kfl/>lds, tna jf Hofnf cfh{g ug]{ ü >ldsx¿sf] ;ª\u7g, cfly{s¿kn] ;lqmo >dzlQmleqsf ü :j/f]huf/ JolQmx¿n] klg 6]«8 o'lgog vf]Ng kfpF5g\ .

>d If]qdf /x]sf ;a}vfn] e]befj / zf]if0fsf] cGTo u/L sd{rf/Lx¿ / p;sf kl/jf/;d]tsf] hLjg lgjf{x ug{ k'Ug] j]tgsf] Joj:yf ug{ k|oTgzLn /xg], j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/nfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug]{, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]G6L ug]{, ;+:yfsf] pTyfg, k|ultsf nflu sfo{ ug{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ / zflGtk"0f{ 9ª\uaf6 cfˆgf dfu tyf u'gf;fx¿ lg¿k0f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yfsf] Uof/]G6L ug]{ / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]G6L ug]{ sfo{x¿ 6]«8 o'lgogsf d"n p2]Zo x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/ cfkm}Fdf dxTTjk"0f{ clwsf/ xf] eGg] s'/f cfd sd{rf/Lju{df k'¥ofpg cfjZos 5 . 6]«8 o'lgog :yfkgfsf] ;}4flGts, j}1flgs / Jofjxfl/s kIfsf af/]df ;Dk"0f{ k];fsdL{x¿nfO{ :ki6 u/fpFb} nUg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . 6]«8 o'lgog ;~rfng;DaGwL :ki6 gLlt / tb\g'¿ksf sfo{qmd;lxtsf] ;ª\u7g / g]t[Tjsf] lgdf{0f ul/g' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . 6]«8 o'lgognfO{ ;an, ;Ifd / ;'b[9 agfpg cfjZos 5 . o;nfO{ cem a9L ;ª\3if{zLn agfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{If]qdf :yflkt u/fpFb} cufl8 a9\g cfjZos 5 .

6]«8 o'lgogsf] hGd / ljsf; Hofnf, a]/f]huf/, sfo{ynf], jftfj/0f, ;'ljwfnufotsf ljifodf ;fd"lxs¿kdf dflns÷Joj:yfks;dIf dfu /fVg] sfo{sf] yfngL eof] . o;} ;ª\ul7t zlQmnfO{ 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/ eGg yflnof] .

cf}krfl/s¿kdf ü T.U.M. a]nfotdf Combination Act 1824 nfu" ePkl5 ePsf] dlgG5 . a]nfotdf ;g\ !*^* df ü TU Congress sf] :yfkgf .cd]l/sfdf ;g\ !*^( df ü Knights of Labour sf] :yfkgf .

6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/sf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿

Right to Organization - ü lgdf{0f, 5fGg, cleJolQm, lgjf{rgdf efu lng kfpg], g]t[Tj ug]{Right to Bargaining - ü dfu, ;+jfb, ;f}bfafhL, 5nkmn, ;DaGw, ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/LRight to strike - ü k|bz{g, x8\tfn, y'g5]s, 3]/fp, -cg'zfl;t÷dof{lbt÷k|lqmof÷gLltut_Right to compulsion wages - ü >d, Hofnf, kfl/>lds, tna cflb -pbf/jfb, ljZjJofkLs/0f cflb_Right to Decent Work -ü sfd ug]{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f

6]«8 o'lgogsf kIfx¿

;ü /sf/ – P]gsfg'g lgdf{0f÷lgodg lgsfoü /f]huf/bftf – -k'FhLklt÷dflns÷;fx"_ k'FhL

nufgL u/L cfly{s ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ ju{sd{rfü /L÷sfdbf/ju{ – >d nufgL u/Lcfly{s ultljlw ;~rfng .


6«]8 o'lgog u7gsf txx¿

!= k|lti7fg :t/sf] 6]«8 o'lgog – @% k|ltzt ;b:osf] ;dy{g -sDtLdf !) hgf sfdbf/sd{rf/L x'g''kg]{_

@_ 6]«8 o'lgog ;ª\3 – %) cf]6f k|lti7fg :t/sf 6]«8 o'lgog ldn]/ jf % xhf/sfdbf/ sd{rf/L cfk;df ;Demf}tf u/]/ jf k|lti7fgaflx/sf c;ª\ul7t % ;o sfdbf/sd{rf/Ln] cfk;df ;Demf}tf u/L /fli6«o :t/sf] 6]«8 o'lgog ;ª\3 u7g ug{ ;S5g\ .

#_ 6«]8 o'lgog dxf;ª\3 M ;ª\ul7t If]qsf ^ cf]6f / c;ª\ul7t $ cf]6f;d]t u/L /fli6«o :t/sf 6]«8 o'lgog ;+:yfx¿n] cfk;df ;Demf}tf u/L 6«]8 o'lgog dxf;ª\3 u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .

ljZj 6«]8 o'lgogsf wf/x¿

WFTU ü ;dfhjfbL – 3rd oct 1945ITUC ü k'FhLjfbInternational T.U. Confederation – ü Nov 2006Non-Aligned – ü rLg÷cd]l/sfAll China Federation of Trade ü Unions (ACFTU) rLgdf ;/sf/n] cfkm}F Trade Union agfpg] ePsfn] of];xsfo{ g5'6fP;Dd c¿n] c:jLsf/ ug]{ .of] ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] 6«]8 o'lgog xf]-;ª\Vof;d]tdf_ .International Federation of Christian ü Trade Union (IFCTU) sf] ;g\ !(@) df :yfkgfkl5 ;g\ !(*@ df World Confederation of Labour (WCL) df kl/jt{g eof] .kü l5 ;g\ !($( df :yflkt ICFTU sf

aLr Nov. 2006 df PsLs/0f eO{ ITUC sf] u7g eof] .

ILO / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\u7g :jtGqtf

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gn] lghfdtLsd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cGo lghL If]qdf sfo{/t sfdbf/;/x g} ;ª\u7g :jtGqtf /xg]:ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf ILO Committee on Freedom of Association n] lgDgcg';f/ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 M Public servants like all other workers without distinction whatsoever, have the right to form and join organization of their own choosing, without previous authorization, for the promotion and defence of their occupational interest. (238th Report, case No. 1189, Para 260(a)

lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gnfO{ cGo o'lgog;Fu cfa4 x'g lbg] jf glbg] eGg] s'/f cem dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . ILO sf] ;ª\u7g :jtGqtf;DaGwL l;4fGtnfO{ cª\uLsf/ ug]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g cGo sf/vfgf / lghL If]qsf o'lgog;Fu;Fu} sfd ug{ afwf /xFb}g . ILO n] o; ;DaGwdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 ls "The principle laid down in Article 2 of Convention No. 87 that workers shall have the right to establish and join organizations of their own choosing implies for the organizations themselves the right to establish and join federations and confederations of their own choosing." (See the Digest of 1985, para 506.) . t/ o;af6 dfly elgPem}F :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/fnfO{ eg] sfg'gaf6 Jojl:yt ug{ s'g} afwf 5}g t/ o;sf] cy{ sfg'gtM lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ s'g ;ª\3 jf dxf;ª\3df cfa4


x'g'kb{5 jf kb}{g egL lgb]{z ug'{ plrt /xFb}g .

cGQl/d ;+ljwfgaf6 k|bQ df}lns xs

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #) df k|To]s sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ plrt >dcEof;sf] xs x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L g} k|To]s sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ cfkmgf] lxt/Iffsf lgldQ 6]«8 o'lgog vf]Ng], ;ª\ul7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug]{ xs k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 .

;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] clwsf/

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ lbg] jf ;ª\u7g :jtGqtfdfq lbg] eGg] s'/fsf] leGgtf g} ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] clwsf/ x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\u7gnfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{lalQs} ;f}bfafhL ug]{ clwsf/ cGof]Gofl>t¿kdf hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ jt{dfg P]gåf/f ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 .

Trinidad and Tobago sf] Civil service Act 1965 sf] bkmf !$ n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] txsf] / kbsf] juL{s/0f, s'g]} klg cGo u'gf;f], tna / eQf / /f]huf/Lsf ;]jf;t{sf af/]df ;/sf/n] lg0f{o ug'{eGbf cufl8 clgjfo{ k/fdz{ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . Sofg8fdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL P]g g} th'{df u/L ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ;DaGwdf lj:t[t Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;cg';f/ tna, eQf, a9'jf, ;¿jf, u|]8 j[l4, sfo{;do, cf]e/6fOd, labf tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k'/:sf/, z}lIfs labf / :jf:Yo ;]jf, cjsfz of]hgf, u'gf;f] ;dfwfg, OG:of]/]G;, ;Demf}tfsf] cjlwh:tf ljifodf dfu k]; ug{ / ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/L o'lgogn] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff ;do;fk]If

;'ljwf, j[ltljsf;, sd{rf/Lsf] hLpHofgsf] /Iff, Jofj;flos ;'/Iffh:tf sd{rf/L xslxt;DaGwL dfu /fVg kfpF5g\ .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;ª\u7gx¿sf] btf{ ubf{ /fli6«o :t/df btf{ ePsf] / o;sf] k|lti7fg txsf] kl/sNkgf ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf] ;f}bfafhLsf] tx;d]t :yfgLo¿kdf geO{ /fli6«o :t/df g} x'g] :ki6 5 . t/ lgodfjnLn] lhNnf txaf6, ljefu jf lgsfo jf cfof]udf ;d]t dfu ug{ ;lsg], 5nkmn x'g] / x8\tfn ug{;d]t ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yf Jojxf/tM plrt b]lvFb}g . ;f] txaf6 ;f]xL txn] ;dfwfg ug]{ xs dfusf] ljifodfq ;dfwfg x'g ;S5 t/ lxtdfu ;f] txaf6 k'/f x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . To;}n] tL k|fjwfgx¿sf] lqmofzLntfdf ;d:of /xg ;S5 .

x8\tfnsf] clwsf/

x8\tfnsf] clwsf/ >ldsx¿sf] df}lns xs xf] . o:tf] xssf] k|of]u h'g;'s} cj:yfdf ug{ lbg' x'Fb}g . x8\tfndf k|ltaGw nufP/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klg x'Fb}g . To;}n] j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ eP;Dd x8\tfn ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . dfu /fv]sf] ;dodf lgsfz / ;dfwfgsf] pkfo vf]Hg'kb{5 . ;f]af6 ;dfwfg x'g g;s] zflGtk"0f{ 9ª\uaf6 x8\tfndf hfg kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g'k5{ .

oxL ;}4flGts cfwf/df pleP/ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf lhNnf, lgsfo, cfof]u txdf dfu /fVg ;lsg] / ;f] txaf6 k"/f gePdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf k7fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L g} s]Gb|Lo txdf ;d]t cflwsfl/s o'lgogn] dfu ug{ ;Sg] / ;f] dfu ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf k]; ug]{ pNn]v 5 . olb ;f] dGqfnodf @! lbgleq ;d:of ;dfwfg gePdf


lhNnf ;ldlt, lgsfo, ljefu, txsf] o'lgogsf] ^) k|ltztn] dfusf] ;dy{g u/]df k'gM ;f] dfu ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf k]; ug]{ pNn]v 5 . o;/L dfu u/]sf] @! lbgleq k'gM 5nkmn ubf{ ;d:of ;dfwfg gePdf ;f] dfu >d dGqfnodf k7fpg] / ToxfFaf6 klg @! lbgleq k"/f gePdf #) lbgsf] ;"rgf lbP/ x8\tfndf hfg ;lsg] pNn]v 5 . o;af6 dfu /fv]sf] (# lbg k"/f geO{ x8\tfn ug{ gkfpg] :ki6 x'G5 .

sfg'gsf] ljBdfg Joj:yfn] ;fdfGo k|zf;g / >d dGqfnonfO{ o; dfldnfdf lhDd]jf/ agfP klg Jojxf/tM oL b'j} dGqfnon] of] ljifo xn ug{ ;Sb}g . To;}n] cGt/dGqfno ;ldlt agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . dfu d"ntM cfly{s / ;'/Iffsf] ljifodf hf]l8P/ /fVg] u/L ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] x'Fbf ;f] ;Da4 dGqfnonfO{ o;sf] 5nkmndf dfq geO{ lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;fd]n ul/g'kb{5 .

gLltut ljifodf k/fdz{

k|hftflGqs /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf k];fut ;ª\u7gx¿n] cfkm\gf] k];fut tyf juL{o :jfy{sf] ;+/If0f ug{ kfpF5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gx¿n] klg ;/sf/ / o;sf ljleGg k|zf;lgs PsfOx¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ uf]naGb agfpg kfpF5g\ . ;/sf/ of Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/Lx¿sf aLr bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ k|0ffnL ljsl;t u/L k|zf;gdf Ps ;dGjok"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] :yfkgf ug{ klg oL ;ª\u7gx¿ ;lqmo /xg ;Sb5g\ . ;ª\u7gsf dfWodaf6 sd{rf/Lx¿n] gLltlgdf{0fdf cfkm\gf] ;xeflutfåf/f /rgfTds of]ubfg ug{ kfpg]5g\ eg] o;af6 pgLx¿sf] dgf]an klg a9\g hfg]5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]glgodfjnLdf 6«]8 o'lgog;DaGwL Joj:yf

lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ / lgodfjnLsf] ;ftf}F ;+zf]wg @)^$ af6 6]«8 o'lgog;DaGwL lgDglnlvt Joj:yfx¿ ePsf 5g\ M

P]gsf] bkmf %# / lgodfjnL !!& …sÚ df ü Joj:yf, k|lti7fg :t/– lhNnf÷ ljefu, ü ;ª\3 :t/ –s]Gb|,ü dxf;ª\3 –5}g,ü lhNnf÷ljefu u7g –6]«8 o'lgogdf cfa4 x'g ü kfpg] s'n sd{rf/Lsf] @)Ü ;b:o ePdf dfq u7g x'g kfpg] /bf]xf]/f] ;b:otf x'g gx'g] .ü

cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgog

lhNnf÷ ljefu – ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjklxnf] dt – cWoIf÷sf]iffWoIf bf];|f] dt – pkfWoIft];|f] dt – ;lrj rf}yf] dt – ;x;lrjdtsf cfwf/df – ;b:ox¿sf] afF8kmfF8b'O{cf]6f dfq 6«]8 o'lgog eP cWoIf÷sf]iffWoIf÷;lrj

pkfWoIf÷;xlrj dtsf cfwf/df cGo ;b:ox¿sf] afF8kmfF8 tLgcf]6f 6«]8 o'lgog ePdf– cWoIf÷;lrj÷sf]iffWoIf bf];|f]n] pkfWoIfdfq t];|f]n] ;x;lrj dtsf cfwf/df

cGo ;b:ox¿sf] af“8kmf“8 s]Gb|df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj% xhf/ / @) sfo{ ;ldltklxnf] dt– cWoIf÷sf]iffWoIf

bf];|f] dt– dxf;lrjt];|f] dt– pkfWoIf

rf}yf] dt– ;lrj


b'O{cf]6f dfq 6«]8 o'lgog lgjf{lrt ePdfk|yd dt – cWoIf÷pkfWoIf÷sf]iffWoIf

bf];|f] dt– dxf;lrj÷;lrjdtsf cfwf/df cGo ;b:ox¿sf] af“8kmf“8

# cf]6f dfq 6«]8 o'lgog lgjf{lrt ePdfk|yd dt– cWoIf÷pkfWoIf÷sf]iffWoIf bf];|f] dt– dxf;lrjt];|f] dt– ;lrj dtsf cfwf/df cGo ;b:ox¿sf] afF8kmfF8

;ª\3Lotfdf 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf 6]«8 o'lgogsf] k|of]u / cEof; gofF 5 . ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq nfu" eO;s]sf ;Gbe{df o;sf] cEof; emg\ gofF x'g]5 . ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfsf cfwf/ e"uf]n, cfly{s, efiff, hflt jf ;+:s[lt s] x'g ;S5 < ljjflbt ljifo ag]sf] 5 . xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'ssf nflu ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf cfkm}Fdf dxª\uf] Joj:yf xf] . k|To]s k|fGt÷k|b]zsf] cfˆg} hgk|zf;g, k'ln;sf] Joj:yf, sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfnufotsf /fHo ;+oGqsf cjoj /xG5g\ . s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'ud / ljs]lGb|t ug'{, hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df ;]jfsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg' ;ª\3Lotfsf] d"n nIo xf] . hg;]jfnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg] cleofg g} ;ª\3fTds zf;g k|0ffnLsf] nIo x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] :yfkgf / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ;a} lhDd]jf/ bn, ;+:yf / JolQmsf] ;d]t bfloTj /xg] ub{5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnnfO{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yf x'g] d'n'ssf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO{ d'n'sdf u0ftGq :yfkgf ePsf] b'O{ jif{ k'Ug nfu]sf] 5 . u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f eO{ b]zsf] zf;sLo :j¿k;d]tsf] lgwf{/0f x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk o;sf] :j¿ksf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn, ax; / ljjfbx¿ /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . zf;sLo :j¿k s]Gb|

/ k|b]z jf s]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo sltcf]6f /xg] eGg] s'/f clxn];Dd :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5}g .

;/sf/sf] p2]Zo, nIo Pj+ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug]{ bfloTj lghfdtL k|zf;gdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] Ifdtfdf lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 . ;Ifd, ;an / of]Uo lghfdtL k|zf;g ;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf nflu ckl/xfo{ ljifo xf] . :yfgLo jf k|fb]lzs jf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] eljio ;an lghfdtL k|zf;gdf /xG5 . hxfFsf] k|zf;g lkmtnf], e|i6 / c;Ifd 5, ToxfF b]z ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf z"Goh:tf] b]lvG5 . lghfdtL k|zf;gdf cfPsf] ;'wf/sf sf/0f blIf0f Pl;ofsf] d'n's e'6fg ljsf; / pGgltsf] kydf w]/} dfly 5 . ef/tLo lghfdtL k|zf;g l:y/, dha't / pRr :t/sf] cj:yfdf 5 . o'/f]ksf] k|zf;gnfO{ xfd|f] b]zsf] k|zf;g;Fu t'ngf ug{ g;lsg] l:ylt 5 . k"jL{ Pl;ofsf yfONofG8, dn]l;of, hfkfg / rLgsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf cfwf/ / ToxfFF eO/x]sf] pGglt xfd|f nflu kf7 -Lession_ x'g ;S5g\ < o'/f]k, Pl;of / blIf0f Pl;ofs} lghfdtL k|zf;gsf /fd|f u'0fx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf sfo{/t g]t[Tj ju{, k|zf;gljb\ 6«]8 o'lgog ;+:yfx¿ / cGon] o;k|lt ulx/f] rf;f] / lrGtfsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g] xf] eg] d'n'ssf nflu pbfx/0fLo sfo{x¿ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . lghfdtL k|zf;g s]Gb|sf] xf];\ rfx] k|fb]lzs xf];\ of :yfgLo :t/sf] xf];\, o;sf] ljsf; / pGgltsf nflu To;df sfo{/t JolQmx¿s} dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .

d'n's ;ª\3Lotfdf hfg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgtM ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk zf;sLo :j¿kx¿ slt txdf /xg] xf] eGg] ljifo lglZrt gx'Fbf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] 6]«8 o'lgog


clwsf/sf] pkef]usf] l:yltdf ;'lglZrttf ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf /xFb}g tyflk jt{dfg lghfdtL ;]jf P]glgodfjnLdf zfvf clws[t;Ddsf sd{rf/Ln] 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . o; Joj:yfdf ;ª\u7gsf] dfGotf;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L hlt txsf] ;ª\3Lotf :yfkgf eP klg tL txdf 6]«8 o'lgogsf d"ne"t clwsf/x¿, ;ª\ul7t x'g kfpg] -pk;lrj :t/_, ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg], pko'Qm sfo{jftfj/0fsf] l:ylt ;[hgf ug]{, zflGtk"0f{ 9ª\uaf6 x8\tfn ug{;Dd kfpg] s'/fx¿nfO{ Uof/]G6Lsf ;fy nfu" ug{''kb{5 . g]kfnsf]

lghfdtL ;]jf P]glgodfjnLn] ILO cle;lGw /

g]kfnsf >d P]gcg';f/sf] clwsf/ k|bfg ug{

g;s] klg 6]«8 o'lgogsf] k|of]unfO{ Jojxf/df

Nofpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfufdL

lbgdf ILO n] k|bfg u/]sf cle;lGw g+= *&, (*

!%! / !%$ sf] k"0f{ k|flKt / g]kfnsf >d P]g,

@)$* / 6]«8 o'lgog P]g, @)$( n] k|bfg u/]sf

clwsf/x¿ g]kfn ;/sf/n]] zf;sLo :j¿ksf]

lgwf{/0f u/]kl5 ;d]t nfu" u/L cufl8 a9\g'

cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿

=== === ===, sDkgL P]g, @)@!, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .=== === ===, sf/vfgf / sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ dhb'/;DaGwL P]g, @)!^, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf

;ldlt .=== === ===, 6]«8 o'lgog P]g, @)$(, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . === === ===, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . === === ===, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .=== === ===, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) -;ftf}F ;+zf]wg;d]t_, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf

;ldlt .=== === ===, >d P]g, @)$*, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .


;f/f+z

ljZjdf xfn em08} & ca{ dflg;x¿ 5g\ . tLdWo] nueu $) k|ltzt @* cf]6f d'n'sdf ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLsf] /;f:jfbg ul//x]sf 5g\ . @* d'n'sx¿dWo] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;, ;]G6 ls6\;, :k]g, ;'8fg, l:j6\h/NofG8, a]lNhod, af]l:gof xh{uf]legf, a|flhn, e]g]h'Pnf, ch]{lG6gf, cl:6«of, c:6«]lnof, Sofg8f, sf]df]/;, dn]l;of, d]lS;sf], dfOqmf]g]l;of, gfOh]l/of, ¿;, kfls:tfg, O/fs, hd{gL, blIf0f clk|msf / l5d]sL d'n's ef/t cflb kb{5g\ .

;ª\3Lo u0f/fHosf] ;"rLdf xfd|f] g]kfn klg k/]sf] 5 . @$) jif{ k'/fgf] PsfTds /fhtGq ePsf] ;u/dfyfsf] d'n's g]kfn lj=;+= @)^# sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgcg';f/ h]i7 !%, @)^% kl5 ljlwjt ;ª\3Lo /fHo 3f]lift ePsf] xf] . ;flasdf /x]sf % ljsf;If]q, !$ c~rn / &% lhNnf tyf #(!% uf=lj=;+=;lxtsf] g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] :j¿k xfn :ki6 eO{ g;s]sf] eP klg /fHo;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 / k|zf;lgs :j¿ksf] ;f]rrflxF agfpg'kg]{ eO;s]sf] 5 . /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfdf cfa4 :jtGq /fhgLlts ;ª\3x¿sf] ;dli6 g} ;ª\3Lotf ePsfn] lbuf] cy{Joj:yf, k|fs[lts ;|f]t;Dkbfsf] e/kbf]{ ljt/0f / ;du|df cfly{s cfTdlge{/tfljgfsf] /fhgLlts :jtGqtf eg] r]tgfljgfsf] z/L/h:t} h8 aGg k'U5 .

xfn} g]kfnn] cNkljsl;t /fi6«sf] cWoIftfsf] kbef/ u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . ljZj dfglrqdf ljsf;sf] b[li6df xfdL w]/} k5fl8 /x]sf] s'/f o;n] klg yk k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ ub}{ cufl8 a9\g] qmddf xfd|f] d'n'sdf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] k|of;n] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] cfwf ztfAbL gf3]sf] 5 . bzcf]6f cfjlws of]hgf ;DkGg klg eO;s]sf 5g\ . ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} If]qLo ljsf;, Go"gtd cfjZostfsf] k"lt{, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pTs6 rfxgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg xfd|f of]hgfx¿n]

g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo :j¿k M ljQLo b[li6n] ljZn]if0f ubf{

cRo'tk|;fb kf}8]n …lrGtgÚpk;lrj

uf]Zjf/f x'nfs sfof{no, sf7df8f}F


to u/]sf nIox¿ xft nfUg g;s]sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] 5 . cfly{s j[l4b/sf] lx;fadf klg xfd|f] d'n's cNkljsl;t d'n'sdWo] klg k|ultkydf k5fl8 g} k/]sf] 5 . ljutdf cFuflnPsf] /fhgLlts k4ltnfO{ cfd hgtfn] cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;sL d'n'ssf] lbuf] / e/kbf]{ ljsf; x'g g;s]sf ;Gbe{nfO{ @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng / @)^@÷^# sf] o'ufGtsf/L hgcfGbf]ng @ n] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . k'/fgf /fhgLlts ;+/rgfx¿ k"0f{tM elTsPsf] kl/k|]Ifdf ;dfj]zL cfjfh;lxt hg:t/af6} gofF of]hgfx¿sf] cf/De ug'{kg]{ xfnsf] kl/l:yltdf o;af/] ;fdfGo ;dLIffsf ;fy} ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0f/fHo g]kfnsf] efjL :j¿k / o;sf] ljQLo kIfaf/] ;ª\lIfKt rrf{ ug'{ o; n]vsf] d"n p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld

;dli6¿kdf x]bf{ o; jif{ ljZj cfly{s dGbLn] ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ g} 7"nf] r'gf}tL lbPsf] 5 . bf];|f] ljZj o'4kl5sf] 7"nf] ljZj cfly{s dGbLsf sf/0f ;a}h;f] /fi6«x¿ cfqmfGt ag] . ljZj cy{tGq v'lDrPsf a]nf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ 36\g uO{ cd]l/sf, a]nfoth:tf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿nfO{ klg 7"nf] ;d:of ;[hgf eof] eg] clwsf+z ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿ o;sf k|efjaf6 cnu /xg ;s]gg\ . ljQLo ;ª\s6s} k|efj:j¿k ;g\ @))& sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @))* df ljZjsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ @=) k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))( df of] $=% k|ltztn] 36\g uO{ ljZjsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ !=# k|ltztn] C0ffTds x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))& df %=@ k|ltzt sfod /x]sf] ljZjsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ ;g\ @))* df #=@ k|ltzt /xL ;g\ @))( df !=# k|ltztn] C0ffTds l:yltdf u'h|g] cj:yf 5 . of] cfly{s j[l4b/df ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] #=* k|ltztn] C0ffTds x'g] b]lvG5 eg] cGo d'n'sx¿sf] j[l4b/ !=^ k|ltztn] a9\g] b]lvG5 . Pl;ofnL d'n'ssf] cy{tGq %=^ k|ltztn] pRr C0ffTds x'g];d]t k|If]k0f ul/Psf]n] g]kfnh:tf] cNkljsl;t d'n'snfO{ yk cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;ª\s6af6 cnu /fVg ;lsg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g .

l5d]sL d'n'sn] u/]sf] tLj|| cfly{s ljsf;sf sf/0f ;g\ @))* df rLgn] (=) k|ltzt / ef/tn] &=# k|ltztsf] b/df cfly{s j[l4 u/]sf lyP eg] ;g\ @))( df of] k|ltzt 36]/ rLgn] ̂ =% k|ltzt

Pj+ ef/tn] s]jn $=% k|ltzt j[l4b/df lrQ a'emfpg'kg]{ cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ut cf=j=sf] cfly{s j[l4b/ Go"g x'g] k|d'v sf/0fdf eg] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg cf=j= )^$÷^% df %=# k|ltztn] a9]sf]df ut cf=j= )^%÷^^ df $=& k|ltztn] dfq} j[l4 ePsf] / k|lts"n df};d, s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbgsf] sdL, pmhf{ ;ª\s6, ljB'tLo Pj+ k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ cfk"lt{ l:yltdf 7"nf] ;d:of, aGbx8\tfnsf sf/0f cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg Pj+ pTkfbsTjdf sdL 5g\ . cGo ljljw sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ cy{Joj:yfnfO{ 6]jf–;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;a} If]qsf] pTkfbg b/df x|f; cfpg k'Uof] . cf=j= )^$÷^% df ;]jf If]qaf6 &=)) k|ltztn] u/]sf] of]ubfg cf=j= )^%÷)^^ df %=( k|ltztn] dfq ug{ k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] pRr d'b|f l:kmlt b/ / b'O{ cª\ssf] pRr d"Noj[l4 b/n] hgtfsf cfzfx¿ lg/fzfdf k'lu/x]sf] l:ylt, hgtfsf] qmozlQm, pgLx¿df k|lts"n k|efj, zflGtk"0f{ cjt/0f eO;s]sf] d'n'sdf k]ml/ czflGtsf afbnx¿ d8fl//x]sf] cj:yf;d]t nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ Jofks cfly{s ljsf;af6 d'n'snfO{ qf0f lbg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

;ª\3Lotfsf] ;fdfGo kl/efiff

;ª\3Lo zAb Nofl6g efiffaf6 cfPsf] xf] . Nofl6g efiffsf] Foedus af6 cª\u|]hL Federation


ag]sf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ;d"xsf] ldng of ;Demf}tf eGg] a'lemG5 . /fhgLlts cy{df a'‰g'kbf{ PseGbf a9Lsf] lqmofzLn /fHo ;+oGq eGg] a'lemG5 . s]Gb|df /x]sf] ;du| clwsf/ Pj+ ;Qf, zlQm, ;|f]t tNnf] lgsfo;Dd ljs]lGb|t ug'{ g} ;ª\3Lotf xf] . ;ª\3Lo /fHodf zlQm / >d k"0f{ ljs]lGb|t x'G5 . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{ cfly{s ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;a} bfo/fleq a/fa/L /fVg] dg;fo x'G5 . ljb]z gLlt, /Iffsf] dfdnf, d'n'ssf] d'b|fafx]s ;a}h;f] ljifox¿ :yfgLo jf /fHodf jf :jfoQ ;/sf/nfO{ g} x:tfGt/0f x'g] ;ª\3Lo :j¿k k|foM s]Gb|b]lv 6f9f /x]sf ef}uf]lns If]qx¿sf nflu lgs} nfek|b x'G5 .

s'g} klg hgtfn] d'n'ssf] zf;sLo sfo{af6 cfk"m aflx/ gePsf] cg'e"ltsf] gfd g} ;ª\3Lotf xf] . Pscfk;df lgoGq0f, zlQm ;Gt'ng / ljs]lGb|t zf;g ;Qfsf] sf/0f /fhgLlts kxF'rdf /fHosf] lg0ff{os txdf hf]sf]xLn] klg cfk"m ;dfj]z ePsf], cfTdpGgltsf] cj;/ ;dfg¿kdf kfPsf] cg'e"lt g} ;ª\3Lotf xf] . ljrf/sf] :jtGqtfsf sf/0f hf];'s}n] klg cfˆgf] cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] xs k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 o:tf] zf;g Joj:yfdf . ;+ljwfgd} :ki6 eO{ ;ª\3Lotfsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx¿b]lv ;/sf/sf] :j¿k, ljwflosf, Gofokflnsfb]lv /fHosf x/]s cª\ux¿sf] :ki6 ls6fg / lnlvt b:tfj]h tof/ ePsf] x'G5 . /fHo zlQmsf] oyfy{ ljefhgsf] csf]{ gfd ;ª\3Lotf xf] .

nf]stGq / xfd|f ck]Iff

k"jL{o zf:q j]bn] atfPsf] …;j]{ ejGt' ;'lvgMÚ nfO{ /fhgLlts lrGtgdf nf]stGq eGg ;lsG5 . nf]stGqdf gful/ssf] cfly{s clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'G5 . ;fdflhs Pj+ ;+f:s[lts

clwsf/ s;}af6 s'l07t x'Fb}g . hftLo lje]bsf] pGd"ng x'G5 . Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}F–ljZjhgLg cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿ cjnDag ub}{ cGt/Joj:yflksf ;ª\3n] nf]stGqsf] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] 5 . ;f] 3f]if0ffn] !($* l8;]Da/ !) dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, !(^% l8;]Da/ @! sf] ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo lje]bx¿sf] pGd"ng;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, !(^^ l8;]Da/ !^ sf] gful/s Pj+ /fhgLlts clwsf/ tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGwx¿, !(&( l8;]Da/ !* sf] dlxnflj¿4 x'g] lje]bdf pGd"ng dxf;lGw, !(($ dfr{sf] :jtGq tyf lgikIf lgjf{rgsf cfwf/x¿, !((^ l8;]Da/ @) sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo dxf;lrjsf] nf]stGqsf] sfo{;"rLnfO{ ;+:d/0fdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] 3f]if0ffkqsf] klxnf] wf/fn] dfgj hGdhft :jtGq x'G5, ;a} dfgjsf] ;dfg clwsf/ / k|lti7f x'G5 . dfgj ljj]s, zlQm / cGt:s/0fo'Qm ePsfn] Pscfk;df e|ft[Tjsf] efjgf lnP/ Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ eg]sf] 5 . k|fRo Clif, dxlif{x¿ j}lbs lrGtg / b}jL efjn] cf]tk|f]t k"jL{o jfª\dox¿n] a;'w}j s'6'Dasd\ / a|Xdf08el/sf ;Dk"0f{ hLjfTdfb]lv :yfj/;DdnfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] x]/]sf sf/0f klg ljZj a|Xdf08 Ps kl/jf/ eGg] cy{df xf] . xfd|f cyj{ j]bn] cfly{s ljsf;, ;'v ;d[l4sf] lj:t[t rrf{ u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfk, nufgL, cfo, Joo, a}ª\lsª /fh:j, hLjg:t/b]lv lgdf{0f;+lxtf jf:t'zf:q;Ddsf] rrf{ :yfkTo j]bn] u/]sf] 5 . cfWoflTds lrGtgaf6 /fd/fHosf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . kljq u|Gy s'/fgdf klg ;a} k|f0fL O{Zj/sf ;Gtfg ePsfn] :jtGq cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs xsclwsf/ ;a} dfgjnfO{ x'g'kg]{ pNn]v 5 .


w]/} /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cEof; ul/;s]sf g]kfnLx¿n] ca Psk6s ;ª\3Lo nf]stGqsf] cEof; ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ . g]kfnLx¿sf] ljZjf;df ;ª\3Lo nf]stGqdf ufF;afF; / skf;sf] ;d:of x'Gg . lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffh:tf Go"gtd cfjZostf Pj+ /f]huf/Lsf ;a} ;d:ofx¿ xn x'G5 eGg] pgLx¿sf] dfGotf 5 . nfdf] ;do ul/aLsf] df/df k/]sf g]kfnLx¿ o; k|0ffnLaf6 lbg b'O{u'gf /ft rf}u'gf d'n'ssf] ;d[l4 eO{ cfˆgf] hLjg:t/dfly p7\g] cfzf /fVb5g\ . w]/}k6s n8fOFnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/;s]sf g]kfnLx¿sf] OR5f cfsfª\Iff klg a9]sf] 5 .

ljQLo ;ª\3Lotf

;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL ckgfPsf d'n'sx¿df ljQLo ;ª\3Lotf cfd hglha|f]sf] ljifo xf] . ;ª\3Lotfleqsf txut ;/sf/x¿ / ltgsf aLr cfk;L cfly{s sfo{ljefhg, cGt/;/sf/ cg'bfgsf ljljw kIfx¿ /fh:jsf ;|f]t, s/ k|0ffnLsf lglZrt 9fFrfx¿ / ltgsf] lgodg, cg'udgsf ljljw kIfx¿ g} ljQLo ;ª\3Lotfsf bfo/fx¿ x'g\ . txut k|0ffnL leGgleGg eP klg s]Gb| /fHo Pj+ :yfgLo ;/sf/ oL # tx g} Jojxf/tM k|of]udf cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljQLo pks/0f cf}hf/b]lv ;fj{hlgs j:t' / ;]jfsf] ljt/0f ;+oGqsf] ls6fgL Joj:yf g} ;ª\3Lotfsf] cfly{s kIf xf] . cfly{s kIfnfO{ /fhgLlts kIfn] cf]em]ndf /fVg] k/Dk/f clwsf+z ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf] :yfoL /f]u xf] . s]Gb|sf] cg'ej cfkm\g} x'G5 . :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg nufgLsf kIfx¿df :yfgLo lgsfo a9L cg'ejL x'G5g\ . ;ª\3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ff :yfgLo ljsf;s} sf/0f d"t{ ePsf] xf] . If]q / :yfgLo lgsfo a9L ;Ifd ePdf s]Gb| ;/sf/nfO{ cfˆgf] cjwf/0ff :ki6 ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . j}b]lzs cg'zf;gnufot gLltut Pj+ If]qut nufgLb]lv ljt/0f

k|0ffnL;Ddsf sfo{df a9L ;/n x'g hfG5 . ljZj a}ª\s, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}ª\snufot 7"nf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] sf/0f klg oxL xf] .

cfly{s :yfloTj ljifoaf6 j:t'x¿, Jofhb/, shf{ nufgL, d'b|f gLlt, Gofof]lrt ljt/0fdf s]Gb|sf] e"ldsf cxd\ x'G5 . :yfgLo ;|f]t kl/rfng / ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df :yfgLo ;/sf/ a9L lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;DklQ s/b]lv ljqmL s/;Dd / slG]b|o ;/sf/n] cfo s/ kl/rfngaf6 /fh:j k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . 7"nf ef}lts k"jf{wf/df s]Gb|sf] bfloTj x'G5 eg] :yfgLo ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f /fHo ;/sf/sf] lhDdfdf x'G5 . ef/tdf zlQm k[ysLs/0f l;4fGtaf6 cfly{s Joj:yfkg ePsf] kfOG5 . l:j6\h/NofG8df /fHo ;/sf/n] cfo s/af6 / s]Gb| ;/sf/n] ljqmL s/af6 /fh:j kl/rfng u/]sf] pbfx/0f kfOG5 . rLgdf d"Noclej[l4sf &% k|ltzt s]Gb| ;/sf/n] / @% k|ltzt :yfgLo txn] p7fpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . blIf0f clk|msfdf s]Gb| ;/sf/n] JolQmut / ;+:yfut cfo s/, d"Noclej[l4 s/, cGtMz'Ns s/ cflb p7fpF5 eg] cGo s/ :yfgLo txn] p7fpF5 . o;/L d'n'slkR5] ljQLo ;ª\3Lotf km/s b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Ifdf s]Gb| / :yfgLo lgsfo b'j} sdhf]/ 5g\ . c¿sf] df]8]n gSsn ug'{eGbf klg ljQLo ;ª\3Lotfsf] s'zn pkof]u xfdL cfkmF}n] cfˆg} lsl;daf6 ug'{k5{ . k|fGtLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;Ifd u/fpg] ;ª\3Lotfsf] d"n dGq ePsfn] s'g} kIfaf6 o;nfO{ sdhf]/ ug]{ k|of; ul/g' x'Gg . ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] clws k|of]u ub}{ cfly{s ljsf;sf cfwf/lznf to ug'{ xfd|f] d"n kIf xf] . ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu Pscsf{sf] ;xof]u / ;xsfl/tf eg] xfdLn] lal;{g' x'Gg . lje]b cGTo u/L ju{ ;ª\3if{sf] dfgl;stfaf6


dfly p7\g' ljQLo ;ª\3Lotfsf] Wo]o x'g'k5{ . If]qLo c;Gt'ng sfod /xg' / dfgj ;|f]t ljb]z knfog xfd|f] r'gf}tL xf] . xfd|f ;Gbe{df cfo s/, d"Noclej[l4 s/, /fh:j, eG;f/ s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] cwLgdf x'g ;S5 eg] ;DklQ s/, :yfgLo s/, ;/;kmfO, k|b"if0f lgoGq0f, dgf]/~hg z'Ns, kfls{ª cflb s/ :YffgLo txsf] cwLgdf x'g ;S5 . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nufot, cWofudgb]lv gful/stf, xjfO{ ;]jf Pj+ 7"nf hnljB't\ of]hgf, gx/, ;8s, vfg]kfgL, ljB't\ cflb ljifo s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] cwLgdf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;ª\3Lotfsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df gof“ jfl0fHo gLlt

d'n'sdf ;ª\3Lo /fHox¿ cfTdlge{/ x'g d'n'ssf] cfˆg} pTkfbg / lgsf;L Jofkf/ dha't x'g h¿/L 5 . pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{ / ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLc'g¿ksf] gofF cf}Bf]lus gLlt 3f]if0ff ug{] kIfdf ;/sf/ /x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . o;} ;]/f]km]/f]df lj=;+= @)^% r}qdf gofF jfl0fHo gLlt 3f]if0ff eO;s]sf] 5 . jfl0fHo gLlt, @)$( nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ub{} cfPsf] o; gLltn] v'Nnf, k|lt:kwL{ Jofkf/ k|0ffnL, lgsf;L Jofkf/df hf]8, jfl0fHo kl/ifb\\sf] u7g, Jofkf/ k|j4{g ;ª\u7gsf] :yfkgfh:tf ljifonfO{ k|fyldstf lbP klg ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] gLltcg's"n cfGtl/s sfg'g th'{dfsf ljifodf g]kfnn] cem} w]/} u[xsfo{ ug{ afFsL b]lvG5 . nfdf] k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlwsf] ;ª\u7gfTds sdhf]/ kIf xfdLsxfFF oyfjt\ 5 . ;Lldt k/Dk/fut lgsf;L ljifoj:t'x¿, vlr{nf] kf/jxg k|0ffnL, af}l4s ;DklQ ;+/If0fk|ltsf] pbf;Lgtfn] xfd|f] jfl0fHo If]qn] ljZj;fd' cg]sf}FF cf/f]xcj/f]xx¿ v]Kb} cfPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] Jofkf/ If]q xfn ljrlnt cj:yfdf 5 . cfly{s s"6gLlt :ki6 5}g, lghL If]qsf] ;ª\u7gfTds kIf sdhf]/

5 . Jofkf/ If]qnfO{ pBf]u If]q;Fu tfnd]n u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . nufgL hf]lvd p7fpg'eGbf j}b]lzs ;/;fdu|L ljqmLljt/0f u/L l56f] wgL x'g] k|yf xfd|f] k'/fg} ;d:of xf] . ljZjsf ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df ljB'tLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL nfu" eO;s]sf] jt{dfg kl/k|]Ifdf xfdLn] o;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}F . vfB ;'/Iff e08f/sf] sdLn] sfnf] ahf/L / ck|Toflzt d"Noj[l4nfO{ /f]Sg ;lsPsf] 5}g . Jofkf/ If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ ;an 5}gg\ . d"n ljifo cfoft–lgof{tsf] vf8n w]/} 7"nf] 5 . jif{}lkR5] Jofkf/ c;Gt'ng / Jofkf/ 3f6f a9]sf] 5 . ef]lnsf lbgx¿df ko{6g If]qnfO{ yk ;]jf Jofkf/sf ¿kdf lng ;lsPg eg] xfd|f] ko{6gsf] ckf/ If]q lal;{Psf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . To:t} lgsf;LhGo x:tsnfsf ;fdfg, jg tyf hl8a'6L Pjd\ s[lif tof/L j:t'x¿sf] ;Defjgf klg xfdLsxfFF k|z:t 5 . j:t' pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/Lotf / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf] ;an kIfnfO{ s]nfpg ;lsof] eg] dfq xfd|f] ;ª\3Lo eljio /fd|f] x'G5 .

;ª\3Lotf c“ufNbfc“ufNb}sf] d"No l:ylt

ut cf=j=sf] t'ngfdf rfn' cf=j=df pkef]Uo j:t'sf] d"Noj[l4 cf};t sd b]lvP klg vfB tyf k]o kbfy{sf] d"Noj[l4 clws g} /Xof] . g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\sn] rfn" jif{sf] k|yd tLg dlxgfdf d'b|f l:kmlt b/ (=# k|ltzt /x]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . ut jif{ o; cjlwdf of] b/ !$=! k|ltzt lyof] . vfBfGgeGbf u}/vfBfGg j:t'df d"No sd ePsfn] o:tf] x'g uPsf] klg a}ª\sn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . vfBfGg / k]o kbfy{df ut jif{sf] cf};t d"No ;"rsfª\seGbf !%=^ k|ltztn] a9]sf] kfOof] rfn" @)^^÷)^& cf=j=sf] ;'¿df .

ut jif{ of] ! k|ltztn] sd lyof] . u}/vfB / ;]jf;d"xdf klxnf] cjlwdf @ k|ltztdfq d"Noj[l4 ePsf] lyof] . cl3Nnf] cjlwsf] o;}a]nf o;sf]


k|ltzt !@=( k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . vfBfGgdWo] lrgLhGo kbfy{sf] d"No $@ k|ltztn] a9]sf] b]lvof] . ut jif{ klg of] k|ltzt #(=% k|ltzt lyof] . t/sf/L / kmnk"mnsf] d"No klg o; jif{ clws g} /Xof] . ut jif{ !) k|ltztn] dfq d"Noj[l4 ePsf] t/sf/L Pj+ kmnk"mnsf] d"No rfn" cf=j=sf] ;'¿df #* k|ltztn] XjfTt} a9]sf] b]lvof] ;fy} bnxg / df;'sf] d"No klg csfl;g k'Uof] . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] d"Noj[l4 (=& k|ltzt b]lvof] eg] t/fO{ If]qsf] (=$ k|ltzt / kxf8L If]qsf] *=% k|ltztn] a9]sf] kfOof] .

lgof{t÷cfoftsf] ;ª\s]t ;ª\3Lotfs} k[i7e"lddf

pBf]u–Jofkf/sf] If]qdf d'n's cl3 a9g dhb'/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ tLj||tf lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu gofF >d gLltsf ;fy} ljutb]lv ylGsP/ /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu gofF cf}Bf]lus Pj+ nufgL gLlt cfjZos kl/;s]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs nufgLdf cfPsf] lzlyntfnfO{ klg gofF pmhf{ lbg h¿/L 5 . ;/sf/, Joj;foL Pj+ >ldssf aLr ;dGjo u/fpg] sfo{ klg xfnsf] cj:yfdf Ps r'gf}tL eGg'k5{ . cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]¿b08 lgof{thGo j:t'sf] j[l4 g} xf] . o;sf nflu ljb]zL d'n'sx¿;Fusf] d}qL a9fO{ pTkflbt j:t'sf] d"No sd u'0f:t/df j[l4;d]t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf nflu lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] ljB't\ cfk"lt{df nf]8;]l8ª / OGwgsf] d"Noj[l4n] gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . bzf}F k~rjifL{o of]hgf cjlwsf] k|f/lDes r/0f ;g\ @))# nfO{ d'n'sn] ælgof{t jif{Æ sf ¿kdf 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] lgof{t ;fdu|LdWo] pRr¿kdf /x]sf] tof/L kf]zfs To;a]nf cTolws ¿kdf cd]l/sfdf lgof{tsf] t'ngfdf xfn ;g\ @))* clk|n dlxgfsf] k|ult x]bf{ *( k|ltztn] lgof{t 36]sf] b]lvG5 . cd]l/sf lgof{t x'g] j:t', kl/df0f / d"No b'j} 36\g] qmd hf/L

5 . ;g\ @))$ b]lv cd]l/sfsf] sf]6f k|0ffnLdf vf/]hL, cd]l/sL 8n/sf] d"Nodf b]lvPsf] lu/fj6, cd]l/sfsf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfsf] dfudf cfPsf] lzlyntfn] g]kfnL lgof{thGo j:t'sf] kl/df0f 36]sf] xf] . ;g\ @))$ df &) k|ltztn] 36]sf] of] qmd ;g\ @))% df $! k|ltztn], ;g\ @))^ df ^ k|ltztn] / ;g\ @))& df $* k|ltztn] / ;g\ @))* sf] clk|n;Dddf $( k|ltztn] sdL cfPsf] b]]lvG5 . d"Nodf eGg'kbf{ ;g\ @))& clk|n df @$ nfv *! xhf/ o'=P;= 8n/ a/fa/ lgof{t ePsf]df ;g\ @))* clk|ndf !@ nfv ^^ xhf/ 8n/ a/fa/dfq lgsf;L ePsf] tYofª\s 5 .

s]xL ;dootf d'n'sdf vfBfGg tyf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] efp tLj||¿kdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . lgdf{0f ;fdu|L clwsf+z ef/taf6 cfoft x'g] / lgdf{0f ;fdu|LdWo] kmnfd] 58, kmnfd Pj+ l:6nsf] sRrf kbfy{df ef/tn] !% k|ltzt lgof{t s/ nufpgfn] klg g]kfndf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] d"No rsf]{ ePsf] xf] . vfBfGgb]lv clwsf+z b}lgs k|of]usf j:t'x¿sf] cfoft ug{ ljb]zL lge{/tf a9\b} hfg' xfd|f nflu uDeL/ r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 . lbg k/ lbg OGwgsf] cGt/f{li6«o d"Noj[l4 eO/xg', d'n'sdf OGwgsf] dfu qmdzM a9b} hfg', hn;|f]t kof{Kt eP klg lah'nLsf] pTkfbgdf lzlyntf b]lvg', ;w}Fh;f] ljB't\sf] nf]8;]l8ª x'g' xfd|f nflu ;sf/fTds nIo0f xf]Ogg\ .

Go"gtd cfwf/e"t j:t'x¿df ljb]zL lge{/tf sfod} /x]sf] xfd|f] k[i7e"lddf j}b]lzs 3f6fnfO{ Go"g ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ sl7g ePsf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf;df cu|0fL :yfg cf]u6\g] 3/]n' un}Frf pBf]u, kl:dgf, dxh:tf pBf]ux¿nfO{ km:6fpg lbg] jftfj/0f cem} to eO;s]sf] 5}g . ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ j[l4 eP klg cf}Bf]lus If]qdf nufgL kof{Kt eOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf Psflt/ a}ª\s Jofhb/ 36\bf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ k'FhL kl/rfng /fd|/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .


xfd|f s]xL Jofjxfl/s kIfx¿

k|hftGqsf] hggL d'n's a]nfotdf wfld{s o'4 eof] . Oltxf;sf kfgfdf n]lvPsf ljifo x'g\ oL Û cd]l/sfdf /ª\ue]bsf ljifodf tLj|| tgfj eof] . of] klg xfd|} cfFvf;fd' huhfx]/ ePsf] ljifo xf] . g]kfndf ax';f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs / ax'n hfltsf] ;dGjo 5 . ;a}h;f] If]qdf ;a} lsl;dsf hflt 5g\– Pscsf{df cGt/lj/f]wL eP/ a;]sf 5}gg\ clxn];Dd Û hfltut¿kdf Psn] csf]{nfO{ lyrf]ldrf] u/]sf] eP To;sf] k|:km'6g x'GYof] . 7"nf hgo'4 lj=;+= @)$^, lj=;+= @)^@÷^# sf] cGt/fndf hfltut gf/f uGw;Dd kfOPsf] lyPg . oxfFFsf] hgo'4 ul/aLlj¿4 xf], zf]if0flj¿4 xf], PstGqL tfgfzfxlj¿4 xf], pTkL8glj¿4 xf], gful/s :jtGqtf, dfgj clwsf/, :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d ljrf/sf nflu xf], cleJolQm :jtGqtf, k|];sf] :jtGqtf, lgjf{w d'n'se/ 3'dlkm/sf] gful/s :jtGqtfsf nflu xf] . lg/ª\s'z /f0ffzf;glj¿4 xf];\, PstGqL k~rfotL k|yflj¿4 xf];\ jf ;}lgs tfgfzfxlj¿4 xf];\, o'4 To;sf nflu ePsf] xf] . Ps cª\s'z x6fO{ ;o cª\s'z yk ug{sf nflu ;lxbx¿ hlGdPsf xf]Ogg\ o; d'n'sdf Û 7"nf], eBf / vlr{nf] /fh;+:yf x6fP/ Tof]eGbf dxFuf] lg/ª\s'z ;Qf g]kfnLnfO{ ;Xo x'g ;Q}mg .

cfly{s ljsf; 7Kk ePsf] xfnsf] k[i7e"lddf ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;+/rgf tof/ ug]{ sfo{ xfd|f nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . /fh;+:yfsf] n8fOF ;lsP klg ;a} g]kfnL Psh'6 eP/ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ tLj|| agfpg] n8fOF n8\g afFsL g} 5 . dw];sf] xfnsf] ptf/r9fj klxn] lyPg . b'O{tLg jif{otfsf] kl/j]zn] lgDTofPsf] ;d:of xf] of] Û t/fO{k|lt cf}klgj]lzs dfGotf af]lsof] eGg] dg;fo xf] eg] To;sf lj¿4 o;cl3 slxNo} cfjfh p7]sf] kfOPg . cfly{s b[li6n] v; afx'g hflt cufl8

b]lvP xf]nfg\ . Tof] pgLx¿sf] >d, nufgL, of]Uotfsf] kl/0ffd xf], s]xL xb;Dd cufl8 b]lvP klg /fHosf] ;]jfb]lv /f]huf/Lsf ljifo;Dd pgLx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sd cfFsng ug{ ;'xfpFb}g . csf]{ hfltk|lt bdg zf]if0f xf];\ eGg] v; a|fx\d0fdf ePh:tf] nfUb}g, c¿sf] ;]jf ug]{ c¿ c3fPkl5 cfkm" vfg] ju{df k5{g\ oL . logLx¿, :jefj}n] a9L ;xgzLn klg 5g\ . 7"n} kbdf k'u] klg a|fx\d0f hflt t s]jn ;Nnfxsf/;Dd ePsf] xf] . /fHo g} rnfPsf] Oltxf; e]l6Fb}g . csf]{ s'/f ljZjsf] ;a}h;f] Oltxf; x]bf{ klg /fHoleqsf ;Dk"0f{ hfthfltsf] ;Gt'lnt cj:yf / :t/ Ps} /x]sf] sxLF klg e]l6Fb}g . xf], /f]huf/Lb]lv x/]s sfo{df kxF'rrflxF ;a}n] kfpg'k5{ . cj;/af6 jl~rtLs/0f cGofo xf] . g]kfnLsf] /fli6«o klxrfg hfthflt xf]Og . p;sf] l;ª\uf] klxrfg g]kfnL g} xf], rfx] d]rL xf];\ jf dxfsfnL jf To;leq st} Û ;ª\3Lotfleqsf] s'g} Ps hfltsf] afx'No eP/ To;n] ljå]if lx+;f k}mlnof] eg] s;n] ;DxfNg] < /fHoaLrsf] cGt/;DaGw cfly{s ;|f]t ljefhgsf d'2fx¿ ;w}F cbfntL lg0f{o s'g'{kg]{ eof] eg] d'n'ssf] ljsf; s:tf] xf]nf Û PsfTds cj:yfdf t xfdL z"Go b/sf] cfly{s ljsf;df /x]sf 5f}F clxn] Û efiffsf] s'/f emg\\ hl6n ljifo xf] . s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cfˆgf] klxrfg p;sf] efiffaf6 x'G5 . rLg, hfkfg / sf]l/ofn] cGt/f{li6«o cª\u|]hLnfO{ ;d]t dfGotf glbP/ cfkm\g} c8fgdf a;]sf 5g\ / klg ljZjdf cfkm\gf] ahf/ :yflkt u/]sf 5g\ .

x/]s /fli6«o efiffsf] plrt sb/ ub}{ l;ª\uf] /fi6«efiff g]kfnLsf] klxrfgdf tLtf]kg cfpg lbOg' x'Gg . pQ]hgfTds gf/fn] d'n'ssf] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] xf]Og . ;ª\3Lotfsf] d"n nIo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 xf], hfltsf] klxrfg xf]Og . nufgL afF8kmfF8 xf] . To; If]qleq hf];'s} a;f];\, pm g]kfnL eP/ a;f];\ s'/f] olt


g} xf] . hfltut n8fOF a8f] vt/gfs / dxª\uf] x'G5 . ;ª\3Lotf bl/nf] x'g ;femf /fli6«otf cfjZos k5{ . ljZjdf @* /fHo ;ª\3Lo b]lvP klg !%) eGbf a9L /fHo PsfTds klg 5g\ . sltko d'n'sx¿n] ;ª\3Lotf :jLsf/ u/] klg cg]sf}FF r'gf}tLsf afah'b Jojxf/tM PsfTds :j¿kaf6 dfly p7\g ;s]sf] b]lvGg eg] sltko d'n'sx¿n] PsfTdstfnfO{ ljlwjt\ :jLsf/ u/] klg ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft\, cfTdfg'e"lt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . hfkfg, k]¿, OG8f]g]l;of, O6nL, af]lnleof o:tf d'n's x'g\Ù h;n] PsfTds k4lt ckgfP klg ;ª\3Lotfsf] kl/ro lbO/x]sf 5g\ . zlQm ljefhgdf tfgftfgL / xfgyfk, s]Gb| / k|fGtaLr ;/sf/sf] tgfj, If]qflwsf/sf ljifodf j}/efj, ef}uf]lns ;Ldf ljjfb, If]q, wd{, ju{ hfltaLr e}memu8f, ;+of]hgdf ;w}F lrGtf, pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf hlxn] klg b/f/ k}bf x'g' ;ª\3Lotfsf cju'0fx¿ x'g\ . log} d"n d'2fx¿ p7]sf sf]:6fl/sf, Ujf6]dfnf, Pn;fNef8f]/, lgsf/fu'jf slxn] lj36g x'g] slxn] PsLs/0f x'g] ub}{ cfP . cd]l/sfs} hlh{of, ˆnf]l/8f, ldl;l;kLx¿ ;g\ !*^! df ;ª\3Lo b]lvP klg ;g\ !(^% df cfOk'Ubf tL lj36g eP/ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ljno ag]sf Oltxf; klg xfd|};fd' 5g\ . dn]l;of / l;ª\ufk'/ klxn] Pp6} eP klg kl5 5'l§P . l;l/of, lnlaof / OlhK6sf] u7aGwg lbuf] ePg . o'ufG8f Pj+ Sofd¿g ;ª\3Lotfdf uP t/ PsfTdstflt/ kmls{P . Olyof]lkofdf hfthflts} sf/0f ;z:q åGå eof] . n'6kf6, df/lk6, s'6lk6 ;a}yl/ eP ToxfFF . ;'8fg o:tf] /fHo b]vf k¥of], hxfF hflt, hghfltsf sf/0f /fHo c;kmn eof] . aª\unfb]zaf6 kfls:tfg 5'l§Psf], ;f]leot ;ª\3 6'lqmPsf] cgluGtL pbfx/0f xfd|f ;fd' P]gfem}F 5n{ª\u ePsf] 5 . xf], ax'n ;+:s[lt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg :k]g / l:j6\h/NofG8 ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;kmn / pbfx/0fLo gd'gf ljZj;fd' k|:t't 5 . ;a} If]qdf of] nfu" xf]nf eGg ;lsGg .

ef}uf]lns¿kdf ;kmn ;ª\3Lo d'n's a|flhn, c:6«]lnof / cd]l/sf xf] . ef/t, ¿; / Sofg8f ax'n ;+:s[ltdf ;ª\3Lotf ;kmn 5 elgxfNg ;lsGg . ef/tsf] sfl:d/ ljjfb, ¿;sf] r]rGof ljjfb / Sofg8fsf] So'a]s ljjfb xfd|f cWoogsf ljifo x'g\ . xfdL a]lNhodsf] ;kmn ;ª\3Lotf;Fu} hfg ;sf}Fnf < ls c;kmn af]l:gof xh{uf]legf jf gfOh]l/ofsf ¿kdf cufl8 a9f}Fnf < xf], o;sf] pQ/ xfdLn] clxn] kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g, ;Gtltsf nflu 5f8f}F oL k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hg] lhDdf . wd{sf ljifodf s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] xfd|f] glhs} /x]sf] cof]Wof g} pbfx/0f 5 /fd dlGb/ / afa/L dl:hbsf] ljjfb Û

xfd|} ;Defjgf / xfd|} r'gf}tLx¿

d'n'sdf k'FhL knfogsf] 8/ 5 . cg'Tkfbs If]qdf nufgL j[l4 x'Fb} 5 . ;ª\3Lotfsf] k[i7e"lddf xfdL cfOk'Ubf ;du| cfly{s ljsf; sxfnLnfUbf] 5 eg] pBf]uJofkf/ If]q lg/fzfhgs 5 . ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L / cfly{s c;dfgtf JofKt 5 . kxf8L b'u{d a:tLx¿ phf8 5g\ . dL7f] vfgsf nflu rf8kj{ kv{g'kg{] cj:yf 5 . cfly{snufot ;a}h;f] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx sdhf]/ 5 . /fHosf ;+oGqx¿ ;a}lt/ lvof nfu]sf 5g\ . ljsf; vr{ ;dodf x'g ;s]g . Oltxf;d} klxnf]k6s o;jif{ cfoJoo -ah]6_ kfl/t ug{ ;a}nfO{ xDd]xDd] k¥of] . ;+;f/d} Go"g tnadfgdf sfd ug{ afWo /fi6«;]jsx¿sf] dgf]an vl:sPsf] 5 .

g]kfn ;fgf] 5 . d'n'ssf] hg;ª\Vof g} ;ª\3Lotfsf cfwf/rflxF xf]Og . ;ª\3Lo d'n's ef/tdf ! c/aeGbf a9L hgtf 5g\ eg] ;]G6 ls6\; / g]le;df #) xhf/eGbf sd hgtf 5g\ . ef/tsf] Pp6} pQ/ k|b]z /fHodf emG8} !^ s/f]8 hgtf 5g\ eg] g]le;df s]jn !@ xhf/, ¿;sf] Oe]gsL k|fGtdf s]jn !$ xhf/dfq hg;ª\Vof


b]lvG5 . kfls:tfgdf hDdf $ cf]6f k|fGt b]lvG5 eg] ;]G6 ls6\; / g]le;df, af]l:gof xh{uf]legfdf @ cf]6fdfq /fHo ;ª\3Lo /fHosf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . 7"nf / w]/} /fHo ePsf d'n's Sofg8f, cd]l/sf Pj+ ef/t 5g\ . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] a9L ;DkGg, cfly{s b[li6n] k"0f{¿k]0f ;Ifd x'Fb}df ;ª\3Lotf x'g] jf sdhf]/ cfly{s ljsf; x'Fb}df ;ª\3Lotf gx'g]rflxF xf]Og . xf], cfly{s b[li6n] ;ª\3Lotf a9L vrf{n' x'G5 . vr{ Joj:yfkgdf sl7gfO, nufgL afF8kmfF8df ;d:of, cfk;L em}emu8f /fHo–/fHoaLrsf] kmf6f], Pscsf{sf] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf ;ª\sf]r, ljsf;sf cfwf/lznfx¿ ;+of]hgdf sl7gfO x'g hfgfn] ljkGg d'n's emg\\ a9L ljkGg x'G5 ls eGg] 8/rflxF 5 xfd|f] kl/j]zdf . s]Gb| Pj+ /fHo ;/sf/sf] vr{ wfGg d'l:sn kg]{, :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwg kof{Kt gePsf], ef}uf]lns ljifdtf sfod} /x]sf], pTkfbgzLn If]q sd /x]sf], cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf cfwf/x¿ ax't sd /x]sf] / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;Lldt ePsf] d'n's xfd|f nflu ;ª\3Lotfsf] vfsf / o;sf] k|efjaf/] lj:t[t JofVof x'g h¿/L b]lvG5 .

xfn} ;+ljwfg ;ef /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ;ldltn] xfd|f] d'n'snfO{ !$ ;ª\3Lo /fHosf] vfsfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbPsf] 5 . !$ dWo] !) cf]6f /fHo hftLo cfwf/df to ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o:t} ;d'bfosf cfwf/df @ cf]6f b]lvP . e"uf]nsf cfwf/df # cf]6f, gbLsf cfwf/df @ cf]6f k|b]z ljeflht x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . klZrd / k"j{sf @ t/fO{ k|b]znfO{ dWosf] gf/fo0fL k|b]zn] sf6]sf] b]]lvG5 . ;a} k|b]zsf] gfd Oltxf;, e"uf]n, gbL, lxdfn / wfld{s klxrfg hgfpg] vfnsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm PsfTds d'n'snfO{ ;ª\3Lo, hftLo cfwf/df /fHosf] gfds/0f eg]sf] lgs} hl6n / r'gf}tLk"0f{ ljifo xf] . of] ljifo lgs} ;+j]bgzLn klg x'G5 . hftLo, ;fdflhs,

;f+:s[lts cfwf/eGbf klg d"n k|Zg cfly{s ;DefJotfsf] x'g'k5{, cfly{s¿kdf ljkGg hgtfsf ;fd' afFsL s'/fx¿ uf}0f aGg k'U5g\ . ef]sf] k]6n] s'g} klg /fd|f sfo{ ug{ sl7g x'G5 . If]qkmn jf cy{tGqs} cfwf/af6 ;ª\3Lotf x'g] klg xf]Og . dfly elgPem}F ef/tsf] cfly{s ljsf; ;a} /fHodf ;dfg'kflts 5}g . ef/tsf] k"jf]{t/ If]qdf /x]sf & cf]6f /fHox¿ ;fd'lb|s aGb/ufxaf6 glhs 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o cfoft, lgof{t / 9'jfgL sfo{ ;/n 5 . k|:tfljt xfd|f] !$ k|fGtdWo] k"jL{ dw]; / lj/f6gu/ ef/tsf] snsQf aGb/ufx glhs k5{ eg] klZrd dw]; / y¿x6 tyf sgf{nL / vKt8 ;d'b|L aGb/ufxb]lv lgs} 6f9f k5{g\ . o;}n] xfd|f] k"jL{ dw]; If]q;Fu klZrdsf] vKt8 tyf sgf{nL If]qsf] ;dfg'kflts t'ngf ug{ ;Dej b]lvFb}g . b}lgs vfBfGg– g'grfdn;d]t ;/sf/n] 9'jfgL ul/lbg'kg]{ sgf{nL If]qsf]] ;ª\3Lotfdf ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznf s] x'g] < # lsnf] g'g / # lsnf] rfdn ljt/0f ug{ :jo+ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L pkl:yt /xg'kg]{ kl/j]z af]s]sf] kxf8L e"efu sgf{nLsf] ljQLo k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g] <

ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv /fhwfgL ePsf gftfn] cGoqsf] t'ngfdf sf7df8f}Fdf s]xL cfwf/lznf to ePsf] b]]lvG5 . kmf]xf]/, k|b"if0f, nf]8;]l8ªsf] df/, 6«flkms hfd, rsf]{ d"No, vfg]kfgL, 9nlgsf;sf] d'2fnfO{ 5f8]/ cGt/f{li6«o ;Dks{, ljdfg:yn / d]rL dxfsfnLaLr ;DefJo kx'Fr ;'ud / ljb]zL s"6gLlts ;a} vfn]] lgof]ux¿ oxL /x]sf sf/0f /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o kx'Frsf] ;'udtfnfO{ x]bf{ xfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}FF cGoqsf] t'ngfdf ;xh b]lvG5 . /fhwfgL sf7df8f}F k|:tfljt cGo /fHoaf6 3]l/Psf] g]jfM k|b]zcGtu{t k/]sf] b]]lvG5 . oBlk oxfFF g]jf/x¿sf] dfq afx'NorflxF 5}g . o;sf] rf/}lt/ ef}uf]lns b[li6n] ljzfn tfD;flnª /fHo b]lvG5, h'g g]jfM k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf lgs} lk5l8Psf] 5 .


To;}n] ljsf;sf] b[li6df ;'¿d} g]jfM k|b]zk|ltsf] ;DaGwdf jl/kl/sf] k|b]zx¿af6 lr;f]kg cfpg ;S5 . cfly{s ;|f]t, k|fs[lts ;Dkbf afF8kmfF8df ljjfb pTkGg x'g] b]lvG5 . g]jfM k|b]zsf] kmf]xf]/ csf]{ k|fGtsf] cf]v/kf}jfdf kmfNg lbg] ls glbg] jf lbPdf s]s:tf] ;Demf}tf u/]/ lbg] < ax'rlr{t d]nDrLsf] kfgL g]jfM k|b]zdf Nofpg lbg] ls glbg] jf lbPdf s]s:tf] ;t{gfdf ug]{ < oL hl6n d'2fx¿ 5g\ xfd|f ;fd' . csf]{ s'/f xfd|f] cy{tGqsf cfwf/ ljb]zdf ljqmL ePsf] /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt x'g] ljk|]if0f g} xf] . o:tf] ljk|]if0fsf] ;|f]t If]q eg]sf] xfd|f] k"jL{ k|b]z, dWo k|b]z / kxf8L If]q g} xf] . sgf{nL / y¿x6 If]q ljk|]if0f cfosf b[li6n] gu0o g} b]lvG5 . ljk|]if0fsf] cfonfO{ ;DalGwt If]qd} nufgL ug]{ elgPdf sgf{nL / y¿x6 If]qdf s] ug]{ < tL If]qsf hgtfn] cfo;|f]t s;/L h'6fpg] <

xfd|f] lgsf;L Jofkf/ lrof / skmL klg xf] . k|:tfljt lnDa'jfg If]q o;sf nflu s]xL ;d[4 5 eg] k|:tfljt ;'gsf];L Pj+ ls/ft If]qdf o;sf] ;Defjgf gu0o 5 . vKt8, sgf{nL / du/ft If]qdf klg o;sf] ;Defjgf 5}g . cljsl;t ¿kd} ljZn]if0f ubf{ cGo If]qx¿ klg w]/} tn 5g\ eg] k"jL{ dw];, lj/f6, gf/fo0fL lnDa'jfg / g]jfM /fHosf] k|ltJolQm cfo /fli6«o cf};t cfoeGbf dfly b]lvPsf] 5 . ;+;f/ g} Go"g tnan] ;/sf/L sfdsfh rn]sf] d'n's g]kfn ljZjs} cNkljsl;t /fi6«dWo] kg]{ / cNkljsl;t d'n'ssf] cWoIftf kbef/ u|x0f ug]{;d]t bfloTj xfd|} sfFwdf cfPsf] xfnsf] kl/j]zdf xfdLn] ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg' / ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ yk bfloTj b]lvG5 . ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ vKt8 / sgf{nL If]q, :ofp, cf]v/ egf}F kmnkm"nsf nflu k|l;4 5 eGg'k5{ . h8La'6L, t/sf/L v]tL, kz'kfng Pj+ ko{6g Joj;fosf] ;Defjgf oxfFF a9L g} b]lvG5 . b'u{d kxf8L, r§fgo'Qm e"efusf sf/0f vfBfGgdf sd ;Defjgf

ePsf] o; If]qdf /fh:j ;ª\sngsf cfwf/ ax't sd 5 . ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ Go"g 5 . /fli6«o cf};t cfodf o; If]qsf] pkl:ylt bogLo / sf?l0fs b]lvG5 . du/ft If]q klg o:t} bogLo cj:yf af]s]sf] If]q xf] . t/ sgf{nL / vKt8sf] t'ngfdf oxfF s]xL xb;Dd a9L ljsf;df ;Defjgf 5g\ . t/sf/L v]tL, kmnkm"nnufot b'Uw kbfy{ / cGo s[lif If]qsf ljifodf du/ft If]q cufl8 x'g] b]lvG5 .

csf]{ s'/f vfBfGg / pBf]u ljsf;sf] b[li6n] k"jL{ / klZrdL dw]; b'j} pj{/ b]lvPsf] 5 t/ k"jL{ dw];sf] t'ngfdf klZrdL dw]; sd pj{/ 5 . k"j{kl§ klg lj/f6\ / ef]hk'/fsf] t'ngfdf ldlynf If]q sd pj{/ 5 . klZrddf klg n'lDagL / cjwsf] t'ngfdf y¿x6 sd pj{/ 5 .

otf k|:tfljt td'jfg If]q kxf8L Pj+ lxdfnL eP klg ljB't\, ljk|]if0f, ko{6g j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;Defljt If]q xf] . k|:tfljt gf/fo0fL If]q s[lif pBf]uwGbf af6f]3f6f]sf] k"jf{wf/;d]tsf b[li6n] /fli6«o cf};t cfDbfgL dfly b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ;a}sf] t'ngfdf g]jfM k|b]z cufl8 b]lvPsf] 5 .

g]jfM k|b]z sf7df8f}Fdf /fli6«o cf};t cfoeGbf dfly k|ltJolQm $) xhf/ b]lvPsf] 5 eg] sgf{nL k|b]zdf hDdf !@ xhf/dfq . ;'gsf];L / ls/ft If]q klg /fli6«o cf};t cfoeGbf tn b]lvPsf] 5 . ckof{Kt ;DefJotfsf sf/0f g]jfM k|b]zjl/kl/ glhs}sf] If]q lgs} sd cfodf afFr]sf dflg;x¿sf] afx'No b]lvPsf] 5 . ;'gsf];L / ls/ft If]qdf ko{6g Pj+ hn;|f]tsf] ;Defjgf k|r'/ b]lvP klg ;fwg;|f]t / /fh:j ;ª\sngsf b[li6n] o; If]qnfO{ lk5l8Ps} dfGg'k5{ . ;a}eGbf k"j{sf] lnDa'jfg If]qsf] d]rL c~rndf kg]{ kfFry/, O{nfd s]xL xb;Dd ;DkGg b]lvPsf 5g\ eg] klZrdlt/sf lhNnf t'ngfTds¿kdf Tolt ;DkGg 5}gg\ . k|:tfljt lnDa'jfg If]qsf] Pp6} k|b]zdf


cfo;|f]tsf] b[li6df pRr c;dfgtf b]lvPsf] 5 eg] gub] afnL, lrof, skmL, h'8La'6L, hnljB't\ / ko{6sLo ;Defjgf oxfFF k|z:t b]lvPsf] 5 . g]jfM k|b]z / k"jL{ dw]; k|ltJolQm /fh:jb]lv k|ltJolQm s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf b[li6n] klg dfly b]lvPsf 5g\ eg] td'jfg, lnDa'jfg, tfD;flnª, gf/fo0fL To;eGbf kl5 k/]sf] 5 / logLx¿eGbf klg k5fl8 k/]sf] 5 y¿x6 k|b]z . y¿x6eGbf kl5 k/]sf] 5 du/ft / vKt8 . ;a}eGbf lk5l8Psf] eg] k|:tfljt sgf{nL k|b]z xf] .

pk;+xf/

k|:tfljt k|To]s k|b]zdf k|fKt x'g] /fh:j / o;sf ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ < cGt/;DaGw s;/L ldnfpg] < uf9f ;DaGwaf6 Pscsf{ aLrsf] x:tIf]k gx'g] / cfTd;Ddfgsf] cg'e"lt ljsf;sf] b[li6df s;/L u/fpg] < kl/jxg 9'jfgLsf] dfu{ s;/L k|z:t ug]{ < lxhf]cfh h:t} ;wF} aGb, x8\tfn, rSsfhfd, g'g, t]n, k]6«f]n 9'jfgLnfO{ s;/L ;xh agfpg] < xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejaf6 s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] hxfF a9L ul/aL x'G5, ToxLaf6 /fHonfO{ a9L ef/ / df/ k/]sf] 5 . ;+;f/df ;a}lt/ cfGbf]ng / ljsf;sf cfwf/lznf eTsfpg] sfo{ a]/f]huf/x¿af6} ePsf] b]]lvPsf] 5 .

;d[4 / ;DkGg JolQmnfO{ /fi6«kltsf] jf k|wfgdGqLsf] gfd;Dd ;f]lr/xg] ;do÷km';{b gx'g ;S5 . hxfF cfly{s ljifdtf x'G5, hxfFsf hgtf ef]sfgfª\uf, ufF;af; / skf;sf] lk/nf]n] ;tfOPsf x'G5g\, ToxfF aFfsL s'/f]k|lt s'g} rf;f] /xFb}g . åGåsf] ;|f]t klg oxL xf] . xfd|f] d'n'sn] nfdf] åGåaf6 e/v/} lj>fd kfpg nfu]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;}n] yk åGå, hf]lvd, /Qmkftk"0f{ cj:yf, cGt/hftLo snxb]lv wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs s'07fsf gfddf slxNo} cGTo gx'g] d'2f

af]s]/ cNdlng] jftfj/0fdf yk ljsf; slxn] x'g] < ef/tsf] pQ/ k|b]z slt åGådf 5, xfdLn] To;af6 kf7 l;Sg'k5{ . åGåsf] :yfoL aLhf/f]k0f ubf{ d'n's yk cfly{s ;ª\s6df kg]{ xf] ls < lrtjg cGgsf] e08f/ xf] . /fhwfgL ToxfFF ;fg]{ xNnf 5 . If]qut dGqfno jf /fHosf] s'g} PsfO 6f9f jf cGoq /xg'n] vf;} c;/ gknf{ t/ cfwf/lznf sd ;] sd tof/ ePsf] / d'n'ssf] ;a}h;f] If]qaf6 ;'ud kx'Fr ePsf] sf7df8f}FnfO{ cGoq ;fl/of] eg] To;sf] vr{ wfGg] s;n] < s[lifk|wfg d'n'ssf] cGge08f/ If]qnfO{ ;x/Ls/0f ub}{ hfFbf cGg cfoft yk ;d:ofsf] ljifo aGg ;S5 . l;+xb/af/ cfunfuL eP/ gi6 x'Fbf To;n] k"0f{tf kfpg jiff}{+ wf}wf} k/]sf] cj:yfdf /fHosf] d'Vofno abNg] dfgl;stfn] efjL lkF9LnfO{ s] c;/ knf{ < eTsfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 t/ agfpg ufx|f] x'G5 .

cfDbfgLsf] afF8kmfF8 yk hl6n ljifo xf] . xfn ljlgof]lht /sd tf]lsPsf zLif{scGtu{t ;DalGwt If]qaf6} km/kmf/s ug]{ kl/kf6Ldf kl/jt{g eO{ ut dª\l;/b]lv eQmk'/ / df3b]lv nlntk'/ lhNnfl:yt ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] e'QmfgL k|0ffnL sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 dfq x'g] a'lemPsf] 5 . sf]if sfof{non] dfq r]s sf6\g] k|0ffnLn] e'QmfgL k|0ffnL s;/L ;/n xf]nf < o:tf] kl/j]zdf /fHosf] cfoljt/0fsf] ;~hfn s;/L agfpg] < s/sf] zLif{s / bfo/f s] x'g] < ;|f]t;fwgsf] bf]xg s;/L ug]{ < lgsf;L Jofkf/sf nflu tf]lsPsf ljz]if cfly{s If]qx¿sf] klxrfg k'gM ls6fg s;/L x'g] < s'g cfwf/df ug]{ < pkof]u / pkef]usf] l;4fGtnfO{ s;/L ;Gt'ngdf /fVg] < cg'bfgsf] bfo/f s:tf] x'g] < o;sf] ;Ldfª\sgsf cfwf/ s] x'g] < c;dfg cfly{s Ifdtfn] a9L b':dgL x'G5 . k|b]zk|b]zsf aLr ljjfb x'G5 / yk 6Lsfl6Kk0fL eO{ Pscsf{sf aLr dgf]dflnGo j[l4 x'g ;S5 . o;nfO{ lg/fs/0f s;/L ug]{ < o;df xfdLn] Wofg lbg'k5{ .


!= ljifo k|j]z

/fHok'g;{+/rgf, ;ª\3Lotf / sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg Pscfk;df cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ . s;}s;}n] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf eg]sf] g} ;ª\3Lotf xf] ls h:tf] u/]/ pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . Tof] ;To xf]Og . /fHo k'g;{+/rgf eg]sf] ljBdfg ;+/rgf / :j¿kn] /fHo / hgtfsf ;du| cfjZostf / rfxgfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg / ;Gt'i6 kfg{ g;ls/x]sf] cj:yfdf PsfTds k|s[ltsf] /fHo Joj:yfaf6 ;ª\3Lotfdf jf ;ª\3Lo /fHo Joj:yfaf6 PsfTds Joj:yfdf / PsfTds /fHo Joj:yfaf6 ljs]lGb|t /fHosf] :j¿kdf x'g] ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ a'em\g' ;fGble{s x'G5 . o;n] gofF /fi6« hGdfpg] geO{ eO/x]sf] /fHo ;+/rgfnfO{ ljsl;t / ;d'Ggt t'Nofpg] sfo{nfO{ lbzflgb]{z ub{5 .

;ª\3Lotf, ljljwtfsf aLr Pstfsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] zf;sLo k4lt

xf] . sd{rf/L ;a} lsl;dsf /fHo Joj:yfdf /fHosf gLlt / sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog / k[i7kf]if0fsf nflu Joj:yf ul/Psf] :yfoL ;+oGq xf] . o;sf] cfkm\gf] 5'§} p2]Zo x'Fb}g elgG5 . hgtfsf] OR5f, cfsfª\Iff / rfxgfnfO{ k"/f ug{ lqmofzLn /xL hg;Gt'li6 xfl;n ug{df ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' o;sf] Psdfq nIo / p2]Zo /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f;lxtsf] PsfTds :j¿ksf] /fHoJoj:yfn] hg;Gt'li6 lbnfpg g;s]kl5 ;ª\3Lotftkm{sf] k'g;+{/rgfdf hfg] c7f]6 ul/Psf] xf] . xfnsf] PsfTds s]Gb|Ls[t :j¿kdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;ª\3Lo k4ltsf] 9fFrfdf ¿kfGt/0f ubf{ ul/g] r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{sf] k|aGwnfO{ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . s]Gb|, /fHo / :yfgLo ;a} txdf sd{rf/Lsf] k|aGwsLo sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 .

@= /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf eGgfn] eO/x]sf] /fHo ;+/rgfdf x]/km]/, gjLs/0f, ljsf; / ;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpF5 . /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] sfo{n] gofF /fi6« hGdfpg] geO{ eO/x]sf] /fHo ;+/rgfnfO{ ljsl;t / ;d'Ggt t'Nofpg] xf] . /fHo k'g;{+/rgf lgDg sf/0fx¿n] ul/G5 M

eO/x]sf] ;+/rgf lje]bsf/L eO{ hgtfsf • OR5frfxgf k"/f ug{ c;kmn ;fljt ePdf .ljBdfg ;+/rgfn] hgtfnfO{ Gofo ug{ • g;s]df .lje]bsf] cGTo ug{ c;dy{ ePdf ;dfj]zL • rl/qlgdf{0f ug{ .

/fHo k'g;{+/rgf, ;ª\3Lotf / sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg

lji0f'k|;fb /]UdLzfvf clws[t ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno


zf;g k|0f• fnLsf cjojx¿ ;fj{ef}d hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL gePdf .;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;+f:s[lts • ¿kfGt/0f ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .;a} ju{ / If]qsf hgtfsf] zf;g k|lqmofdf • :jfldTj af]w / kx'Fr :yflkt ug'{k/]df .hftLo w/f]x/ / ;+:s[ltsf] arfp ug{ .• s]Gb|Ls[t ljsf;sf] b'ikl/0ffd /f]Sg .• ljb|f]xL zlQmsf] sfo{;"rL ;Daf]wg ug{ .•

@=!= /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf p2]Zox¿ lgDg lnlvt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu /fHo

k'g;{+/rgf ul/G5 M /fHosf k|d'v cª\ux¿ sfo{kflnsf, • Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf k"0f{¿kdf kl/jt{g NofO{ ultzLn, hgd'vL / cem k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg .zf;g ;~rfngdf x/]s hgtfsf] ;xeflutf • / :jfldTjefj ;'lglZrt ug{ ./fHosf] s]Gb|Lo :j¿kdf kl/jt{g u/L hgtfsf] • 3/b}nf]df k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx ug{ .zf;g k|lqmofnfO{ hgtfsf] glhs k'¥ofpg .•

@=@= /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIf /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ lgDg lnlvt kIfdf Wofg

lbg'k5{ Ms]Gb|Lo /fHok|0ffnLnfO{ ;ª\3fTds :j¿kdf • ¿kfGt/0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] eP b]zsf] ef}uf]lns, hg;ª\Vof, hftLo :j¿k / k|fs[lts ;|f]th:tf kIfx¿nfO{ a9L Wofg lbg'k5{ .zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{ vf]lhPsf] eP • /fi6«ktLo, k|wfgdGqLo, ;+;bLo nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ ./fHosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, eflifsnufot • ljljwtfleqsf] Pstfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .PsLs[t /fHo k|0ffnL eO{ zlQm ljs]Gb|Ls/• 0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] eP ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf ljleGg

df]8n jf :j¿ksf] cWoog u/L pko'Qm df]8n ckgfpg ;lsG5 .k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8df Wofg k'¥ofpg'sf • ;fy} /fi6«sf] e"agf]6 / k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] pknAwtf / ;DefJotfsf] j}1flgs ljZn]if0f ug{'k5{ ./fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jtGqtf / /fli6«o • cl:tTjsf] hu]gf{df Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .;fdflhs ;b\efj, ;f+:s[lts klxrfg, wfld{s • ;lxi0f'tf cflbdf b/f/ kg{ / 7]; nfUg glbg] u/L zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 x'g'k5{ .If]qLo ;Gt'ng / ;xsfo{sf] efjgfdf hf]8 • lbg'k5{ .clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8df ljz]if ;t{stf • ckgfpg' cfjZos 5 . Vertical/Horizental¿kdf ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0fsf ljifodf Wofg lbg'k5{ . /fHo ;+oGqsf x/]s txdf h'g ¿kn] zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf ug]{ xf], To;} u/L x/]s txdf Joj:yfksLo, sfo{sfl/0fL / Goflos clwsf/sf] k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ng sfod ul/g' cfjZos 5 .k|zf;sLo ;+oGqsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{ • cfjZos 5 . k|zf;sLo ;+oGq /fli6«o Pstf sfod u/fpg] dxTTjk"0f{ dfWod klg xf] eGg] a'em\g' cfjZos x'G5 .

@=# g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df /fHo k'g;{+/rgf g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ dfly plNnlvt dfGotfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'k5{ . /fHoleq a;f]af; ug]{ ;a} tx, ju{, If]q, hfthflt, efiff, ;+:s[ltsf dflg;x¿sf] ;xeflutfd"ns k|ltlglwTj, ;Gt'lnt ljsf; / efjgfTds Pstf sfod ug{ ul/g] /fHosf] 9fFrfsf] Re-engeneeringg] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ePsfn] clxn]s} If]q, c~rn, lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿sf] 9fFrfnfO{ s]xL ;+zf]wg u/L ljBdfg 9fFrfnfO{ g} /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ klg ;lsG5 .


o;f] ul/Pdf eO/x]sf ef}lts ;+/rgf, hgzlQmsf] ;b'kof]u x'g] / /fi6«nfO{ clws cfly{s bfloTj klg gkg]{ x'G5 / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] kl/nlIft u/]sf] juL{o, hftLo, n}ª\lus ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ klg an k'Ug] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf ;DaGwdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿nfO{ Oª\lut u/]sf] 5 M

b]zdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, • n}ª\lus ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . -k|:tfjgfdf_plNnlvt ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ • /fHosf] jt{dfg s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . -wf/f ##3_/fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs ;ª\3Lo • zf;g k|0ffnL;lxtsf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu /fHo k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u u7g ul/g] / clGtd 6'ª\uf] ;+ljwfg ;efn] nufpg] . -wf/f !#*_

;+ljwfg ;ef, /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|:t't u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf lgDglnlvt tLg txsf] ;+/rgf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

s]Gb| ;/sf/• k|fbl]zs jf /fHo ;/sf/ /• :yfgLo ;/sf/•

/fHosf] xfnsf] PsfTds k|0ffnLnfO{ plNnlvt tLg txdf ljefhg ubf{ xfns} If]q, c~rn / :yfgLo txsf lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 .

#= ;ª\3Lotf

;ª\3LotfnfO{ ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstfsf dfWodsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] zf;sLo k4ltsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o:tf] Joj:yfdf ;+ljwfgtM

/fHozlQm s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf aLr ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] Joj:yfdf lgDglnlvt ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5 M

Pp6f csf]{dfly cfl>t /xg' kb}{g .• Pscsf{sf] clwsf/dfly x:tIf]k x'Fb}g .• ;a} txsf ;/sf/k|lt gful/sx¿sf] ;dfg • cf:yf / lgi7f /xG5 .

clwsf/sf] l;dfª\sg ul/G5 .• ;/sf/x¿ cfcfkm\gf clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ • :jtGq /xG5g\ .

s]=;L=Xljo/n] ;ª\3Lotfsf ;DaGwdf eg]sf 5g\– ;ª\3fTdstfsf] l;4fGtsf] tfTko{ zlQm ljefhgsf] k4lt;Fu ;DalGwt 5, h;cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/x¿ cfcfkm\gf If]qdf :jtGq / ;dsIf /xg ;s"g\ .

dG6]:So'sf zAbdf– ;ª\3fTds ;/sf/, To:tf] ;Demf}tf xf], h;df w]/} ldNbfh'Nbf /fHox¿ Pp6f 7"nf] /fHosf] ;b:o aGg ;xdt x'G5g\ .

oL dfly plNnlvt egfOx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfsf lgDglnlvt nIfo0fx¿ /xG5g\ M

s]Gb|, k|fGt / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr zlQmsf] • ljefhg

;+ljWffgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf • Gofokflnsfsf] >]i7tf • hjfkmb]lxtf• gofF ;ª\3 lgdf{0fdf ;a}sf] enfO• Odfgbf/ / lqmofzLn ;/sf/sf txx¿• #=!= ;ª\3 lgdf{0fsf ;t{x¿

;ª\3 lgdf{0f rfxgf / afWotf b'j} x'g ;S5 . o;sf nflu s]xL k"j{;t{x¿ cfjZos b]lvG5, h'g o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

;ª\3 lgdf{0f ug]{ OR5f,•


;ª\3 lgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo :ki6 x'g'k5{,• ef}uf]lns Pstf,• ;b:ox¿df a9L ;dfgtf x'g'k5{,• clwsf/, ;fem]bf/L / ;xgzLn ;/sf/,• ;+:yfx¿sf] cj:yf,• ;|f]t;fwgsf] df}h'bf pkof]u,• /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ / ;f]r,• /fli6«otfsf] efjgf / ;f]r,• ;dfg lxt clej[l4,• ljQLo ;ª\3jfbsf] k|of]u,• s]Gb|Lo Jojxf/,• cGt/;/sf/L ;dGjo, ;DaGw / ;+j]bgzLntf,• ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / ;~hfn,• /fli6«o dfkb08,• ljs]Gb|Ls[t pkfud,• ljQLo ;|f]t ljt/0fsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf • cflb .

#=@ ;ª\3Lo k4lt lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿;ª\3Lo k4lt lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDglnlvt

kIfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ Mp2]Zo / cfjZostf,• ;ª\3Lo 9fFrfsf cfwf/ / lbuf]kgf,• ;d;fdlos ;ª\3Lotfn] ef]u]sf r'gf}tL,• ;ª\3Lotfleqsf åGå / tgfj,• /fHo / ;ª\3aLrsf] ;lqmo ;xof]u,• cGt/;/sf/L ;DaGwsf dxTTjk"0f{ kIfx¿,• ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfsf glthf,• sfo{lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8,• ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf,• kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf .•

#=#= ;ª\3Lotfsf k|sf/x¿ ;ª\3Lotfsf ljleGg k|sf/x¿ ljZjdf k|of]udf 5g\, h'g o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

Coming together• / Holding togetherdf cfwfl/t ;lGw / :jfoQ ;ª\3Lotf,

;|f]t;fwg / clwsf/sf] :ki6 afF8kmfF8;lxtsf] • å}w / ;xsf/L ;ª\3Lotf,Pp6} :yndf k|e'Tj hdfPsfx¿ / 5l/P/ • /x]sf a:tLx¿sf] cg's"n x'g] e"v08Lo / lgud ;ª\3Lotf,;a} /fHonfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ / c;dfg • clwsf/ ePsf] ;dfg / c;dfg ;ª\3Lotf /Ps} efiff tyf hfltsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] hftLo / • PsfTds /fHocGtu{t lbOg] If]qLo ;ª\3Lotf .

#=$= g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotf

g]kfndf s:tf] ;ª\3Lotf pko'Qm x'g] eGg] ljjfb /lx/x] klg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;ª\3Lo /fHo x'g] s'/fsf] 6'ª\uf] nufO;s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf / wf/f !#* df ;ª\3Lo /fHosf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df dfly pNn]v ul/Psf df]8nx¿ cWoog ubf{ / g]kfnsf] ljljw efiff, ;+:s[lt, hfthfltnufot ef}uf]lns Pj+ k|fs[lts ljifdtf ;d]tnfO{ x]bf{ PsfTds /fHoleqs} :yfgLo :jfoQtfdf cfwfl/t hftLo / If]qLo :jfoQtf / 5l/Psf] a:tL;d]tnfO{ pkof]uL x'g] lgud k|s[ltsf] ljz]iftf ePsf] ldl>t cw{;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL ckgfpg'df g} /fHosf] lxt x'g] b]lvG5 . :jfoQtf lbFbf lgDglnlvt If]qnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfO{ gLltlgdf{0f ug'{ / of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ kfpg] :jfoQtf lbg' pkof]uL x'g] b]lvG5 M

/fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs / • wfld{s kIf,lzIff, :jf:Yo dgf]/~hg, v]ns'b / hg;ª\Vof,• ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;,• pBf]u, jfl0fHo / s[lif,• Gofo k|zf;g / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff /• /fh:j kl/rfng, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, ul/aL • lgjf/0f


;ª\3LotfnfO{ ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstfsf dfWodsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] zf;sLo k4lt ePsfn] o;sf /fd|f ljz]iftfx¿ /x]/ klg k|of]u / sfof{Gjogsf If]qdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg ;lsPg eg] /fi6«sf nflu clezfk klg aGg ;S5 . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / hftLo kl/j]znfO{ oyfy{ d"Nofª\sg u/L ;j{:jLsfo{ /0fgLltsf cfwf/df ;ª\3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]df dfq g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lxtsf] k|jw{g u/L b]zsf] ;j{tf]d'vL ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;tkm{ gLlt lgdf{tfx¿sf] Wofg hfg' cfjZos 5 .

$= sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg

sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 . sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg eGgfn] sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 k|lqmofb]lv cjsf;;Ddsf ;a} k|lqmofx¿ kb{5g\ . d'n's ;ª\3Lotfdf hfg nflu/x]sf] / o;nfO{ tLg txdf ljefhg ug{ nfluPsf] cj:yfdf Psflt/ jt{dfg s]Gb|Ls[t lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf ljBdfg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g]5 eg] csf]{tkm{ /fHo Joj:yfsf s]Gb|Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/Lsf] k|aGw ldnfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 . s]Gb|Lo k|zf;lgs lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿n] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q;Fu ;fdLKo /fvL d'n'sel/ sfd ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf o;sf] sfo{If]q d'n'sel/ km}lnPsf] x'G5 .

k|fGtLo / :yfgLo txdf s]s:tf sfo{x¿ ljeflht x'G5g\ < tL sfo{sf cfwf/df tL txdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f x'G5 . df]6fdf]6L¿kdf ;ª\3Lo df]8n ckgfPsf d'n'sx¿sf] sd{rf/L Joj:yf lgDglnlvt /x]sf] kfOG5 M

df]8n !

ef/tdf ckgfOPsf] s]Gb|Lo / k|fGtLo ;]jfsf] df]8n g]kfnsf nflu klg pkof]uL x'g

;S5 . ef/tdf lgDg rf/ ;]jfx¿nfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;]jfcGtu{t /fvL b]ze/ oL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ v6fOPsf] 5 M

k|zf;g ;]jf• jg ;]jf• k//fi6« ;]jf• k|x/L ;]jf• oL ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQ

ljsf;;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ s'/f s]Gb|n] g} x]b{5 .

df]8n @

blIf0f clk|msfdf ;+ljwfgdf g} u0f/fHosf] ;]jf / k|fGtLo ;]jfx¿ tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿sf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . u0f/fHosf] ;+ljwfgcGtu{t u0f/fHo ;]jfsf nflu ag]sf] P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] k|fGtLo ;]jfsf nflu P]g agfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;¿jf, a9'jf / j[lQ ljsf;;DaGwL Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ pNn]v 5 .

df]8n #

s]Gb|n] s]Gb|Lo ;]jfsf nflu, k|fGtn] k|fGtLo ;]jfsf nflu P]g agfO{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] / k|To]s k|fGtn] cfkm" dftxtsf :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;]jf ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu 5'§f5'§} sfg'g agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df plNnlvt df]8nx¿dWo] t];|f] df]8n ckgfO{ ljBdfg s]Gb|Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ s]Gb| / k|fGtdWo] s'g txdf /xg] xf] lglZrt ;do tf]sL 5gf]6sf] cj;/ lbg' pko'Qm / ;fGble{s x'G5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v ug'{k5{ . k|fGt / :yfgLo ;]jfsf nflu lgDglnlvt lsl;dsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf ug'{ jf~5gLo x'G5 M


of]Uotf k|0ffnL,• e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;g,• ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff,• kf/blz{tf,• ;xeflutfd"ns / ;dfj]zL k|yfsf] cjnDag,• pQ/bfloTjk"0f{ Jojxf/,• dfgj clwsf/sf] kfngf / • sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] kfngf .• sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg sfo{ /fHosf nflu

Ps ;+j]bgzLn ljifo ePsfn] ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;d]t Jofks 5nkmn / cGtlqm{of u/]/dfq lg0f{o lnOg' pko'Qm x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 k|lqmof k|efjsf/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf dfWodaf6 dfq ;Dej ePsfn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ljBdfg Joj:yf / ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfk|lt klg ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k'g;+{/rgf ubf{ lgDglnlvt kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ M

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u klg Pp6} geO{ /fHosf] • :j¿kcg';f/ km/skm/s x'g ;S5, sfo{If]qdf ;d]t kl/jt{g u/L lgo'lQmsf • nflu pd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{ To; If]qdf lj1tf xfl;n u/]sf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;'DkL tLgx¿n] l;kmfl/z u/]sf pd]bjf/nfO{ ;/sf/n] lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yf cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] cg'udg eg] nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5,

s• d{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfo{If]q nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lbg'k5{ /a9'jf Pj+ pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx¿sf] g]t[Tj • d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL sfo{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g'k5{ .

%= lgisif{

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / ;ª\3Lotf;Fu} o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;+oGqx¿sf] klg k'g;+{/rgf x'g'k5{ . hgtfsf] rfxgf / dfu eg]sf] ;'zf;g / ljsf; xf] . casf] /fHo :+foGqn] hgtfsf] rfxgfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o;sf nflu k|zf;lgs ;ª\u7gdf cfa4 x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] klg dgf]an / pTk|]/0ff pRr /xg'k5{ . ;ª\u7gsf] pTkfbg a9fpg sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an a9\g} kb{5 . o; s'/fnfO{ ;a} txsf ;/sf/x¿n] dgg ug'{k5{ . sd{rf/LnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg Principal Agent Theorysf] cjnDag / cEof; ;a} txsf] ;/sf/df x'g'k5{ . casf] k|zf;g eg]sf] ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf] k|zf;g ePsfn] ;ª\3Lo :j¿ksf] ljs]lGb|t /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg / hLjGttf k|bfg ug{sf nflu k|zf;gdf /xg] ;Ifd / bIf hgzlQmsf] rog ug]{ :jfoQ clwsf/ k|To]s txsf] ;/sf/nfO{ x'g'kb{5 . o;sf] k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf nflu /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf sdhf]/ agfOg' x'Fb}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1jfnL, rGb|sfGt, -@)^$_, ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL, /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf, sf7df8f}F}, cl:dtf 1jfnL / hg;]jf lk|G6;{ k|f=ln= .

e08f/L, a'l4k|;fb, -8f=_, -@)^$_, ;+ljwfg;ef, nf]stGq, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL, sf7df8f}F}, k}/jL k|sfzg .

e§/fO{, Zofds'df/, -@)^^_, …;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgÚ, sd{rf/L, sf7df8f}F}, g]kfn sd{rf/L o'lgog .

d}gfnL, uf]kLgfy, -@)^^_, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x¿, sf7df8f}F} ;f]kfg -dfl;s_, .

=== === ===, -@)^%_ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j¿k;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, sf7df8f}F}, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

=== === ===, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}F}, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt .


kl/ro

sd{ u/]/ Jojxf/ rnfpg] JolQm sd{rf/L xf] . g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]zn] …sd{rf/LÚ zAbnfO{ cx|fPv6fPsf] sfd ug]{ JolQm tyf ;/sf/L cf]xf]bfdf /x]sf] JolQm, tna vfP/ sfd ug]{ JolQm, sfdbf/, sfl/Gbf egL cYof{Psf] 5 . sd{rf/L zAbsf] cª\u|]hL cg'jfb "Empolyee" nfO{ The Oxford Dictionary n] "A person empolyed for wages or salary especially non executive level" egL kfl/>lds jf tnasf nflu tNnf] txdf sfd ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ sd{rf/L egL cYof{Psf] 5 . o; cy{n] sd{rf/Lsf] j}tlgs rl/qnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . sd{rf/Ln] sd{ u/]afkt j]tgef]u ug{] ub{5g\\ . oxL j]tgsf cfwf/df p;n] cfˆgf] hLjg lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;ot :yfkgf / p;sf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj;d]tsf] Joj:yf sfg'gåf/f ul/Psf]

x'G5 . o;y{ JolQmnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf ¿kdf dfGotf lbg] / p;sf] clwsf/If]qsf] lgwf{/0f sfg'gåf/f g} ul/G5 . sd{rf/L, sfdbf/, >ldsaLr klg tflTTjs leGgtf 5 . ;fdfGotM ;'lsnf klx/gdf 8]:sdf a;]/ af}l4s k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ug{]nfO{ sd{rf/L elgG5 eg] d}nf] klx/gdf >dk|wfg sfo{ ug{] ;Ifd zf/Ll/s ;'ul7t JolQmnfO{ sfdbf/÷>lds elgG5 . af}l4s sfd (White Colour Job) ;Fu ;DalGwtnfO{ sd{rf/L / zf/Ll/s an (Blue Colour Job) ;Fu ;DalGwtnfO{ >lds jf sfdbf/ eGg] k|rng 5 . sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] sfd ug{] Pj+ clwsf/, pQ/bfloTj axg ug{] l;nl;nfdf cfkm"df lglxt 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf, of]Uotf, wf/0ffh:tf cef}lts kIfx¿ (software) clwstd pkef]u ub{5g\\ / ef}lts÷zf/Ll/s Ifdtfsf] pkof]u t'ngfTds¿kdf sd u5{g\ . >ldsn] cef}lts kIfx¿sf] pkof]u sd / ef}lts÷zf/Ll/s kIfx¿ (Hardware) sf] clws pkof]u ub{5g\\ eGg] dfGotf 5 . o;} u/L sd{rf/Ln] tnasf gfddf / >ldsn] Hofnfsf gfddf j]tg vfG5g\\ . pk/f]Qmcg';f/sf df}lns u'0f cGtlg{lxt ePsf] sd{of]4f ;/sf/L jf lghL h'g;'s} If]qdf cfa4 eP klg pm sd{rf/L g} sxlnG5 .

;/sf/L If]q;Fu cfa4 ePdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L sxlnG5 eg] lghL÷Jofj;flos If]qdf cfa4 ePdf lghL If]qsf] sd{rf/L sxlnG5 . o;} u/L >ldsx¿ cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ;+nUg x'G5g\\ . obfsbf ef/L p7fpg] vfnsf jfl0fHo If]qnufotsf ;fgfltgf sfddf ;d]t >ldsx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf]

g]kfndf …sd{rf/L ;DaGwÚsf] cj:yf

lzj/fh ;]9fO{+zfvf clws[tjfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno


b]]lvG5 . sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTjsf cfwf/df sd{rf/L Pj+ >ldsnfO{ ljleGg txdf ljefhg ul/G5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ pRr, dWod, ;xof]uL -tNnf] tx_ df / >ldsnfO{ d'Vo÷k|d'v >lds / ;xof]uL jf ;xfos >ldsdf tx ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf x]8ld:qL / cGonfO{ ;xfos jf l;sf¿ ld:qL eGg] rng 5 . sfo{ut ljljwtfsf cfwf/df k|fljlws / u}/k|fljlws tyf s'NnL, l;sdL{, 8sdL{ cflb gfdn] k'sfl/G5g\\ .

;DaGw eg]sf] b'O{ kIfaLrsf] cfk;L d]n, sfo{ut Pstf, ;xsfo{, ;Dks{, ;dGjo Pj+ ;fdGh:o tyf b'O{ kIfLo ;dembf/L -Understanding_ xf] . oxfFF b'O{ kIf eGgfn] JolQm–JolQm, JolQm / p;sf] sfd;Fu ;DalGwt cGo s'g} ef}lts rLhj:t' tyf JolQm / p;sf] sfo{jftfj/0fnfO{ hgfpF5 . b'O{ kIfaLrsf] cfk;L d]n / ;dembf/LnfO{ ;sf/fTds k|ltkmnsf] sf/s dflgG5 . sd{rf/Lsf ;Gbe{df ;DaGw eGgfn] lglb{i6 nIo, p2]Zo k|flKtsf lgldQ ljleGg e"ldsfdf cfa4 clwsf/Lx¿aLrsf] cfk;L d]n, ;dembf/L, ;dGjo ;xsfo{nfO{ hgfpF5 . c;n ;DaGwnfO{ ;fª\u7lgs Pstf Pj+ ansf cfwf/e"t PsfO dflgG5 . /fd|f] sd{rf/L ;DaGwn] sfo{ut k|lqmofdf Synergetic Force k}bf u/L sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ clej[l4 u/L ck]lIft glthf xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

k|fljlws ;]jfsf If]qdf OlGhlgol/ª ;]jf, lrlsT;f ;]jfdf ljleÌ 1fg / k|ljlws of]Uotf ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;]jf/t /xG5g\\ . u}/k|fljlws ;]jfsf If]qdf k|zf;lgs ;'/Iffh:tf ljljw ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\\ . sd{rf/L, sfdbf/, >ldsx¿ s'g} g s'g} tfn's cflwsfl/s clVtof/jfnfaf6 lgolGqt / lgb{]lzt x'G5g\\ . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿ /fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6

Pj+ kb;f]kfgo'Qm sd{rf/LtGqLo ;+/rgfut z[ª\vnfdf k|To]s tNnf] z[ª\vnfsf] kbdf sfd ug{] sd{rf/L cfkm"eGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] sd{rf/L -xflsd_ af6 lgolGqt, lgb{]lzt / ;'kl/j]lIft ePsf] x'G5 . lgb{]zg, lgoGq0f, ;'k]l/j]If0f, pQ/bfloTj;DaGwL gjLg cjwf/0ffn] eg] sd{rf/L cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;ª\VofTds Pj+ u'0ffTdstfsf cfwf/df ;]jfu|fxLaf6 ;d]t lgb{]lzt Pj+ d"Nofª\lst x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . Jofj;flos If]qdf sfo{/t sfdbf/, sd{rf/L tyf >ldsx¿ nufgLstf{ Pj+ ;]o/xf]N8/k|lt pQ/bfoL eO{ pgLx¿af6 lgb{]lzt x'G5g\\ .

sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ff

sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jofj;flos If]qaf6 ;/sf/L If]qdf lelqPsf] cjwf/0ff dflgG5 . o; cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; cf}Bf]lus qmflGtkZrft\ c7f/f}F ztfAbLdf o'/f]kaf6 ;'? ePsf] xf] . pBf]udf pko'Qm sfo{jftfj/0f, ;do tflnsf;d]tsf] cK7\of/f]sf lj¿4 dhb'/n] cfjfh p7fPsf lyP . o;} u/L cfw'lgs d]l;g cf}hf/ / sfdbf/–dhb'/sf] Ifdtfsf aLr ;fdGh:o sfod x'g g;s]af6 y'k|} dhb'/n] gf]s/Laf6 xft w'g afWo x'g'k/]sf] lyof] . sfnfGt/df o:t} d"ne"t ljifox¿n] sd{rf/L k|zf;gleqsf] sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] cGtj{:t'sf] ¿k lnP . qmdzM o; ljifon] Jofkstf kfpFb} cfof] . cfhef]ln sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] ljifonfO{ ;ª\u7gfTds Jojxf/sf] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ ljwfsf ¿kdf cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} ;ª\u7gnfO{ s'zntfk"j{s ;~rfngdfkm{t To;n] lglb{i6 u/]sf nIo Pj+ p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf lgldQ sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] kIfn] dxTTjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6]sf] x'G5 . jfl~5t p2]Zo k|flKtsf lgldQ / cjfl~5t s'/fx¿n] ;ª\u7gdf k|j]z gkfcf];\ eGgfsf vflt/ ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿, hf] Joj:yfkg tx jf sfof{Gjog txdf sfo{/t /x]sf


x'G5g\\, ltgLx¿aLr c;n, ;'dw'/ Pj+ d]nldnfkk"0f{ ;DaGw sfod /fVg ;a}n] k|fyldstf lbg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu pTk|]/0ff clej[l4 ug]{ ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] x'G5 .

sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf cfwf/x¿

jv ]tg M j]tgn] sd{rf/Lsf] hLjg lgjf{xsf]

vfFrf] k"/f u5{ . /f]huf/bftfn] sd{rf/LnfO{

kof{Kt j]tg lbPdf ToxfFF sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ /

/f]huf/bftfaLr /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod x'g ;S5 eg]

hLjg lgjf{xsf lgldQ g} gk'Ug] u/L Hofb} sd

j]tg lbPdf Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/LaLr c;n /

;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod /xg ;Sb}g .

g}ltstf Mv g}ltstf j}olQms Jojxf/

lgb]{lzt ug]{ cr's c:q xf] . g}ltstfsf] Vofn

ug]{, ;dembf/ JolQm ;fgfltgf s'/fx¿s} sf/0fn]

c¿;Fu ;DaGw laufg{ rfxFb}g . j}olQms ;DaGw

/ g}ltstf cfk;df cGt/;DalGwt ljifo

x'gfn] låkIfLo ;DaGw g}ltstf jf ;Hhgtfsf]

Jofjxfl/s bk{0f5fof xf] .

;fdflhs bfloTj Mv :jefjtM dflg;

;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsf] x'gfn] p;sf ;fdflhs

bfloTjx¿ x'G5g\\ . ;fdflhs tTTj ePsfn]

;dfhdf 3'nldn u/]/ a:g cfk;df /fd|f] ;DaGw

sfod ug}{ k5{ . oxL ;fdflhs aGwgsf sf/0f

dflg;x¿ cfk;df /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod ug{

rfxG5g\\ . sd{rf/L klg oxL ;dfhsf] pkh

ePsf] x'gfn] p;sf ;DaGwx¿ klg o;}adf]lhd

lgb]{lzt x'G5g\\ .

sfg'gL k|fjwfg Mv sd{rf/L eg]sf] sfg'gåf/f

dfq ;~rflnt x'g] x'gfn] sfg'gL Joj:yf /

k|fjwfgx¿sf] kfngfdfkm{t klg b'O{ kIfLo ;DaGw

sfod x'G5 . Pp6} sfg'gn] leGg} lhDd]jf/L /

e"ldsfdf /x]sf ;ª\u7g jf JolQmx¿nfO{ k|zfl;t ub{5 . s'g} g s'g} cj:yfdf o:tf kIfx¿aLr ;Dks{ / ;xsfo{ x'g k'Ub5 .

j[lQ ljsf;k|lt cfzf Mv sd{rf/L ju{ cf; / qf;n] kl/rflnt eO/x]sf] x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf nflu j[lQ ljsf;sf] kIf Hofb} g} dxTTjk"0f{ x'g] x'gfn] jl[Q kIfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf lgldQ c¿;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;w}F} ;'dw'/ / cg's"n agfO{ /fVg rfxG5 .

;fdflhsLs/0f Mv dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fLePsf]n] PSn} /Dg ;Sb}g . s'g} ;ª\u7gdf sd{rf/Lsf x}l;otn] k|j]z u/]kl5 ;ª\u7gsf]ultljlw;Fu 3'nldn x'g] ;fdflhsLs/0fsf]k|lqmofdf cGo ;fª\u7lgs kIf;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod ug{ ;s]df To; ;ª\u7gdf p;sf] lg/Gt/tf x'g ;S5 . cGoyf ;ª\u7g / sd{rf/LaLr åGå pTkGg x'g ;S5 .

;fd"lxs an Pj+ ;fª\u7lgs Pstf M v

låkIfLo ;DaGwn] cfk;df ;fd"lxs an k}bf ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] ;fd"lxs ann] ;a} kIfnfO{ ;dfg¿kdf Wofg lbg] x'gfn] JolQmx¿ cfk;L;DaGw ljsf;sf lgldQ pTk|]l/t x'G5g\\ .

sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf cfofdx¿

sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf cfofdx¿nfO{ o;sf]bfo/f -Scope_ ;Fu tfbfTDo sfod u/L k|:t't ul/G5 . cfd¿kdf sd{rf/L ;DaGwnfO{ dfgjLo ;DaGw;Fu dfq ;Lldt u/]/ a'‰g] ul/P tfklg of] olQdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . o;sf cfwf/ /k|efj;d]t nfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ sd{rf/L ;DaGwn]dfgjLo kIfsf cnfjf u}/dfgjLo kIf;d]t nfO{ ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgDgfg';f/

a'‰g ;lsG5 M

;ª\u7gsf sd{rf/Lx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw v (Intra


Relation)

;dfg cyf{t\ Pp6} txsf sd{rf• /Lx¿sf]

cGt/;DaGw /

c;dfg cyf{t\ • leGbfleGb} txsf sd{rf/Lx¿aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw .

sv d{rf/L ;ª\u7g cyf{t\ o'lgog / Joj:yfkgaLrsf] ;DaGwcGt/;ª\u7gaLrsf sd{rfv /Lx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw (Intra Relation)

tfn's • / dftxt txsf] ;ª\u7gsf sd{rf/Lx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwl• eGg e"ldsfdf /x]sf ;ª\u7gx¿aLrsf];DaGw;§ /sf/L–;/sf/L ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwu}§ /;/sf/L–u}/;/sf/L ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LaLrsf] ;DaGw;§ /sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw

sd{rfv /L tyf ;]jfu|fxL / ;DalGwt kIfx¿ (Stakeholders ) aLrsf] ;DaGw

sd{rfv /L / cGo ef}lts Pj+ cef}lts (Hardware and Software) tTTjaLrsf];DaGw h:t}, sd{rf/L / p;n] sfd ug]{ sDKo'6/ jf cGo d]l;g cf}hf/aLrsf];DaGwnfO{ sd{rf/L / ef}lts tTTjaLr ;DaGw dflgG5 eg] sd{rf/L / pm sfo{/t ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo, lqmofsnfk Pj+ sfo{jftfj/0faLrsf] d]n jf ;fdGh:otfnfO{ sd{rf/L / cef}lts tTTjaLrsf] ;DaGw dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .

c;n sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] dxTTj

s'g} klg ;ª\u7gdf c;n sd{rf/Lsf]cfjZostf slt 5 / cfk;df /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod x'g g;Sbf s]s:tf] gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;S5g\\ /

;ª\u7gsf nflu sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] dxTTj slt 5 eGg] s'/f lgDgfg';f/sf s'/fx¿n] k|i6 kfb{5 M

/v fd|f] sd{rf/L ;DaGwn] ;ª\u7gdf sfo{ut Pstf sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'/ØfpF5 .;ª\v u7gdf gsf/fTds åGåsf] cfudg /f]S5 .lv glb{i6 ;do, u'0f:t/ / ;ª\Vofdf sfo{ k"/f x'G5 .sd{rfv /Lx¿aLr j}dg:o cfpFb}g .pTk|v ]/0ff Pj+ dgf]an pRr x'g ;S5 .;ª\u7gsf sd{rfv /Lx¿df cfˆgf] sfd÷nIo k|flKtk|lt ckgTjsf] efjgf hfu[t x'G5 .;ª\u7gsfv ] nIo k|flKtsf lgldQ ;fd"lxs efjgf hfUb5 .;v ]jfu|fxL v';L x'g uO{ ;ª\u7gsf] nIo Pj+ p2]Zo k"/f x'G5 .cGo k|v lt:kwL{x¿eGbf cufl8 eO{ ;kmntf, :jfledfg / ljhosf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .;fwg;|fv ]tsf] clwstd pkef]u x'g uO{ k|efjsf/L glthf xfl;n x'G5 .;fd"v lxs an ;[hgf x'g] x'gfn] ;d:of÷r'gf}tL;Fu h'Wg tyf dsf{ Pj+ u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ug{] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL Ifdtf a9\g hfG5 .;ª\u7gsfv ] gLlt, p2]Zo, sfo{qmd, th{'df sfof{Gjog, d"Nofª\sgdf ;sf/fTds ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 .

sd{rf/L ;DaGw / g]kfndf o;sf] cj:yf

sd{rf/L ;DaGwnfO{ lghL If]qaf6 ljsf; eO{ ;/sf/L If]qdf lelqPsf] cjwf/0ff dflgP tfklg g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df g lghL If]qdf g ;/sf/L If]qdf o;n] dxTTj kfPsf] 5 . lghLk|lti7fgx¿df x'g] aGbx8\tfn / tfnfaGbL tyf dhb'/ / Joj:yfkgaLr b]lvPsf] dgd'6fjn] o; s'/fk|ltsf] pbfl;gtf h'g¿kdf phfu/ u/]sf] 5, ToxL ¿kdf ;/sf/L ;fwg;|f]tsf] r/d b'?kof]u,


nIo Pj+ p2]Zo slxNo} k"/f geO{ ul/aLsf] ;d:of oyfjt\ /x]af6 o;leqsf] cGtåGå slt hl6n / uDeL/¿kdf hsl8P/ a;]sf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f k'li6 u5{ . d'n'sdf ;/sf/sf gLlt, lgod, ck]Iff / k|fyldstfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|d'v ;/sf/L;]jfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL k|zf;gleqsf]sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] cj:yfn] d'n'sleqsf];Dk"0f{ cj:yf bzf{pF5 lsgls lghfdtL ;]jf d'n'sL k|zf;gleqsf ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿dWo]df cleefjsLo e"ldsfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;y{ oxfFF g]kfnsf] sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cj:yfnfO{ dfq s]nfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf sd{rf/L;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ffn] e/v/ @)^$ df dfq cflwsfl/s¿kdf k|j]z kfPsf] xf] . lghfdtL;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) df ePsf] ;ftf}F ;+zf]wgn]lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ u/L hgd'vLagfpg, sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an clej[l4 ug]{ / c;n sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfk;L 5nkmn ljrf/ljdz{ u/L ;'emfj lbg / ;d;fdlos ljifox¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ egL ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ljleGg dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgogsf cWoIf / dxf;lrj ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] Ps sd{rf/L ;DaGw ;ldltsf]Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

pk/f]Qm Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ffsf] dd{ d'vl/t x'g ;s]sf] b]]lvFb}g . of] Joj:yf u'0frqm jf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;+oGqh:tf] b]lvG5, h'g sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ffeGbf laNs'n leGg ljifo xf] . sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf ljljw cfofdnfO{ o;n] ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf ;fy} sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] ;}4flGts p2]Zo klg d'vl/t x'g ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . Psflt/

sfg'gL¿kdf o:tf] xljut 5 eg] csf{lt/ Joj:yfdf klg sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0fsf] kIf k"0f{¿kdf cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . pRr Joj:yfkg txdf xflsdsf] cxd\ / tNnf] txdf lg/fzf xfjL 5 . ;du|df g]kfnL k|zf;g cem} zf;s k|j[lQaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . zf;s k|j[ltaf6 ;]js / xflsdaf6 ;'kl/j]Ifs cyf{t\ kyk|bz{s Joj:yfkgdf ¿kfGt/0f x'g g;s];Dd ljåfg\sf l;4fGtx¿ / xfd|f /fli6«o nIo k|fl1s v'/fsdf dfq ;Lldt x'g hfg] kSsf 5 .

sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf cfofddWo] sd{rf/Lx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw ck]Iffs[t ;f}xfb{ 5}g . ;fdfGotM ;dfg tx÷>]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx¿aLr cgf}krfl/s¿kdf s]xL /fd|f] ;DaGw b]lvP tfklg ;ª\u7g;Fusf] ck]Iff / k|fKt cj;/ / ;'ljwfsf] c;dfgtfsf sf/0f cGt/tx÷>]0fLaLr eg] ;DaGw /fd|f] 5}g . vf; u/L Joj:yfkg tx / tNnf] -;xof]uL_ txaLrsf] vf8n Hofb} ulx/f] / km/flsnf] 5 . /fhkqfª\lst / /fhkq cgª\lst >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx¿aLr ;xh} k'g{ g;Sg] vf8n 5 . sd{rf/L o'lgog;DaGwL ;fdfGo cGt/f{li6«o d"NodfGotfnfO{ cª\uLsf/ ul/Psf] 5}g . :jfy{ / cf:yfsf cfwf/df cfkm"v';L sd{rf/L ;ª\ul7t 5g\\ . ;fy;fy} sd{rf/L ;ª\u7gx¿ /fhgLlts bnsf eft[ ;ª\u7gsf] e"ldsfaf6 d'St x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;fd"lxs lxt uf}0f 5 . o;} u/L sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf Pj+ of]Uotf, cg'ej, ck]Iffcg'¿k p;nfO{ sfd, clwsf/, kb:yfkgf / ;fwg;|f]tsf] pknAwtf x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . cGt/;ª\u7g tyf ;]jfu|fxLx¿;Fusf] ;DaGw klg ck]Iffcg';f/ 5}g . ;DaGwnfO{ ck]Iffs[t / ;'dw'/ t'Nofpg cf}krfl/s ;+oGqsf] cefj 5 . sd{rf/L / ;]jfu|fxLx¿aLr ck|fs[lts / u}/sfg'gL ;DaGwsf] k|wfgtf 5 . oL ;a} kIfx¿sf] ljj]szLn ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sgsf dfWodaf6 ;'wf/sf pkfo cjnDag


ug{ l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 .

sd{rf/L ;DaGwnfO{ k|efj kfg{] tŒjx¿

k|efj hlxn] klg ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds x'G5 / sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf cfofdx¿aLr ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg{ lgDglnlvt tTTjx¿ d'Vo¿kdf lhDd]jf/ dflgG5g\\ M

sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/, v

sd{rf/Lsf] v Moral and Motivation sf] cj:yf, ;ª\u7gsf] sfg'gL÷lgltut k|fjwfg, v

;ª\u7gsf] v Mission, Vision, Goal, Objectives and Working Procedure, ef}lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] pknAwtf / ljt/0fdf v

ljj]szLntf, sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf of]Uotf, cg'ej v

Pj+ ;fdflhs x}l;ot, sd{rf/Lsf] ck]Iff, p2]Zo cflb .v

sd{rf/L ;DaGw / sfo{;Dkfbg

sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf cfofdx¿aLr ;sf/fTds ;DaGw sfod x'g ;s]df sfo{;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tf, bIftf, ldtJolotf sfod x'g hfG5 . sfo{;Dkfbg eGgfn] ck]lIft nIo xfl;n ug{ JolQm ljz]ifn] p;sf] 1fg ;Lk, Ifdtf cg'ej;d]tsf] clwstd pkof]udfkm{t pknAw ;a} lsl;dsf ;|f]t;fwgsf] kl/rfng u/L lglb{i6 ;do / :yfgdf /xL u/]sf] sfdnfO{ hgfpF5 . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] jl/kl/ / cfGtl/s :t/df jftfj/0f /x]sf] x'G5 / To;n] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|efljt klg ub{5 . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|d'v kIf Pj+ Psdfq h}ljs tTTj dfgjLo ;fwgsf ¿kdf sd{rf/L /x]sf x'G5g\\ . sd{rf/Ldf cGtlg{lxt 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf, of]Uotf, cg'ej, b[li6sf]0f, Jojxf/n] sfo{;Dkfbgdf

k|efjsfl/tf lge{/ x'G5 . olb sfd (Job) sf] k|s[lt / To:tf] sfd (Job) ug{] sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lk, b[li6sf]0f (KSA= Knowledge, Skill, Attitude) sf aLr ;sf/fTds ;x;DaGw sfod x'g ;s]df sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9\g hfG5 . sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|efjsfl/tfn] pQm sfo{sf] u'0ffTds / ;ª\VofTds kIfnfO{ Oª\lut u5{ .

sd{rf/L / Jofj:yfkg txaLrsf] ;sf/fTds ;DaGwn] ;ª\u7gsf] gLlt, p2]Zo, sfo{qmd th'{df ug{, sfof{Gjog ug{, cg'udg d"Nofª\sg ug{] sfo{df ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt x'g], afwfJojwfgx¿ cfpg glbg], cfPdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;xh x'G5 . sd{rf/Lx¿ pTk|]l/t / pRr dgf]ano'Qm ePdf ;ª\u7g k|lt ckgTjsf] efjgf hfu[t x'g hfG5 . ;du|df o:tf s'/fx¿n] sfo{;Dkfbg :t/nfO{ :jtM psf:g d2t k'¥ofpF5 . Pp6f ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿aLr cfk;df ;dGjo, ;xof]u, ;dembf/L, d]n sfod ePdf sfo{ut ;/ntf sfod x'G5 . nIo ;xh 9ª\uaf6 xfl;n x'G5 . Team Spirit sf] efjgfd'tflas cfk;df nIo k|flKtsf lgldQ k[ys\ e"ldsfdf /x] klg cfk;df ;dGjofTds ;x;DaGw sfod ePdf sd nfutdf a9L k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g ;S5 . ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t ;a} tx÷>]0fL / k[ys\ tx÷>]0fLaLr cfjZos ;dGjo, ;xof]u, d]nldnfk ePdf ;ª\u7gsf] a[xt\ nIo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'U5 .

;ª\u7gsf] a[xt\ nIo k|flKtsf lgldQ z[ª\vnfa4 ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfdf cfa4 sd{rf/Lx¿aLr klg cfjZos ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw x'g'k5{ . dGqfnosf ;lrj, ljefusf dxflgb{]zs / sfof{no k|d'vaLrsf] ;DaGwn] gLltut :ki6tf sfod u/L sfof{Gjogdf :jtM k|efjsfl/tf NofpF5 . To;} u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g¿kL a[xt\ sfo{k|0ffnLut ;+/rgfdf cfa4 k[ys\ ;ª\u7gx¿df lqmofzLn sd{rf/Lx¿aLr klg ;sf/fTds


;x;DaGw x'g'k5{, h:t} M cy{ cGqfnosf ;lrj, u[x dGqfnosf ;lrj / ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnosf ;lrjaLr olb cfk;df ;/;Nnfx / ;dembf/L sfod ePdf ;fwg;|f]t h'6fO{, ;'/Iff sfod u/L ljsf; lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfo{ ug{ ;xof]u x'g uO{ /fli6«o ljsf;df ;sf/fTds k|efj kb{5 . s'g} klg lqmofsnfk lg/k]If 9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng x'g ;Sb}g . To;;Fu k|ToIf ck|ToIf¿kdf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx¿df klg cfk;df ;sf/fTds ;f]r sfod x'g cfjZos 5 . ;fy;fy} sfd;Fu ;DalGwt sd{rf/L / ;]jfu|fxL Pj+ ;DalGwt cGo JolQmx¿ (Stakeholders) sf aLrdf klg ;sf/fTds ;x;DaGw sfod x'g cfjZos kb{5, h'g ;DaGw k|efjsf/L k|ltkmnsf lgldQ k|d'v sf/s tTTj dflgG5 . hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfksLo 9fFrfsf] ljsf;;Fu} o; lsl;dsf] ;DaGwn] a9L dxTTj kfpg yfn]sf] xf] . sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf sd{rf/L -dfgj ;fwg_ Psdfq h}ljs ;fwg xf] . o;sf ;fy;fy} cGo ef}lts Pj+ cef}lts kIfx¿aLr klg cfk;df d]n x'g cfjZos 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;Lk, bIftf, Ifdtf / ck]Iffcg's"n cGo ;|f]t;fwgsf] pknAwtf / ljlgof]hg x'g'kb{5 . sDKo'6/;DaGwL 1fg gePsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f];DaGwL sfd ug{] lhDd]jf/L lbPdf ;kmn x'g ;lsF+b}g . hf];Fu h:tf] 1fg, ;Lk / OR5f 5, To:t} sfd lbPdf p;af6 ck]lIft glthf xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . ;"rgf Joj:yfkgsf] l:ylt, sfo{jftfj/0fsf] cj:yf;d]tn] sd{rf/Lsf] wf/0ff / sfo{;Dkfbgdf k|efj kf5{ . ;ª\u7gsf]

nIo, p2]Zo, b[li6sf]0f / sd{rf/Lsf] p2]Zo /

ck]Iff Pj+ 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtf / of]UotfaLr klg

tfnd]n x'g} k5{ . olb oL b'O{aLr ;sf/fTds

;dGjo Pj+ d]n ePdf :jtM sfo{;Dkfbgdf

k|efjsfl/tf sfod x'G5 . To:tf] ;dGjo / d]nn]

gLltut :ki6tf, lgb{]zg k|i6 x'g] / sfof{Gjogdf

pT;'stf a9\g] tyf ckgTjsf] efjgf hfu[t x'g

uO{ sfo{k|efjsfl/tf a9\g hfG5 .

lgisif{

;'zf;gdf cfwfl/t lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL

;/sf/L cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjogdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs

;]jfk|jfxnfO{ hgck]Iff / hgcfjZostfcg's"n

t'Nofpg sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] kIf Hofb} dxTTjk"0f{

x'G5 . ;ª\u7gsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yf ;Ifd,

u'0f:t/Lo, k|efjsf/L / bIf x'g g;s]df o:tf]

;ª\u7gaf6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jf ck]Iffg'¿k x'Fb}g .

t;y{ @! cf}F ztfAbLsf] cfjZostf cg's"nsf]

Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf, bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf sfod

ug{ sd{rf/L ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k"0f{¿kdf

sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . cf]em]ndf k/]sf] o;

cjwf/0ffnfO{ sd{rf/L, Joj:yfkg / ;DalGwt

;a} kIfx¿n] pbf/tf, k|lta4tf / cu|;/tfsf

;fy cFufNg ;s]df ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{] /fli6«o

nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xh x'g ;S5 . l;4fGtdf

;Lldt cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfo{¿kdf n}hfg ;s]df

dfq ck]lIft nIo xfl;n x'g ;S5 . h;n] h]

sfd ubf{ k|efjsf/L / bIftfsf ;fy ug{ ;S5,

p;nfO{ ToxL sfd / lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg'k5{ /

pko'Qm sfo{jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L kof{Kt /

pko'Qm ;fwg;|f]t pknAw u/fO{ ;/n / ;xh

sfo{ljlw tf]lslbg'k5{ . cj;/ / ;'ljwfsf] ljt/0f

Gofok"0f{ x'g'k5{ . Joj:yfkg txsf] Ifdtf, bIftf

/ sfo{s'zntf;d]t o;}af6 emNsG5 .


g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf kb;f]kfgdf cfwfl/t 5 . ;f]kflgs 9fFrfdf cfa4 k|To]s dflyNnf] kbsf] tnacª\s k|To]s tNnf] kbsf] eGbf lglZrt cª\s jf k|ltztn] a9L x'g' ;fdfGo l;4fGt / k|rng xf] tyflk o:tf] l;4fGt / dfkb08 lglZrt x'g'kb{5 . o;f] ug{ ;lsPg eg] ;f]kflgs 9fFrfsf] w/ftnLo ;DaGwsf] cy{ / cf}lrTo k'li6 x'g ;Sb}g lsgls kb;f]kfg kbx¿sf] qmdsf] :j¿kdfq xf]Og, ;f]kfgdf /x]sf kbx¿sf] tna cª\ssf] 9fFrfsf] :j¿k / qmd klg xf] .

lghfdtL ;]jf of]Uotf, 1fg / ;Lksf JolQmx¿af6 ;~rfng x'g] k|zf;g xf] tyflk o; ;]jfdf kl5Nnf] ;dodf lg/fzfsf] sfnf] afbn kmf6\g'sf] ;§f cem d8fl/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o:t} sfnf] afbndWo] Ps xf], lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg tna ;+/rgf . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf /fhkq cgª\lst rt'y{, t[tLo, låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] clGtd tnacª\sn] /fhkqfª\lst >]0fLsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] kbsf] ;'¿ tnacª\snfO{ 5'g g;Sg]dfq xf]Og

ls >]0fLljxLg tyf /fhkq cgª\lst kfFrf}F >]0fL -tTsfnLg >]0fLljxLg_ sf kb Pj+ ltgsf ljleGg :t/sf] ;'¿ tna tyf clGtd tnacª\snfO{ ;d]t e]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . of] lj;ª\ultdf la:tf/ x'Fb} cfpFbf xfn /fhkqfª\lst t[tLo >]0fLsf] zfvf clws[t kb;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 .

tna ;'ljwfsf] j}1flgs k4ltsf nflu Psflt/ df}h'bf tna ;+/rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{ cfjZos 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo, nIo, uGtJo, lbzf cflbsf ;DaGwdf ;d]t :ki6 x'g clgjfo{ x'G5 . o;} ;dodf k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]usf] u7g eO;s]sf] 5 . oxfFF pNn]v ug}{ kg]{ tYo s] 5 eg] cfof]unfO{ tna ;'ljwfsf] j}1flgs k4lQ l;kmfl/;sf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L eg] o;sf] u7g -@)^%÷*÷$_ k"j{ g} cf=j= @)^%÷^^ sf] ah]6 jQmJo -@)^%÷^÷#_ sf] a'Fbf g+= @$& af6 tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L u7gk"j{ g} sfo{If]q tf]lsg'af6 tnadfg k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu ePsf k|of; / k|lqmofn] tna ;+/rgfdf /x]sf

tna ;+/rgfsf cGtj{:t'

hubLz bfxfnzfvf clws[t

ljB't\ ljsf; ljefu

æul0ft Pp6f ;jf]{Rr GofofwLz xf], h;sf] lg0f{osf cufl8 s'g} l/6 nfUb}g .Æ — 6f]la; 8flGhg


lj;ª\ultsf tYodfly ePsf] Wofgfsif{0f / ;'wf/sf kIfdf xfl;n ePsf] prfOsf] l:yltnfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .

Pp6} kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;f]kfgdf /x]sf kbx¿sf] tna tyf ;'ljwf kbLo sfo{af]em / lhDd]jf/L, ;f] kb k|fKt ug{sf nflu rflxg] Go"gtd of]Uotf tyf ;Lk / To:tf] of]Uotf jf ;Lk xfl;n ug{ nfUg] >d, ;do, nufgL cflbåf/f k|efljt x'g'kb{5 . plNnlvt k[i7e"lddf Pp6} kb z[ª\vnfsf] kb;f]kfgdf /x]sf kbx¿sf] tna ;'ljwfsf] j}1flgs k4lQsf] vf]hLsf] jt{dfg ;dodf To:tf kbx¿sf] tnasf] cGt/ tyf cGt/;DaGw, tna cg'kft / tnasf] km}nfj6 cflbsf cfwf/;lxt tna ;+/rgfsf cGtj{:t'sf] klxrfg, kl/ro, k|of]u / k|efjnfO{ klxNofpg' / cGt/;DaGwdf ltgsf] l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f cflb;lxt tna ;+/rgfsf] gLltut cfwf/sf] vf]hL g} o; n]vsf] k|d'v p2]Zo / nIo /x]sf] 5 .

!= k[i7e"ld

k|To]s cª\s cfkm}Fdf tYo x'g\ . b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cª\sdfgsf] t'ngf ug{ jf leGgtf klxNofpgeGbf 7"nf], eGbf ;fgf], 36fp, efuf cflb ul0ftLo ;ª\s]tx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . To;df klg s'g} b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cª\sx¿aLrsf] leGgtf klxNofpg 36fp ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]udfq klg kof{Kt x'G5 . o:tf] t'ngfaf6 b]lvg] ul0ftLo tYonfO{ :ki6 ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f jf P]g÷sfg'gsf] bkmf jf s'g} ;}4flGts w/ftn jf s'g} bfz{lgssf] bz{g jf ljåtfsf] pkflw jf kbLo x}l;ot jf efiffsf] n]k÷cfj/0f cflbsf] cfjZostf kb}{}g . o;y{ k|f0fLx¿df r]tgzLn / ;j{>]i7 k|f0fL dflg;sf] r]tgf / ;b\ljj]s aGwsdf gkg]{ jf cf]xf]bfsf cufl8 tYo lgl/x aGg]÷agfpg] cj:yf gx'g] jf To:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g glbg] xf] eg] Pp6} kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf kbx¿sf] cª\sd} cleJoQm

x'g] tnacª\ssf] l:ylt / leGgtf klxNofpg klg plNnlvt ul0ftLo ;ª\s]tx¿ oy]i6 g} x'G5g\\ .

kb;f]kfgdf /x]sf >]0fLsf kbx¿sf] tna lgwf{/0f ubf{ tNnf] >]0fLsf] kbsf] t'ngfdf dflyNnf] >]0fLsf] kbnfO{ a9L tna lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] klxnf] sfg'gL cfwf/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# sf] ædflyNnf] kb eGgfn] a9L tna ePsf] kb;d]t ;Demg'k5{Æ eGg] :ki6 sfg'gL Joj:yfaf6 tna ;+/rgfsf nflu ePsf] Schooling klg oxL g} xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) -;ftf}F ;+zf]wg;lxt_ sf] bkmf (! sf] pkbkmf @ sf] ædflyNnf] tnadfgsf] s'g} kbdf a9'jf kfpg] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] pQm tnadfgdf tf]lsPsf] ;'¿ tna kfpg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf o;}sf] pkh / lg/Gt/tf xf] . tna z[ª\vnfsf] tna cg'kftn] To; z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] / dflyNnf] kbsf] tnacª\ssf] ;DaGwsf cltl/Qm tL kbx¿aLrsf kbx¿sf] tnacª\s -;'¿ tna tyf lgj[lQe/0fsf] clwstd xb_ sf] cfg'kflts ;DaGwsf] ;f]kflgs l:yltnfO{ ;f]xL qmddf cg'kft cª\saf6 ;Ldfa4 -qmdzM 36\bf] jf a9\bf] qmddf_ u/]sf] x'G5 . d"ne"t¿kdf oxL tYonfO{ clwsflws k|ltlalDat u/L g]kfnsf k]–sld;gaf6 ;'emfj k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] kfOG5 tyflk g]kfnsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf /fhkq cgª\lst rt'y{, t[tLo, låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] clGtd tnacª\sn] /fhkqfª\lst >]0fLsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] kbsf] ;'¿ tnacª\snfO{ 5'g g;Sg]dfq xf]Og ls >]0fLljxLg tyf /fhkq cgª\lst kfFrf}F >]0fL -tTsfnLg >]0fLljxLg_ sf kb Pj+ ltgsf ljleGg :t/sf] ;'¿ tna tyf clGtd tnacª\snfO{ ;d]t e]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . of] lj;ª\ultdf xfn la:tf/ x'Fb} cfpFbf /fhkqfª\lst t[tLo >]0fLsf] zfvf clws[t kb;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 . h:tf] ls Ps}lbg lgo'lSt ePsf >]0fLljxLg tyf


/fhkqcgª\lst kfFrf}F >]0fL -tTsfnLg >]0fLljxLg_ sf sd{rf/L -sfof{no ;xof]uL, ;jf/L rfns_ / /fhkqcgª\lst >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] tnadf >]0fLljxLg tyf /fhkqcgª\lst kfFrf}F >]0fLsf -tTsfnLg >]0fLljxLg_ sd{rf/Lsf] k6sk6s :t/j[l4 eO{ tna:s]ndf kl/jt{g x'Fbf klg /fhkqcgª\lst >]0fLsf sd{rf/Ln] pxL tnadf cem pgLx¿sf] eGbf sd tnadf sfd ug'{kg]{ l:ylt o;}sf] kl/0ffd xf] . tnacª\ssf] pQm k|s[ltsf] lje]b kl5Nnf jif{df cem la:tf/ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] tna ;+/rgfdf o:tf lje]b / lj;ª\ultsf pj{/ cjlw cf=j= @)^#÷^$ / @)^$÷^% /x]sf 5g\\ .

g]kfnsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] tnadf slxn] cª\s -;dfg jf c;dfg_ n] t slxn] k|ltzt -Psn jf ax'_ n] j[l4 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To:tf] j[l4sf cfwf/ klg lglZrt ePsf] kfOFb}g . kb z[ª\vnfsf s'g} kbdf txsf] Joj:yf u/L To:tf k|To]s txsf nflu 5'§} tnadfg;d]t lgwf{/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . To:t} ;do;dodf ul/Psf dxFuLeQfsf] Joj:yf / kl5Nnf jif{df To:tf eQfnfO{ tnadf ufEg] sfo{;d]t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . plNnlvt cj:yf / k|lqmofaf6 tna cg'kftsf] ;}4flGts tyf Jofjxfl/s w/ftndf clglZrttf / tna ;+/rgfdf lj;ª\ult ylkFb} cfPsf] 5 . tna cg'kft yk36 cyf{t\ kl/jt{gsf cfwf/ jf dfkb08 :ki6 / lglZrt gul/Paf6 tTsfn of] qmd /f]lsOxfNg] ;Defjgf klg b]lvFb}g . oxL cj:yfdf Pp6} kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf >]0fL÷kbsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ul/Psf lgDg km/skm/s Joj:yfn] lje]b / lj;ª\ult cem ;3g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . To:tf Joj:yfx¿df ;/sf/L sfof{no÷lgsfodWo] s]xL sfof{no÷lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ul/Psf] eQfsf] Joj:yf -;Gbe{ cGo lgsfosf] ;ª\sng / ;xof]uaf6 ;d]t

;ª\sng x'g] /fh:jnfO{ Psnf}6L pknlAw sfod u/L sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf gfddf cy{ dGqfnocGtu{tsf sfof{nodf ul/Psf] dfl;s tnasf] @)) k|ltzt;Ddsf] eQf tyf jflif{s n'ufeQf Pj+ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng gug]{ s]xL lgsfodf lglZrt k|ltztn] k|bfg ul/Psf eQf cflb h'g Joj:yf cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf ;"q / ;+jfxs hgzlQm ljsf; / To:tf] hgzlQmnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ cGo lgsfo / ;'/Iff lgsfosf sd{rf/Lsf nflu nfu" ul/Psf] 5}g_, j[lQljsf;sf] k|of]hgfy{ tf]lsPsf] gf]s/L cjlwsf] leGgtf -;Gbe{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @$3! / @$3@_, sfof{no / kb ljz]ifsf] a9'jfsf nflu x'g] ljz]if lg0f{o -;Gbe{ ;dfg >]0fL / kbgfdsf sd{rf/LnfO{ c;dfg lhDd]jf/Lsf] Joj:yf -lg=;]= P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @$3! / P]gsf cGo bkmfadf]lhd x'g] a9'jf tyf tTkZrft\sf] lhDd]jf/L_, kb la:tf/ ;+/rgfdf /x]sf km/skm/s Joj:yf -;Gbe{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] bkmf @$3! adf]lhd a9'jf kfpg] / gkfpg]Ù @$3@ ;DaGwL Joj:yf nfu" x'g] / gx'g] tyf plNnlvtdWo] s'g} Joj:yfdf g;d]l6Psf >]0fL÷kb_, tna ;+/rgfdf /x]sf b'O{cf]6f k|0ffnL -tna Overlap ug]{ / gug]{_, b'3{6gf ladf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf / gul/Psf -;jf/L rfns / cGo _, a9'jfdf km8\sf] dfg{ ;Sg] / g;Sg] -lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod #) pklgod $_, Psk6s j[lQljsf;sf nflu u0fgf ePsf] cjlw csf]{ j[lQljsf;sf nflu u0fgf ul/g] / gul/g] -lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod #) pklgod $_ cflb /x]sf 5g\\ . plNnlvt k|s[ltsf Joj:yf / Jojxf/af6 l;ª\uf] sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;an / lgd'vfdf juL{s[t x'g k'u]sf 5g\\ . hfu/0f, r]tgf tyf kl/jt{gsf] PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo, nIo, lbzf, uGtJosf nflu plNnlvt Joj:yf÷cj:yf slt ;xof]uL /


;fy{s x'g ;Sb5g\\ < Pp6} P]glgodsf] Pp6} kb z[ª\vnfsf kbsf sd{rf/Ldfly ePsf ljljwtfk"0f{ plNnlvt Joj:yf / Jojxf/ ckjfb x'g\ jf pbfx/0f < ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ltgsf] k|efj s]s;/L knf{ < ltgsf] :j¿k s]s:tf] xf]nf < cflb cg]s k|Zg t]l;{Psf 5g\\ . h;sf] pQ/df lg0f{o k|efjsf cfcfkm\g} cg'ej / cg'e"lt k|s6 x'g ;Sb5g\\ tyflk plNnlvt Joj:yfaf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf lgsfo tyf sd{rf/LaLr sf]l/Psf ljefhg/]vfsf] k|efj ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf ;d]t kg]{ lglZrt 5 . o:tf ljefhg/]vfsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / sd{rf/Ldf åGåsf] aLhf/f]k0f;d]t x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] tna ;+/rgf kb;f]kfgcg'¿k g/x]sf] a]xf]/f / ;f]af6 l;h{gf ePsf] lje]bsf] l:ylt;lxt tna ;dfof]hgsf nflu n]vsaf6 ldlt @)^#÷%÷$ b]lv xfn;Dddf ;DalGwt lgsfo;lxt cGo ljleGg lgsfodf lgj]bg ePsf]df k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, /Iff dGqfno, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno, jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno, u[x dGqfno, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno, dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, hn;|f]t dGqfno, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno;d]tsf !& -;q_ lgsfoaf6 cy{ dGqfnodf kqfrf/ x'Fbf tnadfg cWoog;DaGwL sfo{6f]nL @)^# u7g x'g k'Uof] . pQm sfo{6f]nLaf6 dfu ePadf]lhd n]vsaf6 lnlvt ;'emfj;d]t k|:t't eO;s]sf] lyof] . tTkZrft\ klg ;f]xL ljifodf ;ldltsf] u7g / k|ltj]bgsf] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ rNb} cfP klg lj;ª\ultdf pko'Qm ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

To;/L u7g ePsf ;ldltdWo] cf=j= @)^%÷^^ sf] ah]6 jQmJosf] a'Fbf g+= @$& cg'¿k >]0fLut tnadfgdf b]lvPsf] lj;ª\ultdf tTsfnLg ;dfwfgsf] pkfosf nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;+:yf -sfg'gåf/f 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|fKt_ sf k|ltlglwx¿;d]t /xg] u/L ul7t lghfdtL ;]jfdf >]0fLut tnadfgdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ l;kmfl/; sfo{bn @)^%–-@)^%÷^÷!( sf] d=k= sf] lg0f{o_ af6 l;kmfl/; k|ltj]bg g} tof/ x'g ;s]g . cy{ dGqfnodf plNnlvt !& -;q_ lgsfoaf6 kq k|]lift eP .

j:t'tM g]kfnsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] z[ª\vnfsf s]xL >]0fLdfly jt{dfg tna ;+/rgfaf6 ul/Psf] lje]b s;}af6 l5k]sf] 5}g . n]vssf] ldlt @)^#÷%÷$ b]lvsf] k|of; jt{dfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf pQm lje]b plNnlvt ^ -5_ kq;d]t !& -;q_ lgsfosf kqx¿af6 dfq xf]Og ls sfo{bn cflbsf] u7g -tnadfg cWoog;DaGwL sfo{ 6f]nL– @)^#, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf tna tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfnufotsf ;d:of ;dfwfg tyf ;'ljwf l;kmfl/; sfo{bn– @)^$, lghfdtL ;]jfdf >]0fLut tnadfgdf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ l;kmfl/; sfo{bn @)^%, >]0fLut tnadfgdf b]lvPsf] lj;ª\ult ;'wf/sf nflu tna ;'ljwfsf] j}1flgs k4lt l;kmfl/;;d]t ug]{ u/L k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u, @)^%_ / ah]6 jQmJox¿dWo] cf=j= @)^%÷^^ -a'Fbf g+= @$&_ / cf=j= @)^^÷^& -a'Fbf g+= @^)_ af6;d]t phfu/ / :jLsf/ eO;s]sf] 5 . >]0fLut tnadfgdf b]lvPsf] lj;ª\ult x6fpg cf=j= @)^^÷^& sf] ah]6kl5 lgwf{l/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] tnadf /fhkqcgª\lst låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] tnadf qmdz !#=%& / %=@& k|ltztn] yk j[l4 x'g' lj;ª\ult ;'wf/sf] ;ª\s]t eP klg o;af6 tna ;+/rgfsf] lj;ª\ultdf ;fk]lIft ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

oxfFF ah]6 jQmJoaf6 ;d]t k6sk6s


:jLsf/ eO;s]sf] t/ Joj:yfkg gePsf] jt{dfg tna ;+/rgfsf lj;ª\ultaf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g s:tf] k|efj k¥of] jf knf{ < Pj+ To:tf] lj;ª\ultsf ;h{s bl08t jf k'/:s[t eP jf xf]nfg\ < cflbsf] klxrfg, n]vfhf]vf / pQ/ vf]Hg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5}g g t To:tf] lj;ª\ultaf6 :yflkt x'g] dfGotf jf pQm lj;ª\ultsf ;h{sn] k|fKt ug]{ jf u/]sf] b08 jf k'/:sf/af6 k|jflxt x'g] ;Gb]zsf] pTvgg g} ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 a¿ To:tf] tna ;+/rgfleqsf cª\saf6 cg'e"t u/]sf lj;ª\ultdf ;'wf/sf nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kb z[ª\vnfsf kbx¿sf] jt{dfg tnadfgsf] t'ngfTds l:ylt;lxt kb:yfkg j[l4;Fu} qmdfut¿kdf tna j[l4 x'g] ;}4flGts ;+/rgfdf kb z[ª\vnfsf kb Pj+ kbsf tnacª\sx¿aLr /xg'kg]{ ;DaGwsf nflu tna ;+/rgfsf cGtj{:t' klxNofpg] / ltgsf] kl/ro, k|of]u, k|efj cflbsf] l:ylt vf]Hg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 .

;'¿ tyf clGtd tna @)^^ -ah]6_

l;=g+= kbgfd ;'¿ tna ¿=clGtd tna -u|]8afx]s_ ¿=

clGtd tna -u|]8;lxt_ ¿=

! sfof{no ;xof]uL 7000 10390 10390

@ xn'sf ;jf/L rfns 8020 13590 13590

# ef/L ;jf/L rfns 8770 14340 14340

$ alxbf/ 7480 7480 8830

% d'lvof 8020 8020 9520

^ vl/bf/ 9900 9900 11550

& gfoa;'Aaf 10560 10560 12600

* gf=;'= cltl/Qmdfg 11630 11630 12930

( zfvf clws[t 13990 13990 16390

!) pk;lrj 15810 15810 18150

!! ;x;lrj 18720 18720 21250

!@ ;lrj 24240 24240 24240

!# d'Vo;lrj 25800 25800 25800


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– l;=g+= %b]lv !) sf] kbsf] s}lkmotdf ;DalGwt l;=g+= sf] kbsf] tnasf] t'ngfdf >]0fLljxLg tyf /fhkqcgª\lst kfFrf}F >]0fLsf kbaf6 ;a}eGbf klxn] sdb]lvg] :t/nfO{ dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf :t/eGbf dflyNnf :t/af6 tt\ l;=g+=sf kbsf] tnasf] Go"gtf :jtM :ki6 x'g] ePsf]n] ;f]eGbf dflyNnf tnasf :t/nfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .

– cf=j= @)^^÷^& df ul/Psf] eQfnfO{ o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .

– tnadf em}F u|]8 /sddf klg lje]b /x]sf] 5 tyflk k|:t't t'ngfdf u|]8sf] lje]b / ;f]af6 kg]{ k|efjnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .

#= tna ;+/rgfsf cGtj{:t' s'g} klg ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{k|s[ltcg'¿ksf

lglZrt p2]Zo / nIo x'G5g\\ . To:tf p2]Zo / nIo xfl;n ug{ ljleGg of]Uotf / bIftfo'Qm sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZos kb{5 . o;sf cfwf/df ljleGg kbx¿sf] l;h{gf x'G5 . oxL kbx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ lglZrt ul/Psf cGt/;DaGw / 9fFrfn] kb z[ª\vnf lgdf{0f x'g k'Ub5 . o;y{ kb z[ª\vnf s'g} klg ;ª\u7gsf kb / ltgLx¿aLrsf] /]vLo ;DaGwnfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ j}wflgs 9fFrf xf] .

;fdfGotM s'g} k];fJoj;fosf] sfddf ;xeflu sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] ;xeflutfafkt pknAw x'g] Ifltk"lt{nfO{ tna elgG5 . oxL Ifltk"lt{ tf]Sg] sfo{nfO{ tna lgwf{/0f elgG5 . tna lgwf{/0f eg]sf] s'g} kb jf kbx¿sf] tnacª\s lgwf{/0fsf] sfo{dfq xf]Og a¿ kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf kb jf kbx¿sf] w/ftnLo l:ylt / cGt/;DaGwnfO{ cª\sdfgaf6 cleJoQm, k'li6 / k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ k|lqmof klg xf] . o;sf nflu kb;f]kfgcg'¿ksf] Ifltk"lt{ tf]Sg clgjfo{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu lglZrt ;}4flGts w/ftnsf] lgwf{/0f / cfjZos dfkb08sf] lgdf{0f x'g klg plQs} h¿/L x'G5 .

ljleGg kbsf] :yfg Pj+ ltgsf] w/ftnLo ;DaGwsf] kb z[ª\vnf / ljleGg tnacª\s Pj+ tna ;+/rgfsf] tna z[ª\vnfsf] /]vLo ;DaGw Pscsf{df ;d¿k / ;dfgfGt/ x'g'kb{5 . k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] ;f]xLcg'¿ksf] cGt/;DaGwaf6 k];fk|lt uf}/j / eljiok|lt cfzfjfbL x'g] jftfj/0f vf]Hb5, h'g kb z[ª\vnf / tna z[ª\vnfsf] ;+/rgfaf6 cleJoQm x'g] lgisif{sf ;f/ / tYo klg x'g\ . kb z[ª\vnfaf6 cleJoQm x'g] log} tYo / ;f/sf cfwf/ / ;Ldfleqaf6 sd{rf/Ldf pTk|]/0ff eg{ / To:tf] pTk|]/0ffnfO{ lbuf] agfpg k|rlnt tna;'ljwf / To;sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;fGble{s agfpg cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;do;dodf k|rlnt tnadfgdf kl/jt{g ug{ cfjZos x'G5, h'g sfo{nfO{ tna k'g/fjnf]sg elgG5 .

!= p2]Zosf cfwf/df tna k'g/fjnf]sgsf lsl;d k|rlnt tna / ;'ljwfnfO{ vf; p2]Zo;lxt

To:tf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu kl/jt{g ug]{ ul/G5 . ;ª\u7gsf] jt{dfgsf] nIo, p2]Zo Pj+ eljiosf] uGtJo, lbzf cflb / tna ;+/rgfsf] jt{dfg l:ylt;d]tsf cfwf/df To:tf] p2]Zo km/s x'g ;Sb5 . oxL km/s p2]Zocg'¿k tna k'g/fjnf]sgsf lgDglnlvt lsl;d /x]sf 5g\\, h;sf] k|of]u p2]Zo / cfjZostfg'¿k 5gf]6 / k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

!=!= tnadfg k'g;{+/rgf (Restructuring) M– tna ;+/rgfsf] ;flas l;4fGt jf tnadfgsf] cg'kft jf b'j}df x]/km]/ / ;'ljwfx¿sf] Joj:yf u/L÷gu/L jf ;f]df x]/km]/ u/L tna / ;'ljwfsf] ;+/rgfdf ul/g] kl/jt{gnfO{ tnadfg k'g;{+/rgf (Restructuring) elgG5 . o; ljlwaf6 tna ;+/rgfsf lj;ª\ultnfO{ klg ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .


!=@= tnadfg kl/dfh{g (Review) M ;flas l;4fGtsf] ;Ldfdf ljleGg kbx¿sf nflu lgwf{l/t tnacª\sdf k'gd"{Nofª\sg u/L tnadf ul/g] kl/jt{gnfO{ tnadfg kl/dfh{g (Review)elgG5 . tnadfg kl/dfh{gsf] k|lqmofn] tnadfg k'g;{+/rgfsf] cj:yf / ;dosf] cfjZostfnfO{ klxNofpg d2t ub{5 . o; ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 klg tna ;+/rgfsf lj;ª\ultnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

!=#= tna j[l4 (Incriment) M– ;flas tna cª\sdf j[l4 ug]{ sfo{nfO{ tna j[l4 (Incriment) elgG5 . tna j[l4 @ -b'O{_ lsl;dn] ug{ ;lsG5 .

!=#=!= kb z[ª\vnfsf ;a} kbsf nflu ;dfg cª\sn] ul/g] j[l4 M– ;flas tnacª\sdf kb z[ª\vnfsf ;a} kbdf Psn b/ jf ;dfg cª\sn] /sd j[l4 u/L tnadfgdf ul/g] kl/jt{g o; lsl;dsf] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwaf6 df}h'bf tna ;+/rgfsf lj;ª\ultnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsFb}g . o; ljlwsf] k|of]u @ -b'O{_ tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 .

!=#=!=!= kb z[ª\vnfsf ;a} kbsf nflu ;dfg /sdcª\sn] tnadf j[l4 ug]{ M– of] kb z[ª\vnfsf ;a} kbsf nflu Psn /sdcª\sn] ul/g] j[l4sf] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwcg';f/ ul/g] tna j[l4n] tNnf] kbsf] tna j[l4 k|ltzt a9L / dflyNnf] kbsf] tna j[l4 k|ltzt sd b/df x'g] ePsf]n] tna cg'kftsf] dflyNnf] ;Ldfdf x|f; NofpFb5 . of] ljlw jt{dfg tna cg'kftnfO{ sd u/L tnacª\sdf j[l4 ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf k|of]u ul/G5 .

!=#=!=@= kb z[ª\vnfsf ;a} kbsf nflu ;dfg k|ltztn] tna j[l4 ug]{ M– of] kb z[ª\vnfsf ;a} kbsf nflu Psn b/df ul/g] j[l4sf] ljlw xf] . of] ;flas tna cª\sdf tf]lsPsf] j[l4 k|ltztn] x'g] /sd yk u/L tnadf kl/jt{g ug]{ ljlw xf] . o; ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 dflyNnf] kbsf] tnadf a9L cª\sn] / tNnf] kbsf] tnadf

sd cª\sn] cyf{t\ ;a} kbsf nflu c;dfg /sdcª\sn] tna j[l4 x'g] ub{5 . of] jt{dfg tna cg'kftnfO{ sfod /fvL tnacª\sdf j[l4 ug{] ljlw xf] .

!=#=@= kb z[ª\vnfsf ;a} kbsf nflu c;dfg cª\sn] j[l4sf] ljlw M– of] kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf kbsf nflu km/s b/ jf km/s cª\sn] /sd j[l4 u/L tnadfg kl/jt{gsf] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwaf6 df}h'bf tna ;+/rgfsf lj;ª\ultnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o; ljlwsf] k|of]u b'O{ tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 .

!=#=@=!= kb z[ª\vnfsf ;a} kbsf nflu c;dfg /sdcª\sdf tna j[l4 ug]{ M– of] kb z[ª\vnfsf k|To]s kb÷>]0fL ;d"xsf nflu km/s cª\sn] tna j[l4sf] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf To:tf] km/s /sd j[l4 ubf{ cª\sul0ftLo cg'kft jf lglZrt leGgtf;lxt jf To:tf] cg'kft jf leGgtfsf] ;Ldfdf g/xL a9Laf6 36L jf 36Laf6 a9L u/L kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] jf tNnf] kbaf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

!=#=@=@= kb z[ª\vnfsf ;a} kbsf nflu c;dfg k|ltztdf tna j[l4 ug]{ M– of] kb z[ª\vnfsf k|To]s kb÷>]0fL ;d"xsf nflu km/s b/n] tna j[l4sf] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf To:tf] km/s b/n] j[l4 ubf{ cª\sul0ftLo cg'kft jf lglZrt leGgtf;lxt jf To:tf] cg'kft jf leGgtfsf] ;Ldfdf g/xL a9Laf6 36L jf 36Laf6 a9L u/L kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] jf tNnf] kbaf6 k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . tna j[l4n] tnadfg k'g;{+/rgf jf kl/dfh{gsf] cj:yf / ;dosf] cfjZostfnfO{ klxNofpg klg d2t ub{5 .

!=$= tna ;dfof]hg (Adjustment) M– tnasf] ;flas l;4fGt / cg'kftsf] ;Ldfleq /xL kb z[ª\vnfsf kbx¿sf] w/ftnLo ;DaGwsf cfwf/df tnacª\s / o;sf] km}nfj6nfO{


;f]xLcg'¿ksf] k|j[lQ / lbzfpGd'v /]vLo ;DaGw :yflkt ug{ tnadfgdf ul/g] k'g/fjnf]sgnfO{ tna ;dfof]hg elgG5 . o;y{ tna ;dfof]hg eg]sf] kb z[ª\vnfsf] /]vLo :j¿k / tna z[ª\vnfsf] /]vLo :j¿kaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ Pscfk;df ;d¿k / ;dfgfGt/ agfO{ /fVg sfod cg'kftleqaf6 tnadfgdf ul/g] kl/jt{gsf] sfo{ xf] . o;y{ of] tna ;+/rgfnfO{ kb;f]kfgcg'¿k agfpg] sfo{ klg xf] . k|rlnt tna ;+/rgfsf kbx¿aLrsf] tnasf] Go"g jf clws jf lj;ª\ltk"0f{ cGt/ / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg jf Joj:yfkg ug{ tna ;dfof]hg ul/G5 . tna ;dfof]hg ubf{ kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf kbx¿sf] tnadf /x]sf lj;ª\ult x6fO{ ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu km/skm/s kbsf nflu km/skm/s cª\sn] klg tna j[l4 ul/g'kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . Go"gtd Jooef/df tna ;dfof]hg ubf{ cg'kft ;Ldfleqsf dflyNnf] kbsf] eGbf a9L tnacª\sdWo]sf] pRrtd cª\ssf] kbsf] cª\s / tna cg'kftsf] dflyNnf] ;Ldfsf] kbsf] tnacª\ssf laGb'nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg cfjZos x'g] ePsf]n] To:tf kbx¿sf] tnadfgdf kl/jt{g x'Fb}g .

@= tna ;+/rgfsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿

tna z[ª\vnf kb z[ª\vnfsf kbx¿nfO{ cª\sdfgaf6 cleJoQm jf :yflkt ubf{ lgdf{0f ePsf] tnacª\sx¿sf] z[ª\vnf xf] . Pp6} kb z[ª\vnfsf tnacª\sx¿sf] Base -cfwf/e"t tna_, Range -cg'kft / tnasf] km}nfj6_ / Relation-tnacª\sx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw_ n] ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGw / ;LdfnfO{ :yflkt / lglZrt u/L Pscsf{ / ;du| z[ª\vnfdf cfa4 ul//x]sf x'G5g\\ . o;nfO{ tna ;+/rgfsf cfwf/e"t kIf elgG5 .

@=!= kb;f]kfg z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] kbsf] tnadfg M– lgwf{l/t kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof / pkef]Qmf PsfOsf Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostfnfO{ cfwf/

dfgL ;f]sf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu lgwf{l/t ;+/rgfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] cª\sdfgsf] tna cfwf/ tna xf] . kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] kbsf] tnadfg o:tf] cfwf/ tnaeGbf Go"g gx'g] u/L lgwf{/0f x'g'kb{5 . o; cfwf/ tnadf Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] k|efj / k|e'Tj /xg] ub{5 . /fHoaf6 a]/f]huf/ eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xsdf a]/f]huf/ eQfn] klg cfwf/e"t tnacª\s j[l4sf nflu bafa l;h{gf ub{5 . t;y{ To; cj:yfdf a]/f]huf/ eQf / cfwf/ tnaaLrsf] leGgtf / ;DaGwnfO{ ;d]t :ki6 ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .

@=@= kb;f]kfg z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] / ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] tnadfgsf] cg'kft M– ;fdfGotM Pp6} kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] / ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] ;'¿ tnacª\ssf] cfg'kflts ;DaGwnfO{ tna cg'kft elgG5 . o:tf] cg'kftsf] dflyNnf] ;Ldf Capacity to Paysf] l;4fGtaf6 ;Ldfa4 / a9L k|efljt x'g] ub{5 . tyflk kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf kb;ª\Vof, ;DalGwt kbsf nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd of]Uotf, ;Lk / ;f] k|fKt ug{ nfUg] >d, ;do, nufgL cflb To:tf kbdf ul/Psf Horizontal Level -h:t} :t/ cflb_, kb z[ª\vnfsf kbx¿aLr / Levels aLr sfod ul/g'kg]{ Go"gtd leGgtf, z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf kbsf] tnasf] km}nfj6 cflb;d]tn] tna cg'kft j[l4sf nflu bafa l;h{gf ub{5g\\ . tna cg'kftsf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;'¿ tnacª\s;lxt tkl;nsf tnacª\snfO{ klg cfwf/ agfpg ;lsG5 . To:tf cfwf/x¿ x'g\ M

@=@=!= kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] / ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] ;'¿ tnasf] cg'kft .

@=@=@= kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] / ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] clGtd tnasf] cg'kft .

@=@=#= kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] / ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] s/s§Lkl5sf] tna /sdsf] cg'kft .


@=@=$= kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] / ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] ;'¿ tnadf tt\tt\ kbgfdsf cfwf/df k|fKt ug]{ df}lb|s tyf cGo ;'ljwfsf] k|rlnt df}lb|s d"No;lxtsf] cg'kft .

tna cg'kft lgwf{/0f k|of]hgsf nflu plNnlvtdWo] s'g} Pssf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] eP klg cGo cfwf/x¿sf] k|efjnfO{ klg ljZn]if0f / Joj:yfkg ug{ plQs} cfjZos x'G5 .

@=#= kb;f]kfg z[ª\vnfsf] lgs6td tyf cGo kbsf] tnadfgaLrsf] ;DaGw M– Pp6} kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf ljleGg kbx¿ ;f] z[ª\vnfdf ;}4flGts / j}wflgs¿kn] Pp6} /]vLo ;DaGwdf ufFl;Psf / afFlwPsf x'G5g\\ . km/skm/s kbgfdx¿sf] ;+of]hgaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] kb z[ª\vnfsf k|To]s km/s kbsf] tna klg km/s x'G5 . oxL km/saf6 tnacª\sdf cGt/ jf cg'kft :yflkt x'G5 . o:tf] cg'kft / cGt/sf] ;DaGw / ;Ldf lglZrt ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . of] sfo{ tna ;+/rgfsf l;4fGtaf6 :yflkt / tnacª\s lgwf{/0faf6 Jojl:yt / :ki6 ul/G5 .

@=$= kb z[ª\vnfsf k|To]s kbsf] tnasf] o:tf] leGgtf Pscsf{ kb / kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;DaGw;Fu lg/k]If x'g ;Sb}g . tna kb z[ª\vnfsf kbx¿aLrsf] cGt/, cGt/;DaGw ljZn]if0f / JofVofsf] cfª\lss w/ftn xf] . oxL w/ftnsf tnacª\s, tna z[ª\vnf / tna;+/rgfaf6 kbx¿sf] ;DaGw lgSof]{n ug{ ;Dej / ;xh ag]sf] x'G5 . o;n] kbx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ dfkgof]Uo / t'ngfTds agfO{ lglb{i6 / :ki6 ub{5 . o;y{ tnacª\s Pj+ o;sf] cGt/ jf cg'kft eg]sf] kb cª\sdfg / leGgtfsf k|ltdfgdfq xf]Ogg\, a¿ To:tf tnacª\sx¿ / k|To]s tnacª\sn] k|ltglwTj u/]sf kb z[ª\vnfsf kbx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cleJoQm / b"/LnfO{ dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ / PsfO klg x'g\ .

t;y{ s'g} kb;Fu ;DalGwt kIf jf ljifodf x'g] kl/jt{gn] ;f]xL ;DaGw / b"/Ldf cGo kbx¿;d]t k|efljt x'g k'Ub5g\\ / x'g'kb{5 klg . o;y{ s'g} kbsf] ;]jf;'ljwfdf x'g] jf ul/g] s'g} lsl;dsf] kl/jt{gn] z[ª\vnfsf cGo kbx¿df ;d]t ;f]sf] k|efj kb{5 / To:tf] k|efj Joj:yfkg clgjfo{ aGg k'Ub5 . kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf kbx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] kl/0fl0f jf lgisif{ klg xf] . log} cfwf/ / ;Gbe{af6 kb z[ª\vnfsf kbsf] tnacª\s / tna;+/rgfaf6 kbx¿aLr /xg] cGt/ / cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ljZn]if0f / JofVof ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf ;DaGwsf # cfofdx¿ 5g\\ M

@=$=!= kb / kbaLrsf] ;DaGw M– kb z[ª\vnf / To; z[ª\vnfleqsf kbx¿sf] ;DaGw . clwsf/, pQ/bfloTj, lhDd]jf/L cflbsf] ;DaGwaf6 .

@=$=@= tna / tnaaLrsf] ;DaGw M– tna z[ª\vnf Pj+ tna z[ª\vnfleqsf tnacª\s, tL cª\ssf aLrsf] cGt/, ;Ldf / cGt/;DaGw cflbsf] ;DaGwaf6 .

@=$=#= tna / kbaLrsf] ;DaGw M– tna z[ª\vnf / kb z[ª\vnfaLr Pj+ kb / tnacª\saLrsf] ;DaGw cflbsf] ;DaGwaf6 .

tna;+/rgfdf Pp6} z[ª\vnfsf kbx¿aLrsf] tnacª\ssf] ;DaGwsf b'O{ l;4fGtx¿ 5g\\ –

Overlapping -vK6g]_ M– gf]s/Lsf] lglZrt / c;dfg cjlwkZrft\ k|To]s tNnf] kbsf] tna / o;sf] la:tf/;d]tsf] tnacª\s dflyNnf] kbsf] ;'¿ tnacª\seGbf a9L x'g] tna ;+/rgf .

Non-overlapping -gvK6g]_ M– k|To]s tNnf] kbsf] tna / o;sf] la:tf/;d]tsf] tnacª\s dflyNnf] kbsf] ;'¿ tnacª\seGbf a9L gx'g] tna ;+/rgf .

#= tnasf] cg'kft / km}nfj6

;fdfGotM Pp6} kb z[ª\vnfsf kbx¿dWo]


;a}eGbf tNnf] / ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] ;'¿ tnacª\ssf] cfg'kflts ;DaGwnfO{ tna cg'kft elgG5 . tna cg'kftsf cª\sx¿ s'g} kb z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf] / ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] tnasf] cg'kftsf cª\sdfq xf]Ogg\ a¿ tL kbx¿sf aLrdf /x]sf kbx¿sf] ;f]kflgs qmddf tna cg'kftsf] qmdfg'ut j[l4 jf x|f;sf ;LdfÍg klg x'g\ . s'g} kbsf] ;'¿ tnacª\sb]lv clGtd tnacª\s;Ddsf] la:tf/nfO{ To; kbsf] tnasf] km}nfj6 elgG5 . jf:tjdf tna cg'kft / km}nfj6 tna z[ª\vnfsf cGt/ / ;Ldf x'g\ . tna z[ª\vnfdf tna cGt/ / ;Ldf cfjZostfsf sf/0fx¿

– kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf kbsf] :yfg tyf ;f] kb k|flKtsf nflu cfjZos of]Uotf / ;f] of]Uotf k|fKt ug{ nfUg] >d, ;do Pj+ nufgL cflbsf] cf}lrTonfO{ tnaaf6 k'li6 ug{ .

– kb, kb:yfg / tnadfgsf] cGt/;DaGwaf6 tnadfg / tnadfgleqsf] la:tf/nfO{ lglZrt / Jojl:yt ug{ .

– ;]jf/t jf ;]jflgj[Q ubf{÷x'Fbfsf cj:yfsf ;'ljwf, lgj[lQe/0f cflbdf ;d]t kb:yfgsf] klxrfg sfod ug{ .

– kb:yfg / kbLo pQ/bfloTjnfO{ cª\sdfgaf6 :ki6 ug{ .

s'g} klg kb z[ª\vnfsf] tna cg'kftsf] tNnf] ;Ldfsf] Go"gtd cª\ssf nflu Go"gtd kfl/jfl/s pkef]Qmf PsfOsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf Pj+ To;sf] ahf/d"Non] / dflyNnf] ;Ldfsf] clwstd tnacª\s jf cg'kftsf nflu kb ;ª\Vof, kb z[ª\vnfsf kbdf /x]sf Horizontal Levels -h:t} :t/ cflb_ / k|To]s Level sf] tna, tnasf] km}nfj6 / ltgsf aLr sfod ul/g'kg]{ Go"gtd leGgtf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLlt cflbn]

tnacª\ssf] j[l4tkm{ bafa l;h{gf ub{5g\\ tyflk /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf tyf ;Defjgf /f]huf/bftfsf] cfly{s Ifdtf cflbn] ;f]xL dflyNnf] ;Ldfsf] cª\s jf cg'kftdf sd ug{ klg bafa lbO/x]sf x'G5g\\ . kb z[ª\vnfsf kbsf] tna / tna cg'kft lgwf{/0f ubf{ kb Joj:yfcg'¿k lgDglnlvt l:yltsf] klg ljZn]if0f / Joj:yfkg x'g cfjZos x'G5 M

– kb z[ª\vnfsf k|To]s kb Pj+ ;f] kbsf Levels sf] ;'¿ tna / To;sf] km}nfj6sf] ;Ldf jf cg'kft .

– kb z[ª\vnfsf k|To]s lgs6:y kbsf] -Ps jf b'j}lt/sf_ tnadfg;Fusf] ;DaGw jf cg'kft .

– kb z[ª\vnfdf /x]sf k|To]s tNnf] kbsf] dflyNnf] Level / k|To]s dflyNnf] kbsf] tNnf] Level sf] ;'¿ tna / To;sf] km}nfj6sf] ;Ldf jf cg'kft .

$= cg'kftsf cfwf/df tna k'g/fjnf]sgsf lsl;d M tnadfgdf k'g/fjnf]sgdf cg'kft kl/jt{gsf lgDg tLg ljsNk 5g\\ M

$=!= k|rlnt tnadfgsf] cg'kft sfod /fvL tnadfgdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ M– o;sf] k|of]u b'O{ tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 M

$=!=!=k|rlnt tnadfgsf] cg'kftsf] ;Ldfsf tna cª\s sfod /fv]/ . of] Go"gtd Jooef/df tna ;dfof]hgsf] ljlw klg xf] .

$=!=@=k|rlnt tnadfgsf] cg'kftsf] ;Ldfsf tnacª\sdf ;d]t j[l4 u/]/ .

$=@= k|rlnt tnadfgsf] cg'kft a9fP/ tnadfgdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ M– k|rlnt tnadfgsf] cg'kft a9fP/ tnadfgsf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ cg'kftsf] tNnf] ;Ldfsf cfwf/ PsfO


kl/jt{g gx'g] ePsf]n] dflyNnf] ;Ldfsf] cg'kft cª\s j[l4 ug{ clgjfo{ x'G5 . o;sf] k|of]u b'O{ tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 M

$=@=!=k|rlnt tnadfgsf] cg'kftsf] tNnf] ;Ldfsf] tna cª\s sfod /fv]/ .

$=@=@=k|rlnt tnadfgsf] cg'kftsf] tNnf] ;Ldfsf] tna cª\sdf j[l4 u/]/ .

$=#= k|rlnt tnadfgsf] cg'kft 36fP/ tnadfgdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ M– k|rlnt tnadfgsf] cg'kftsf] tNnf] ;Ldfsf cfwf/ PsfO kl/jt{g gx'g] ePsf]n] cg'kft 36fP/ tnadfgsf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ cg'kftsf] dflyNnf] ;Ldfsf] tnacª\s sfod /xg] u/L -vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna 36fpg gldNg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] cj:yfdf_ dflyNnf] ;Ldfs} cg'kft cª\s 36fpg clgjfo{ x'G5 . o;sf] k|of]u b'O{ tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 M

$=#=!=k|rlnt tnadfg cg'kftsf] dflyNnf] ;Ldfsf] tna cª\s sfod /fv]/ .

$=#=@=k|rlnt tnadfg cg'kftsf] dflyNnf] ;Ldfsf] tna cª\sdf j[l4 u/]/ .

df}h'bf tna cg'kftleqaf6 eGbf cg'kft kl/jt{g;lxt ul/g] tna k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 a9L cfly{s ef/ kg]{ x'G5 . tnadfgdf k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ cfjZostf / pko'Qmtfsf] klxrfg u/L s'g} klg cfwf/sf] 5gf]6 / pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

pk;+xf/lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] jt{dfg tna ;+/rgf

lj;ª\ultaf6 u'h'lN6Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o; u'h'N6f]nfO{ gkm'sfpg] xf] eg] tna lgwf{/0fsf] xfd|f] l;4fGt lgotsf] l;4fGtdf kl/0ft / :yflkt x'g k'Ug]5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dxTTjk"0f{ kIfdWo]sf] Ps

kIf dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; / pkof]usf] ljifo klg xf] . dflg; cfkm}Fdf km/skm/s rl/qsf] x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] ljifo r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'Fbfx'Fb} ylkFb} cfPsf lj;ª\ultn] cem hl6n aGb} cfPsf] 5 . hgzlQmk|lt ;ª\u7gsf] Jojxf/ ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/dWo]sf tna, ;'ljwf, j[lQljsf; cflb ljifodf b]lvPsf÷/x]sf lje]b / ltgsf] lg?k0f gx'Fb} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf x'g]÷ul/g] ;'wf/ jf o;;DaGwL k|of;n] k|zf;gsf] :j¿kdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsP klg ;f/df slt ;'wf/ jf kl/jt{g xfl;n ug{ ;lsPnf < pQ/ ;sf/fTds b]lvFb}g .

>]0fLut tnadfgdf b]lvPsf lj;ª\ult tna ;+/rgfsf] dfq lj;ª\ult geO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] lj;ª\ultsf cfwf/ tTTj klg xf] . kb;f]kfgsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k / ;DaGwsf cfwf/df jt{dfg tna ;+/rgfsf] ul0ftLo 9fFrf k|zf;g / o;sf] ;'wf/af6 k|fKt ug'{kg]{ ;f/sf] cj/f]wsf] s8L klg ag]sf] 5 . o;y{ k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf, k|lqmof, z}nL cflbdf ;'wf/sf] ck]Iff /fVg] xf] eg] To;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfx¿ / tLleqsf lj;ª\ultsf] klxrfg / lgjf/0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] tna ;+/rgf To:tf lj;ª\ultdWo] uflhFb} cfPsf] Pp6f lj;ª\ult xf] . o; lj;ª\ultnfO{ x6fO{ sd{rf/Ldf sfo{pTk|]/0ff eg{ tna ;+/rgfsf] :j¿k 5gf]6 u/L To:tf] :j¿ksf] ;+/rgfsf cGtj{:t' klxNofpg / lglZrt ug{ cfjZosdfq xf]Og clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . kb;f]kfgsf] w/ftnLo ;DaGwsf] jt{dfg sfg'gL Joj:yf / dxTTjnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ xf] eg] sfof{no tyf kb ljz]ifsf gfddf /x]sf lje]bsf l:ylt sfod g/xg] u/L ToxL cGtj{:t' Pj+ ltgsf] dxTTj / ;Ldfdf pko'Qm cfwf/, cg'kft / la:tf/;lxt kb;f]kfgcg'¿ksf] tna ;+/rgfsf] l;kmfl/; / lgwf{/0f ug'{sf] ljsNk vf]Hg / /f]Hg ;lsFb}g .


!= k[i7e"ld

h'g;'s} /fi6«sf] ælghfdtL k|zf;gÆ /fHo ;~rfngsf] Ps k|d'v :yfoL cª\u xf] eGg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt gxf]nf . cem o;df klg ax'bnLo zf;g Joj:Yffdf ;/sf/ kl/jt{g x'g] qmd lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 t/ k|zf;lgs cª\u tyf To;df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ :yfoL¿kdf /xG5g\ . ltgLx¿n] kl/jt{g eO/xg] ;/sf/sf sfdnfO{ ult lbg] jf lg/Gt/tf lbg]dfq xf]Og, ;du| d'n'ssf] k|zf;gnfO{ ;~rfng ul//xg'k5{ . To;}n] lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/sf ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fi6«sf lgldQ uxgtd\ cleef/f af]s]sf] o:tf] k|zf;gleq ljutb]lvsf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ultx¿sf] lgoGq0f Pjd\ lj:yfkg x'g'kg]{df emg} a9L y'k|f] nfUb} uPsf ;Gbe{df o:tf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ultx¿nfO{ gx6fP;Dd d'n'sn]] :jR5 ult lnO{ gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg] jf:tljstf ;a}sf ;fd' 5n{ª\u 5 .

cfh /fi6«df of]Uo tyf ;Ifd JolQmx¿ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ ¿lr g/fVg] / k|j]z u/]sf of]Uo tyf ;Ifd JolQmx¿ ;]jfdf /xFbf cWoog tyf tflndsf nflu dgf]gog x'Fbf ljb]ztkm{ knfog x'g] l:ylt Psftkm{ ljBdfg 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ :j]bzleq bIf hgzlQmsf] cefjdf ljb]zL ;Nnfxsf/sf gfddf /fi6«n] 7"nf] wg/fzL Joxf]g'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L cd's ;d"x;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw ePs} cfwf/df ck/fwLn] klg ;+/If0f kfpg] ljBdfg l:yltdf xfd|f] k|zf;g stftkm{ hfFb} 5 < eGg] ljifodf xfdL /fi6«;]jsx¿n]

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljBdfg ljs[lt tyf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

¿b|k|;fb kl08tzfvf clws[t

>d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno

uDeL/ eP/ ;f]Rg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 .

@= ljs[lt eg]sf] s] xf] <d"ntM ljs[ltnfO{ gsf/fTds cy{df lng]

ul/G5 cyf{t\ ljs[lt eGgfn] s'g} klg ljifoj:t'sf] /fd|f / pHofnf] kIfx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ sdhf]/ tyf gsf/fTds kIfsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fdf afx\o kIf tyf :jod\ ;]jfleqs} sd{rf/L jf kbflwsf/Laf6 ;[lht kye|i6 tyf st{JoRo"t x'g] sfo{ ug'{ g} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljs[lt xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfleqs} JolQm jf ;ª\u7g, ;/sf/, /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / ;dfhsf tkm{af6 ylkFb}, klGkFb}, x's{+b}, a9fpFb} nluPsf / k|rlnt P]g, lgod, sfg'g tyf k|yflj¿4sf] cjflG5t lqmofsnfk tyf k|j[lQx¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf lj[sltsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

Prof. Gerald E. Caiden n] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf !&* k|sf/sf ljs[ltsf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf 5g\\ . oL ljs[ltx¿dWo] clwsf+z ljs[ltx¿


ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf] k|zf;lgs ljs[t rl/q;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf 5g\\ .

lghfdtL ;]jf jf k|zf;gaf6 ;/sf/, ;ª\u7g / hgtfn] vf; ;bfrf/, ;xeflutf tyf l56f]5l/tf] ;]jfsf] ck]Iff ub{5g\\ . o; k'lgt sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] qmddf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+nUg ;ª\u7g tyf sd{rf/Lx¿af6 hg;dIf k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ;]jf;'ljwf ;/n, ;'ne tyf k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] k'¥ofpg g;Sg', ;;fgf] sfo{sf lgldQ klg lg0f{o ug{ nfdf] ;do nfUg', ;fdfGo s'/fdf klg dflyNnf] lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lsf] d'v tfSg] k|j[lQ /xg', ;;fgf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu klg sf7df8f}F} cfpg'kg]{ k|j[lQ /xg', sltko sfd ug]{ tf}/tl/sf :ki6 ¿kn] kl/eflift gx'g', /fhgLlts ;ª\u7gsf] k|efj /xg', lg/Gt/ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] Joj:Yff gx'g' cflb g} d'Vo¿kdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljBdfg ljs[ltx¿ x'g .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Oltxf;sfnb]lv g} ljBdfg oL ljs[ltx¿ ;do, kl/l:ylt tyf :yfg ljz]ifsf cfwf/df ljleGg :j¿kdf b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\\ . oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ lg/fs/0f ub}{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ :jR5, ;'b[9, ;]jfd'vL, ultzLn agfpg xfn;Dd lj=;+= @))( b]lv @)$* ;Dd % cf]6f k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿ tof/ ePkZrft\ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ r':t b'¿:t /fVg lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ PsLs[t txut¿kdf n}hfg] u/L u7g ePsf] sfo{bn, k|zf;gnfO{ k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ u/L u7g ePsf] k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]unufotsf cfof]u u7g eP5g\\ tfklg ljs[ltsf rfª emg\kl5 emg\ ylkFb} uPsf 5g\\ . ax'bnLo Joj:Yffsf]

k'g:yf{kgfkl5 t k|zf;gn] emg\ 7"nf] /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] ljs[lt;d]t em]Ng'k/]sf] 5 .

@)!# ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd ;dosf] olt nfdf] k|zf;lgs sfnv08 JotLt x'Fbf klg k|zf;lgs ljs[ltx¿sf] lgoGq0f ug{sf] lgldQ cfjZos r':t Pjd\ ;lqmo ;/sf/sf] cefj /x\of] eg] ;/sf/n] s]jn sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Ps rf}yfO / vfgfsf] lgldQ k'Ug] sd tnaeQf ;'ljwf lbP/ a9L ;]jf÷sfd lng] ck]Iff ub{5 / lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ r':t, ultzLn / ;]jfd"ns agfpg] s'/fdf ;f]Rg] km';{b x'Fb}g / oL sfdx¿ s]jn km';{bsf If0fdf ul/g] ukmufkmsf] ljifo 7fGb5 eg] To:tf] k|zf;gaf6 ;/sf/n] /fd|f] pknlAwleqsf] ck]Iff ug'{ :jod\ dxfe"n xf] . o:t} u/]/ sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg ;/sf/sf] pknAw ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] Ifdtf gx]/L a9L ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf] cfz ug]{, c;n j[lQljsf;sf] ck]Iff ug]{, u}/cfly{s ;'ljwfsf] ck]Iff ug]{ t/ hgtfnfO{ ;]jfk|jfx / ;'ljwf k|efjsf/L ¿kn] k'¥ofpg], lhDd]jf/k"j{s st{Jo lgjf{x ug]{ eGg] ljifotkm{ ;f]Rg] ub}{gg\ . Pjd\ k|sf/n] ;]jfu|fxL hgtfn] klg sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ u'0ffTds / ;]jfd"ns agfpg'k5{ eGg] ljifodf /fHooGqnfO{ lbg], cfkm\gf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;r]t u/fO{ sfg'g agfpg k|f]T;fxg lbg] s'/fdf gnfUg], cfkm\gf] ;d:of kbf{dfq cg'ej ug]{ t/ sfd ug{ u/fpg'kg]{ eP b'O{rf/ k};f lbP/ eP klg rfF8} u/fpg'kg]{, w}o{ ug{ g;Sg] k|j[lQn] h/f uf8]sf] 5 . oxL lqkIfLo åGå, :jfy{ / b"lift efjgfaf6 g} jf:tjdf k|zf;lgs ljs[ltx¿n] hGd / k|>o kfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L xfd|f gLltlgod, ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf, sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/ klg :ki6 gxF'bf sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmofn] ljs[ltnfO{ dnhn ul//x]sf] 5 .


plNnlvt k[i7e"lddf ljs[ltnfO{ lgDglnlvt :j¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

;ª\u7g -af]lemnf] / IfdtfxLg_

sd{rf/Lsf] ck]Iff

-cfly{s ;'ljwf a9L vf]Hg] t/ ;]jfk|jfxk|lt u}/lhDd]jf/_

;/sf/sf] ck]Iff

sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/ -;]jfd'vLeGbf

zf;sd'vL k|j[lQ_

hgtf -u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf vf]Hg] t/ cfkm\gf] sfd kbf{ @÷$ k};f lbP/ sfd u/fpg] t/ hgk|ltlglwnfO{;'wf/sf lglDt bafj glbg]_

gLltlgod

-gLlt ax'ntf å}w cy{ / c:ki6_ ��

��

ljs[ltx¿sf] hGd tyf

;"qkft

o;k|sf/ ljs[lt eg]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfn] lnPsf] nIo tyf p2]Zodf k'Ug glbg], kye|i6 kfg]{, hgd'vL aGg glbg], g/fd|f] unt / cfr/0ftkm{ clek]|l/t u/L–u/fO{ b"lift jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug{] u/fpg]] sf/s tTTjx¿ g} jf:tjdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljs[ltx¿ x'g\ .

#= ljs[ltsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldg]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljBdfg ljs[ltx¿sf]

P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldnfO{ s]nfP/ x]bf{ lgDgfg';f/sf r/0fdf ljefhg u/L JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 M

s_ @))& ;fnk"j{sf] cj:yflghfdtL ;]jfsf] P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv @))&

;fn;Ddsf] /f0ffsfnLg Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfP/ x]bf{ of]Uotf, Ifdtfsf cfwf/df geO{ cfkmGt, efOelthfjfb, rfs8L, rfKn';Ln] k|>o kfPsf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} /fli6«o 9's'6Ldf kl/jf/jfbsf] x}sd lyof] eg] jflif{s¿kdf kfF8]khgL x'g] ub{Yof] . lghfdtL ;]jfdf /f0ffsf ;Gtfg tyf ^ y/–3/sf ;GtfgnfO{ ;Lldt /fi6«;]jfsf] cj;/ lyof] . dfl;s tnaeQf sf];]nLsf lglDt g} ;dfKt x'g]


u/]sf] kfOGYof] . ;}lgstkm{ eg] /f0ffkl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf nflu eg] ue{df /xFbf g} hg]{nsf] kbjL kfOGYof] .

v_ @))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf] cj:yf cTolws /fhgLlts cl:y/tf /x]sf] o;

;dofjlwdf k|zf;gn] l:y/tf gkfpg] s'/f :jfefljs} xf] . o;} ;dodf of]Uo tyf ;Ifd k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjsf] cefj ePs} sf/0f k|zf;gsf] dflyNnf] lgsfodf ef/tLo ;Nnfxsf/ / k/Dk/fjfbL k|zf;sx¿sf] afx'No /x\of] . cl:y/tfsf] ;dosfn eP klg /f0ffsfnLg ljs[ltnfO{ lg/fs/0f u/L k|zf;lgs z'4tf, ultzLntf Nofpgsf nflu @))( ;fndf Pg=Pd=a'r sld;g tyf @)!# ;fn df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf k|zf;lgs k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u u7g eof] . oL cfof]udWo] cfrfo{ cfof]u g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs ;d:of;Fu kl/lrt /x]sf] / o;sf clwsf+z l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ sf];]9'ª\ufsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . oxL cjlwdf sd{rf/Lx¿ x8\tfndf ;d]t plqP/ cfkm\gf c;Gt'li6x¿ ;fj{hlgs u/] . @))( ;fndf Go"g j}tlgs sd{rf/L o'lgogn] tna ;'ljwfsf] dfu ub}{ cfGbf]ng;d]t ug'{k/]sf] Oltxf; 5 .

u_ @)!& b]lv @)$^ ;fn;Ddsf] cj:yf@)!& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 @)!( ;fndf

hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'¿k ;a} hgtfsf] zf;sLo k|lqmofdf ;lqmo hg;xeflutf gePsf], k~rfotL Joj:Yffdf /fli6«o ;xdltsf] cefj ePsf] cj:yf Psftkm{ lyof] eg] csf{tkm{ Ot//fhgLlts kf6L{x¿af6 k~rfotL Joj:Yffdfly cfqmd0f x'g] sf/0fn] ubf{ k|ToIf jf k/f]If¿kdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg Joj:Yffsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{gdf nfUg'kg]{ afWofTds cj:yf lyof] . ;]jf;'ljwf tyf j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ cd'scd's JolQmnfO{ kmfObf x'g] u/L P]g tyf

lgoddf @( k6s;Dd ;+zf]wg x'g] qmdn] s] a'em\g ;lsG5 eg] jif]{gL h:tf] P]glgoddf kl/jt{g x'g] ub{Yof] . lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] xsdf ;j{;fwf/0f tyf lzlIft JolQmx¿n] k|j]z kfpg] jftfj/0fsf] afx'Notfdf j[l4 eof] tfklg k'/fgf] dfgl;stfdf ljBdfg clwsf/, wfs, /jfkm, dfg;Ddfg, rfs8L, rfKn';Lsf] afx'Notf /x]sf sf/0f kx'Fr gk'Ug] lgDg :t/sf sd{rf/Lx¿df cTolws lg/fzf, s'07f, Oiof{, cefj tyf åGådf lk/f]lng'kg]{ l:ylt lyof] . oxL cjlwcGtu{t lj=;+= @)@% / @)#@ df b'O{cf]6f k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bg tof/ eP t/ ltgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ePgg\ . o;} ;dodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;d]t Joj:Yff lj/f]wL xf] xf]Og < egL k|x/L k|ltj]bg;d]t lng yfNof] .

3_ @)$^ ;fnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] l:ylt@)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkZrft\ s'l07t

l:yltdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dxTTjfsfª\Iff cTolws a9\g' tyf To:tf dxTTjfsfª\Iffx¿ k"/f x'g g;Sbf sd{rf/Lx¿df ljs[ltx¿n] af; kfpg yfNof] . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ultzLn, hgd'vL tyf k|0ffnLd'vL aGg] agfpg] dxTTjfsfª\Iff :jod\ ;/sf/ tyf sd{rf/Ldf /x]sf sf/0f @)$* ;fndf k|wfgdGqLs} cWoIftfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] u7g eO{ k|ltj]bg;d]t tof/ eof] t/ k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt l;kmfl/;sf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L sd{rf/L vf];'jfsf] sfdsf/afxL ePsf] cg'e"lt ;a}n] u/]s} xf] .

oxL cjlwdf tyfslyt k|hftflGqs clwsf/sf] pkef]usf gfddf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] eft[ ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf ljleGg ju{df ljeQm ug]{, /fhgLlts kf6L{sf ;]jssf ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ lng] u/]sf], ;/sf/sf] kl/jt{glkR5] tyfslyt emf]n] ;d"xsf] l;kmfl/;df /ftf/ft xhf/f}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf ;¿jf


cftª\ssf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g], sd{rf/L o'lgogx¿ k];fut dof{bfdf j[lå Pj+ k|zf;gsf] ultzLntfeGbf cd'scd's /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] glhs /xgs} nflu k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ tyf To:tf /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] lgb]{zgdf ;~rfng x'g yfn]kl5 uDeL/ k|zf;lgs ljs[ltsf] yfngL x'g yfNof] . o;} cjlwdf sd{rf/L tyf ;/sf/sf] Pscsf{k|ltsf] gsf/fTds b[li6sf]0fsf sf/0f Pscsf{k|lt bf]iff/f]k0f ug]{, sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;]jfaf6 xft w'g'kg]{ tyf cbfntL lg0f{oaf6 k'g:yf{kg x'g] cj:yf ;[hgf eof] . log} ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ultaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf ljt[i0ff ;[hgf ePsf]n] xfnsf lbgx¿df /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs ;fvdf lu/fj6 cfPsf] dx;'; b'j} kIfaf6 ul/Psf ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] k|yd ;+zf]wg ul/of] . zfxL zf;gsfndf sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ /fhelQmsf] gfpdf kl/rfng ul/of] / cWofb]zaf6 zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ clek|fo /flvof] . /fhfsf] e|d0fdf :jfut / ;Tsf/sf lgldQ nfvf}F ¿lkofF u}/ah]6/L vr{ a9\of] .

bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkZrft\ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ lbOof] eg] log} 6«]8 o'lgogsf] bafadf @$3! gfdsf] nf]stflGqs a9'jfsf] ljs[ltn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z kfof] .

$= ljs[ltsf ;|f]tx¿

xfdLx¿sf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts w/ftn s:tf] 5 < xfd|f /fhgLlts bn s] rfxG5g\\ < ;Qf¿9 dGqL / kf6L{n] sd{rf/Lx¿k|lt s]s:tf b[li6sf]0f /fV5g\\ < s;/L x]5{g\\ < xfdL sd{rf/Lx¿ :jod\ s:tf 5f}F < lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf ;+:sf/ / Jojxf/ s:tf 5g\ < j[lQljsf;sf] cj:yf, ;Defjgf / k|flKtsf nflu sd{rf/Lsf] ef]ufO s:tf] 5 < log} k|Zgsf] ;]/f]km]/f]af6 k|fKt x'g] hjfkm xfd|f ;Gbe{df ljs[ltsf ;|f]t x'g\ M

s= /fhgLlts ;|f]t

k|zf;sLo sfo{df /fhgLlts¿kdf Ø cjf~5gLo x:tIf]k /xg', /fhgLlts cfØ a4tf / ;Da4tfsf] vf]hL ul/g', /fhgLlts kl/jt{glkR5] sd{rf/Lsf] Ø ;¿jf / kl/jt{g ul/g', /fhgLlts bnlkR5]sf sd{rf/L ;ª\u7g Ø /xg', zlQmk"hfsf] k|j[lQ sfod /xg', Ø gLltn] gldn] klg h;/L eP klg Ø ldnfpg'kg]{ /fhgLlts bafa /xg' cflb .

v= gLltut ;|f]t ;]jf / gf]s/Lsf] clt ;'/Iffn] Ø cg'zf;gxLgtf a9\b} hfg',bL3{sfnLg gLlt / ;f]rsf] cefj /xg', Ø gLltut¿kdf c:ki6tf sfod /xg',Ø gLlt ax'ntf /xg',Ø ;]jf, ;d"xsf] gLltdf Ps¿ktf /xg' Ø -h:tf] M lghfdtL ;]jf / :jf:Yo ;]jfdf km/s x'g'_,gLltx¿ Pscsf{;Fu kl/k"/s x'g'kg]{df Ø afFlemg' -h:tf] M :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @@ cf]6f P]glgod;Fu aflemPsf] 5 ._,gLltx¿df l:y/tf / lg/Gt/tf gx'g', Ø gLltsf] jsfnt h;/L u/] klg x'g] å}w cy{ Ø /xg' cflb .

u= ;fª\u7lgs ;|f]tJolQmut :jfy{sf nflu ;ª\u7gsf] Ø :yfkgf ug'{, Empire BuildingØ k|j[lQ /xg', p2]Zocg';f/ ;ª\u7geGbf ;ª\u7gØ cg';f/ p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug'{,e2f / 7"nf ;ª\u7g x'g',Ø


Ps} k|s[ltsf] sfdsf nflu klg Ø km/skm/s ;ª\u7g :yfkgf x'g',/]s8{ Jojl:yt gx'g' / kf]s] kmfOnaf6 Ø k6s}lkR5] ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug'{,Right man in right placeØ nfu" gx'g' cflb .

3= k|zf;sLo ;|f]t

g]t[Tj clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ rfxFb}g, Ø rfs8L vf]H5 / kbLo 3d08 5,g]t[Tj cw{;fdGtL k|j[lQsf] /xg' -h:tf] Ø ;lrj / ;x;lrjnfO{ 6\jfOn]6, uf8L, kL=P=, lkog, 8«fOe/ 5'§} rflxg]_,Passing one Passing other (P.P.) Ø Administrative Culture -Psn] csf{nfO{ kG5fpg] k|j[lQ_ /xg', Catch 22 CultureØ -Pp6f ;]jf lbg'5 afO;y/L gv/f ug'{_,Equal pay for unequal workØ -c;dfg sfd t/ ;dfg tna /xg'_ cflb .

ª= sd{rf/Lut ;|f]t M

cfr/0fsf lgodx¿sf] v'nf pNnª\3g, Ø ;xsdL{;Fu l;Sg] l;sfpg]eGbf xf]Rofpg] Ø k|j[lQ a9L /xg', Team work cultureØ gx'g', clgolGqt nf]e, nfn;f k"/f ug{ ;?jf Ø / sfhsf] ax'ntf x'g',kf/bzL{eGbf uf]Ko k|j[lQ xfjL x'g', Ø sfo{ljj/0f gxF'bf nfPcx|fPsf] sfd Ø ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /xg',5't–c5'th:tf] lje]bsf/L Jojxf/ /xg',Ø Jofj;flostf / lhDd]jf/Laf]wsf] cefj,Ø s]Gb|df cTolws sd{rf/L t/ :yfgLo Ø ;]jfk|jfx :t/df Go"g sd{rf/L x'g' cflb .

r= ;fdflhs ;|f]t

;dfhn] k|lt/f]w gug]{ / ;xg] afgL x'g',Ø ;fdflhs /jfkmn] k|f]T;fxg kfpg', Ø ;dfhn] ;DklQsf] ;|f]teGbf klg Ø :j¿knfO{ dfGotf lbg',ul/aL / k5f}6]kgsf] cj:yf ljBdfg /xg', Ø ;fdfhdf dof{lbt¿kdf hLjg wfGg Ø sl7g tnaeQf /xg',;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt gx'g', Ø gftfjfb, s[kfjfb If]qLotfjfb, hfltjfb Ø / kml/ofjfbnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ k|j[lQ /xg' cflb .

5= cGo ;|f]t

j}1flgs Joj:yfkgsf] cefj x'g',Ø oq tq ;j{q ;+nUgtfsf] cj:yf /xg', Ø cb"/bzL{ k|zf;sLo / /fhgLlts g]t[Tj x'g', Ø lghL If]q / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ckf/bzL{ Ø sfdsf/afxL x'g',gofF Joj:yfksLo z}nL cjnDag gx'g' Ø cflb .

%= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljBdfg ljs[ltx¿

Pp6f l;ª\uf] /fHonfO{ Ps Kf|0ffnLsf ¿kdf lng] xf] eg] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Pp6f pkKf|0ffnLsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . To:t} u/]/ /fHo ;~rfng ug{sf] lgldQ c¿ klg pkKf|0ffnL /x]sf x'G5g\\ . o;/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] pkKf|0ffnL ;dfhdf /x]sf cGo pkKf|0ffnLaf6 c5'tf] / ck|efljt /xg ;Sb}g cyf{t\ ljs[ltx¿ lghfdtL ;]jfdf dfq :jod\ ;[lht geP/ oxfFsf] ;fdflhs clek|fo, /fhgLlts ;+:s[lt, jftfj/0fLo kl/j]zåf/f ;[hgf ul/Psf x'G5g\\ . ljs[ltsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"lddf plNnlvt tYosf cfwf/df ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfnsf


;Gbe{df ljBdfg ljs[ltx¿nfO{ df]6fdf]6L¿kdf lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

s_ 5f]6s/Ldf!_ …!) c=Ú cfkm\gf] dfG5], cGofo, cTofrf/,

c/fhstf, cGof]n, csd{0otf, cj;/jfb, clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u, cg'zf;gxLgtf / cg';GwfgljxLg .

@_ eg;'g, e|d0feQf, ef]het]/, e|i6frf/, e|dsf] v]tL, e8\sfpg], efOelthfjfb, e/f]zf/xLg / eljioljxLg …!)e=Ú .

v_ a'“bfut¿kdf sfdd'vLeGbf xflh/d'vL- ;]jfd'vLeGbf zf;sd'vL- ;dfj]zLd'vLeGbf c;dfj]zLd'vL- hgd'vLeGbf xflsdd'vL- cj;/d'vLeGbf k|ultd'vL- hjfkmb]xLd'vLeGbf clwsf/d'vL- cfly{s cg'zf;gd'vLeGbf e|i6frf/d'vL- kl/jt{gd'vLeGbf tby{d'vL- ;dGjod'vLeGbf Psfª\uLd'vL- ljs]Gb|Ls/0fd'vLeGbf s]Gb|Ls/0fd'vL-

glthfd'vLeGbf k|lqmofd'vL- ljrf/d'vLeGbf cfb]zd'vL- gofgofF k|ljlwd'vLeGbf k'/ftgd'vL- kl/jt{g / ultzLnd'vLeGbf - oyfl:yltd'vLk|zf;sLo k|d'vd'vLeGbf dGqLd'vL- ;fbf hLjgd'vLeGbf ljnf;L hLjgd'vL- pknlAw / xfl;nd'vLeGbf sfuhL - k|lqmofd'vL/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{d'vLeGbf - ;dk{0fd'vLjflG5t /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'vLeGbf - cjflG5t /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'vL;k|bf] hLgj:t/d'vLeGbf lubf]{ hLjg:t/d'vL- sfg'gL zf;gd'vLeGbf JolQmsf] - zf;gd'vL;Ifd lgsfod'vLeGbf c;Ifd lgsfod'vL - cflb .

u_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] @% jif]{ u'¿of]hgf M

o; of]hgfcg';f/ lgDgk|sf/sf k|zf;lgs ljs[ltx¿ 5g\\

!_ ;ª\u7gfTds kIf

k/Dk/fut ;ª\u7gfTds 9fFrf- lg0f{o k|lqmofdf l9nfO- ;j{q ;/sf/L ;+nUgtf- /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs If]qaLr sfo{ljefhgsf] - c:ki6tf;~rf/sf] cefj- ;ª\u7gfTds :d/0fsf] cefj- ax';ª\u7gfTds PsfO- Pp6} k|s[ltsf] sfd ug{ Pp6} lgsfoleq klg - ax';ª\u7g -h:t} M jg sfof{no / e";+/If0f sfof{no_

@_ sd{rf/Lut kIf

Jofj;flostfsf] cefj- ;|f]t;fwg kl/rfngdf - c;Ifdtfc;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f- clwsf/sf] sdL- sfo{ljefhgsf] c:ki6tf- ckof{Kt kfl/>lds- pTk|]/0ffsf] cefj- cfzfo'Qm jftfj/0f gePsf]- ;Ifd k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjsf] - cefj


#_ gLltut÷:jefjut kIf

/fhgLlts x:tIf]k- cTolws s]Gb|Ls/0f- cb"/bzL{ g]t[Tj- pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj- a9\bf] e|i6frf/-

$_ sfo{ljlwut kIf

j}1flgs Joj:Yffkgsf] cefj- sfg'gL hl6ntf / bf]xf]/f]kgf- k|zf;lgs d"NodfGotfsf] cefj- k|efjsf/L ;]jfsf] cefj- glthfeGbf k|lqmofnfO{ hf]8- ;|f]t kl/rfngdf c;Ifdtf-

^_ ljs[ltåf/f ;[lht kl/0ffdx¿

pk/f]Qm ljs[ltx¿sf] sf/0f lghfdtL ;]jfdf lgDgfg';f/sf gsf/fTds kl/0ffdx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ M

s_ hgtfn] pko'Qm, ;j{;'ne / u'0ffTds ;]jf kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\,

v_ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgsnufot x/]s If]qdf ljZjf;sf] ;ª\s6 b]lvPsf] 5 .

u_ cfly{s cg'zf;gxLgtfn] ;fdflhs dfGotf kfpg yfn]sf] 5,

3_ /fhgLlts Pjd\ k|zf;sLo g]t[Tjsf] c;Ifdtf k|dfl0ft x'g yfn]sf] 5,

ª_ lghfdtL ;]jfn] kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{sf] abnf ul/dfxLg, ktgf]Gd'v, sdhf]/ g]t[Tjn] ubf{ /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] nfrf/ ;]jssf ¿kdf dfq sfo{ ug{ yfn]sf] 5,

r_ P]gsfg'g k|efjxLg, sfof{Gjog gx'g] / nf]s ;]jf k9\g]sf nflu sfd nfUg] 7]nLsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\\,

5_ cGt/f{li6«o bft[ lgsfo tyf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿af6 k|zf;gsf x/]s sfo{df cg'lrt bafa cfpg yfn]sf] 5,

h_ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] abnfdf cNksfnLg 6fn6'n] gLltn] k|fyldstf kfpg yfn]sf] 5,

em_ g}lts ktgo'Qm ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] ljsf;df 6]jf lbg] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf x'g ;Sg] k|an ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5,

`_ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] cfkm}Fn] u/]sf] ;¿jf cfkm}F ab/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5,

6_ ;dli6df eGbf nf]stflGqs Joj:Yffsf] eljiodf k|Zgjfrs lrx\g -<_ nfUg yfn]sf] kfOG5 cflb .

@_ ljs[lt lgoGq0fsf nflu ljBdfg Joj:Yffx¿lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljBdfg ljs[ltx¿

lgoGq0fsf nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] kfng ug'{kg]{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]glgodnufot cGo sltko sfg'gL Joj:Yff 5g\\ eg] ;dfhsf cGo ljljw kIfx¿n] klg lghfdtL ;]jfk|lt lng'kg]{ ;f]r tyf ug'{kg]{ sfdsf/afxLx¿sf af/]df ljleGg sfg'gL Joj:Yff u/]sf] kfOG5 tfklg oL s]jn cf}krfl/stfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] cg'ej ul/Fb} 5 . ljs[ltx¿sf] lgoGq0f;DaGwL ljBdfg Joj:Yff lgDgfg';f/ 5g\\ M

s_ ;+j}wflgs Joj:Yffcg'lrt sfo{nufot e|i6frf/hGo ljs[lt 1_

lgoGq0fsf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / ljz]if cbfntsf] Joj:yf,


cfly{s c2_ g'zf;gxLgtfsf] ljs[lt lgoGq0fsf nflu dxfn]vf k/LIfs tyf ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltsf] Joj:Yff,

lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;gcGtu{t 3_

;'¿ lgo'lQm, a9'jf, ljefuLo sf/afxL, cjsfz;Ddsf z'4 k|zf;lgs ljs[ltx¿ lgoGq0fsf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:Yff,

lgjf{rg;DaGwL ck/fw tyf ljs[lt 4_

lgGoq0f ug{ / :jR5 lgjf{rg k|0ffnL :yflkt ug{ lgjf{rg cfof]u / ;+ljwfg ;ef cbfntsf] Joj:Yff cflb .

v_ ;+/rgfut Joj:YfflghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf lglDt lghfdtL 1_

;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%) df cfr/0f, cg'zf;g / b08fTds Joj:Yff tyf ;DalGwt ljleGg ;]jf;d"x ;~rfng;DaGwL P]glgodx¿,

g]kfn k|x/L P]g, @)!@ / 2_

lgodfjnLnufotsf P]glgodx¿sf] Joj:Yffaf6 ck/fw lgoGq0fsf] Joj:yf,

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( cGtu{t 3_

/fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|sf] Joj:Yff,

/fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] Joj:Yff,4_

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] Joj:Yff,5_

/fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefusf] Joj:Yff,6_

k|zf;lgs sfdsf/afxLsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k 7_

;[lht ljs[ltx¿sf] lgoGq0f ug{ kLl8t tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 d'2fdfldnf ug{ ljleGg # txsf cbfntsf] Joj:Yff,

/fd|f P]gsfg'gsf] lgdf{0f u/L ljs[ltx¿sf] 8_

lgoGq0f ug{ Joj:Yfflksf ;+;bsf] Joj:Yff cflb .

*_ ljs[lt lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿

ljs[lt lgoGq0fsf nflu dfly plNnlvt rqmsf] pkof]u Pjd\ ;fGble{stf xfd|f] lghfdtL ;]jfdf lg/Gt/¿kdf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu ljs[ltx¿ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfsh:tf lgsfox¿sf] kbflwsf/Lx¿ # jif{eGbf a9L ;dob]lv l/Qm /xFbf oL lgsfox¿sf] lqmofzLntf / ;Ifdtfdf x|f; x'g' :jfefljs} 5 . pRr:t/Lo /fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6 k|lta4tf;lxt kbk"lt{ sfo{sf] yfngL ePdf w]/} xb;Ddsf ljs[lt lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

jf:tjdf h'g;'s} ljifoj:t'sf] ;d:of hxfF x'G5, ToxLaf6 g} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;'wf/sf pkfox¿sf] klxrfg x'g ;Sb5 . o;} ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljBdfg ljs[ltx¿sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu oxLleq}af6 ;'¿ ug'{kb{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljBdfg ljs[ltx¿ jt{dfgdf dfq ;[lht ePsf geO{ ;]jfsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} Pp6f k|j[lQsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf x'gfn] o:tf ljs[ltx¿ klg Cronic¿kdf /x]sf 5g\\ . t;y{ oL ljs[ltx¿ hfb'sf] 58Ln] h:tf] /ftf/ft lgoGq0f ug{ ;Dej gx'g] eP tfklg /fd|f s'/fsf] ;'¿cft tyf sfof{Gjog ubf{ nfdf] ;do nfUg] x'Fbf w}o{ Pjd\ b[9tfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 t;y{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf :yflkt ljs[ltx¿nfO{ lgoGq0fsf lgldQ lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{kg]]{ x'G5 M

s_ ljleGg gLltx¿sf] :ki6tf, P]glgod tyf kl/kqx¿sf] ;do;fk]If kl/jt{g ug'{sf ;fy} kIfkft/lxt sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:Yff ug]{,

v_ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;do;fk]If ;]jf;'ljwf tyf j[lQljsf;sf cj;/x¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg ;dodf lbOPsf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{,


u_ /fhgLlt1, gLltlgdf{0fdf / k|zf;g sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;+nUg x'g] u/L Jofjxfl/s¿kd} sfof{Gjogsf nflu b'j} kIf tTk/tfk"j{s nfUg'kg]{,

3_ gfhfoh tl/sfaf6 cflh{t ;DklQnfO{ k|lti7fsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ tyf 3[0ff gug]{ ;fdflhs ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{gsf nlfu ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

ª_ ;/sf/n] æPs rf}yfO k]6 vfpm u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf b]pmÆ eGg] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g u/L ;fdfGotM #=% hgfsf] kl/jf/sf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd tnaeQf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{,

r_ g]t[Tjdf a:g] k|zf;lgs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pRrtd g}lts pbfx/0fsf] gd'gfx¿ k|:t't u/]sf v08df dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx¿df To;sf] /fd|f] k|efj kg]{ x'Fbf g}ltsjfg\ g]t[Tj tyf g}lts lzIffo'Qm gful/s lzIffdf hf]8 lbg'k5{,

5_ gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg (NPM), p2]Zod"ns Joj:Yffkg (MBO);xeflutfd"ns Joj:Yffkg (PM), ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, #^) d"Nofª\sg, pTk|]/0ff, u'gf;fx¿sf] ; ' g ' j f O , ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'li6 ;e]{If0f, gful/s a8fkq, k|efjsf/L bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/, ;'wf/fTds k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf nfu" ug'{kg]{,

h_ cTofjZos ;ª\u7gx¿ /fVg], Pp6} k|s[ltsf sfd ug]{ ;ª\u7g ufEg], r':t / 5l/tf] ;]jf lbg] ;ª\u7gdf hf]8 lbg],

em_ ljs[lthGo sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{ cfd;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{, b08;hfo ug]{ tyf /fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{ tTsfn k'/:sf/sf] Joj:Yff ug]{ .

`_ ;fdflhs ;r]tgfsf] ljsf; / ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{gsf nflu ;~rf/ dfWod kl/rfng ug]{ .

6_ ;]jf tyf gf]s/Lsf] clt;'/Iffn] sfd ug]{ / gug]{aLrsf] e]b gx'g] b08 Pj+ xLgtf a9L k|zf;sLo g]t[Tj lg/Lx aGg'kg]{ cj:yfsf] cGTosf nflu lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{,

7_ 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] kl/rfng / lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dof{bf j[l4 / pTyfgsf nflu e"ldsfsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{,

8_ ælghfdtL ;]jf ;Ifd, ;'b[9 tyf ;an eof] eg] ;/sf/ tyf /fhgLlts bnsf] e"ldsf sdhf]/ x'G5Æ eGg] k'/fgf] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g u/L ;Ifd, ;'b[9, hgd'vL tyf t6:y lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf;df /fhgLlts k|ltaåtf x'g'kb{5 cflb .

(_ ljs[lt lgoGq0fsf nflu ePsf ;sf/fTds kxnx¿

zf;sLo k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tf sfod /fVg - ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f / ;+:yfut÷;+/rgfut Joj:yf ug]{,

/fhgLlts k|zf;sLo g]t[Tjsf] sfo{;Dkfbg - ;Ldf/]vf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;'zf;g ;~rfng P]g / lgodsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5,

k|zf;sLo sfdsf/afxL, sfo{ljw, k|lqmofdf - lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf nflu k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, sfo{bn u7g ug]{ / ltgLx¿n] lbPsf k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf r/0fdf /x]sf 5g\\,

sfdsf/afxLsf] cflwsfl/s ;"rgf k|jfxdf - lgsfout k|jQmfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5,

gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf z}nLx¿ - ckgfO{ ;]jfk|bfosaLr k|lt:kwf{, ;]jfs/f/, k'/:sf/÷k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL, g]t[Tj


d"Nofª\sgsf] Joj:yf, Joj:yfkg s/f/sf] yfngL ul/Psf] 5, hgr]tgfsf] :t/df ePsf] j[l4n] gful/s - / ;d'bfosf tkm{af6 bafa, va/bf/Ldf a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5, ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] a9f]Q/Ln] zf;sLo - k|lqmofdf b]lvPsf v/faLx¿sf] b}lgs 6Lsfl6Kk0fLn] ubf{ xf]l;of/Lk"j{s sfd ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ePsf] 5, zf;sLo k|lqmofdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg - ;dfj]zL k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k nlIft ju{, h:t} M dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfª\u / lkl58Psf] If]qnfO{ ul/Psf] 5,ljs[lt lgoGq0fsf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u - cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGw, dfgjflwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGwdf x:tfIf/ eO{ /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5, k];fut ;ª\3;ª\u7gx¿af6 ljs[ltsf - lj¿4 lg/Gt/ va/bf/L / lgu/fgLx¿ x'g] u/]sf 5g\\ cflb .

!)_ pk;+xf/;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] nlIft u/]sf

p2]Zox¿nfO{ JolQmut cfsfª\Iff, /fhgLlts,

;fdflhs, ;fª\u7lgs sf/0faf6 k"lt{ x'g

lbb}gg\, h;nfO{ cj/f]w elgG5 . oxL cj/f]w g}

jf:tjdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljs[ltx¿ x'g\ . o;sf]

ljsf; tyf la:tf/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf dfq geP/

;fj{hlgs hLjgsf x/]s If]qdf HofldtLo¿kn]

a9]sf] kfOG5 t;y{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljBdfg

ljs[ltx¿sf] lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ Ps}rf]l6 ug{

g;lsg] x'Fbf ;'wf/fTds k|0ffnLnfO{ lg/Gt/¿kdf

rnfO/xg'kb{5 . jf:tjdf hgd'vL tyf lhDd]jf/

lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs eP/

/fhgLlt1nfO{ ;Ddfg lbg] / hgtfk|ltsf]

pQ/bfloTj k"/f ub}{ k];fut dof{bf / cfr/0fnfO{

:jR5 lgisnª\s agfpg'kg]{ s'/fdf cfkm"nfO{ b[9

/fVg ;Sg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . log} jf:tljstfx¿

g} jf:tjdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf wfl/nf xltof/ x'g

;S5g\, h;n] /fi6«, ;dfh, ;ª\u7g /fhgLlts

g]t[TjnfO{ klg ;xL dfu]df Nofpg d2t ub{5g\\ .

o;/L /fi6«sf] b|"tQ/ ljsf; x'g'sf ;fy} ;Ifd,

;'b[9, ultzLn, / pQ/bfoL lghfdtL ;]jfsf

dfWodaf6 cGt/f{li6«o k|lti7f tyf dfGotfdf j[lå

x'g hfg] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 . cfzf u/f}F

o:tf ljs[ltx¿ nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

tyf kl/kSjtf;Fu} lgolGqt tyf Jojl:yt x'Fb}

hfg]5g\\ .


g]kfnsf] jt{dfg kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts ;Gbe{df sfg'gsf] zf;g / lbuf] ljsf; xfl;n ug'{ /fHo ;+oGqx¿sf] k|:yfg ljGb' xf] eg] e|i6frf/d'Qm jftfj/0fdf kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL / lgikIf tl/sfn] hgtfsf nflu ;]jfk|jfx ug'{ klxnf] cfjZostf xf] . ;/sf/n] hgtfsf nflu k|jfx ug'{kg]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿, h:t} M zflGt;'/Iffb]lv lnP/ 6]lnkmf]g, lah'nL, s[lif, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, ;8s, oftfoft, pBf]u, >d tyf /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf k|efjsfl/tf a9fP/ ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg' / hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ d'Vo st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . o;sf ;fy} e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ljz]if1 k|fKt lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf u/L ltgLx¿sf dfWodaf6 hgtfsf nflu ;]jfk|jfxdf sfo{/t lgsfox¿sf] sfdsf/afxLaf/] cWoog, cg';Gwfg, cjnf]sg / cg'udg ug]{ sfo{df tbf¿stfsf ;fy kl/rfng u/L g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ klg Tolts} h¿/L 5 .

d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ tLj|tf lbg hgzlQmsf] ljsf;nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg''kg]{ x'G5 . u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQm d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu klxnf] k"jf{wf/ xf] .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]zsf] hgzlQmnfO{ gofF k|ljlw / ahf/ ;'xfpFbf] u'0f:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbg u/L :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahf/df cfoftlgof{t ug'{ klxnf] cfjZostfsf ¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 .1

o;sf nflu d'n'snfO{ cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ug'{ klxnf] k|fyldstf xf] .

ha;Dd s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] lge{/tfnfO{ 36fO{ d'n'sdf ljBdfg a]/f]huf/L, cw{a]/f]huf/L / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f u/L cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] lbzfdf ult lng ;lsFb}g, ta;Dd ck]lIft cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n x'g] 5}g eGg] cfd dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . e"kl/j]li7ttf, ;f3'/f] ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;fgf] cfGtl/s ahf/ To;dfly /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / ;fdflhs–cfly{s lje]b / zf]if0faf6 l;lh{t åGåsf sf/0f g]kfndf ljutsf jif{x¿df cf}Bf]lusLs/0fn] ult lng ;s]g . cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df pRr k|lt:kwf{ / ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/n] :jb]zL pBf]ux¿nfO{ df/ k/L Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng / e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngdf c;/ k/]sf] t 5Fb} 5, :jb]zL pTkflbt j:t'df u'0f:t/sf] x|f;, pGgt k|ljlw / bIftfsf] cefj, ljb]zL j:t'x¿sf] clgolGqt af9Ln] pBf]u If]q km:6fpg ;ls/x]sf] b]]lvFb}g . gLltut :yfloTj gx'g', sfg'gL hl6ntf / c;'/Iff, k|lqmofut l9nf;':tL, k'FhLsf] ckof{Kttf / cltjfbL kof{oj/0fLo ;+/If0f ;f]rn] clxn] pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf;df yk r'gf}tL l;h{gf u/]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .

ljz]if u/L zflGt ;Demf}tfkl5 ;'lw||Fb} uPsf] 1 g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)^$, tLg jif]{

cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^&÷^* _,

;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf pBf]u If]qsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4

* 8f= dfwj clwsf/L


/fhgLlts jftfj/0f, k"j{klZrd / pQ/blIf0f /fhdfu{ tyf ;xfos dfu{ lgdf{0fsf] gLlt, WTO, BIMSTEC/SAFTA cflb ax'kIfLo / If]qLo ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;b:otf, ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ljsf;, l5d]sL d'n'sx¿sf] tLj| cfly{s ljsf; / j}b]lzs nufgLsf] a9\bf] ;DefJotf cflbnfO{ g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu cj;/ x'g ;Sg] l:ylt klg 5 . ;f]xL cj;/nfO{ klxrfg u/L d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] lbzftkm{ tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfn] lgDglnlvt nIo k"/f ug]{ egL kl/df0ffTds nIo tf]s]sf] 5 M

jflif{s ;/b/ ^=# k|ltztsf b/n] cf}Bf]lus • j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{ .

cfGtl/s cf}Bf]lus nufgL ¿= !@ ca{ tyf • j}b]lzs nufgL ¿= #=% ca{ u/L jflif{s ¿= !%=% ca{sf b/n] sl/a ¿= $& ca{ nufgL ug]{ .

cf}Bf]lus If]qdf yk !,%),))) -7"nf • pBf]utkm{ %) xhf/ n3' 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]utkm{ ! nfv;d]t_ l;h{gf ug]{ .

Ps bzssf] åGåkZrft\ d'n'sdf zflGt :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . ;d;fdlos /fhgLltn] gofF sf]N6] km]/]sf] 5 . ;fdGtjfbL cjz]ifx¿ x6fO{ nf]stflGqs k4ltdf zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ kl/j]zsf] lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] 5 . PsfTds /fhtGqaf6 ;ª\3Lo u0ftGqsf] cjwf/0ffdf /fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod /fVg] cEof; ul/b} 5 . cf}Bf]lus zflGt sfod x'+Fb} hfg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . cfly{s– ;fdflhs ultljlwx¿ ca :jtM kl/rfng x'g]5g\\ eGg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 tyflk cGt/f{li6«o :t/d} t]nsf] a9\bf] d"No, b}lgs a9\b} uPsf] nf]8;]l8ª / c;'/Iffn] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] lbzfdf lrGtf ylkPsf] 5 . g]kfnLx¿ cg'zfl;t / kl/>dL 5g\\ . t'ngfTds¿kdf g]kfnL >d cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df ;:tf] 5 . a9\bf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] g]kfnsf] k|ltJolQm cfo j[l4 x'g]dfq xf]Og ls eljiodf

ljb]zL e"ldsf] cg'ejaf6 :jb]znfO{ brain gainsf] nfe ldNg] klg cfzf /fVg ;lsG5 .

pBf]u If]qdf k|fKt cj;/x¿nfO{ clwstd ;b'kof]usf nflu ;f] If]qdf cfa4 ;/sf/L÷;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]qsf ljleGg lgsfo, k|lti7fg / Jofkfl/s kmd{÷sDkgLx¿n] /0fgLlts sfo{of]hgfx¿ lgdf{0f u/L ;f]xLcg'¿k k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf{lt/ o; If]qdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a9fO{ e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf x'g glbg /fHosf e|i6frf/ lgu/fgL /fVg] lgsfon] rgfvf] eO{ cg'udg tyf lgu/fgL ug{ klg Tolts} cfjZos 5 .

cGo ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿df h:t} g]kfndf klg pBf]u If]qnufot ljleGg If]qsf ;]jfk|jfxdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿sf] v6gk6gdf ckof{Kt Joj:yfkg / ltgLx¿nfO{ lbOg] tna ;'ljwfsf] Go"gtfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ e|i6frf/ a9\g uO{ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ck]lIft nIo xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] b]]lvFb}g . ljutdf ul/Psf ljleGg ;'wf/sf cleofgx¿df cfzfltt¿kdf ;kmntf k|fKt x'g ;s]g . ce}m klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;+oGqx¿sf] af]lemnf] ;+/rgf (bolated structure) sf sf/0f ldtJooL x'g ;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g eg] cbIftf (ineffi ciency)/ Go"g k|efjsfl/tf (poor performance) h:tf ;d:ofn] tL ;+oGqx¿ cfk}m u|:t 5g\\ .2

g]kfndf hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofOg] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx / To;sf] k|efjsfl/tfaf/] pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$( n] s]xL sdLsdhf]/Lsf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . tL x'g\ M3

@ United Nations. 2004. The Global Programme against Corruption : Anti-Corruption Toolkit,

3 pRr :t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg,


k'¥ofOPsf ;]jfx¿ hgtfn] cg'ej u/]sf • cfjZostfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dsf 5}gg\, ;]jfx¿ nlIft ju{df k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\, • ;]jfx¿sf] u'0ffTds :t/ ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g, • ;]jfx¿ cToGt ;Lldt ;ª\Vofsf hgtfdf • dfq k'Ug ;s]sf 5g\\, ;]jfx¿ k'¥ofpg] qmddf pknAw ;fwgx¿ • -dfgjLo, ljQLo / j:t'ut_ sf] s'zn pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g cflb .

pBf]u If]qdf ;]jfk|jfxsf nflu pknAw ;fwgx¿ -dfgjLo, ljQLo / j:t'ut_ sf] s'zn pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pBf]u If]qdf lgDg ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf] xfn}sf] Ps ;e]{If0fn] cf}NofPsf] 5 M

;]jfk|jfx c:jR5 / ckf/bzL{ /xg', • sd{rf/Lx¿df sfd ug]{ dgf]an ;an gx'g', • g}ltstf gx'g',lgodsfg'gsf] lkmtnf] sfof{Gjog, • ;]jfk|jfxdf l9nf;':tL / u'0f:t/Lotf gx'g', • lgu/fgL /fVg] lgsfox¿sf] a]jf:tf, • ;]jfk|jfxdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx¿df plrt • tflndsf] cefj, ;Da4 sd{rf/Lx¿ JolQmut :jfy{df ;+nUg • /xg' / b08xLgtfsf] l:ylt /xg', bl/nf] / :jR5 g]t[Tjsf] cefj, • clgoldttf / cg'lrt sfo{n] k|f]T;fxg • kfpg' cflb .nfdf] ;do lalt;Sbf klg tL ;d:ofx¿

lg/fs/0f u/L ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]tk{m ck]lIft ;'wf/ ePsf] kfOF+b}g . clwsf+z ;]jfx¿ hlt k|efjsf/L / pTkfbs x'g'kg]{ xf], Tolt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

b]zsf] cfjlws of]hgf, jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿ k|jw{g ug]{tkm{

@)$(, k[i7 @% .

pRr k|fyldstf lbO{ sfo{gLltx¿ :ki6 ul/P tfklg o; If]qsf] ljsf; cfzfltt¿kdf gx'g' / ;/;/tL x]bf{ lgDglnlvt Jojwfgx¿ b]vf kg'{n] ;f]sf] ;dfwfgtkm{ nfUg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!_ g]kfnL k/Dk/f Pj+ df}lnstfnfO{ ;Daw{g ug{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] k/Dk/fut pBf]ux¿ v'nf k|lt:kwf{df l6Sg g;sL kof{Kt ;+/If0fsf] cefjdf l6Sg g;Sg] cj:yf ;[hgf ePaf6 cfˆgf] df}lns ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t 3/]n' pBf]udf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ .

@_ bIf tyf Joj:yfksLo hgzlQmsf] cefjaf6 sltko 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿ k'/fg} kl/kf6L / kfl/jfl/s kl/j]zaf6 g} ;~rfng x'g] x'Fbf cfw'lgs Joj;fo tyf Joj:yfksLo bIf tyf sf}znsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'kg]{ .

#_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿df k'/fgf lj:yflkt eO;s]sf cg'ko'Qm k|ljlwx¿ k|of]udf /x]sf] x'Fbf o;sf] Modifi cation, upgradation, enhancement ug'{sf ;fy} gofF k|ljlwsf] adoptation / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf n}hfg'kg]{ .

$_ 3/]n' pBf]usf nflu lbOg] ;'ljwf ;x'lnotdf lglZrttf lbO{ lgaf{w¿kdf k|lqmofut emGem6ljgf k|bfg ug'kg]{ .

%_ pRr k|ljlwo'Qm ljb]zL ;fdfgsf] a9\bf] k|of]u, Go"g pTkfbsTj, k'/fgf] k|ljlwaf6 pTkflbt ;fdfgsf] u'0f:t/df s8f lgu/fgL /fVg g;Sg', sRrf dfnsf] u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug]{ k|efjsf/L ;+:yfut Joj:yf lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ .

^_ ahf/ ljZn]if0f /fd|f];Fu gu/L ahf/ dfunfO{ clws k|If]k0f ug]{ k|j[lQ, :yflkt sfod ug{ g;Sg] l:ylt, ahf/ ;"rgf k|0ffnL ljsf; gx'g', gofF j:t' pTkfbg tyf ljljwLs/0f


geO{ pTkflbt j:t'n] ;d]t ahf/ gkfO{ aGb x'g] l:ylt b]lvPaf6 ahf/Ls/0f ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ljz]if kxn ul/g'k5{ .

&_ n3', 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;sf nflu cnu} gLltut Pjd sfg'gL Joj:yf / ljBdfg cf}Bf]lus gLlt Pjd\ P]gdf ;d]t ;fd"lxs ;'wf/ x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 .

tTsfn rfNg'kg]{ sbdx¿ !_ df}lnstf, ;+:s[lt tyf k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t

x:tsnf pBf]u k|jw{gsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ .

@_ :jb]zL k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f / k|jw{g x'g] sfo{qmdx¿ NofO{ k|ljlWf ;'wf/ / x:tfGt/0fdf ;lqmotf Nofpg'kg]{ .

#_ cf}Bf]lus hgzlQm tof/Lsf nflu ljleGg ;Lk ljsf; k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿af6 k|bfg x'g] ;Lk ljsf; tflnddf bf]xf]/f]kg gNofO{ gx'g] u/L k|lzIfsx¿sf] ;Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ahf/ dfudf cfwfl/t u'0f:t/Lo tflnd

sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ .

$_ ;Lk k|ljlw, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; Pjd\ Joj:yfksLo ;Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf k|bfg u/L, ;/sf/ lghL ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd ;zQm¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g'kg]{ .

%_ cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ahf/ k|j{4gsf nflu ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L j:t' ljlzi6Ls/0f tyf ljsf;h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;3g¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g'kg]{ .

^_ :yfgLo :t/df pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t / :yfgLo k|rlnt ;Lkdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L Ps ufpF Ps dfn j:t' pTkfbgnfO{ a9jf lbg] .

&_ k|fs[lts¿kdf g]kfndf kfOg] ax'd"No Pjd\ cw{ ax'd"No kTy/x¿nfO{ :jb]zd} sf6\g], s'Fb\g], rDsfpg], sfo{ u/L /Tg / uxgf :jb]zdf g} pTkfbg ug]{ / k|of]u ug{ / lgsf;L ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ g]kfndf Ps /Tggu/L :yfkgf ug{df hf]8 lbg] .

e|i6frf/ / cg'lrt sfo{ ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿>d tyf pBf]u If]qdf /xg ;Sg] e|i6frf/, lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå / cg'lrt sfo{sf] ;d:ofx¿af/]

Ps cWoog sfo{ klg ePsf] lyof] . ;f]sf cfwf/df k|fKt ljj/0f lgDgcg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

Jojxf/sf] lsl;d clwstd Go"gtd

$ # @ !

;fgf]ltgf] e|i6frf/-cfkmGt / ;fyLefOsf] kmfObf / yf]/} /sdsf nflu sd{rf/Lx¿n] sfg'g ldr]/ sfd ug]{_

$! $( %% !%

lgoldt e|i6frf/-;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿ cyjf /fi6«;]jsx¿n] sfd ul/lbPafkt u}/sfg'gL /sd, b:t'/ of pkxf/ v'nf¿kdf dfu ug]{_

#^ %$ %# !&


Jojxf/sf] lsl;d clwstd Go"gtd

$ # @ !

gftfjfb s[kfjfb-sfof{nodf sd{rf/L egf{ ;¿jf ubf{ tyf 7]Ssfk§fsf] sfd lbFbf v'nf k|lt:kwf{df cfpg]nfO{ eGbf cfˆgf] dfG5]nfO{ x]g]{_

*$ #% @( !@

lghL nfe-;fj{hlgs kbsf gftfn] sfof{no ;doeGbf aflx/ cs}{ Joj;fodf ;+nUg /xL JolQmut nfe xfl;n ug]{_

&& $* @! !$

bafa / k|efj-dflyNnf] kbflwsf/L cyjf zlQmzfnL JolQmsf] Ozf/fdf tNnf] sd{rf/L cyjf cg'ofoLx¿ kl5 nfUg]_

() $( !% ^

eg;'g;fj{hlgs k|lqmofnfO{ ldr]/ cfˆgf] sfd kmQ] kfg{ zlQms]Gb|sf] kl5 nfu]/ x:tIf]k u/fpg]_

*% %^ !% $

3";sf] n]gb]g-sfg'g;Ddt k|lqmofut sfd ubf{ klg /sd, b:t'/, alS;; cyjf 3"; lng]lbg]_

$^ %^ $) !*

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@) ^) %) #)

/fhgLlts cf/If0f-kmfObf x'g] 7fpFdf k'Ugsf nflu sd{rf/Lx¿ /fhgLlts bnsf k5fl8 nfUg]_

*@ $% @! !@

e|i6 jftfj/0f-e|i6frf/ u/]sf] ;a'b e]l6P tfklg kbflwsf/L tyf gful/sx¿ s'g} rf;f] / dtna g/fVg]_

#( $^ %& !*


$ lbglbg}sf] lgoldt k|lqmof eO/x]sf] (Standard Operating Procedure)

# af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/g] 36gf (Frequent Incidence)

@ slxn]sfxLF eO/xg] 36gf (Occasional Incidence)

! cToGt sd dfqfdf x'g] 36gf (Rare Incidence, Without Regural Pattern)

;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿pQm k|ltj]bgn] Oª\lut u/]sf ljifox¿;d]t

nfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf / s'zntf xfl;n x'g g;sL ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg /lx/xg'sf k5fl8 lgDglnlvt sf/0fx¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 M

;]jfk|jfxdf /fhgLlts k|lta4tf l;4fGtdf • dfq ;Lldt /xL To;sf nflu x'g'kg]{ clwsf/, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg',

;]jf ;~rfn• gdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Dd ;]jf k'¥ofpg] u/L pko'Qm / Jofjxfl/s gLlt / sfo{ljlwx¿ ckgfpg gvf]Hg',

;]jfk|bfosx¿ ;]jfu|fxL cfd gful/sk|lt • pbfl;g /xL pQ/bfloTjsf] af]w x'g g;Sg',

;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ljlw s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 • lgwf{/0f eO{ :YffgLo cfjZostfcg'¿k tof/ x'g g;Sg',

;]jf k|bfg;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ p2]Zod"ns • x'g'eGbf sfo{ljlwd"ns eO{ lbFbf k|lqmofut emd]nfx¿ w]/} /xg',

;]jfk|bfosx¿dfly dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 • ;'kl/j]If0f / cg'udg x'g g;Sg', plrt k'/:sf/ / b08sf] gLlt cjnDag ug{ g;Sbf sd{rf/Lx¿df OdfGbf/L / hjfkmb]xL g/xg',

;]jfk|bfos• sfof{nox¿df :yfgLo cfjZostf / pko'Qmtfsf cfwf/df cfly{s, dfgjLo / ef}lts ;fwgx¿sf] Joj:yf x'g g;Sg',

Psflt/ tflnd k|fKt hgzlQmsf] cefj /xg' • csf{lt/ ltgLx¿sf] ;d'lrt pkof]u x'g g;Sg',

b'u{d lhNnfsf ;]jfk|bfos sfof{nox¿df • hgzlQmsf nflu cfsif{s ;'ljwf, k'/:sf/ / k|f]T;fxgsf] cefj x'Fbf clwsf+z sd{rf/Lx¿ cg'kl:yt /xg',

tflnd / cg'lzIf0fsf] cefjdf ;]jfk|bfos • sd{rf/Lx¿df gful/sd}qL Jojxf/ x'g g;Sg',

;]jfu|fxL cfd hgtfdf r]tgfsf] cefjsf • sf/0f ;]jfk|jfxdf ;+nUg sfof{no / sd{rf/Lx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf ;DaGwdf cgle1 /xg', cfˆgf] ;d:of jf lk/dsf{ cfk}mn] JoQm ug{ g;sL c¿sf] ;xf/f lng'kg]{ l:ylt x'g',

zflGt;'/Iffnufot ljleGg sf/0faf6 ;]jfk|bfos • sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dgf]andf x|f; cfpg',

;]jfk|jfxdf ;a}sf nflu ;dfg Jojxf/ • ul/g'k5{ elgP tfklg ;dfhdf tNnf] :t/sf ul/a tyf lgd'vf;Dd k'Ug g;sL lje]bsf/L /xg' cflb .

ljZj a}ª\ssf] Ps k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ul/a / lg/Lx ju{sf nflu egL k|jfx ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|foM c;kmn /xg] u/]sf] 5 .4 ;f] k|ltj]bgn] cf}FNofPsf] 5 M

;]jfk|jfxsf k|ltkmn ul/a ju{sf nflu • cToGt v/fa l:yltdf 5 (Outcomes are substantially worse for poor people),

$ "Services can work for poor people but too often they fail." World Develop-ment Report 2004: Making services work for poor people, pp.19-31.


ljz]if u/L ul/a ju{sf]• ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ kx'Fr / Ifdtf Go"g 5 (Affordable access to services is oLw -especially for poor people),

u'0f:t/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;]jfk|jfx sfo{df • cg]s c;kmntfx¿ 5g\\ (Quality -a range of failures),

;]jfk|jfx clwsf+z ;dodf gsfd /x]sf] 5 • (Services are often dysfunctional),

;]jfk|jfxsf] k|fljlws u'0f:t/ k|foMh;f] •

pBf]u If]qsf] ;]jfk|jfxsf] k|fyldstf

p2]Zop2]Zop2]Zop2]Zo

pknlAwpknlAwpknlAwpknlAw

k|fyldstfk|fyldstfk|fyldstfk|fyldstf

lqmofsnfklqmofsnfklqmofsnfklqmofsnfk

cy{tGqsf] ljsf;cy{tGqsf] ljsf;cy{tGqsf] ljsf;cy{tGqsf] ljsf; gful/s ;zgful/s ;zgful/s ;zgful/s ;zQmQmQmQmLLLLs/0fs/0fs/0fs/0f

;'b[9 /;'b[9 /;'b[9 /;'b[9 /ljljwtfo'Qm ljljwtfo'Qm ljljwtfo'Qm ljljwtfo'Qm

cy{tGqcy{tGqcy{tGqcy{tGq

bIf ;Lk / bIf ;Lk / bIf ;Lk / bIf ;Lk / 1fg1fg1fg1fg;lxtsf];lxtsf];lxtsf];lxtsf]u'0f:t/Lo u'0f:t/Lo u'0f:t/Lo u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQmhgzlQmhgzlQmhgzlQm

:jR5 /fd|f] / :jR5 /fd|f] / :jR5 /fd|f] / :jR5 /fd|f] / rnfodfg rnfodfg rnfodfg rnfodfg ;dfh;dfh;dfh;dfh

;'/lIft ;'/lIft ;'/lIft ;'/lIft gful/s gful/s gful/s gful/s ;dfh;dfh;dfh;dfh

ljljwtfljljwtfljljwtfljljwtfo'Qm o'Qm o'Qm o'Qm cy{tGqsf] ljsf; / cy{tGqsf] ljsf; / cy{tGqsf] ljsf; / cy{tGqsf] ljsf; / /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf

ug]{ug]{ug]{ug]{

lzIff, ;Lk tyf gofFlzIff, ;Lk tyf gofFlzIff, ;Lk tyf gofFlzIff, ;Lk tyf gofFvf]hsfvf]hsfvf]hsfvf]hsf dfWodåf/f dfWodåf/f dfWodåf/f dfWodåf/f k|efjsf/L /fHo k|efjsf/L /fHo k|efjsf/L /fHo k|efjsf/L /fHo

;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{

gful/gful/gful/gful/ssf nflu >d ssf nflu >d ssf nflu >d ssf nflu >d ;]jfdf ;'wf/ / ;]jfdf ;'wf/ / ;]jfdf ;'wf/ / ;]jfdf ;'wf/ /

;]jf;]jf;]jf;]jfk|jfxdf k|efjsfk|jfxdf k|efjsfk|jfxdf k|efjsfk|jfxdf k|efjsfl/l/l/l/tf tf tftf Nofpg]Nofpg]Nofpg]Nofpg]

afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff tyf ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff tyf ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff tyf ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff

ug]{ug]{ug]{ug]{

hghghghgpQ/bfoL pQ/bfoL pQ/bfoL pQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt

lbnfpg]lbnfpg]lbnfpg]lbnfpg]

>d cbfnt / >d cbfnt / >d cbfnt / >d cbfnt / cfof]uxcfof]uxcfof]uxcfof]ux¿¿¿¿sf]sf]sf]sf]

k|zf;gk|zf;gk|zf;gk|zf;g

lghL If]qsf lghL If]qsf lghL If]qsf lghL If]qsf pBf]u;Fu ;DaGwpBf]u;Fu ;DaGwpBf]u;Fu ;DaGwpBf]u;Fu ;DaGw

/f]huf/Lsf /f]huf/Lsf /f]huf/Lsf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/xcj;/xcj;/xcj;/x¿¿¿¿sf] sf] sf] sf]

l;h{gfl;h{gfl;h{gfl;h{gf

;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf pBf]u /pBf]u /pBf]u /pBf]u /

>ldsx>ldsx>ldsx>ldsx¿¿¿¿sf]sf]sf]sf];DaGw;DaGw;DaGw;DaGw

sfd ug]{ 7fpFsf] sfd ug]{ 7fpFsf] sfd ug]{ 7fpFsf] sfd ug]{ 7fpFsf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff

jftfj/0fjftfj/0fjftfj/0fjftfj/0f

cToGt Go"g /x]sf] 5 (The technical quality of services is often very Low),

;]jfk|jfx ;]jfu|fxLk|lt hjfkmb]xL aGg ;s]sf] • b]]lvFb}g (Services are nor responsive to clients),

Go"g d"Nofª\sg, Go"g gjk|jt{g / pTkfbsTjdf • oyfl:ylt (Little evaluation, litttle innovation, stagnant productivity) n] ;]jfk|jfx ul/asf nflu ck]lIft dfqfdf k|efjsf/L /xg ;s]sf] 5}g .


pBf]usf] If]qdf ;]jfk|jfxdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] sfo{x¿

tLgcf]6f d'Vo If]qx¿ (Core Areas)

!= pBf]u;DaGwL gLlt sfof{Gjogdf cg'udg / gful/s ;dfhnfO{ hfgsf/L

gLltlgdf{0f ;]jfk|jfxsf nflu cWoog Ø cg';Gwfg, pBf]u;DaGwL sfg'g tyf dfkb08x¿af/] Ø ;dLIff, d"Nofª\sg / gofF vf]h,gful/s ;dfhnfO{ 1fg–;Lk clej[l4 / Ø Jojxf/df kl/jt{gsf nflu r]tgf cflb .

@= sfo{qmd / k|lqmofx¿sf] Joj:yfkg

pBf]uL Joj;foL ;xeflutf clej[l4 Ø sfo{qmd / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ;'wf/,

sfo{ynf]df /fd|f pbfx/0fx¿sf] k|bz{g Ø / ;Gt'lnt Jojxf/sf nflu ;xsfo{,

Joj;fo k|jw{gsf cf}Bf]lus ;DaGw Ø la:tf/ / pTkfbgzLn If]qsf nflu sfo{qmd,

cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿ ljz]if u/L ;fgf Ø pBf]ux¿df :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff l:yltaf/] /fok/fdz{,

#= cg'j[lt clej[l4 (Improving Compliance)

:jLs[lt tyf cg'dlt,Ø n]vfk/LIf0f tyf cg';Gwfg,Ø sfg'g sfof{Gjog tyf cleof]hg cflb . Ø

cGodf g]kfnsf :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwg ;Lk k|of]u u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ a9fpg / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf ljBdfg 5 . casf] rf;f] eg]sf] jt{dfg v'nf cy{tGqdf v/f] pqg ;Sg] u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, :yfgLo ;fwg / ;LknfO{ s;/L clwstd ahf/d'vL agfpg], t'ngfTds nfe x'g] j:t'x¿sf] klxrfg u/L To:tf j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg], k/Dk/fut k|ljlwdf bIftf clej[l4 ug]{ Pjd\ u'0ffTds ;'wf/ Nofpg} kg]{ ljifox¿ r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\\ . ;fgf pBf]ux¿nfO{ 7"nf pBf]ux¿sf] ;xfos pBf]usf ¿kdf s;/L cGt/;DaGw sfod ug]{ xf] < s;/L Pscsf{sf] kl/k"/ssf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ < eGg] gLlt / Joj:yftkm{ ;a}sf] a9L Wofg hfg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g ;s]df o; If]qaf6 d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df 7"nf] of]ubfg eO{ ;an cfly{s ljsf; ug{df 7"nf] ;3fp k'Ug] cfzf lng ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

Cartier-Bresson, Jean. April 2004. "From the State of the Question to the Question of the State", Copenhagen Consensus Opponent Notes on Poor Governance and Corruption,

Marie-Claire Guilalrd, "A visual essay: international labor market comparisons, "Monthly Labour Review, April 2006.

ICA GENERAL ASSEMBLY, Co-operatives and Golbalisation: An ILO Perspective, "Co-operation and Peace in the Era of Globalisation", 15-17 October 2001, Seoul -Korea


ILO, FAO Mid-term Review of the World Food Summit Plan of Action, Mid Term Review.2006.

LeBiloLn, Philippe. 2003. "Buying Peace or Fueling War: The Role of Corruption in Armed confl icts", Journal of International Deveolpment, 15, pp. 413-426.

Manandhar, Narayan, 2001, Labor Relations: Problems and Issues in Nepal, Fredrich-Naumann-Foundation, Germany, industrial Relations Forum.

O'Donnell, Madalene. 2006. "Post-confl ict Corruption: A Rule of Law Agenda¿" Civil War and the Rule of Law. International Peace Academy.

United Nations, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibilities: Report of the Secretary General's High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change, UN Doc A/59/565 (1 December 2004), http://www.un.org/secureworld.

United Nations. 2004. The Global Programme against Corruption: Anti-Corruption Toolkit,

World Bank, World Deveolpment Report 2004: Making services work for poor people, pp.19-31.


;f/f+z:yfoL ;/sf/sf] ;+1f kfPsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljz]iftM of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L lgikIf

5gf]6sf dfWodaf6 ;]jf;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] x'G5 . Jofj;flostfo'Qm o; ;]jfdf lgj}{olQmstf, lgikIftfh:tf ljz]iftfx¿ /xg'sf ;fy} :ki6 cjlw / j[lQljsf;sf] ky ls6fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf hgcfGbf]ng efu @ sf] P]ltxfl;s ;kmntf;Fu} th'{df ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg'¿k d'n's cu|ufdL k'g:f{+/rgfsf] af6f]df cl3 a9b} uPsf] 5 / ;f]xL ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ klg k'g:f{+/rgf ug'{k/]sf] 5 . Toltdfq geP/ ljBdfg lghfdtL ;]jfdf b]lvPsf gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, cfkm\gf] dfG5], eg;'g, rfs/L, cTolws /fhgLlts k|efj, k/Dk/fjfbL ;+:sf/, cfTds]lGb|t k|zf;g, sfo{ljlwd'vL k|zf;g, kbLo 3d08 / e|i6frf/h:tf ljs[ltx¿sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu ;d]t g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cu|ufdL k'g:f{+/rgf cfjZos 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j¿knfO{ b]zsf] hg;ª\Vof, ;fdYo{, j}slNks If]qsf] ljsf;sf] :t/, hgtfsf] r]tgf, lzIffsf] :t/n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsf]n] a9LeGbf a9L hglxtdf ;dlk{t x'g], ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] l;4fGtcg';f/sf] ;'zf;g k|jw{g / ljsf; k|zf;g ;~rfngdf ;Ifd ;'b[9 / hgpQ/bfoL ;]jfdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ul/g'kb{5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf M /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf ;Gbe{df

;'dg bfxfn zfvf clws[t

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

k|f/DelghfdtL ;]jf eg]sf] /fHosf] :YffoL

cª\u xf], h'g ;/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt x'G5 . /fHo Joj:yfsf] pTklt;Fu} ;fdflhs ;Demf}tfsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ p2]Zon] u7g

ul/g] o:tf] ;]jfdf ;]jfsf] :ki6 sfg'gL cfwf/ x'G5 eg] t'ngfTds¿kdf tL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] j[lQkysf] lglZrttf;Fu} :yfloTj;d]t x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf]


lgo'lQmnufotsf sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfdf ;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu} lgvf/ cfpFb} uPsf] kfOG5 . ;+/IfsTjsf cfwf/df, kfl/jfl/s ;Dks{ / kx'Frsf cfwf/df, n'6 k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df x'Fb} xfn cfP/ of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|rng kfOG5 . ;/sf/sf] k/fdz{bftfsf ¿kdf ;Nnfx;'emfj lbg] / ;/sf/åf/f lgld{t sfg'gsf] kfngf ug]{, gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx ug]{, ;fwg;|f]tsf] kl/rfng / ;+:yfut lg/Gt/tf lbg] Pj+ hgtfsf] gh/df ;/sf/ eg]/ lrlgg] o; ;]jfdf d'VotM lgj{}olQmstf, lgikIftf, sfo{s'zntf, lhDd]jf/Lkg, sfg'gsf] kfngfh:tf d"NodfGotf Pj+ ljz]iftfx¿ x'G5g\ .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ lgofn]/ x]bf{ o;sf] Oltxf; g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fkZrft\ dfq :ki6¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 . To;df klg /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] Gofo If]q, ;}lgs If]q / lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbx¿df :ki6 ljefhg gePsf], lgo'lQm ;¿jf tyf a9'jfh:tf sfo{df thlahL clwsf/ /x]sf] / tnaeQfsf ¿kdf gub jf lhG;Lsf] Joj:Yff ePaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfn] :ki6 d"NodfGotf cFufn]sf] lyPg eGbf cltzof]lQm gxf]nf . d'n'sdf zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{gcg'¿k lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] @))& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] axfnLkZrft\ ;f]xLcg'¿k lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] ljleGg cfof]udfkm{t k|ltj]bgx¿ lnO{ ;f]xLcg'¿k sfg'gsf] th'{df / sfo{fGjog ul/of] . w]/} xb;Dd lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ :JftGq cl:tTjsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L :yfoL ;+oGqsf ¿kdf :yflkt ul/of] . k|zf;lgs tyf /fhgLlts ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf nflu ljleGg k|of;x¿ ul/P eg]

@)$^ ;fndf ePsf] k|hftGqsf] k'ga{xfnLkZrft\ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cem ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg] p2]Zon] gofF P]gsfg'g th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ul/of] . kbk"lt{ / ;]jf;t{x¿df Jofks kl/jt{g ul/of] . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ r':tb'¿:t agfpg] p2]Zon] cfsf/ 36fpg]b]lv lnP/ ;]jfk|jfxdf ;'wf/sf ljleGg k|of; ul/P .

hgcfGbf]ng @ dfkm{t d'n's cu|udgsf] lbzfdf nlDs/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f, u0ftGqnfO{ dWo:yfgdf /fvL cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL ;Gbe{df hf/L ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnnfO{ Ps :JftGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs, u0ftGqfTds /fHosf ¿kdf kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !%# n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx¿sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf ;]jfx¿sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf ;t{x¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd x'g] Joj:Yff u/]cg'¿k g]kfndf xfn ljleGg !@ cf]6f ;]jf / tLcGt{ut %) cf]6fhlt ;d"x tyf $! cf]6fhlt pk;d"xx¿ 5g\ .

/fHo k'g:f{+/rgfsf ;Gbe{d'n's xfn cu|ufdL k'g:f{+/rgfsf] af6f]df

;+ljwfg ;efsf dfWodaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg lgd{f0f u/L cufl8 a9g] qmddf 5 . ;f]xL ;Gbe{df hgtfsf] lxt clej[l4 ug{ / /fhgLlts k|0ffnLadf]lhdsf] k|zf;lgs k|0ffnLdf ¿kfGt/0f / kl/jt{g sfod ug{sf nflu g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;d;fdlos x'g] u/L kl/jt{g ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !#* n] juL{o, hftLo,


n}ª\lus, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ug{ /fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL;lxtsf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ pNn]v u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f]xLadf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k'g:f{+/rgf ug'{k/]sf] 5 .

k|To]s d'n'sdf /xg] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j¿k, cfsf/ / z}nL, To; b]zdf /x]sf] zf;sLo k|0ffnLn] lgb]{lzt u5{ . To;df klg /fHo k'g:f{+/rgfsf] ;do eg]sf] /fHoOltxf;sf] nfdf] ;dodf cfpg] cj;/ xf] . o;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kb{5 . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf eg]sf] /fHosf x/]s cfofddf x'g] ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ xf] . o;sf] ;'¿cft ;+ljwfgaf6 ul/G5 . /fHosf] k'g:f{+/rgfsf] 9f]sf eg]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] k'gn{]vg xf] . ;flasdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; g/x]sf sf/0f, cfGtl/s åGåsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu, d'n's–d'n'saLrsf] åGåsf] cGTokZrft\ jf pklgj]zsf] d'lQmkZrft\ /fHosf] k'g:f{+/rgf gofF ;+ljwfgsf] n]vgaf6 ul/G5 . /fHodf lglxt cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, sfg'gL tyf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfx¿df k'g:f{+/rgf ul/G5 . /fHosf] zf;g k4ltsf] :j¿k -PsfTds, ;ª\3fTds, dxf;ª\3Lo, ldl>t_, ;/sf/sf] :j¿k -/fi6«ktLo, k|wfgdGqLo, ;+;bLo, /fhtGqfTds_, k|ltlglwTjsf] k4lt -ax'dt, ;dfg'kflts, ldl>t_ h:tf tTTjx¿df j}1flgs lsl;dn] kl/jt{g ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ /fHosf] k'g:f{+/rgf elgG5 . /fHo k'g:f{+/rgfdf k'/fgf / ;d;fdlos gePsf ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts w/f]x/x¿nfO{ ljZJfkl/j]z / ;d;fdlos ¿kn] kl/jt{g ul/g] ePsf]n] gofF yfngL (fresh start) klg elgG5 . xf], ToxL ljGb'df cfh g]kfn ToxL 5 . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgk|lt hgljZjf; sfod x'g g;Sg', d'n'sdf a9]sf] hgo'4sf] plrt ;dfwfg ug{ /

ljZjJofkL nf]stGqsf] nx/nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{sf nflu g]kfndf /fHo k'g:f{+/rgf ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . o; cj;/nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L cufl8 a9\gsf nflu g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;d]t k'g:f{+/rgf cfjZos 5 .

g]kfn ;ª\3Lo /fHo x'g] qmddf 5 . o; ;Gbe{df gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu cxf]/fq lqmofzLn ;+ljwfg ;efsf] /fHo k'g:f{+/rgf tyf /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] d'n'snfO{ !$ cf]6f ;ª\3Lo k|b]z, @# cf]6f :jfoQ k|b]z / cGo :yfgLo tx, ljz]if If]q / ;+/lIft If]q /xg] u/L] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . To;df klg k|b]zx¿df ljleGg @* cf]6f clwsf/ /xg], cjlzi6 clwsf/;lxtsf] #) cf]6f ljleGg clwsf/x¿ s]Gb|df /xg] / ljleGg @& cf]6f clwsf/x¿ s]Gb| / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf ¿kdf /xg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . ;ª\3Lotf lgdf{0f ubf{ ;ldltn] ljleGg % cf]6f cfwf/ tf]s]sf] 5 . o:tf cfwf/x¿df hftLo, ;d'bfo, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts / ef}uf]lns kb{5g\ . If]qut lg/Gt/tfsf] cfwf/ / P]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tfsf] cfwf/ lnPsf] 5 eg] k|To]s k|b]zsf] lbuf] Joj:Yffkgsf nflu To; k|b]zsf] ;fdYo{sf nflu cfly{s cGt/;DaGw / ;fdYo{, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;Defjgf, k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf / k|zf;lgs ;'udtfh:tf $ cf]6f cfwf/x¿ lnPsf] 5 . k|b]znfO{ lbuf] / ;Ifd agfpg klxrfg;Fu ;fdYo{sf] cfwf/nfO{ klg TolQs} dxTTj lbg'kb{5 . klxrfgsf] cfwf/ k|fylds eP tfklg s'g klxrfgnfO{ lg0ff{os dfGg] eGg] s'/f ;fdYo{sf cfwf/df gfKg'kb{5 . k'g:f{+/rgfdf ljz]iftM ;|f]t;fwgdf cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/, ;xsfl/tf, s]Gb|df cjlzi6 clwsf/, alnof ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ / clxn] eO/x]sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] pkof]u ;DaGwdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 . pk/f]Qm k[i7e"lddf ;f]xLadf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfsf]


:j¿k, 9fFrf / sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ul/g'kb{5 . s'g} klg b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j¿k To; b]zdf /x]sf hg;ª\Vof, s'n u|fx{:Yo pTkfbg, ef}uf]lns ljs6tf, lghL If]qsf] ljsf;sf] l:ylt, hgtfsf] r]tgf :t/h:tf tTTjx¿n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] k'g;{+/rgfkZrft\ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j¿knfO{ ;f]xLadf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/g'kb{5 .

/fHo k'g:f{+/rgfn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j¿knfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ eP tfklg ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg :j¿kx¿ kfOG5g\ . s]Gb|Ls[t¿kdf /xg] lghfdtL ;]jfeGbf km/s ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf s]Gb|Lo ;]jf, k|fb]lzs ;]jf, :yfgLo :t/sf] ;]jf, ;+o'Qm ;]jfx¿ /xg] ub{5g\ . /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8sf] ls6fgL;Fu} lghfdtL ;]jfsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf ;+/rgfsf] 6'ª\uf] nfUg]5 tyflk ca aGg] lghfdtL ;]jfdf lgDg u'0f Pj+ d"NodfGotfx¿ /xg'kb{5 M

;/sf/sf txadf]lhdsf 5'§f5'§} tyf ;femf • ;]jfx¿ /xg'kg]{, lgdf{0f ul/Psf ;]jfx¿df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] • :ki6 cfwf/x¿ klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g'kg]{, ca aGg] lghfdtL ;]jf ;Ifd, pQ/bfoL / • Jofj;flos ;+:Yffsf ¿kdf ljsl;t x'g'kb{5, h;n] pRr g}ltstf sfod ub}{ hglxtdf cxf]/fq

nfuLkg]{ ljsf; k|zf;gsf] pko'Qm ;+:s[lto'Qm, lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL ;+oGq aGg'kg]{, k'g:f{+/rgfkZrft\ lghfdtL ;]jfdf • sfo{9fFrfsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k sfo{ljZn]if0f u/L :ki6 sfo{ljj/0f -dfkb08x¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{_ tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] / sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ d"Nofª\sgsf] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnO{ cg'dfgof]Uo hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ cflb .

pk;+xf/g]kfnsf] cu|ufdL k'g:f{+/rgfkZrft\ lgdf{0f

x'g] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf d'n'ssf] ;fdYo{ / hgtfsf] dfusf cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jfx¿ u7g ul/g]5 . tL ;]jfx¿ To; cj:yfdf lgdf{0f x'g] ;/sf/sf tx, ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ afF8kmfF8, clwsf/ / st{Josf cfwf/df s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo txsf /xg]5g\ . cfly{s ;fdYo{sf cfwf/df x]bf{ g]kfn cToGt sdhf]/ l:ylt /x]sf] -dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))( df g]kfn !$$ cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf]_ x'gfn] ca aGg] lghfdtL ;]jf bIf t/ ldtJooL aGg'kb{5, h;sf nflu sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfx¿h:tf] kbk"lt{, lgo'lQm, ;¿jf, a9'jfh:tf sfo{sf nflu s]Gb|Lo txdf dfq /xg] u/L s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfo /xg'kb{5 eg] :yfgLo :t/df hgtfsf] glhs /x]/ hgtfsf] lxt clej[l4 u/L ;]jfk|jfxdf r':tb'¿:t sfod ug{] vfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgdf{0f efjL g]kfnsf] cfjZostf / clgjfo{tf xf] eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Ld}gfnL, uf]kLgfy -@)^^_ /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x¿, sf7df8f}F, ;f]kfg dfl;s . === === ===, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . === === ===, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$(, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . === === ===, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%), sf7df8f}F, sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt . === === ===, -@)^^_ ;+ljwfg;ef, /fHo k'g:f{+/rgf tyf /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldltsf]

k|ltj]bg, sf7df8f}F, ;+ljwfg;ef, /fHo k'g:f{+/rgf tyf /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldlt .


g]kfndf ;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL!= d'n's ca ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfg] lglZrt

eO;s]sf] 5 . o; cy{df d'n'ssf] zf;sLo k|0ffnL / :j¿k PsfTdstfaf6 ;ª\3fTds x'Fb} 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] klg b]z ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfg] lbzflgb]{z ul/;s]sf] 5 . bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷^# sf] dd{ / efjgfcg';f/ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqcg'¿ksf] /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ afFsL 5 . ctM ;ª\3Lotfsf ;DaGwdf s]xL rrf{ ug'{ k|f;ª\lus x'g] 7x5{ . ;ª\3Lotf eg]sf] ljleGg :jfoQ /fHox¿sf] Pstf xf]- …u7aGwg ;ª\3Ú xf], cfkm\gf] zf;g cfkm}Fn] ug]{, cfkm\gf] ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng / pkof]u cfkm}Fn] ug]{ xf] . ;f/df eGg'kbf{ cfkm\gf] efUo / eljiosf] lg0f{o cfkm}Fn] ug]{ eGg] dfGotfaf6 lgb]{lzt zf;g k|0ffnL g} ;ª\3Lotf xf] .

@= ;ª\3Lo cjwf/0ffcg';f/ zf;sLo k|0ffnLdf hfFbf d'n'ssf] zlQms]Gb|, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L ljleGg tx z[ª\vnfdf tndflysf] 9fFrf / t];|f] ¿kdf, ;dfgfGt/¿kdf ljleGg cª\ux¿df ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0fsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df afFl8Psf] x'g'kb{5 lsgls ;ª\3Lotfdf hfg' eg]sf] s]Gb|df /x]sf] Psflwsf/k"0f{ /fHo zlQmnfO{ ;+j}wflgs tj/n] ljefhg u/L hgtfsf] kx'Fr glhs t'Nofpg tntnsf hgtfsf ;+:yfx¿df x:tfGt/0f ug'{ xf] . o;/L clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ubf{ cleJoQm / cjlzi6 clwsf/sf] l;4fGtadf]lhd ul/G5 . pQ/cfw'lgstfeGbf cem cufl8 a9]sf]] o; ljZjdf /fHozlQmsf]

k|of]u ug]{ tf}/tl/sfx¿ ;dfg 5||}gg\ . ;ª\3Lo 9fFrf cjnDag u/]sf b]zx¿df klg zf;sLo :j¿k / sfo{k|0ffnL Ps}gf; geO{ ef}uf]lns cj:yf, cfjZostf rfxgf / p2]Zosf cfwf/df leGgleGg /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk ;ª\3Lotfsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt …/fHo zlQm -/fhsLo / zf;sLo zlQm_ / clwsf/ Pp6} s]Gb|df g/xg] dfGotf xf] .Ú o;nfO{ ;a} /fHon] 36L a9L cj:yfdf dfGo u/L kfng u/]s} kfOG5 .

#= g]kfnn] ckgfpg vf]h]sf] ;ª\3Lotf eg]sf] 5'§f5'§} :jtGq / ;fj{ef}d /fHox¿sf] u7aGwg ;ª\3 jf cfGtl/s ;'/Iff / ljsf; ug{ ;ª\ul7t x'g] k|an OR5fnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg …Coming TogetherÚsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df geO{ Pp6f s]Gb|Ls[t l;ª\uf] /fi6«af6 ;w}F Ps} l9Ssfdf /xL /fHo ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ …Holding TogetherÚ sf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df k'g;{+/rgf u/L cufl8 a9\g] xf] . g]kfnn] cª\uLsf/ ug{ vf]h]sf] / ug'{kg]{ cj:yf eg]sf] Pp6} ;fj{ef}d /fHonfO{ ljleGg

;ª\3Lo g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 gful/sn] ck]Iff u/]sf ljifox¿

dx]Gb| ;}j'n];x;lrj

k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u


k|b]z / ;fgf;fgf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf ljefhg u/L clwsf/, ;|f]t / hjfkmb]lxtf tntn k'¥ofO{ gful/snfO{ ;]jf lbg' xf] . o; l;4fGtsf] dd{, efjgf / dfGotfcg';f/ ;ª\3Lotfdf uPdf /fHox¿sf ;fy} ;ª\3Lo g]kfn klg ;'b[9, ;Ifd, ;d[4 / ;an aGb5 . o;k|sf/n] ljsf; x'g] ;ª\3df cfTdlge{/tf, cGt/lge{/tf Pj+ k/:k/df cGtMlge{/tfdf ljsl;t x'Fb} cufl8 a9\b5 . Pscfk;df ldnL sfo{Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{ dfGotfn] pRr k|fyldstf kfpg yfNb5 . /fHox¿ ToxL k4lt ckgfpg afWo x'g]5g\, h;af6 cfk;df ;xof]ufTds, ;xsfof{Tds / ;dGjofTds ;DaGwsf] ljsf; x'g k'Ub5 . clg k|To]s /fHox¿sf] ;dli6ut d"Nofª\sg x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf /fHo/fHoaLr ;sf/fTds k|lt:kwf{sf] klg ;'¿cft x'g]5 . /fHo/fHoaLr cfk\mgf gful/ssf hLjg:t/ s]s:tf] agfpg], s'g :t/df k'¥ofpg] eGg]df xf]8afhL x'g]5 / x'g'k5{ h;n] cGttf]uTjf xfdLn] vf]h]sf], xfd|f g]tfx¿n] b]v]sf] ;kgfnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg] / Ps 5fs vfgsf nflu lbgel/ lrGtfdf 8'la/xg'kg]{ cj:yfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;lsG5 .

$= g]kfndf ckgfpg vf]lhPsf] ;ª\3Lotf s:tf] 5 t egL x]bf{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf k|ltj]bgx¿nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf ljleGg ;ldltn] g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lotfsf] :j¿k / /fHosf] ;f/e"t zlQms]Gb| / k|b]zsf aLr ljefhg x'g] lsl;dn] cfcfkm\gf] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf 5g\ . pSt k|ltj]bgcg';f/ l:j6\h/NofG8df h:tf] ;ª\3, SofG6g / sDo'gdf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 gx'g] ePsf] 5 . o;} u/L cd]l/sfsf] h:tf] cWoIffTds k|0ffnL, a]nfotsf] h:tf] j]:6 ldlg:6/ df]8]nsf] ;+;bLo Joj:yfh:tf] / l5d]sL /fi6« ef/tsf] h:tf] ;ª\3Lotf klg gx'g] ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;ldltx¿n] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] :yfgLo lgsfosf] clwsf/ eg]sf] k|b]z ;/sf/af6 lgdf{0f x'g] sfg'gåf/f k|fKt x'g]

b]lvG5 eg] ;ª\3 / k|b]zsf aLr ;+j}wflgs tj/af6 clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 ul/g] ePsf] 5 .

%= k6sk6s PsLs/0f, la:tf/ / lj36g x'Fb} cufl8 a9]sf] k|frLg g]kfnnfO{ cfh;Ddsf] PsLs[t ePsf] g]kfn gfds /fHo ;+/rgfsf] :j¿k k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] /fHola:tf/ / PsLs/0fsf] kl/0ffd xf] . ls/ftLsfnLg, lnR5ljsfnLg / zf;g Joj:yfdf klg u0f/fHo k|0ffnL lyof] . cfh xfdL emG8} $)) jif{k5fl8 k'gM u0f/fHo k|0ffnL :yflkt ug]{, ljsf; ug]{ / la:tf/ ug{ vf]lh/x]sf 5f}F . o;} ;Gbe{df xfdL g]kfnLx¿ oltv]/ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ tof/Ldf 5f}F . To;};Fu tfbfTDo sfod x'g] u/L @)^%.*.$ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u Ps jif{b]lv ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] :j¿k, 9fFrf, sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/sf ;DaGwdf k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ sfo{df nfluk/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf ljleGg !! cf]6f ;ldltx¿ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ;fy} /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ sfo{df of]ubfg lbFb} 5g\ . To;dWo]klg /fHosf] zf;sLo :j¿k lgwf{/0f, /fHo k'g;{+/rgf / /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;ldlt, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / k|fs[lts ;|f]t afF8kmfF8 ;ldltn] ub}{ cfPsf sfo{x¿, To;sf] lqmofzLntf / ;xdltdf cleJoQm ePsf /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf ljifox¿ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] efjL :j¿k / sfo{z}nLsf ljifodf Hofb} dxTTjk"0f{ dflgPsf] 5 .

^= xfdL olta]nf cs]Gb|Ls/0f -clwsf/ / zlQms]Gb|df gy'lk|Psf]_ /fHo ;+/rgf agfpg vf]Hb} 5f}F t/ l;+xb/af/sf] clwsf/ wgs'6f, kf]v/f / ;'v]{t;Dd nu]/ y'kfg]{ / ToxfF /x]sf larf}lnof /fhgLlts 6f7faf7fnfO{ km]l/ k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ agfpg lbP/ dfq gful/s aGg rflx/x]sfnfO{ km]l/ klg …hgtfÚ / …k|hfÚ g} agfpg eg] kSs} s'g} klg gful/sn] vf]h]sf 5}gg\ eGg] nfUb5 .


;ª\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLdf lghfdtL ;]jf&= lghfdtL ;]jf eg]sf] ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf

nflu ;xof]uL / k/fdz{bfqL ;+oGq x'g'sf ;fy} ;/sf/sf] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGq klg xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfdsf/afxL, sfo{z}nL, Jojxf/ / ;]jfk|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf g} ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . ;/sf/ eg]/ ;fdfGo gful/sn] a'e\mg], lrGg] / d"Nofª\sg ug]{ eg]sf] ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] sfdsf/afxLaf6 g} xf] t;y{ lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;/sf/ / hgtfsf aLrdf /xL ;]t'sf] sfd ug'{kb{5, u/]sf] x'G5 / ul//xg'kb{5 . hgtfsf OR5f, cfsfª\Iff / cfjZostfcg'¿k gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;/sf/nfO{ t6:y ;Nnfx lbg, hgd'vL gLlt agfpg ;xof]u ug]{, Pj+ tL gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjog u/L hgrfxgfsf] k"lt{ ug]{ sfof{Gjogstf{sf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ / ;/sf/k|lt hgljZjf; a9fpg ;b}j nflu kg'{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|d'v sfo{ xf] . To;}n] eGg] ul/Psf] 5 ls ;/sf/sf] k|lt¿k eg]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf xf] / ;/sf/ slxNo} klg lghfdtL ;]jfeGbf /fd|f] x'g ;Qm}g . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Ifdtf, bIftf, hjfkmb]lxtf / k|efjsfl/tfdf ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf / hgtfsf] ;d'Gglt lge{/ x'G5 . To;}n] xf]nf, jf] Nu]g :6nn] eg]sf 5g\ …;/sf/ cfkm\gf] sd{rf/LtGqeGbf /fd|f] x'g ;Sb}g .… o;sf] cy{ xf] lghfdtL ;]jf /fd|f] ePdf dfq ;/sf/ /fd|f] x'G5 . To;}n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] klg k'g;{+/rgf x'g'kb{5 .

*= k'g;{+/rgf ug'{ eg]sf] g} zf;sLo ;+oGq / tLcGtu{tsf ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+/rgf / e"ldsfnfO{ gofF cfjZostf, kl/j]z / hgrfxgf -;do / hgtfsf] dfu_ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ug'{, kl/eflift ug{' / ljsl;t ub}{ hfg' xf] . ljleGg kl/j]z, kl/l:yltdf ljsf; ePsf] g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Ls[t /

PsfTds /fHosf] 9fFrf / zf;sLo Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmof ;'¿ ePsf] 5 . ;ª\3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ffadf]lhd k|zf;gsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug'{sf] clek|fo /fHosf k|To]s gful/ssf] kx'Fr /fHosf] k|To]s cª\udf ;j{;'ne x'g k'uf];\, nfesf] afF8kmfF8 klg ;dfgtfsf l;4fGtadf]lhd k|To]s gful/sn] k|fKt ug{ ;s'g\ / gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ / zf;sju{sf] hLjg:t/df ;dfgtf x'g ;sf];\ eGg] xf] . lxhf]sf] PsfTds 9fFrfsf] s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo k|0ffnLsf] ;xof]usf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf], ljsf; ul/Psf] / ;~rfng Pj+ cEo:t agfOPsf] lghfdtL ;]jf / To;sf] cª\uk|Toª\u / cjojx¿ jt{dfgsf] /fHo k|0ffnLsf ;Gbe{df s]slt pko'Qm x'g ;S5g\, s;/L ltgsf] ;~rfng ug'{k5{ / ltgdf s], s:tf] / slt kl/dfh{g / kl/:s[t ug'{kb{5 eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn u/L ltgsf] pko'Qmtf k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ a]nf ePsf] 5 .

(= /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf ¿kdf s]Gb|df ;ª\3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf, k|b]zdf k|fb]lzs lghfdtL ;]jf / :yfgLo txsf nflu :yfgLo ;]jf /xg] u/L ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ePsf] kfOG5 . s]Gb|Ls[t÷PsfTds 9fFrfdf /xFbf lghfdtL ;]jf, o;sf ;+oGq / o;df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LtGqx¿df y'k|} cf/f]k÷cfIf]k nfUg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgZro g} tL cf/f]kx¿ ca k'g;{+/rgf x'g] lghfdtL ;]jfdf nfUg' x'Fb}g / nfUg] vfnsf] kl/l:ylt agfpg' klg x'Fb}g .

!)= lghfdtL ;]jf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ cª\u xf] . ;fdfGotM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf tyf GofokflnsfnfO{ ;d]6\5 . To;df cem ljz]iftM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf sd{rf/L k|zf;g, ;'/Iff lgsfo Pj+ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO{ a9L dxTTj lbP/ x]g]{ ul/G5 . o;sf] ;~rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkgdf


Ps¿ktf Nofpg o;sf s]xL lglZrt ljifo Pj+ k|lqmofnfO{ cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{gsf ¿kdf lnO{ sfo{;~rfng ePsf] kfOG5 . o;n] zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf / :yfloTjnfO{ d2t k'¥ofpF5 . oL sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf / o;sf ;+oGq lgM:jfy{, ;bfrf/L, j:t'k/s, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{, sfo{s'zn, OdfGbf/ / lgikIf x'g'k5{ . lghfdtL ;]jf / o;sf ;+oGqn] log} d"ne"t cfbz{ cjnDag ub}{ nf]stGqk|lt ;Ddfg / lgi7f sfod ug'{kg]{ Pj+ ;fj{hlgs rf;f] / rfvk|lt ;b}j ;+j]bgzLn x'g'kg]{ h:tf d"NodfGotf /fvL sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 gful/sn] /fv]sf ck]Iffx¿

!!= gful/sx¿ ;]jfsf nufgLstf{ / pkef]Qmf x'g\ . o;sf ;fy} ;]jfu|fxL klg x'g\ . t;y{ …;]jf lbg' ;/sf/sf] st{Jo xf] / ;]jf kfpg' hgtfsf] xs xf]… -sf]O/fnf, @)^!_ . lghfdtL ;]jfn] ug]{ sfo{nfO{ 5f]6f]¿kdf a'e\mbf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿ g} lghfdtL ;]jfsf pTkfbg Pj+ sfo{ x'g\ . log} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf nflu ul/g] ljljw lqmofsnfk, ;Dkfbg ubf{ /fHosf] ;fdflhs k|0ffnL, ;dfhsf] ljsf; / jftfj/0fLo kl/j]zcg'¿k Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 . oL sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf] lxt / pGglt x'g] sfo{ ug'{ / pgLx¿sf] ;Gt'li6nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kb{5 . of] cfh;Dd ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ bfloTjleq lyof] t/ ca ljleGg kfqx¿ -Agency_ sf] ;+nUgtf / ;xeflutfdf ;DkGg x'G5 . jf:tjdf lghfdtL ;]jf tyf ;/sf/L ;+oGq, lghL If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo Pj+ ;ª\3;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhsf cª\ux¿sf] ;xeflutfdf klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{ ug{ ;lsG5 / x'G5 . o:tf ljifodf cGo b]zdf k|z:t pbfx/0f 5g\ .

!@= ljutdf /fHo ;~rfngsf ;a} ljifox¿ ;/sf/sf] :jfy{, ¿lr / clwsf/sf] kl/lwleq ;Lldt dflgGYof] . ca Tof] cj:yf /x]g . o:tf ljifox¿n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;/f]sf/ / lxtsf] ljifosf ¿kdf dfGotf kfPsf 5g\ . To;}n] /fHo ;~rfng k|0ffnLsf ljifox¿ hgrf;f]sf] ljifo / To;df hgtfsf] ;Gt'li6 x'g'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ljutdf /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u / /fli6«o 9's'6Lsf] afF8kmfF8 ;/sf/sf] Psnf}6L kx'Fr / clwsf/sf] ljifo /lxcfPsf] lyof] . ljZjJofkL¿kdf Tof] cj:yfsf] cGTo x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . To;df klg hgcfGbf]ng efu- @ -)^@÷^#_ kZrft\ b]zdf ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf ;fdGtjfbL ;a} k|sf/sf ;+/rgf, :j¿k / sfo{z}nL Pj+ ;+:sf/sf] cGTo ul/g'kg]{ ePsfn] ca /fHo ;~rfng, 9's'6Lsf] afF8kmfF8, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf hgtf ;Gt'i6 x'g] u/L sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . cfkm\gf] hLjgdf c;/ kg]{ s'/fsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cfkm}F ;xeflu x'g'kg]{ s'/fsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . o; Joj:yfaf6 gful/sn] rfx]sf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg], :jfledfg / :jfanDagsf] efjgf a:g ;Sg], k|To]s JolQmsf] pmhf{ / ;|f]t a9\g], k|To]sn] s]xL g s]xL ¿kdf gofF s'/f l;Sg] df}sf kfpg]h:tf nfebfoL sfo{ x'g] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .

!#= g]kfnL hgtf ca g]kfnL gful/ssf ¿kdf ;Ddfghgs / dof{lbt eP/ cfkm\gf] hLjg:t/ psf:g rfxG5g\ . To;sf nflu cfly{s-;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ug{ rflx/x]sf 5g\ . dflg;sf] hLjg:t/ pRr agfpg k|To]s dflg;sf nflu :jtGqtf, hLjg / ;d'Ggltsf] cj;/ cfjZos k5{ . Tof] k|fKt ug{ /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yf c;n Pj+ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ . …c;n zf;g… eg]sf] lj1 Pj+ a'l4hLjLsf] a'emfOdf ljlwsf] zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo, ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj,


kf/blz{tf Pj+ e|i6frf//lxt zf;g Joj:yf xf] t/ ;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf nflu eg] tL a'l4ljnf;sf zJbfy{dfq x'g\ . pgLx¿ a'e\mb}gg\ . pgLx¿ t pgLx¿sf] hLjg;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;/sf/L lgsfodf sd{rf/Laf6 /fd|f] dof{lbt Jojxf/ kfpg vf]H5g\, ToxfF s'g} sfd ug'{u/fpg'kbf{ 3"; v'jfpg gk/f];\ eG5g\, s;};Fu xft hf]g]{ / d/d.]nflxhf ug{ gk/f];\ eGg] ;f]Rb5g\ . s'g} lgsfodf ;]jf k|fKt ug{ hfFbf l9nf;':tL geO{ ;dod} k|fKt xf];\ eG5g\ . oxfF;Dd ls w]/}nfO{ Dofs8f]gfN8fOh];g -Macdonalisation) sf af/]df yfxf 5}g t/ klg l56f] sfd lng kfP x'GYof] eG5g\ . Joj;fo Pj+ sf/f]af/ ubf{ anhk\mtL rGbf lbg' gkg]{ / grfx]sf] sfds'/f] ug'{ gkg]{ jftfj/0f xf];\ eGg] ;f]Rb5g\ t/ eO/x]sf] eg] 5}g . To;}n] w]/} g]kfnL lghfdtL ;]jf eGbf gfs v'DRofpF5g\ .

!$= o;} u/L ;8sdf lxF8\bf8'Nbf, 3/df a:bf / /ftL ;'Tbf cfgGb;Fu ;'/lIft cg'ej ug{ kfP x'GYof] egL ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . s]6fs]6Lx¿ cWoogcWofkg ug]{u/fpg] lbgdf aGbx8tfn gxf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\, kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿ ljBfno nfu]sf] lbgd} k|fKt ug{ kfOof];\ eGb5g\, lzIfslzlIfsfn] lgoldt OdfGbf/ eP/ kf7\oqmdcg';f/sf] k9fOlbpmg\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . s[ifsx¿ ;dodf dnaLp k|fKt xf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . v]tL ug]{ hldgdf l;FrfO{sf] ;'ljwf kfOof];\ eG5g\ . la/fdL gful/sx¿ c:ktfndf 8fS6/ pknAw xf];\ / p;n] lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s OdfGbfl/tf / g}ltstf /fvL sfo{;Dkfbg u/f];\ eG5g\ . :jf:Yo s]Gb|af6 lgMz'Ns pkrf/ / ;f] gePdf sd vr{df pkrf/ k|fKt xf];\ eG5g\ . -lg/f}nf @)^%_ . jf:tjdf gful/sx¿ lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 o:t}o:t} ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ / /fHosf] jftfj/0f kljq Pj+ :jR5 xf];\ eGg] ljifo]df ;f]lr/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fdfGo gful/snfO{ ;f]Wbf

lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 af]lng], k|sfzdf cfpg] ;'wf/sf zAbn] Psk]6 vfg / Ps e'md|f] nfpg k'U5 / < egL k|ltk|Zg ub{5g\ xfdL lj1÷7"nf sd{rf/L egfpFbfx¿ eg] tL k|ltk|Zgaf6 gtd:ts x'G5f}F . lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 k|jfx ePsf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L / gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ ;'wfg]{ vfnsf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfk|lt gful/ssf] wf/0ff /fd|f] 5}g t/ klg xfdLn] xfd|f] ;]jfdf ePsf sdhf]/L x6fO{, bIftf a9fpg'kg{] :yfgdf a9fO{, ;'wf/ ug{'kg{] :yfg, If]q / ljifodf ;'wf/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ uf}/jzfnL Pj+ ;a}n] ;lDemg] ;]jf agfpg'5 .

!%= gful/sx¿sf] ;f]r / wf/0ffdf …;/sf/ v/fa 5, lghL If]q /fd|f] 5 . ;/sf/L ;+oGq / ltgdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L c;n 5}gg\, sfd ub}{gg\, e|i6frf/ ug]{ k|j[lQsf 5g\, hgtfnfO{ cem} ;]js 7fgL dflns g} aGg vf]H5g\… eGg] /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfn] gful/ssf rfxgf / cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g . of] Jofj;flos, k|lt:kwL{, pBdzLn / dof{lbt Jojxf/ ug{ g;Sg] vfnsf] 5 . of] af]lemnf] 5, e2f 5 / o;n] nufgLeGbf sd pTkfbg u5{ . of] cfkm\g} ;]jfdf tNnLg 5 / k|lqmofdf a9L hf]8 lbG5 Pj+ k|lqmof lgdf{0fdf Jo:t /xG5 . kl/0ffd k|flKttkm{ jf:tf ub}{g . obfsbf u/] klg cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt /xG5 . jflif{s sfo{qmd k"/f u/]sf]df Campfi re u5{ – awfO{sf] ;f6f;f6 u5{ clg *)Ü eGbf dfly eof] egL cfkm}F d"Nofª\sg u5{ . sfddf nhfpg] / ;'ljwfdf /dfpg], ¿Gr] :jefjsf] of] ;+oGq ;a} sfd c¿n] ul/lbP x'G5 eG5 . ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg eO;Sbf klg gful/sk|lt lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s x]b}{g s]jn dfly x]/L lgb]{zgadf]lhd sfd u5{ / ug'{kb{5 eG5 . lgb{]zg lbg]af6 klg lghfdtL ;]jfn] To:t}To:t} k|fKt u5{ . o;n] sfd ;Dkfbg ug{ vf]Hb}g, yGsfpF5, yGsfpg g;s] kG5fpF5 /


kG5fpg g;s] xflsd÷dGqL v';L x'g] u/L sfd u5{ . ;s];Dd v';L kfg{ kfP of] dSv (Pleasure Principle) k5{ . sfd gug{ cg]s ts{ lemS5 g]tfsf] kmf]g cfP t'¿Gt u5{ . sfd gePsf]df csf]{csf]{ ub}{ dGqL;Dd bf]if k'¥ofpF5 t/ bf]if cfkm" lng rfxFb}g . of] lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf] sdhf]/ Pj+ sfnf] kIf xf] . oL k|j[lQ, ;+:sf/ / sfo{z}nL kl/jt{g x'g' h¿/L eO;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 elgG5 .

!^= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] csf]{ kf6f] klg 5 . o;leq w]/} sd{rf/L 5g\ . jf:tjdf lghfdtL ;]jfleq w]/} /fd|f, c;n, Ifdtfjfg\, k|ltefzfnL, sfd ug]{, hgtfnfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg gful/s ;Dem]/ ;]jfu|fxLsf] 5gf]6, cfjZostf / cfjfhnfO{ k|ltlglwTj dfgL /fHo ;+oGqnfO{ c;n / k|efjsf/L agfpg k|of; ug]{ sd{rf/L w]/} x'Fbfx'Fb} klg tL ;a} cf]em]ndf kl//x]sf 5g\ g t tL sd{rf/Lsf] of]ubfgsf] s;}af6 d"Nofª\sg ePsf] 5 . ePsf] eP a9'jfsf ;Gbe{df ;a}nfO{ a/fa/L x'g] u/L jf o;sf] t a9'jf x'g] cjlw k'u]5 jf of] cfkm\gf] jf kf6L{sf] dflg; xf] $) cª\s lbg'k¥of] egL d"Nofª\sg ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfn] u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ pknlAwx¿ ltg} ;d"xsf sd{rf/L ju{sf of]ubfg x'g\ . slxNo} s;}sf] kl5 nfu]gg\, cfˆgf] egfpg lxF8]gg\ / ;w}F cfˆg} egfpFbfx¿;Fu klg t6:y ts{ / c;n lgotn] sfd ug{ kl5 k/]gg\ . oBlk lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ nfUg] u/]sf] cfIf]k / g]kfnL gful/sn] agfPsf] wf/0ffdf kSs} klg s]xL ;Totf eg] 5 g} . o;nfO{ gful/sd}qL, sfo{;Dkfbgd}qL / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fd}qL x'g] u/L cfd"n kl/jt{g ug'{ h¿/L 5 .

!&= g]kfnL gful/sx¿ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/nfO{ hgd'vL agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf 7fG5g\ . lghfdtL ;+oGq Joj;fod'vL agf];\- >]i7td\ 9ª\uaf6 gful/ssf] ;jf]{k/L lxt

/ sNof0fnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ u/L sfo{;Dkfbg u/f];\, lgi7fjfg\, lg8/, / lgM:jfy{ vfnsf] sd{rf/L ;+oGq agf];\ ! s8f kl/>dL, cTo'Qd sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg], :jljj]sdf sfd ug]{, hf]lvd axg ug{ ;Sg]x¿ lgZroL, c6n k|lta4tf ePsf] c;n lgdf{0fstf{af6 ;~rflnt / g]t[Tj kfPsf] xf];\ ! /rgfTds lrGtg / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg], cfk"mn] k|fKt u/]sf] lgisif{nfO{ lge{ok"j{s, ljgfk"jf{u|x, s;};Fu / s;}k|lt g9lNsO{ :ki6 ¿kdf lgikIf eO{ ;+ljwfg, sfg'g / ;ª\u7gsf] d"NodfGotfsf] nId0f/]vfleq /x]/ gful/ssf] lxt / sNof0fnfO{ s]Gb| efudf /fv]/ k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] / To; ;Gbe{df ag]sf gLlt / sfg'gnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/L kl/0ffdd'vL / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Sg] ;+oGq / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] vfFrf] ePsf] dx;'; ub{5g\ . ca ¿kfGtl/t x'g] lghfdtL ;]jf To;cg's"nsf] xf];\, h;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ hgd'vL, kl/0ffdd'vL / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;sf];\ . lghfdtL ;]jf Jofj;flos xf];\ . o;n] hgd'vL sfo{;Dkfbg u/f];\, ;]jfleq g}ltstf sfod /fvf];\, OdfGbf/L / ;bfrf/ k|bz{g u/f];\ / k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf k|bz{g u/f];\ . of] ;w}FF sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;Ifd xf];\ (Competent as well performing bureaucracy) . of] gful/ssf] ;Gt'li6 j[l4 ug{ ;an /xf];\ . o;n] kf/bzL{ Jojxf/ k|bz{g u/L gful/sk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj axg ug]]{ lbzfdf s'g} s;/ afFsL g/fvL sfd ug]{ k|s[lt / k|j[lQ b]vfcf];\ . o; lsl;dsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ¿kfGt/0f xf];\ eGg] OR5f, rfxgf / cfzf gful/sx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ .

gful/ssf ck]Iff k"/f ug{ lghfdtL ;]jfn] ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ M

sfnqmd;Fu} ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf / sfo{If]qdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ca lgoGqs geO{ k|aw{s, ;xhstf{stf / ;dGjostf{


¿kdf sfd ug{'kg{] cj:yf 5 tyflk ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt x'g'kg{] If]qdf clgjfo{ / k|efjsf/L pkl:yltsf] vfFrf] 5 . sfo{;Dkfbg Pj+ ;]jfk|jfx /fd|f] x'g g;s]sf sf/0f ;/sf/sf] k|lti7f 36\b} uPsf] 5 . oBlk cem} klg gful/sx¿ of] sfd ;/sf/n] ul/lbg'k¥of] eG5g\ . log} x'g\ ;/sf/k|lt hgtfsf] cfzf, e/f];f / ljZjf;sf k|df0f . …hgtfsf] cem} klg ;/sf/k|lt e/f];f / ljZjf; /x]sf] 5… -sf]O/fnf M @)^!_ . Tof] e/f];f / ljZjf;nfO{ d"t{¿k lbg lghfdtL ;]jfn] cem w]/} ug{'kb{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 gful/sn] w]/} ljifodf ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\ . cl3Nnf v08x¿df pNn]lvt k[i7e"ld / kl/sNkgfsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg'kbf{ lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 ;fFRr} g} g]kfnL gful/sn] /fv]sf ck]Iffx¿ k"/f ug{ ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ b]xfoadf]lhd ;la:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

!*= lghfdtL ;]jfn] Jofj;flostfsf] k|bz{g ug'{kg]{ …lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ljljw Jofj;flosx¿sf] ;du| ¿k -Sum total of diverse professionals_ eGg] ul/G5 ., -d}gfnL M @)^!_ lsgls o; ;d"xdf ;lDdlnt x'g]x¿ 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf] ;d"xaf6 k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIff k|0ffnLdf cfk"mnfO{ of]UodWo] klg of]Uotd\ ;flat u/L Pj+ k6sk6ssf] o:tf k/LIffaf6 of]Uo ePsf, ljleGg 1fg;Lk cfh{g u/]sf Ifdtfjfg\ ;d"xsf] ;ª\ud g} lghfdtL ;]jf xf] t/ klg o;nfO{ nfUg] u/]sf] cfIf]k 5 M …;Ifdx¿sf] c;Ifd k|zf;g… -sf]O/fnf M @)^!_ . To;}n] o;n] cfk"m;Fu ePsf] JojoflostfnfO{ k|v/¿kdf k|bz{g ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg -NPM) n] klg Jofj;flostfdf cTolws hf]8 lbPsf] -e§ M @)^)_ kfOG5 . o;sf nflu M

pRr:t/Lo Jofj;flos g}ltstfnfO{ :yflkt § ug]{, sfod u/fpg] / k|jw{g ug]{ .lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;+nUg hgzlQmdf ljlzi6 § 1fg / sfo{s'zntf x'g'kg]{ .

cfkm\gf] sfd, ;ª\u7g, ;/sf/ / hgtfk|ltsf] § k|lta4tfdf c6n x'g'kg]{ .cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ tf]lsPsf dfkb08 § Pj+ ;"rsx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL >]i7td\ 9ª\uaf6 bIftfk"j{s ug'{kg]{ .JolQmut ¿kdf lgikIftf, ;]jfefj, ;+:yfsf] § Voflt a9fpg', cfTdcg'zf;gdf /xg', ;dolgi7f, eb| cfr/0f, lhDd]jf/Lkg cflb /xg'kg]{ x'G5 eg] ;fª\u7lgs¿kdf k|lt:kwL{ ckgTjsf] efjgf x'g'kg]{ .;|f]t;fwgsf] k|of]u ubf{ lgk'0ftfdf cfwfl/t § u'0f:t/Lo, lskmfotL / k|efjsf/L x'g'kg]{ . k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{ / b"/b[li6 ultzLntfh:tf § tTTjx¿ cª\ufNg'kg]{ .;]jfx¿ lgikIf, :jR5, ;dGoflos / § ljgfk"jf{u|xL lsl;daf6 ;~rflnt x'g'kg]{ .

!(= hgd'vL lghfdtL ;]jfsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ gful/snfO{ vl/bstf{sf ¿kdf Jojxf/ gu/f}F, gful/ssf] ;]jfrflxF kSs} u/fF}, gful/ssf] rfxgfsf] vf]hL ug{ l;sf}F, pTkfbgnfO{ eGbf gful/snfO{ dxTTj lbpmF, pBdzLntf cfjZos Pj+ ckl/xfo{ eP klg gful/s / hg;]jfnfO{ dfly /fvL sfo{;Dkfbg u/f}F egL Janet V. Denhardt / Robert B. Denhardt n] cfkm\gf] k':ts New Public Service : Serviceing not steering (2002) df pNn]v u/]em}F, o; ;]jfnfO{ hgd'vL lghfdtL ;]jfsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ -lqtfn M @)^^_ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu M

;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lo / sfo{kl/0ffddfly hf]8 § lbg'kg]{,;fj{hlgs lxtnfO{ hlxn] klg pRr § k|fyldstf lbg],;]jfu|fxLsf] /f]hfO / ;Gt'li6nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df § /fvL hgd}qL Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nL ckgfpg'kg]{,


/fhgLlts ¿kdf t6:y, § Day of the government n] agfPsf] gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf nuL ck]Iff u/]sf kl/0ffd k|fKt ug]{,hgtfdf k'¥ofpg] ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L / § hg;Gt'li6k"0f{ agfpg],kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj / ;xeflutfnfO{ d"n § dGq dfgL sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{,Pro bono publico (For the public), § Salus public suprema lex esto (Let the welfare of the people be the suprema law), and Res publica (Commonwealth of the business of the state dfGotfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL sfo{ ug]{ cflb .

@)= lghfdtL ;]jfleq g}ltstfsf] ljsf; ug]{ ;fj{hlgs sfdsf/afxL ug]{ ;+:yf / kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/Lx¿af6 pbfx/0fLo Jojxf/ Pj+ cfrf/0fsf] ck]Iff a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . ;fj{Hflgs kbwf/0f ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] g}lts bfloTj cGo JolQmsf] eGbf a9L x'G5 / JolQmut :jtGqtfsf s'/fx¿ ;ª\s'lrt x'g hfG5g\ . ;fj{hlgs :jfy{nfO{ ;jf]{k/L dfGg] u/L zf;g ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] logLx¿n] lgikIftf, t6:ytf, k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{h:tf sfo{x¿ ug'{kb{5 -d}gfnL M @)^@_ . To;}n] DofS;j]a/n] ethics of Neutrality sf] JofVof u/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] d"NodfGotfsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf lyP t/ tTkZrft\ ljsf; ePsf l;4fGtx¿n] sfo{s'zntf, sd{rf/Lsf] dfgjLo kIf, pTk|]/0ff cflbnfO{ dfq Wofg lbPsf] sf/0faf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf g}ltstfn] kfpg'kg]{ dxTTj sd x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 t/ klg ljleGg d'n'sdf w]/}yf]/} ¿kdf g}lts cfr/0fsf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . g}ltstfsf ;DaGwdf ljZjdf @ cf]6f ljrf/wf/f / d"NodfGotf /x]sf 5g\ . ;f]xLcg's"n sfg'g, gLlt / Jojxf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . dof{bf

/ lzi6tfdf /xg] …dof{bf pkfudÚ (Etiquette Approach), h;nfO{ a]nfotL k/Dk/f elgG5 / JolQmsf] Jojxf/nfO{ sfg'g, k|0ffnL / cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L k|of]u ug]{ Ol:txf/ pkfud (Edict Apporach), h;nfO{ cd]l/sL k/Dk/f elgG5, -ah|frfo{ M @)^$_ sf] k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf eg] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] Joj:yf eP klg kfngf x'g] sfo{df Go"gtf /x]sf] 5 . g}ltstfsf] k|jw{gsf nflu Johnson Institution of Ethics n] ljsf; u/]sf Six pillar of character -lqtfn M @)^^_ . jf:tjdf ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0ff ug]{x¿sf nflu kyk|bz{g x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] cfkm\gf] sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/ cfkm}Fn] dof{lbt agfpg ;Sg] / agfpg'kg]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfn] ca lgDglnlvt sfo{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 M

e|i6frf/ / unt cfr/0f Pj+ Jojxf/ gug]{ § dof{lbt Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug]{,k];f, ;ª\u7g / sfdk|lt ;b}j uf}/j ug]{ / § ;f]cg's"nsf] sfo{ ug]{,;b}j lzi6frf/ / ;xgzLntf k|bz{g ug]{,§ ;]jfsf] u'0ffTdstfsf] Vofn ub}{ ;ª\u7gsf] § nfenfO{ gla;{g],lhDd]jf/Lkg, pQ/bfloTj lng], ;ª\u7gsf] § sfo{nfO{ pTs[i6tf k|fKt ug{ k|of; ug]{,sfo{ljlw kfngfdf :jR5tf, lgikIftf, ;dtf § / ;dfgtf sfod ug]{,gful/s ;b\u'0fsf ¿kdf sfg'gsf] kfngf § ug]{,;fd'bflos ;]jfdf nfUg],§ OdfGbfl/tf, ;bfrf/, jrga4 / jkmfbf/ § /xL ljZjf; cfh{g ug]{ cflb .@!= kf/blz{tfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{u/fpg]

Sunshine skills the germs -9sfn M )^!_ eg]em}F pHofnf]n] cGwsf/df x'g] v/faLnfO{ Go"g


ug{ d2t k'Ub5 eGg] dxfg\ ljrf/af6 :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] cjwf/0ff xf]– Jofj;flostfdf kf/blz{tf . o;n] x/]snfO{ tYout ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ cfkm\gf] dtcledt / c;xdlt hfx]/ ug{ / lg0f{o k|lqmof Pj+ nfe k|fKt ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . kf/blz{tfsf ;Gbe{df klg b'O{k|sf/sf sfo{z}nL k|rlnt 5g\ M

!= Active Publication -cfkm}Fn] ;"rgf tYox¿ lgoldt k|sfzg u/]/_

@= Passive Publication -dfu u/]kl5 clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;"rgf, tYo / ljj/0fx¿ lbP/_

oL b'j} sfo{z}nLnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfn] pkof]u ug{ ;Sb5 . cfh ljZjdf ;/sf/L sfdsf/afxLsf ljifodf ef}lts tYo, j:t'l:ylt, af}l4s ljrf/ jf dfgl;s ;f]rnfO{ ;d]t v'nf /flvg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 .…hfgsf/Lsf] cfbfgk|bfg / v'nf ¿kdf sfd ug]{ k|0ffnL g} kf/blz{tf… xf] eGg] UNDP n] u/]sf] kl/efiff klg o;df ;fGble{s g} 5 . To;}n] o;sf nflu M

vf;vf; ljifodf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf § kIfnfO{ k|lzlIft u/fpg] .hfgsf/Lx¿ ;b}j v'nf /fVg] sfo{sf nflu § k|];, e]63f6 Joj:yf ug]{ . uf]Ko /fVg' gkg]{ ;fj{hlgs dxTTjsf] ;"rgf § hfgsf/L/tYox¿ lg/Gt/ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .;"rgfsf] ;j{;'netfsf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] § kx'Fr x'g ;Sg] agfpg] .;fj{hlgs k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ u|x0f ug]{ / efjL § sfo{gLltdf pkof]u ug]{ -;/sf/ / hgtf e]6 x'g] dfWod_x/]s ;/sf/L lgsfon] sDtLdf klg dlxgfsf] § Psk6s ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ax;/5nkmn sfo{qmd /fVg'kg]{ .

;"rgf dfu u/]df l56f] pknAw u/fpg], ;'ud, § ;/n / sd vlr{nf] k|lqmof agfpg] . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] v'nf / kf/bzL{ § ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] u/L sfo{ ug]{ .

@@= gful/ssf ;Gt'li6 j[l4 ug{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Dk|e'tf sfod ug]{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf b]vf k/]sf gljgtd\ cjwf/0ffx¿sf] ljsf;n] k'/ftgjfbL k|zf;lgs ;f]rdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] k|of; ePsf] 5 . zf;sju{sf] ;Gt'li6nfO{ dfq lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{pknlAw dfGg] / dfGg'kg]{ cj:yfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . ca /fHo eg]sf] e"uf]n / zf;s xf]Og, b]zsf gful/s x'g\ eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; / la:tf/ ePsf] 5 t;y{ /fHo ;+oGq jf lghfdtL ;]jfn] ca gful/ssf] ;Gt'li6 s;/L k|fKt x'g ;S5 egL sfo{ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ;+oGqleqsf] cfGtl/s ;'wf/sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfn] M

;/sf/L sfo{k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ / k|lqmof § 5f]§\ofpg] .rog / ljsNksf] la:tf/ ug]{ .§ :yfg, b"/L / ;dosf] cj/f]w 36fpg] .§ ;+/rgfut tx 36fpg] .§ cu|efusf sfof{nox¿ jf tL sfof{nodf § x/]s 8]:sdf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmnfO{ clwsf/ / ;fwg;|f]tsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf u/L IfdtfzLn Pj+ pTk|]l/t agfpg] .;]jfu|fxLsf d"Nofª\sgnfO{ sfo{:yndf § sfd ug]{ hgzlQmsf] ;¿jf, a9'jf tyf j[lQljsf;sf cGo sfo{x¿df pkof]u u/L b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

;]jf k|fKt ug]{ ;d'bfo Pj+ gful/snfO{ § pkef]Qmfsf ¿kdf xf]Og, ;]jfu|fxL


;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL gful/ssf ¿kdf x]g]{ / ;f]xLadf]lhdsf Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug]{ .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|lta4tfkq -gful/s a8fkq_ sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+oGqn] M

lgsfoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] ;a} sfo{x¿ § pNn]v x'g'kg]{ .;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lx¿, ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ § k|lqmofut ljifox¿ -k|aGw, ;Ifd, u'0f:t/, vr{_ sf ;DaGwdf :ki6 pNn]v x'g'kg]{ .;]jf pknAw x'g] :yfg, sIf / ;]jf k|flKt ubf{ § kfpg'kg]{ d}qLk"0f{ Pj+ dof{lbt Jojxf/ .pknAw x'g g;s]df pkrf/ -u'gf;f] /fVg] § Joj:yf / Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf_;]jfu|fxL gful/saf6 k|To]s ;]jf k|flKtkl5 § k[i7kf]if0f -Feedback_ lng] / To;df pNn]v ePsf ljifodf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

@#= e|i6frf//lxt lghfdtL ;+oGq agfpg'kg]{ elgG5, hxfF zlQm 5, ToxfF e|i6frf/

x'G5 / ePsf] klg 5 . e|i6frf/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf dfq xf]Og, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf b]lvPsf] bL3{ /f]u xf] . of] la:tf/} ;3g ;~hfnLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;+:yfut x'Fb} 5 . o;n] k|zf;goGq / o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf t afwf k'¥ofpF5 g}Ù cGttf]uTjf cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ;+:yfut cfwf/x¿ sdhf]/ t'Nofpg] / sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ c/fhstfsf] zf;gdf abNg] sfd;d]t ub{5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f Pj+ Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;+:yfsf] vfFrf] 5}g, -;tstf{ s]Gb|, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u_ sfg'g / lgodx¿sf] 3'Orf] 5 t/ klg p2]Zo xfl;n ePsf] 5}g . ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k|d'v / ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lStdf ;'g'jfO ug]{ ;+;bLo ;ldltdf k|:tfljt ePsf JolQmx¿n] k|To]sk6s e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f u5'{ eGg] k|lta4tf JoQm ug{ 5f8]sf 5}gg\

t/ klg e|i6frf/ sd x'g] ;ª\s]t / nIf0fx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5}gg\ . k|of;x¿ sfdofaL ag]sf 5}gg\ lsgls of] …cFWof/f]df df}nfpg] / pHofnf]df cf]Onfpg] bL3{ /f]u xf]… -ah|frfo{, /TgsfhL M @)^$_ . Robert Louis Stevension sf] Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde sf] syfsf Ps} JolQmsf] @ cf]6f ljk/Lt :jefj / Jojxf/df b]vfpg] rl/q ePsf] kfq, h:t} -ah|frfo{ M @)^$_ k|zf;g / /fhgLlt If]qsf JolQmTj ePsf] sf/0faf6 tf]lsPsf] st{Jo kfngf / bfloTj lgjf{x lgikIf 9ª\un] x'g g;Sbf gftfjfb s[kfjfb a9]sf] / cfly{s :jfy{ a9]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] lghfdtL ;]jfn] M

;/sf/L lgsfox¿df x'g] e|i6frf/sf ;DaGwdf § yfxf kfpg] hf];'s}n] klg ;fj{hlgs ug{ kfpg] / ;fj{hlgs ug]{ JolQmsf] hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff /fHon] ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .e|i6frf/ u/]sf] ph'/L gk/] klg ;fj{hlgs § kbdf /xg]x¿ dWo] …zlQm / cy{…;Fu 3lgi6 ¿kn] ;DalGwt JolQmx¿nfO{ …3]/f… agfO{ cWoogljZn]if0f ug]{ / ;f]sf cfwf/df sf/afxL ug]{ k|lqmof yfngL ug{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .e|i6frf/sf] ;DaGw cWoog ljZn]if0f § ug]{ sf/afxL ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf JolQm / kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / sfo{Jojxf/sf] klxnf] ;t{ g} OdfGbf/L, g}ltstf / e|i6frf/lxttf x'g'kg]{ .dof{bf pkfud § (Etiquette Approach) / Ol:txf/ pkfud (Edict Approach) sf] ;Gt'lnt Joj:yfnfO{ cjnDag ub}{ hfg'kg]{ .;]jf lgj[lQkl5 s'g sfd ug{ x'g] jf § gx'g] egL :ki6 gLlt / sfg'gL Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ ;f]cg's"n gePdf lgj[lQe/0f /f]Sg] / /2 ug'{kg]{ .


gful/sx¿sf] ;lqmotf cfGbf]ngsf] ;'¿cft § x'g'kg]{, h;nfO{ gful/s ;hutf ;ldlt klg gfds/0f u/L cl3 a9\g ;lsg] .;fdflhs alxisf/ ug]{, gful/s b08 / § gful/sn] sfnf] ;"rLdf /fVg]h:tf sfo{ ;'¿ ug]{ ;DaGwdf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .e|i6frf/sf ;DaGwdf …s}bÚ nfO{ /sd lt/L § pGd'lQm kfpg] cj:yf sfg'gaf6 x6fpg] / …cfwf ;hfo… s}b g} a:g'kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ .;+nUg ljz]if1x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ / § lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ .dxfcleof]u;DaGwL sfg'g agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{ .§

@$= gful/ssf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{

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d'n'sleqsf] ljz]iftM /fHo / :yfgLo § If]qleqsf] ;|f]t;fwgdf ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg xs :yflkt ug'{kg]{ .

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ptfg]{ .;fem]bf/L;lxtsf] ;d"xut Pstfsf] ljsf; § ug]{ .cj:yf, kx'Fr, gLlt lgdf{0f, clwsf/sf] / § nfesf] afF8kmfF8df ;dfg¿kn] ;xeflu x'g] jftfj/0f agfpg] ./fHo Joj:yfsf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/afxLdf § gful/s ;dfh, lghL If]q / :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;fem]bf/L, ;Nnfxsf/L, ;dGjofTds, kl/k"/s, ;xsfo{, s/f/hGo Pj+ k|lt:kwf{df sfo{;~rfng ug'{kg]{ .

@%= ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿

c;n zf;gsf k|d'v cª\ux¿dWo] ljlwsf] zf;g Ps xf] . ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf x]g]{ / ;f]xLcg's"nsf] Jojxf/ ug]{ sfo{ljlw zf;gdf ;f]lrPsf] x'G5 . hgtfn] dfq sfg'g dfGg'k5{ / sfg'gåf/f zfl;t x'g'k5{ eGg] xf]Og, zf;s ju{ cyf{t\ cfhsf ;Gbe{df /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{ x/]s JolQm -/fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL, dGqL, ;lrj, sfof{no k|d'v, ;+:yf lgsfo / kbflwsf/L_ n] sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xg] cfr/0f, Jojxf/ / lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf] jsfnt ljlwsf] zf;gn] ub{5 .

o;sf ;fy} s'g} klg gful/sn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ csf{sf] clwsf/df x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g] lzIff klg k|bfg ub{5 lsgls cfkm\gf] st{Josf] kfngf gubf{ cGttM To;n] cfk\mg} clwsf/sf] lg/Gt/ pkof]udf ;Lldttf Nofpg] ub{5 . o:tf st{Jox¿df k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwg, ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug'{ / sfg'gadf]lhd s/ ltg'{h:tf x'G5g\ . o;sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfn] M

k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf] ;d'lrt k|of]u ug]{, §


cfcfˆgf] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] kfngf ug{],§ cfcfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L :jtGq tyf § hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ 9ª\un] ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Ifd agfOg'kg{],sfg'gsf] k|of]udf kIfkft gug]{ § (Hot stove rule nfu" ug]{_,b08xLgtfsf] l:ylt gNofpg] / ePdf § Go"g ub}{ hfg],k|To]s sfo{sf] sfo{k|lqmof lgwf{/0f § ePadf]lhd ug]{,sfg'gL /fHo :yflkt x'g] sfo{ ug]{ cflb . § gful/s g} /fHo ;~rfngsf] clwsf/df § ;|f]tsf ¿kdf l:jsf/L /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu pgLx¿sf] ;a}k|sf/sf] ;fdYo{ ljsf;sf nflu nufgL, ;r]ttf / kl/rfng/pkof]u ug]{ .

@^= ;/n, ;'ne / ;'wf/o'Qm ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfsf] pknAwtf lgoldt ug{] u/fpg]

lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cleGg / :yfoL cª\usf x}l;otdf sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . gful/sdf k|jfx ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf gful/ssf] cfjfh, k|ltlglwTj / ;Gt'li6df lge{/ ug]{ ePsfn] gful/ssf] kf]if0f ug]{ -Feeding people_ af6 hgtfnfO{ ;dIf agfpg] -Enabling Peoples_ -nD;fn M @)^!_ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . hgtfnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] ;/sf/sf nflu k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfn]] lgDg ljifodf Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 M

;]jf / ;'ljwf 5gf]6 gful/s clwsf/sf] § ;Ddfg ub}{ ;f]xLcg's"n x'g] u/L sfg'g, sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f tyf lghfdtL ;+oGqsf] sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/ ;f]cg's"n x'g] u/L ljsf; ug]{,

/fHon] u'0f:t/o'Qm ;]jf ;~rfngsf § nflu sfo{;Dkfbgd}qL ;ª\u7gsf] lgdf{0f, ;~rfng ug]{ / ;f]sf nflu sfof{no ljGof;sf] :j¿knfO{ ;]jfk|jfxd}qL agfpg] -6f]sg k|0ffnL, Psåf/ k|0ffnL, sd{rf/L;Fu sfd lng] sfo{ynf] cfw'lgs Jofjxfl/s agfpg]_,;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fnfO{ gful/ssf] § kx'Frglhs t'Nofpg ;]jfs]Gb|sf] la:tf/ ug]{ -hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df jf j8fj8fdf sfof{no jf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] k|of; ug]{_,;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6dfkg lg/Gt/ ug]{ § u/fpg],;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfonfO{ pko'Qm gofF § k|ljlw -h:t} M e-governance_,Go"gtd z'Ns a'emfO{ tf]lsPsf] cjlw, § ;fdfGo cjlwdf ;]jf lng]nfO{ 3/b}nf]df ;]jf cleofgsf ¿kdf ;]jf lbg] / l56f] ;]jf lngsf nflu /fhwfgLd} a9L z'Ns lnO{ lbg] -h:t} M >Lnª\sfsf] kf;kf]6{ ljt/0f k|0ffnL_,;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfof{nodf bIf, pTk|]l/t, § OdfGbf/ / Jofj;flos sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkgf ug]{ Pj+ lg/Gt/ pknAw u/fO/fVg],gful/s clwsf/kq hf/L ug]{ / To;df § tf]lsPsf] ;]jf k|flKtsf] k|lta4tfcg';f/ nfut, k|lqmof, ;do / u'0f:t/df ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] / u/fpg g;s]sf Administrative ombudsman sf] Joj:yf u/L Ifltk"lt{ lbg],cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u,§ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf sfof{noaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jfsf § ljifodf gful/ssf] ;fdYo{ ljsf; ug]{ cflb .

@&= lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xL axg ug{]u/fpg]d'n'ssf] zf;g ;~rfng,


/fHosf]ifsf] afF8kmfF8 / /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwdf gful/ssf] rf;f] x'g] ePsfn] o;tkm{ rf;f] a9\b} uPsf] 5 . casf] /fHo ;~rfngsf ;+oGqn] k|ToIf pQ/bfloTjsf ;fy} ck|ToIf pQ/bfloTjsf] ;d]t kfngf ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . ca xflsd, ;ª\u7g / dGqLk|lt dfq xf]Og, ;Lwf x/]s gful/sk|lt / cfkm\gf] sfd / lhDd]jf/Lk|lt cfkm}F pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] dfu ePsf] 5 . To;}n]–

s] sfd, lsg ul/of], s;/L ul/of], s]s] § s:tfs:tf pknlAw eP < tL pknlAwsf] bL3{sfnLg k|efj / c;/ s] x'g ;S5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf lhDd]jf/L lng] k|lqmof / Joj:yfsf] yfngL x'g'kg]{,lhDd]jf/L gkG5fpg] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; § u/fpg], kbLo / k];fut cfr/0fsf] k"0f{ kfngf ug]{ u/fpg],sfdsf] JolQmut, ;fd"lxs / ;+:yfut § lhDd]jf/L lng] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ u/fpg],o;sf nflu k|To]s lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] § sfo{ljj/0fdf sfd, st{Jo, lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xL :ki6 ug'{sf ;fy} ;|f]t;fwg Pj+ clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ls6fgL x'g'kg]{ cflb .

@*= k|zf;lgs sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ lng'kg]{ lg0f{o lgdf{0f pQ/bfoL agfpg]

lghfdtL ;]jfn] gful/snfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ljifox¿nufotsf If]qdf sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . of] g} ;ª\u7gsf] lgoldt Joj:yfksLo sfo{ xf] . lg0f{oljgf ;ª\u7gn] ult lng ;Sb}g eg] ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo k|fKt klg x'Fb}g t/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf o:tf lg0f{ox¿ ubf{ ePsf k|j[lQ / ;+:sf/x¿df oyfl:yltdf /xg], arfpd'vL k|j[lQ -h:tf] M lg0f{o ubf{ …lgod ldNg] eP/ ;b/ jf k|rlnt lgodcg';f/ ;b/Ú egL

lg0f{o ug]{ ;+:sf/ 5 ._ clGtd 38Ldf lg0f{o ug]{, dflysf] jf /fhgLlts Ozf/fdf dfq lg0f{o ug]{, ljsNk l:ylt, tYout ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L lg0f{o ug]{, dg;fod'vL lg0f{o ug]{, Ps} k|s[ltsf] d'2f jf ljifodf ug'{kg]{ k|To]s lg0f{odf km/skm/s 9ª\un] ug]{, l9nf] lg0f{o ug]{ cflb x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 k|zf;lgs sfo{;Dkfbgaf6 nufgL a9L pTkfbg sd ePsf] 5 . gful/sx¿ o; sfo{;Dkfbgaf6 ;Gt'i6 x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n] ca lghfdtL ;]jfn]–

lglZrt sfo{ljlw cjnDag ug'{kg]{ -h;sf § af/]df ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ hfgsf/L xf];\_,lglZrt ;do;Ldfleq lg0f{o lgdf{0f § ul/;Sg'kg]{,lg0f{o kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{,§ lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg'kg]{,§ :jfy{ aflemPdf -lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå ePdf_ § lg0f{o ug{ gx'g] / sf/0f vf]nL :jfy{ gePsf] kbflwsf/L;dIf k]; ug'{kg]{,;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifodf sfof{Gjog ubf{ § ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf gful/s ;dfh;Fu k/fdz{ ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] cflb .

@(= gful/ssf] zflGt;'/Iff sfod ug'{kg]{

gful/ssf] ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ Pj+ k|d'v rfxgf / cfjZostfsf] ljifo eg]sf] zflGt;'/Iff xf] . gful/sx¿ :jtGq¿kdf lge{otfk"j{s d'n'se/ 3'dlkm/ ug]{, Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{, hLljsf lgjf{xsf] sfo{ ug]{ / /ftdf cfgGbn] 9'Ss eP/ a:g], ;'Tg] / afFRg] OR5f /fVsG5g\ . oL ;a}sf] k|flKtsf nflu d'n'se/ zflGt cdgr}g sfod ug'{ gful/s /fHosf] st{Jo xf] . /fHosf] cl:tTjsf] cf}lrTo ;flat ug{ zflGt;'/IffnfO{ /fHosf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] ;"rsfª\ssf ¿kdf /flvPsf]


x'G5 . zf;g Joj:yfsf] kl/jt{gn] dfq zflGt;'/Iff Jojl:yt x'g ;Sb}g, gful/ssf] hLpwgsf] /Iff x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu /fHosf] cl:tTj vt/fdf kfg]{ tTTj, h;nfO{ ho/fh cfrfo{n] k~rdxfljif eg]sf 5g\Ù ul/aL, :jtGqtfsf] cefj, cj;/sf] cefj, cGofo / s'zf;g b08xLgtfsf] l:Ylt;d]t -cfrfo{ M @)^!_ nfO{ lgd"{n ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . To;}n] o;sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfn] M

!= b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug{ Hot Stove Rulenfu" ug{],

@= zflGt;'/Iffdf vl6g] hgzlQmnfO{ cfjZos ;fwg ;|f]tn] k"0f{ agfpg],

#= /fhgLlts x:tIf]knfO{ aGb ug{],$= ;'/IffsdL{sf] kl/rfng Jofks / pko'Qm

tl/sfaf6 ug{],%= 36gfsf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg ;~hfnsf]

pkof]u ug{] / @ ldg]6df 36gf:yndf k|x/Lsf] pkl:ylt x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ug{],

^= zflGt;'/Iffdf vl6g] sd{rf/Lsf nflu cfjZos 1fg / ;Lk sfo{Jojxf/df lgoldt ltvfl//fVg],

&= cfk/flws ultljlwsf af/]df Criminal Control Squde sf] cjwf/0ffadf]lhd sfo{ ug{] cflb .

#)= /f]huf/Lsf] cfjZos k|aGw ug]{

x/]s gful/sn] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt ug]{ rfxgf /fVG5g\ . /f]huf/Lsf dfWodn] k|To]s JolQm k/lge{/af6 d'lQm k|fKt u5{ . :jtGqtfk"j{s plrt / ;Ddfgk"0f{ hLjg afFR5 . p;n] cfkmgf] hLjg:t/ ;d[4 agfpg ;S5 . olb …hgtfnfO{ k]6 eg{, /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ lbg ;lsPg eg] h:tf];'s} h];'s} /fhgLlts Joj:yf xf];\, ToxfF ljb|f]x x'G5, czflGt / c;'/Iffsf] ;d:of k}bf x'G5Ú . -cfrfo{ M @)^!_ .

ca t /f]huf/L kfpg] gful/ssf] df}lns xs clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df pNn]v 5 . /f]huf/ JolQm la:tf/}la:tf/} ;b\u'0fL, OdfGbf/ / g}lts aGb} uO{ ;fdflhs aGb5 . ;fdflhs JolQmn] ;dfh / /fi6« ;d[4 agfpg d2t ub{5 . To;}n] k|To]s gful/sn] To:tf] cj;/ kfpg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ug'{ ;ª\3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] st{Jo / bfloTjleq kb{5 .

/f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ ljz]if cfly{s § If]q (SEZ) h:tf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{,:jo+/f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f § agfpg] s'/fdfq ug]{ lzIff xf]Og, ca ;Lkd"ns lzIff, h;nfO{ Polytechnic Education elgG5Ù To;sf] la:tf/ ug]{,cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿df >ldssf] ;]o/ x'g] § jftfj/0f / sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{,ljb]zdf uO{ lzIffcfh{g ug'{kg]{ afWotfnfO{ § sd ug{ pRr:t/Lo 1fg ;Lk lbg] vfnsf ljZjljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf NRM / ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug'{kg]{ cflb .

#!= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg k|efjsf/L agfpg ljBdfg r'gf}tLx¿

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;fdYo{sf t'ngfdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ ;ª\VofTds¿kdf a9L, k|j[lQ Pj+ k|s[ltn] hl6n, ;+j]bgzLn sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ sl7g ePsfn] k"/f ug{ lgs} ldlxg]t, k|r'/ af}l4stf ;a} kIfsf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ cfjZos kg{] b]lvPsfn] b]xfoadf]lhd r'gf}tL b]lvPsf] 5 M

!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] d"NodfGotfnfO{ sfod /fVb} ;do;fk]If cfpg] kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ klg cfTd;ft\ ug'{kg]{,


@_ ljZjJofkLs/0f, gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / la:tf/ hgtfaf6 ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg gful/s ePsf g]kfnLx¿sf] cfjZostf, cfsfª\Iff / cg's"ntfadf]lhd ;]jfk|jfx ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|lt:kwL{, ;an, ;Ifd, u'0f:t/Lo x'g] u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;fdYo{ ljsf; ug'{,

#_ k];fut dof{bf, Jofj;flostf, ;+:yfut Jojxf/ gf3]/ /fhgLlts ;fdLKo, cf:yf / ;+/Ifssf] vf]hL ub}{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{nfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL uGtJoxLg lbzfdf lxF8]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf ;+oGqnfO{ ;xL lbzfdf Nofpg',

$_ ;ª\3Lotfdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf sd{rf/LtGq jf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sd{rf/L ;ª\Vof, sd{rf/L :jo+sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{, logLx¿sf] sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/nfO{ hgd'vL / nf]stfGqLs/0f ug{',

%_ PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnLdf k|fKt cj;/sf] pRr pkof]u ul//x]sfx¿ cj;/ hf]ufpg tlNng x'g] / cj;/ gkfPsfx¿ cj;/ k|fKt x'g] ;Defjgfsf] ;kgf af]sL a:g]x¿ / To;sf] k|flKtsf] vf]hLdf /xg] cj:yfsf] sd{rf/L ;+oGq / hgzlQmnfO{ Jojl:yt u/fpg] sfo{,

^_ ;ª\3Lotfdf k'Ubf cfkm\gf] eljio s] x'g] eGg] ljifodf cfZj:t x'g g;ls/x]sf - ;]jf, ;t{ / ;'ljwf s:tf] x'g], k|fGtcGtu{t uPkl5 cfkm\gf] k|fGtdf hfg kfpg] jf gkfpg] < lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfpg kfpg] jf gkfpg] < j[lQljsf;sf] cj;/ s:tf] / sqf] x'g] / k|lqmof s] x'g] < s'g kIfn] c:jLsf/ u/] s] x'g] < sd{rf/L ;+oGqnfO{ ;d]6L ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ / :yfgLo hgk|ltlglwaf6 …;a} If]q… lgolGqt x'g'k5{ eGg] vfnsf] rrf{kl/rrf{ eO/x]sf] afx\o jftfj/0fLo

kl/l:yltdf Psflt/ hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ / csf]{tkm{ /fHo Joj:yfsf cª\u lghfdtL ;]jfn] hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;]jfk|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tfaLr tfbfDo Nofpg'kg]{,

&_ gful/sn] lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 ck]Iff u/]sf ljifox¿ eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cª\usf ¿kdf /xg] ;+oGq ;/sf/L sfof{no / sd{rf/L ;+:yf …lghfdtL… ;]jfaf6 k|b]z / :yfgLo :t/df k|jfx x'g] ;]jf u'0f:t/Lo, ;j{;'ne / k|efjsf/L ul/g'kg]{ ljifosf aLr ;Gt'ng ldnfpg] sfo{,

*_ /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf aLrsf] l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf aLrdf ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jfk|bfosaLrsf] åGå / dte]bx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ sfo{,

(_ lghfdtL k|zf;g cfkm}Fdf bnLo /fhgLltaf6 k[ys\ /xL /fli6«o /fhgLlt / ;/sf/sf] gLltk|lt k|lta4, ;'zf;gk|ltsl6a4 JolQm jf ;d"xsf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf lgikIf /xL, ;Nnfx / ;'emfj k|:t't ubf{ t6:y / lge{otfk"j{s k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] agfpg'kg]{ ljifo,

!)_ lghL If]q;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ub}{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] dfGotfdf s'g} sdL gNofpg] u/L ;dfj]zL 9fFrfdf ljsl;t ub}{ k|ltlglwd"ns lghfdtL ;]jf agfpg] sfo{,

!!_ kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df k|zf;goGqsf] sfo{z}nL, sfo{Jojxf/ / sfo{k|efjsfl/tfsf ljifodf hgrf;f] j[l4 ePsf] / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;+oGq hgtfsf] glhs k'Ug'kg]{, ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6nfO{ d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/ dflgg'kg]{, hgtf jf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ s]Gb|| efudf /fvL sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{h:tf ljifox¿n] Jofkstf kfO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jf / o;df sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] cfk"mnfO{ hgkIfLo k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfpg'kg]{ ljifo,


!@_ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ nfu]sf / nfUg] u/]sf cf/f]kx¿nfO{ lgd{nLs/0f ub}{ sd{rf/L ju{sf] 5lj /fd|f] kfg]{ / /fhgLlts If]qsf] ljZjf; lhTg] / ;/sf/sf] ;kmntfnfO{ pRr ljGb'df k'¥ofpg] sfo{,

!#_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsNkdf ;f]r ljsf; ePsf] / lghL If]q, :yfgLo lgsfosf ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 k|jfx ePsf] ;]jfsf] :t/, k|efjsf/L;Fu o;n] k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{, pknAw x'g] ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;Lldt sfo{k|lqmofsf] hl6ntfsf sf/0f l;lh{t x'g] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ljifo . o:t}o:t} cGo y'k|} ljifox¿ r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ cflb .

#@= ck]Iff k|flKtsf nflu /fHosf] ;fdYo{ / gful/ssf] ;fdYo{df ;'wf/

ck]Iff eg]sf] OR5f / cfzf xf] . /fd|f] tyf ;sf/fTds ;f]r /fvL s]xL k|fKt ug'{ Ps kIf xf] t/ ;f]Rb}df / cfzf ub}{df Tof] k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fdYo{df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fdYo{ ;'wf/sf] s'/f ubf{ lng] / lbg] b'j} kIfsf] ;'wf/sf ljifox¿ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf kb{5g\ eg] t];|f] kIfsf] klg ;fdYo{sf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfn] gful/snfO{ ;]jf lbg'kg]{ ePsf]n] o;sf] ;fdYo{ ljsf; ug'{ g} 5 . To;sf ;fy} ;]jf lng] kIf …gful/sÚ sf] ;fdYo{ klg ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;fdYo{ ljsf;sf nflu M

!= kf/blz{tf, sfo{;Dkfbgdf Ps¿ktf, hjfkmb]lxtf, sfo{k|efjsfl/tf Pj+ ldtJooL k|zf;g agfpg / gful/s pQ/bfloTjsf] cj:yf ;'b[9 ug{sf nflu ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;du| ;+oGqdf ul/g] sfdsf/afxLnfO{ ljB'tLo k|0ffnL (e-governance) dfkm{t u/fpF+b} n}hfg'kg]{,

@= ;+:yfut ;+/rgfnfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg,

sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg, ljsf; ul/Psf dfgjLo ;+zfwgsf] clwstd pkof]u ug{, sfo{/t hgzlQmnfO{ pbf/ j[lQljsf; k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;w}FF pTk|]l/t / sfo{;Dkfbgd'vL agfO/fVg ;xof]uL ;flat ePsf] …lgsfout hgzlQm Joj:yf… -h;nfO{ …Ministerial Cadre SystemelgG5 -ltjf/L, dw'gLlw M @)^$_ nfu" ug'{kg]{,

#= gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf tYout ;"rgf ljZn]if0f / To;sf] k|:t'ltn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ / To;df g} /fHo ;+oGqsf] k|efjsfl/tf Pj+ gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ ;'b[9 /xg] cj:yf, h;nfO{ xfdL …ljsf;… a'em\b5f}FÙ Tof] k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] lghfdtL ;]jf ;+oGqleq cem ljz]if u/L gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog txdf /xg] hgzlQmnfO{ -k|zf;lgs / /fhgLlts_ nf]stfGqLs/0f ug'{kg{],

$= lghfdtL ;]jfsf hgzlQmn] ;/sf/;dIf k|:t't x'Fbf lge{ok"j{s, ljgfk"jf{u|x t6:y /xL …gful/ssf] kf6L{ x'Fb}g, gful/s ef]ln cfpg] ;/sf/sf nflu klg plQs} gful/s x'g\Ú eGg] efjgf /fvL /fHo ;~rfngsf tYox¿, cj:yfx¿, ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf af/]df k|:t't x'g] / ;/sf/n] klg tL tYox¿, cj:yfx¿ sd{rf/L ju{af6 lgikIftfsf cfwf/df j:t'ut tYo ljZn]if0f u/L k|:t't ePsf] egL sb/ ug]{ kl/kf6L -lghfdtL ;]jfdf :jtGqtfk"j{s 5nkmn ug{ nf]stGqsf] cj:yf Nofpg_ a;fNg'kg]{,

%= /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>lds Joj:yfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L hLjg lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg], txut ¿kdf ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg ;Sg], hf]lvd Pj+ ;+j]bgzLn sfo{ ubf{ u'dfpg'k/]sf] jf Tof] sfo{ ubf{ kg]{ c;/sf] Ifltk"lt{afkt /fHon] lbg'kg]{ yk z'Ns cflb Joj:yf ug]{, h;n] sd{rf/Lsf nflu sfo{If]qdf Psfu| eP/ nfUg k|]l/t u5{ . lrGtfu|:t dgl:ylt af]s]sf s;}af6 klg s]xL


kl/0ffdd"ns k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg x'g} g;Sg] ePsfn] /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lsf] lrGtf x6fpg] sfo{ ug{'kg{],

^= k|lt:kwL{ lghfdtL ;]jf, ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{ s'zn g]t[Tjsf] vfFrf] kg]{ x'Fbf kl/kSjtf, Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf / Jofjxfl/s ;Lk ePsf pRr k|fl1s 1fg;lxtsf] g]t[Tj ljsf; u/fpg],

&= /fHo ;+oGqdf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ubf{ of]Uotf, j:t'uttf, :jR5tf, Jofj;flos bIftf, g}ltstfsf cfwf/df Jofks k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGt -bfxfn M @)^%_ df cfwfl/t dfGotfnfO{ cjnDag ug'{kg]{,

*= lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf] hgzlQmnfO{ sfo{ljj/0fcg';f/ ;fdfGo, ljz]if / ljz]if1 agfpg] vfnsf ;f/sf / cj:yfsf] tflnd lgoldt ¿kdf lbg'kg{], tflnd k|fKt hgzlQmnfO{ ;ª\u7gdf /flv/fVg ;Sg'kg{] / tflnd lnP/ cfPkl5 nufgLcg';f/ To:tf hgzlQmaf6 pTkfbsTj lng] u/L sfddf nufpg'kg{] cflb .

gful/ssf] ;fdYo{ j[l4 ug{ M

gful/ssf] ;Lk, 1fg / Jojxf/ ltvf/L § cfocfh{g ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf a9fpg],

/fHon] k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/sf af/]df, § /fHo;|f]tsf af/]df, /fHo ;~rfngsf x/]s hfgsf/LnfO{ ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 ;Dk|]lift u/L gful/ssf] ;r]ttf clej[l4 ug]{,

c;n /fi6«sf] lgdf{0f ug{ c;n gful/ssf] § lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 t;y{ ;a}n] cfˆgf ;GtltnfO{ c;n gful/s agfpg] / agfpg k|of; ug]{ . ;/sf/n] gful/snfO{ o; lbzfdf ;r]tgf hufpg],

c;n gful/s agfpg x/]s kl/jf/n] cfk\mgf § ;GtltnfO{ c;n ;bfrf/L, lgeL{stfk"j{s

sfo{ ug{ ;Sg], :j:y, ;r]t gful/s agfpg'k5{ g ls cfhsf] h:tf] lbdfuL bl/b|, ;Lkdf bl/b| s]jn wgL 5 t /fhgLlts kf6L{df nfUg] g]tfsf] lk5nUu' x'g] / ;'emf] g a'emf] 6fo/ afNg hfg] / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] tf]8kmf]8 ug]{ t;y{ ;d[4, pGgt / c;n /fi6« agfpg k|To]s kl/jf/n] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ c;n agfpg] / /fHon] klg b08xLgtfnfO{ /f]Sb} c;n gful/s agfpg] k|of; ug]{,

Administrative Marketing § sf dfWodaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfn] u/]sf sfo{x¿ gful/s;dIf k'¥ofO{ gful/ssf] ljZjf; lng] / ;/sf/sf] 5lj ;'wf/ ug]{ cflb .

##= lgisif{

d'n's PsfTdsaf6 ;ª\3fTds Joj:yfdf hfFb} 5 . gofF aGg] ;+ljwfgdf ;ª\3fTds Joj:yfsf ;+:yfut, sfg'gL Pj+ gLltut Joj:yfsf nflu cfjZos k|fjwfgx¿ /flvg]5g\ . zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] cf}hf/sf ¿kdf ;ª\3fTds Joj:yfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . /fHo ;~rfngsf] k|0ffnL h] eP klg zf;g ;~rfngsf ;xof]uLsf ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jf g} /xg] . s]Gb|Lo zf;g ;~rfngsf] ;xof]usf nflu s]Gb|Lo lghfdtL ;]jf, k|b]z :t/df k|fb]lzs lghfdtL ;]jf / :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo ;]jfsf hgzlQmx¿sf] Joj:yf / kl/rfng ul/g] ;f]r /x]sf] s'/f ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;ldltx¿sf] k|ltj]bgx¿df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .

#$= lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 gful/sx¿n] …c;n zf;Ú, …;Lldt Pj+ v'nf ;/sf/Ú, zf;ssf] ;]jfdfq ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ;§f gful/s k|zf;g, Jofj;flos sd{rf/LtGq, ;b}j sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;Ifd Pj+ bIf, hgd'vL Pj+ kl/0ffd k|flKtdf nfUg] sd{rf/LtGqsf ¿kdf casf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf ¿kdf x]g{ rfx]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] lghfdtL


;]jfn] Jofj;flos Ifdtf b]vfpg'kg]{, cfk"mnfO{ hgd'vL, ;]jfd'vL, pQ/bfoL, g}lts rl/q ePsf], e|i6frf//lxt zf;g Joj:yfsf ¿kdf b]vfpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

#%= o;sf nflu lghfdtL ;]jfn] cfGtl/s ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Ifdtf a9fpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts txdf, ;+:yf :t/df, gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog txdf / JolQmJolQmdf cfjZos Ifdtf a9fpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . To:tf Ifdtfx¿df c;n gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{, /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug]{, gLltut txdf /xg]x¿sf] Jojxf/ / To:tf] ;+:yfsf] dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs k'FhLdf ;'wf/ ug]{, ;+:yfut ;Demgfsf] Joj:yf ug{], ljB'tLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf hfg] / To;sf] pkof]u a9fpg], dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] pkof]u a9fpg], v'nf ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff / dfGotfadf]lhd sfo{ ug]{ / k|lt:kwL{ Pj+ Jofj;flos lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf; u/L clwstd pkof]u ug'{kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} gful/s lzIffdfkm{t d'n'ssf ;a} gful/sdf /fi6«, /fli6«otf,

:jflwgtf Pj+ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ, rf;f]sf ljifodf

;+j]bgzLn / lhDd]jf/ eP/ cfkm\gf] st{Jo k"/f

ug{ nflu kg]{ hLjg lgjf{xsf] ;Lksf] ljsf;

u/fpg]h:tf ljifodf klg ;r]t u/fpg'kb{5 .

#^= dfly pNn]v u/]cg';f/ /fHo /

gful/ssf] ;fdYo{ ljsf; u/fP klg lghfdtL

;]jfsf ;fd' y'k|} r'gf}tLx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ t;y{

;dfwfgsf nflu ;f]rdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g,

hgd'vL lqmofsnfk, gful/s k|zf;g, ;]jfd'vL

Jofj;flostfh:tf cf}hf/x¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;s]

lghfdtL k|zf;g r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd

x'g ;S5 . cGTodf o;sf nflu xfdL ;a}sf] sfFwdf

lhDd]jf/Laf]w, x[bodf c6n k|lta4tf, OdfGbf/L

/ dl:tisdf ;dembf/L /xg' / ;f]xLcg's"nsf]

lqmofsnfk x'g' clgjfo{ / ckl/xfo{ 5 . c¿n] of]

u/]g / Tof] u/]g eGg'eGbf cfcfˆgf] sfo{ynf]af6

cfkm"n] ug{'kg{] sfo{ k|To]sn] k"/f ul/lbP lghfdtL

;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf ePg eGg'kg{] cj:yf g}

/xFb}g . ;a}df o; s'/fsf] aLhf/f]k0f xf];\ .

;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rLcfrfo{, 8f= ho/fh, -@)^!_, …zflGt;'/Iff / ;'zf;gÚ, lghfdtL ;]jf bk{0f -k[i7 %^-^!_,

sf7df8f}F, lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; d"n ;df/f]x ;ldlt @)^! .sf]O/fnf, k|bLks'df/, -c;f/ @)^%_, …lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ M cg'e"lt slxn] kfOg] <Ú k|zf;g,

jif{ #(, cª\s #, k"0ff{ª\s !)( -k[i7 !!$-!@@_, sf7df8f}F, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno . sf]O/fnf, ljdnk|;fb -8f=_, -@)^!_, …lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;, @)^! sf] pknIodf d'Vo

;lrjsf] cGtjf{tf{Ú lghfdtL ;]jf bk{0f -k[i7 !-(_, sf7df8f}F, lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; d"n ;df/f]x ;ldlt, @)^! .

uf}td, tfgf -@)^@ cfiff9_, …g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs / sd{rf/L k|zf;g M l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf] s;LdfÚ lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf, Vol.@^ No. ! / @, -k[i7 $&–%$_ , sf7df8f}F, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

9sfn, k|tLs, -)^! efb|_, …k|zf;s Ps cjwf/0fut rrf{Ú k|zf;g, jif{ #^, cª\s !, k"0ff{ª\s (*, -k[i7 %*-^$_, sf7df8f}F, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .


l3ld/], xL/fdl0f -8f=_, -j}zfv @)%*_ …;'zf;gsf ;Gbe{df gful/sx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yfÚ, sfdfb Vol. 4 No. 1., sf7df8f}F, === === === .

ltjf/L, dw'lglw -8f=_, -@)^% dfu{_, …dfgj;|f]t ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df k|:tfljt txut k|0ffnLdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿Ú, k|zf;g, k"0ff{ª\s !!), sf7df8f}F, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

bfxfn, sflz/fh, -r}t @)^%_ …;ª\3Lo ;+ljwfg / sd{rf/L k|zf;gÚ, k|zf;g, jif{ $), cª\s @, k"0ff{ª\s !!! -k[i7 !$-@@_, sf7df8f}F ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, .

lg/f}nf, g[kWjh, -@)^% dfu{_, …;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ;Gbe{df Gofokflnsfsf] e"ldsfÚ, ;f]kfg dfl;s, jif{ %, cª\s ^, k"0ff{ª\s %$ -k[i7 !(–@$_, sf7df8f}F, === === === .

ah|frfo{, /TgsfhL / k|wfgfª\u, /l~hteQm -8f=_, -@)^$ efb| !%_, …g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL /fhgLltsf] lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog kIfdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ M Ps ljj]rgfÚ sfg'g, cª\s ^$, sf7df8f}F, sfg'g Jofj;foL Sna .

ah|frfo{, /TgsfhL -@)^$ sflt{s_, …lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå M ;}4flGts kIfÚ k|zf;g, jif{ #(, cª\s !, k"0ff{ª\s !)&, -k[i7 !@–@)_, sf7df8f}F, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

e§, eLdb]j -8f=_, -@)^) ;fpg–k';_, …k|zf;sLo Jofj;flostf nf]s ;]jf cfof]uÚ lghfdtL;]jf klqsf cª\s @%, -k[i7 !-!%_, sf7df8f}F, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

e§/fO{, Zofds'df/ -sflQs @)^^_, …;ª\3Lotfdf gful/s k|zf;gsf] ;dfof]hg / Joj:yfkgÚ k|zf;g, jif{ $!, cª\s !, k"0ff{ª\s !!#, -k[i7 &#-*^_, sf7df8f}F, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

d}gfnL, pd]zk|;fb, -@)^!_, …hgtfsf] ;]jf, xfd|f] ;]jf–lghfdtL ;]jfÚ, lghfdtL ;]jf bk{0f, -k[i7 ^&-&^_, sf7df8f}F, lghfdtL ;]jf lbjz d"n ;df/f]x ;ldlt .

=== === ===, -@)^@ cfiff9_, …g}lts bz{g, g}ltstf / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gÚ lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf vol.@^, No. 1/2, -k[i7 %-!^_, sf7df8f}F, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

d}gfnL, uf]kLgfy, -@)^^ cfiff9_, …lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff / g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfÚ, lghfdtL ;]jf -klqsf,_ Vol.#) No. !; -k[i7 !(–@&_, sf7df8f}F, === === === .

=== === ===, -@)^! h]i7_, …lghfdtL ;]jfsf v'nf k|j]z lsg / slt plrt ¿Ú k|zf;g jif{ #%, cª\s #, k"0ff{ª\s #&, sf7df8f}F ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

nD;fn, lji0f'k|;fb, -efb| @)^!_, …;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fdf k|efjsfl/tfÚ lghfdtL ;]jf bk{0f, jif{ !, cª\s !, -k[i7 !^%–!*@_, sf7df8f}F, lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; d"n ;df/f]x ;ldlt, @)^! .

lqtfn, zf/bfk|;fb, -@)^@ ;fpg–k';_ …k|zf;lgs lg0f{o lgdf{0f l;4fGt / Jojxf/Ú, lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf, cª\s @%, -k[i7 %)-^!_, sf7df8f}F, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

=== === ===, -@)^^ cfiff9_ …;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] gjLgtd cjwf/0ff / o;sf] k|of]uÚ, lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf Vol. #), No. ! -k[i7 %–!*_, sf7df8f}F, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u .

>]i7, zfGtaxfb'/ -sflQs @)^@_ …sd{rf/LtGq M ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gb]lv ;'zf;g;DdÚ, k|zf;g, k"0ff{ª\s !)!, -k[i7 $)-%)_, sf7df8f}F, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

;}Fa'n], dx]Gb|, -@)^!_ …ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs jftfj/0fdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf Pj+ r'gf}tLÚ, lghfdtL ;]jf bk{0f, -k[i7 @$(-@(!_ sf7df8f}F, lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; d"n ;df/f]x ;ldlt, @)^! .


=== === ===, -sflQs @)^@_ …sfo{ljj/0f / sfo{ljZn]if0fsf] ;DaGwÚ, k|zf;g jif{ #&, cª\s !, k"0ff{ª\s @, -k[i7 !@%-!#^_, sf7df8f}F, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

Caiden, Gerald. E. (1970), Administrative Reform, London, Allen Lane. Osborne, D and Gaebler T. (1992) Reinventing Government : How the

Enterpreneurial spirit is transforming public sector, Addision Wesley, Pro-Poor Governance Assessment, NEPAL, (2001), Kathmandu, Enabling state

programme (ESP) DFID. cWoog k|ltj]bgx¿

=== === ===, lghfdtL ;]jfdf txut nfu" ug]{;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg, @)^$, sf7df8f}F, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

=== === ===, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf ;'wf/;DaGwL -klxnf] k|ltj]bg @)^%_, nlntk'/, k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u .

=== === ===, g]kfndf ljB'tLo zf;g k|aw{g -bf];|f] k|ltj]bg @)^^_, nlntk'/, k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u .

=== === ===, /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kfl/>lds ;'ljwf;DaGwL, bf];|f] cGtl/d k|ltj]bg, nlntk'/, k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u .


Abstract:This article tries to introduce the need of local governments in federal Nepal with theoretical

and practical context. Basically, federalism has been proved to be a tool to mange ethno-political issues in the world since 1950s. However, breaking up of a unitary state into numerous new federal units on power sharing basis has also been seen as a phenomena.

Nepal is also going to be federated for the fi rst time in the history. Although, basic feature of federalism incorporates power sharing between central and provincial/state governments, the third tier of governments, the local level governments, are also, equally, in existence. In Nepal three tier system of governments need to be established in place to deal with the local issues properly. This article argues to form a local government with job responsibility that directly relate to local issues while providing job responsibilities concerning national issues to the central and provincial issues to the provincial governments, respectively.

Federalism and Local Government: Approaching in Nepal

Narayan Bahadur Thapa

Background:A notable feature in the contemporary

world is seen as phenomenon of federation. It has been seen in a single country as well as in regional forms like European Union member states which are themselves federations. Illustrations of Federation, the membership of Canada, the United States, and Mexico within the North America Free Trade Area (NAFTA), the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) are also the examples. There are 28 countries in the world adopting the federal system, most of them

adopted federalism in 20th century especially after 1950s. Federal approach is being a tool to managing ethno political confl ict in the world.

There are two most critical variables which determine the form of the federation: Federation by aggregation and federation by disagregation. Federation by aggregation refers to the coming together of previously separate sovereign units. Generally in these situations the units of the federation are deemed to retain sovereignty over those matters which they have not transferred to the federal authorities. A federation by disaggregation usually results


from breaking up of a unitary state with a highly centralised administration. A number of new federal units/states have to be established. Powers have to be shared between/among the federated units on the predetermined basis by the competent state authority formed by the legitimate procedures i.e. by the elected constituent assembly. The transfer of powers to states is thus complex, for unless positive steps (requiring co-operation between the centre and the states, and sometimes between the states) are taken, the old legislation remains in force and restricts the policy and administrative options of the new states. The establishment of new states requires not only a formal transfer of powers, but the willingness of the centre to surrender its powers and authority and the allocation as well as building of resources at the state level. The willingness of the centre cannot be assumed, for even if the political authorities consent to transfer, well entrenched bureaucracies resist the transfer of personnel and resources from their ministries to the new entities.

Nepal also is passing through a transitional period in its long history with the replacement of king by a president. The country is on the path to creating a very new constitution with federal model. Within a variety of topography, ethnicity, resources and economic status, achieving of federal model will have to face tremendous challenges.

Most part of Nepal are mixed in terms of population, and no ethnic or linguistic group is likely to achieve a majority in most of the likely constituent units. Converting a kathmandu-centric unitary Nepal in to a federal system will be challenging and delicate (Khanal 2009: 25).

Since long time Nepal has remained highly centralised system with little space for the participation of the citizens in public affairs. There has been very limited opportunities to the people to infl uence policy making and

in democratic practices. The centralisation of state power became a strategy for the continued monopolisation of power by elite groups. Therefore, Nepalese people considered federalism as a way to empower marginalised communities by recognizing of the religious, linguistic and ethnic diversity.

Federalism:Simply put, federalism is a distribution

of state power between central and provincial/regional government and the source of state power of both governments is based on single basic authority that is constitution. Both governments use their fundamental powers independently and neither intervene nor dependent each other. Under federalism, both Provincial/Regional and Central governments may directly govern through their own offi cials and laws. Both levels of government derive their legitimacy from the Constitution, which endows each with supreme power over certain areas of public responsibilities. Both exercise power separately and directly over the people living under their authority. It is more relevant to C. B. Gena's view in his "Comparative politics and Political Institutions," both central and Provincial/regional government has power and authority to maintain the direct relation and assurance with citizens equally. (Gena, C. B. 1978: 511).

Federation have been created in three different ways. One is the aggregation of formally separate state units. A second pattern has been through devolution from a previous unitary regime. A third pattern has been the combination of these two processes. Although the different paths have been followed, it is a negotiation of different nationalities to share the roles for national integration and common sovereignty. Therefore, Prof. Watts defi ned "Federalism refers to the advocacy of multi-tiered government combining elements of shared-rule and regional self-rule. It is based on the presumed value and validity of combining unity and diversity, i.e., of accommodating, preserving and promoting distinct identities


within a large political union." (Watts, Ronald. L.2008:8).

Friedrich has also defi ned federalism is a union of groups, united by one or more common objectives, but retaining their distinctive group character for other purposes (Cited in Burgess, Michael 2006: 35).

According to English-Nepali Glossary of federalism terms, federalism refers to a broad category of political systems in which, by contrast with the single central of source of political and legal authority in unitary system, there are two or more constitutionally established orders of government, each directly elected, and each order having some autonomy from other in terms of the powers assigned to it (English-Nepali Glossary of federalism terms 2009:25).

Federalism as a system that combines shared rule at the centre for certain purposes, and self rule by the people of a province, for these two different types of rule there are two or more orders or levels of government (such as the central, provincial and local government) where each level has a direct relationship with the people that elect them.

As a key element of a federal system, the combination of ‘shared-rule’, that is, the powers and structures of authority at the centre in which all the different sub national communities participate at the national level, and ‘self-rule’ where the autonomous powers of each sub national unit are exercised. It is important for the viability of federal relationships that the powers of ‘shared-rule’ and ‘self-rule’ are balanced, and that there are effective institutions and mechanisms for consultation and co-operation.

The federal constitution distributes legislative and executive powers among these levels. What powers the federal government should have, and what the federal and local units should have are key questions. In Federal system the people's sovereignty has been used

by different institutions in practice. Therefore, some people believe that the sovereignty is divided in federal system.

The constitution divides state powers and functions between the centre and sub national units, for which there are a number of models. In ‘classical’ federations, governments established at the national and regional levels are co-ordinate and supreme within the spheres allocated to them, but in some federations like India, the sub national units can be subordinated to the centre in some circumstances.

Sharing Democracy is an important issue in federal system. In every society there are competing interests that can lead to confl icts. Democratic institutions are generally able to manage these confl icts, channel them in constructive ways and arrive at just and equitable solutions. It is thus important in any confl ict management process to strengthen democracy. Direct democratic measures of often advocated as a way of limiting the power of politician and enabling the people to be the fi nal arbiters. (Federal Department of Foreign Affairs 2008:21). Local Government:

While considering the trend to multi-tiered federal systems, it should be noted that there has been increasing attention given also to the role governments within federations. Traditionally, the determination of the scope and powers of local governments was left in federations to the intermediate state governments. The importance and autonomy of the tier of local government has varied enormously from federation to federation being perhaps most prominent in Switzerland and the United States and least in Australia. Furthermore, in some federations intergovernmental relations directly between federal and local governments have been considerable, whereas in others (including Canada) such relations have been funneled through the provinces or states as intermediates. It is worth noting that there have been efforts in some federations, notably Germany, India (since


constitutional amendments in 1992), Nigeria (in its 1999 constitution) and Switzerland in the new constitution of 1999, to recognize formally in the constitution of the federation the position and powers of local governments. Brazil, Venezuela and South Africa are notable in that their constitutions fully recognize local governments as a full-fl edged third order of government within the federation. Indeed, in both Brazil and South Africa there have been efforts recently to emphasize local governments at the expense of the states of provinces (Watts, Ronald. L.2008: 171).

However, recently some federal constitutions have identifi ed three levels of government. Brazil and South Africa are most thorough-going in constitutional recognition of local levels. India has also now moved in this direction.

The 73rd constitutional amendment incorporate the Panchayati Raj Institutions as a grass root democratic institution to enhance local government and insure service delivery to people. Similarly, the 74th amendment of the Indian constitution reconised cities and municipalities as Urban Local Government Bodies. Role delineation among that levels of government clarifi ed through various list i.e., Union list, State list and concurrent list. However, the local government roles and responsibilities fall under the State list. Reservation for women, schedule casts and schedule tribes in the local government bodies has been very much instrumental in making local government more inclusive and democratic institution at grass root level in India (Dahal, Mahesh P. 2008: 76-83).

The National Capital is almost always treated distinctively in federal systems. The federal government has a special interest in the capital which symbolizes the unity of the country. There are three broad approaches to the constitutional status of the capital. One is to designate it as a special capital territory (as in the US, Australia and Brazil), often under federal control, but sometimes with local governance

structure. It ensures that the capital city is not affected by the province that it happens to be in. Under the second approach the capital city is treated as if it was a province-which gives its residents considerable control. Under the third approach the capital city is simply another city in a province (as in Canada and Switzerland), subject to most of the jurisdiction of that province (GTZ 2008).

Nepali scheme for the distribution of powers is needed based on a three-tier system. Opinions are open from different sectors and level that the lowest level of the government (local government) should be recognized in the constitution itself. Those who opposed the idea of the constitutional recognition of the third tier argue that decisions about this level should be left to province.

The distribution of powers between Federal, Provincial and Local Government could be proposed as follows : defense, foreign affairs, currency, central bank and banking policy , national education policy, national health policy and central hospitals, citizenship, central police for to the federal government; Education up to secondary level, health, provincial police to the provincial government and primary health care, municipal police, drinking water and small irrigation, community forests, local resources such as stone, sand, small infrastructure for local government. Besides, education, natural resources, infrastructure, transportation, communication can be considered concurrent power to both federal and provincial governments.

For revenue sharing purpose customs, value added tax, income tax, excise duties, royalty from electricity and mines can be allotted to the federal government. Service charges (tariff of the service it includes such as water, electricity etc.), royalties from natural resources like forest and water to the provincial and land tax , property tax and vehicle tax to the local government.

The issue arises most clearly in the area of taxation. The most productive type


of taxes (corporate tax, customs duties) are most effi ciently raised and collected by the centre. The general principle of equalization of resources and development, requires a scheme for taxation and revenue, which is called fi scal federalism.

At present, Nepal has only two tiers of government the centre and the districts. The designation of the existing districts was made in 1961 by setting up of a committee to divide the country into 14 Zones and 75 development districts for the purpose of development. The idea of regional development was based on the idea of structural change and meaningful decentralization and devolution of power, an idea that was naturally abhorred by the power-holders of the centralized feudal state.

There is general consensus between political parties that Nepal would have three levels: federal, provincial and local government, which will be constitutionally protected. In the local level there should be Nagarpalikas in the urban and Grampalikas in the rural areas (ibid).

Although, it would be too early to fi x the specifi c numbers of local governments, there should be around one hundred municipalities (Nagarpalikas) and the number of village Development Committees (VDCs) should come down to about a thousand Grampalikas. The local level governments should be further divided in smaller units such as Wards.

Conclusion:There appear serious diffi culties in

agreeing on the fundamental basis for carving out federal units in Nepal due to the exitence of numerous ethnic groups, castes and languages followed by their raising aspirations for having their own provincial state with right to self-determination. Should Nepal be divided on

such basis, Nepal will have numerous small units rebuilting in unviable number of units in terms of operation of governance.

Organising on the basis of three tiers may overcome the dilemma to some extent, as the provincial would be the focus of policy and legislative initiatives, and of region wide development and projects, while local government would deal with matters of greater local signifi cance, including culture. Of course the more the tiers, the more complex, and perhaps more expensive would be the state running business, which should be considered sincerely in federal system.

The national government has poor understanding of the situation and problems of the sub national and is lacking of positive contribution to their development. People have few opportunities to participate in the affairs of the state, which is a major obstacle to the development of democracy. There is also a need for paying more attention on making the state apparatus more inclusive to provide social justice to the Nepalese people. Further more, it would be wise and acceptable to form a democratic and inclusive decentralization by providing opportunity to all Nepalese citizens to take part in the decision making process according to the principle of subsidiary that describes on distributions of power and functions as per the responsibility and capability of different level of state units or governments.

In this context it is obvious that there is presence of wide ethnic, lingual and territorial diversity and discrimination in Nepal. Both ethnic-linguistic and territorial-economic bases should be taken into account for the design of federal state in Nepal. If local government is designed under federal system, this diversity and discrimination can be addressed properly at local level which contributes to establish inclusive and equitable governance fostering the local democracy.


ReferencesBurgess, Michael(2006). Comparative Federalism. Routledge, London and New York:

Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. Dahal, Mahesh P. (2008). "An Observation of Local Governance System In India," Swashasan:

The Journal of Self-Governance and Rural Development (Ministry of Local Development, Government of Nepal, Lalitpur) (March-2008)

Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (2008). Politorbis (2008). Bern : Swiss Department of Foreign Affairs.

Forum of Federation (2009). English-Nepali Glossary of Federalism terms. Lalitpur: International IDEA/Nepal.

Gena, C. B. (1978). Comparative Politics and Political Institutions. New Delhi: Bikas Publication House Pvt.

GTZ (2008). Designing the Federal State in Nepal 2008. Kathmandu: GTZ.Khanal, K. (2009). "Choosing a Government for Nepal," Federations (Special Edition of Forum

of Federations, Nepal Special issue 2009.)Sharma, Pitamber and Khanal Narendra (2009). Towards A Federal Nepal. Lalitpur, Nepal,

Himal Books.Watts, Ronald. L.(2008).Comparing Federal Systems. Third Edition. Institute of

Intergovernmental Relations, Canada: Queen's University Press.

The views expressed in the articles are those of the contributors and are in no sense offi cial;

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e-Government Implementation Challenges in Nepal

Dr. Subarna ShakyaAssociate Professor,

Pulchowk Campus

ABSTRACTe-government is the use of Information and Communication Technologies to promote more

effi cient and effective government, and make it more accessible and accountable to the citizens. The e-readiness index of Nepal is found to be low as compared to other countries. There are various challenges for the implementation of e-government in Nepal. These challenges are like low literacy, low per capita income and limited fi nancial resource. In this paper a conceptual framework is suggested for the effective implementation of e-government in Nepal. The conceptual framework can be further validated in the real life situation.

Keywords: e-Government, e-readiness, low literacy, Low per Capita, conceptual framework

1. Introductione-government refers to the delivery of

national or local government information and services via the Internet or other digital means to citizens or businesses or other governmental agencies (Palvia and Sharma, 2007). e-government is the use of information technology to provide citizen and organizations with more convenient access to government information and services and to provide delivery of public services to citizen, business partners, and those working in the public sector. In other words E-Government is the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve the activities of public sector organizations. E-government has very

signifi cant role in the development of a nation. It has brought revolution in the governance of the government. However according to Economist Intelligence Unit the e-readiness index of Nepal is low. Therefore, the implementation of e-government is very challenging. It is because of the low level of literacy, low per capita income and insuffi cient infrastructure for the implementation of e-government.2. Components e-government

Program in NepalOver the past decade there have been

e-government initiatives in the country at national and district level. Some of them


are highly successful and are implemented across the country and some of them are not successful. Hence there is a need of taking a holistic view towards the entire e-government initiative across the country. The national e-government programme is conducted to effectively implement the e-government in Nepal. The component of this programme is as follows:

Awareness and communication: The • success of e-government plan highly depends on the awareness about the programme. Therefore the Government of India disseminates the information about the e-government plans.

Assessment: The Government of Nepal is • investing signifi cant part of its scare resource in e-government projects. Therefore it is necessary that a robust assessment strategy is devised for the existing e-government projects.

Capacity Building: The capacity building • guidelines take into account of the fact that different states are at different levels of readiness for e-governance and have different levels of aspiration. The role of the capacity building team is at the programme level to provide leadership and vision including policy formulation, preparing roadmaps, prioritization, preparing frameworks and guidelines, monitoring progress & capacity management.

Common Services Centre: Common • Services Centre (CSC) scheme is the most prominent face of National e-Government Programme. Specifi c support is being provided for this scheme. The scope of support includes Identifi cation of core components of CSC

Scheme; Frame problem agendas related with application software, legal instruments and essential backend for CSC etc.

Infrastructural and Technical: This cell • provides support in implementing those projects and components of e-Government.

Monitoring and Evaluation: The Program • Management, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit of the Programme Management Unit for National e-government programme develop a comprehensive. MIS at programme level and track the physical and fi nancial progress of various projects.

Project and Financial Appraisal: the • cells identify resources to provide assistance in project conceptualisation, development and implementation to various implementing agencies.

Research and Development: The • e-Governance R&D team provides consultancy and research inputs in the areas of e-Governance Technical Standards including interoperability standards e-Government Enterprise architecture frameworks, Information Security etc.3. Nepal’s Position on e-readiness

E-Readiness is the ability to use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to develop one's economy and to foster one's welfare. Each year, the Economist Intelligence Unit produces a ranking of e-readiness across countries, based on six pillars of e-readiness: connectivity & technology infrastructure, business environment, social & cultural environment, legal environment, government policy & vision and consumer & business adoption. Nepal is at 150 positions with e-readiness in 2008.

Table : 1 e-Government readiness rankings for Southern Asia

Country 2008 Index 2005 Index 2008 Ranking 2005 RankingMaldives 0.4491 0.4321 95 77Sri Lanka 0.4244 0.3950 101 94Iran 0.4067 0.3813 108 98India 0.3814 0.4001 113 87


Pakistan 0.3160 0.2836 131 136Bhutan 0.3074 0.2941 134 130Bangladesh 0.2936 0.1762 142 162Nepal 0.2725 0.3021 150 126Afghanistan 0.2048 0.1490 167 168

Region 0.3395 0.3126World 0.4514 0.4267

(Source: United Nations e-Government Survey 2008, Page 33, Table 3.15)

4. Challenges for implementation of e-government in NepalImplementation of e-government has

changed the way of living of the people in many countries. However, in Nepal the implementation of e-government is little diffi cult because of its developing status. The government agencies fi nd lot of diffi culties in the smooth implementation of e-government in Nepal because of low literacy, low per capita income, insuffi cient infrastructure and limited fi nancial resource.

4.1. Low literacy

Literacy is defi ned as the ability to read and write with understanding in any language. A person who can merely read but cannot write is not classifi ed as literate. Any formal education or minimum educational standard is not necessary to be considered literate. Georgia is the country having 100% literacy rate and at

1st rank in the list of literacy (Table: 2). Literacy level of India is 61% and ranked 147 in the list of and Mali is having literacy level 24% , is the lowest level in literacy level (176).

Table : 2Literacy rate of select countries.

S.N. Country Literacy Rate Rank1 Georgia 100.0 12 Cuba 99.8 23 Russia 99.4 124 Australia 99.0 185 Canada 99.0 186 Germany 99.0 187 Japan 99.0 188 Switzerland 99.0 189 United Kingdom 99.0 1810 United States 99.0 1811 China 99.9 8612 Sri Lanka 90.7 8713 Swaziland 79.6 12414 India 61.0 14715 Pakistan 49.9 16016 Nepal 48.6 16217 Mali 24.0 176

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate)

4.2 Low per capita income Per capita income means how much each individual receives, in monetary terms, of the


yearly income generated in the country. This is what each citizen is to receive if the yearly national income is divided equally among everyone. Per capita income is usually reported in units of currency per year. Globally Bermuda

has the highest per capita income followed by Luxembourg. India is at 160th rank in with 530 US$ average per capita income (Table 3).

Table : 3 National Average Per Capita

Income of select countriesS.N Country Per Capita Income in USD Ranking

1 Bermuda N/A 12 Luxembourg 43,940 23 Switzerland 39,880 44 United States 37,610 55 Japan 34,510 76 United Kingdom 28,350 127 Germany 25,250 228 Canada 23,930 249 Australia 21,650 2710 Swaziland 1,350 12711 China 1,100 13312 Sri Lanka 930 14013 India 530 16014 Pakistan 470 16615 Bangladesh 400 17416 Nepal 240 19217 Ethiopia 90 208

(Source: http://www.success-and-culture.net/articles/percapitaincome.shtml)

4.3 Limited fi nancial Resource

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the measures of national income and output for a given country’s economy. GDP is defi ned as the total market value of all fi nal goods and services produced within the country in a given period of time (usually a calendar

year). GDP of a country is the measure of its fi nancial strength. United States is having the highest GDP in the world followed by Japan, Germany, China, United Kingdom (Table 4) and India with GDP 1,237,000 million US $ is at rank 12th (Table 4). Nepal with GDP 12,640 million US $ is at rank 121st (Table 4).


Table : 4 GDP of select countries in 2008 given by the CIA World Fact book

S.N Country GDP(Million USD) Rank1 United States 14,330,000 12 Japan 4,844,000 23 China 4,222,000 34 Germany 3,818,000 45 France 2,978,000 56 United Kingdom 2,787,000 67 Russia 1,757,000 88 Brazil 1,665,000 109 Canada 1,564,000 1110 India 1,237,000 1211 Australia 1,069,000 1412 Switzerland 492,600 2213 Pakistan 160,900 4914 Sri Lanka 42,160 7815 Nepal 12,640 12116 Kiribati 71 189

(Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal) )

e-government has to be determined. In this level it is planned that to what extend the e-government can be implemented.

5.2. Framework for e-readiness Assessment

To fulfi ll the vision the e- readiness of Nepal should be assessed. It is compared with respect to other countries. The e- readiness reveals the position of Nepal with respect to the other countries.

5.3. Overcoming challenges of e-governmentIn the assessment process the challenges

for effective implementation of e-government will be exposed.

5. A Strategic framework for implementation of e-government may be helpfulOn the basis of the study of e-readiness in Nepal and the challenges for implementation of e-government in Nepal a conceptual framework for the effective implementation of e-government in Nepal is suggested. This conceptual framework is divided into fi ve stages:5.1. Vision and Action plan form e-government implementationIn the fi rst stage the vision and action

plan for the effective implementation of


These challenges are low literacy levels, low per capita income and limited fi nancial resource in Nepal. The challenges should be overcome for the effective implementation of e-government.

5.4. Developing the environment for e-government:The positive environment needs to be

developed to meet the vision of e- government implementation. This environment is internal environment and external environment.

5.5. Developing the National e-Government InfrastructureWhile Communication Infrastructure

needs to be setup for government to deliver its services online, there is an equally important need for setting up nationwide communication network for citizens to easily access government services whether in the urban areas or in the rural parts of the country

6. Implementation of e-government

Then fi nally the e-government should be implemented. This is the fi nal step of

the conceptual framework. These steps are summarized in a conceptual framework, which is shown in fi gure 1. This is a conceptual framework and can be validated in the real life situation. A conceptual framework for e-government implementation in Nepal.

7. Conclusion According to Economist Intelligence Unit

the e-readiness index of Nepal is low. There are various challenges for the implementation of e-government in Nepal. These challenges are like low literacy, low per capita income, and limited fi nancial resource. A vision and leadership is required to implement the e-government in Nepal. To meet the vision the challenges in the implementation of e-government should be overcome. Then the environment needs to be developed for the effective implementation of e-government in Nepal. A conceptual framework is developed for the effective implementation of e-government in Nepal This conceptual framework and can be further validated in the real life situation.

(e-Mail: [email protected])


Career in the Private Sector verses Civil ServiceHas the civil service lost its charm among the new generation of youth in Nepal¿

Divakar Devkota

In the Nepalese popular song of few years ago the male singer describes how he is asked by the parents of a girl to fi nd a job in the government service before proposing to wed their daughter. This situation speaks about how high Nepalese society places importance to some one working in the government service. Parents fi nd future of their daughter secured in the hands of the groom having job in the government service.

Today, however, the situation is gradually reversing. Baring for exception of the Foreign Service and the Revenue Department, girls educated in the modern education institutions want husbands who have a job in the private companies. The reasons: the working environment, the opportunity for growth, the possibility to be recognized for innovation and the salary and perk benefi ts are better in the private companies than in the government service. The employees in the private sectors are rewarded for the good work performance while those with poor performance can be fi red. The reward and punishment system is the back bone of the private sector companies.

The situation in the Nepalese bureaucracy is quite reverse. Once people have entered the Nepalese bureaucracy, complex procedures as set out in the Civil Service Acts and Regulations have to be followed to fi re them. The justice takes fairly long time to deliver. Reward and punishment system and fair dealing is the distant thing.

The level of motivation is poor. It is not practiced by majority of the bureaucrats. Favoritism and nepotism are rampant. Superiors see a threat to their career and exposition of their weaknesses if subordinates come with innovative ideas to improve the working environment and procedure, and

service delivery to the people. Though, there is a system in the Nepalese bureaucracy of rewarding its personnel once a year with cash prizes; majority of the recipients have been rewarded for the reason never made public. Besides having many good points in the Nepalese bureaucracy, the talented and meritorious few are still reluctant to join in.

There is wrong notion among the bureaucrats that once they have put their signature in the attendance copy the salary of the day is reaped. Salary they receive is just for putting their signature. They will require additional remuneration for the extra work they are asked to do. The reason they give is that the salary they receive is not enough for their living. Therefore, if the government wants them to immerse fully in the work, the salary paid to them should also be tied up with the economic infl ations or market price.

Government service have ceased to be the fi rst choice of the employment for the majority of new generation of intelligent youth who have been educated in the domestic and foreign private academic institutions scoring higher percentages. One of the main reasons why these people are not attracted to join in is that the salary of the Nepalese bureaucrats is low compared to the private companies.


Now this situation has become a concern in the Nepalese bureaucracy, particularly, at a time when the revolution in information technologies, the change in demographic structure and varied social system has created a demand for a multi-trained civil service in Nepalese bureaucracy. However, the talented graduates from the private educational institution in the urban areas are not enthusiastic about entering the government job. Result of last fi ve years of the Public Services Commission attest to this fact. Majority of the successful candidates represent the product of public school in the rural and semi-urban areas of Nepal. There are hardly any son/daughters of top bureaucrats in the list.

Now the question arises - has the employment in the service of government lost its charm that it used to enjoy till the last 20 to 25 years¿ Why are the fresh graduates with excellent academic performance not enthusiastic about entering the Nepalese bureaucracy¿ If this issue is not tackled in the right time, this serious situation could have great long term impact on the effi ciency of Nepalese bureaucracy in delivering the good service to the people. Ultimately, this will have impact on the effi ciencies of any government in the country. The situation demands the long term planning of developing human resources in Nepalese bureaucracy.

With the creation of jobs in the private sectors, particularly in the banking and business sector where salary, allowances and other incentive packages are handsome, the urban youth educated in the private colleges/ universities are attracted to this sector than the government. Private sector provides the fertile ground for this generation to use their talent and refi ne their skills. The work performance in the private sector is instantly recognized and opportunities for career development are offered to the deserving employees. The government set up and the working environment does not provide such opportunities. Therefore, the government is not able to induct the new generation of talented rural youth educated

in the private modern colleges/universities in Nepalese bureaucracy. One glaring example is that today we fi nd very few son or daughter of the secretaries of the government ministries in the government services. If the government service was really attractive, many of the sons and daughters of the secretaries would joined the civil service of Nepal. But the situation is quite reverse. The some exceptional cases, however, can be found in the government's medical sector where a doctor's sons or daughters are serving in the same fi eld.

Few months ago, the Public Service Commission of Nepal announced the launching of a programme to familiarize and expose the qualifi ed urban youth about the attraction of joining the civil services of Nepal. This initiative has come at an appropriate time. New Nepal can not be built with the current level of civil servants that are often termed as lethargic, unenthusiastic to learn new method of administration, resistance to adopt changes and not living up to neither the expectation of the people and private sector nor the government.

The manpower engaged in the private sector is far more educated and talented than the civil servants. With the membership of Nepal in the international organization such as the World Trade Organization, World Intellectual Property Right Organization, World Migration Organization and increased dealing of the government with the multi talented, creamed and very fast employees of private sector, the civil servant have to be a step ahead with far more skill to handle and regulate the complex type of issues of the private sector. As the former joint-secretary of the Ministry of Finance Mahesh Karki put it - the private sector personnel are far more capable of dealing issues of national and international economy, commercial and business leaving their counter parts the government offi cials far behind. The government has to play the role of regulator and therefore, the bureaucrats should always have to be faster to learn the ever changing national and international economy, commerce and business issues and practices.


Civil service is based on the merit system. However, the excellent meritorious persons are simply not attracted to join the civil service. Opportunity is available every where for an able person. But, the options and opportunities are limited only for less qualifi ed. There may be several reasons why the talented few perceive the civil service to be less attractive to enter. Without addressing the real cause they can not be attracted to join the civil service. Merely, announcing the vacancies and inviting applications will not work for attracting the qualifi ed persons. These persons are even not aware of the positive side of civil service, such as the career security, opportunity for fi nancial and social security and the prospects for long term employment.

A survey conducted a year ago in the campuses of Kathmandu valley revealed that majority of girl students even were not aware that they can apply for the jobs in the government services. Sadly enough they were not aware of where to look for the vacancy announcements and submit their application form. When the situation in the valley is such, it is not hard to imagine the situation in other parts of the country.

Every year, United Nations Development Programme in association of Women Development Department and Non-government Organizations involved in the development of women and marginalized group conduct preparation classes for the women aspiring to appear in the examination conducted by the Public Service Commission for section offi cer positions. Such initiatives have produced good results. In the last few years many women applicants appearing in the examination conducted by Public Service Commission were able to pass the examination. They are now serving in the government service as Section Offi cer. The result shows that majority of the women candidates were of middle class rural and semi-urban families and the talented one were still short.

The salary and allowances for the civil servant in Nepal is below the market price and does not keep with the economic infl ation rates. The salaries and allowances are lowest in the south Asian region and are unattractive compared to the private companies and government undertaking corporations who offer attractive allowance and perk benefi ts to the employees. Another factor of distraction to join civil service is that there is no match between the person’s qualifi cations and the needs of civil service. The government has failed to drive the point that the distribution of opportunities in the civil service is not discriminative. Additionally, the civil service acts and regulations are always tampered by the few infl uential civil servants for their benefi ts. The several amendments made in the civil service acts and regulations at short interval have been the most deterrent factor for attracting talented youth to join this service.

Additionally, the youth are watchful of the situation in the civil service where unhealthy practices are being played out from the political sector. The frequent and unsystematic transfer of employees affi liated with the political parties to the attractive department and ministries at the cost of the employees with out any of such affi liations is one of the reasons why they are not convinced that civil service is not their secured destination. Another reason for hesitating to join civil service by the talented youth is that they fi nd the lack of operational autonomy in the civil service after they have entered the civil services. One of the most important factor is that the civil service itself has not been able to expose it self and demonstrate the goodwill and dignity of entering the civil services to others.

Every one wishes to enter into a socially prestigious career, and having entered the career desires to have the opportunities for unhindered personal development and demonstration and recognition of their abilities. This is seriously lacking in the civil services.


The offi ce politics is widely practiced in Nepalese bureaucracy by the few crooks to gain advantages at the cost of other employees. It could be in the transfer to the attractive section with in or to other attractive offi ces, departments or ministries, or for promotion by perusing the superior to give low marks in the performance evaluation of other employees. Offi ce politics is also played out for nomination to the higher education fellowships/ training/ seminars in the foreign countries.

Nepotism and favoritism, and corruption are deep rooted in the civil service. An educated youth with excellent academic performance wants to have fair dealing based on the work performance for the career development. This is seriously lacking in the contemporary civil service of Nepal, and a factor hindering the talented youth from entering the civil service.

In order to attract the talented and toppers in educational institutions to enter the civil service, the fi rst necessary thing the government should do is to bring back the

past social prestige and dignity affi liated to the civil service, it use to enjoy in the past. This is certainly not an easy and quickly achievable task if there is a burning desire of the government. Since the civil service is a permanent and a living structure, courageous, highly motivated, positive and cultured employees are needed for the effective functioning of the state. For this to happen, some short term and continuation of some long term measures have to be implemented. It is desired that the government, as a fi rst initiative, should draft and implement a civil service strategic plan that can guide all aspects of the law, policy and management related to the civil service.

This situation of far reaching consequences to the Nepal civil services has to be given importance while charting out the course of the government for the building of a new Nepal and effectiveness of the government service delivery in the future. Therefore, the need of the hour is to devise ways to attract talented youths in the civil service for the sustainability of the country's development and good governance.

Reference:Various articles in 'Prashasan' published by Ministry of General Administration of Nepal1. Various articled published in 'Nizamati Sewa' published by Public Service Commission of 2. NepalVarious article on Nepal Civil Service published in the daily newspaper of Nepal3. Various issues of annual report of Public Service Commission of Nepal 4.

(*Mr. Devkota is Director at the Department of Postal Services, Dillibazar, Kathmandu. He can be contacted at e-mail address; [email protected]/ Ph. 4421286, 4421283/ Fax. 4414688)


Administrative development reform and refers to changes within administrative system. On the other hand, Development Administration refers to administration about the development of socio-political & economic system. Development administration is that administration which is oriented towards bringing about human and social development.

Development administration may be described as that administration in which development is given top priority while other administrative functions like revenue collection and maintenance of law and order are carried out side by side in a routine manner.

Today, talk of the revenue; law and order are related to each other. Thus in developmental administration the developmental agency and a developmental orientation get priority over other agencies and other aspects of administration.

In fact developmental administration and law and order administration and revenue and regulatory administration are closely related to each other.

Look at some examples of this relationship, The setting up of an industry is development work. But before the factory can be set up the land has to be allotted for it. Thus, industrialist will apply to the district level industries offi cer refer the case to the revenue agency for land to be allotted for an industry. The irrigation department build a dam enable more land to be brought under cultivation the revenue agency shall have to allot the land before agricultural production (development) can be raised. If more land is allotted, more land revenue collected as the newly allotted land tenant

Aspect of Development Administration

Dr. Sabitri Aryal {Acharya} Associate Professor,

Tribhuvan University,

have to pay rent to the government. If people are scared of robbery, dacoits, and unrest, no one will invest money in better seeds and fertilizers because they shall be scared of not being able to get the fruits of their investment. Agricultural Extension Offi cers (development agency) in introducing improved techniques of agriculture. If the supply is of rationed and scarce goods is not proper in the village unrest may occur increase the problem of the law and order agency.

Development administration, Revenue and Regulatory administration and law and order Administration are complementary. The difference is that Revenue, Regulative and law and order administration is more helps to keep the existing system functioning while Development administration is more innovative and helps to change the existing systems and make it better.

The concept of development administration “To demonstrate the need and usefulness of the concept of development administration as a particular type of public administration, it is necessary to show that it involves special understanding required in underdeveloped


countries. These must be perceptible at different operating levels, i.e. offi cials must make enough different decisions, adopt enough different policies, and engage in enough different activities to warrant the different designation,”- Swerdlow. Ramesh Arora also says that “development administration is generally similar to non-developmental public administration in so far as it is concerned with how rules, policies, and norms are implemented by government organizations. It is contended that a developmental administration system differs from a non developmental one in its objectives, scope complexity and degree of innovation in its operation.

Swrerdlows book in 1963, concepts mostly derived from American Social Science and especially from structural-functional sociology have dominated academic thinking on the concept of developmental administration with the Comparative Administration Group founded by a ford foundation grant from 1963 to 1971 leading in the fi eld. Further no student of development administration can afford to ignore the services of book brought out by the Duke University Press. The biggest name in the academic world of Public Administration and Development today is Fred W. Riggs and students and teachers in Department of Public Administration in Nepal, also base themselves to a large extent on the writings of Riggs and other American scholars which naturally are based on American viewpoints

J.N. Ghosla has differentiated development administration from routine administration and states that “development administration is concerned with the will to develop, the mobilization of existing and new resources and the cultivation of appropriate skills to achieve the developmental goals.”

V.A. Panadikar feels that “the central theme of development administration is socio economic and political change brought about through a series of programmes designed

specially to attain clear cut and specifi ed objectives and goals expressed in specifi ed terms.”

V. Jagannadham said that development administration as “a process of action motivated by and oriented to the achievement certain predetermined goals.”

B.S. Khanna defi nes development administration as “an administration geared to tasks of economic, social, and political development, which has been induced by an increasing tempo, momentum and diversity emanating from the elite and groups of people.”

Among Americans, John Montgomerry provides an economic orientated defi nition saying that development administration is “carrying out planned change in the economy and to a lesser extent, in the social services of the state (especially education and public health).”

According to Weidner development administration is basically “an action oriented goal oriented administrative system” and goes on to say that it involves “the process of guiding an organization towards the achievement of progressive political, economic, and social objectives that are authoratively determined in one manner or another.”

Riggs summarized:- “Development administration should center on the ways and means for implementing and furthering decisions that express social discretionary, while protecting autogeny and tolerating detachment. Further, acceptance of the legitimacy of the decision makers and optimum preservation of autogeny are important steps in this direction.”

Riggs development is “a process of increasing autonomy of social systems” which is “made possible by rising levels of diffraction”.


An ecological approach is more acceptable to Riggs: “in an ecological context social systems enter into transactions with their environment” an ecological approach considers all possible situational or environmental variables and dimensions “Environments infl uence without determining the behavior of human groups and reciprocally, social systems can reshape their environments.”

Riggs believes in the ecological study of public administration that is the study of public administration operates in different social environmental settings and changes itself to adapt to the environment and in order to achieve a set of social goals including if necessary, the goal of changing the social environment.

Riggs defi nes development as “a process of increasing autonomy of social systems, made possible by a rising level of diffraction.” The emphasis on diffraction enables Riggs to view development as “the increased ability of human societies to shape their physical, human and cultural environments. Thus the task of development administration is to reshape the social environment in a desired manner. Development administration can be measured in terms of performance and output, with regards to justice and equality.

According to Riggs the development administration “refers to the administration of development programmes, methods used by large scale organization, notably governments, implement policies and plans designed to meet their developmental objectives.” How are its role & important¿

Is development administration totally 1. dependent upon the type of political system, or can the political system being affected by the manner in which the development administration functions¿Shall political development have to take 2. place before development administration becomes fully effi cient or can the progress go about hand in hand or can development administration bring about political development¿

What is the impact of social practice 3. prevalent in society and of social change on development administration¿What are the impact of changes in 4. procedures and the style of operation within development administration¿How can development administration 5. effect social changes¿How can development administration 6. bring about economic development¿Can economic development bring about 7. changes in the nature of development administration¿The political system is an independent

variable while development administration is a dependent variable.

the production relations and factors of production are the independent variable while administration is dependent variable.-Marxists

For administration, the administrators system is the independent variable while the social, political and economic systems are all dependent variables.

All three approaches are biased ones. In reality administration is an intervening variable. It has both give and take relationship with all other systems.

Examine what the role is of development administration; what tasks do expect development administration to perform¿ Strictly speaking development administration is supposed to carry out all tasks given to it by the government.

According to Fulton report (United Kingdom) it is expected to achieve economic aims as full employment a satisfactory rate of growth stable prices and a healthy balance of payments. Execution of policies it profoundly infl uences the output, costs and profi tability of industry in both the home and overseas markets. It directly controls a number of basic nationalize industries. It has responsibilities


for the location of industry and for town and country planning. It engages in research and development both for civil and military purpose. It provides comprehensive social services and is now expected to promote the fullest possible development of industrial human potential.Development Administration & Federalism

(Need of Federalism) Federal System:- (1) According to oxford Advanced Learners

Dictionary: Federal means "a federal country of system of government consists of a group of states which have their own government to decide their awn affairs and are controlled by a single national government which makes decisions on foreign affairs, defence etc".

Like wise, Federalism means: "belief in or support for a federal system of government".

(2) Federal system Federalism is widely recognized as the best ground in which people can learn the art of governance through their own experiences and the reality that exists around them. Control, state & local governments are also always, in all circumstances, considered as the important vehicle and only the means to provide state benefi ts & services to the local inhabitants,

Corruption has burgeoned and pervaded every sector of the country as fatal disease, and has become an inevitable part of the daily life in Nepal. Now a days public Administration central government is structurally stronger than local initiation but functionally weaker or central government is not working effectively and effi ciently given their various malfunctioning practices. In this context Federalism is able to work effi ciently due to the good practices. So it is recomme need that in order to eradicate and overcome the features of poor governance, the partnership form of

federal system might be the best possible solution in Nepal .

Basically in developing country like Nepal and also to cope with the changing situations of the world Federalism have been receiving immense importance to fi nd values of democracy, peoples participation their responsibility, to create sense of patsiotsm among the people; Right Now, Nepal is going to place the positions fail & ineffective nation considering the factors such as weak pratical leadership, are forces & Palice, Judiciary & public Administration qualitative education, cleanness, Lack of powerful local government is one of the major causes of increasing corruption, since, power is main problem of government of Nepal.

The objective of the federalism to establish decentralized local governance & ensure people's participation expansion of fi nancial banking, for local development. the performance of government institutions in Nepal is not satisfactory, so Federal system must emerge as important sectors for development discourse of Nepal .

(3) Federal system will play crucial role basically in the rural society, Microfi nance system Visionary Leadership, strong administration &communication/information, strategic crisis management policies, east dependency are fundamental success of federalism.

Federal system is responsible for managing (their own government) affairs by elected people it is vital part of state deals/with the matters of people of a particular locality, administered by authorities subordinate to the state government but elected independently of the state authority by the qualifi ed rei... , providing services to locality, autonomous body with decision making authority etc. state which is constituted by law and has substantial control of Regional affairs, including the power to impost taxes .


ReferencesPalvia, S.C.J., and Sharma, S.S. (2007); E-Government and E-Governance: Defi nitions/Domain

Framework and Status around the World, Foundation of e-government, ICEG, 2007, pp.1-12

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-readiness accessed during September 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate) accessed during

September 2008.C.N. Bhalerao (ed.); Administration politics and Development in India(Bombay),Edward Weidner (ed.); Development Administration in Asia.(Durham-1970)Irwing Swerdlow (ed.); Development Administration : Concepts and Problems (Syracuse-1963)Fred W. Rigg (ed.); the Frontiers of Development Administration(Durham-1970)Faisal S.A. Al-Salam; The Ecological Dimensions of Development Administration(New Delhi-

1977)John Montgomerry and William J. Siffi n (Eds.); Approaches to Development, Politics,

Administration and change, (New York 1966)Rakesh Hooja; Administrative Development: The Concept Re-explored in Administrative change-

Vol 1 no. 1-1973.Rakesh Hooja; Administrative Development: The Debate continued “Administrative change”

vol.3,2, 1976

Documents

Prashasan Final Settingsaruwa.moga.gov.np/mogawebsite/images/pdf/prashasan/...Government of Nepal Ministry of General Administration Administrative Reform and Internal Management Division