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Prof. Thomas Pertsch

Nanooptics groupInstitute of Applied PhysicsAbbe School of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena

Introduction to Nanooptics

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„Vielleicht, dass es in der Zukunft dem menschlichen Geist gelingt, sich noch Prozesse und Kräfte

dienstbar zu machen, welche auf ganz anderen Wegen die Schranken der Auflösung überschreiten lassen, welche uns jetzt als unübersteiglich erscheinen ... Nur glaube ich, dass

diejenigen Werkzeuge, welche dereinst vielleicht unsere Sinne ...

wirksamer als die heutigen Mikroskope unterstützen, mit diesen kaum etwas anderes als den Namen

gemeinsam haben werden.“

Ernst Abbe, 1904 Jena,Gesammelte Abhandlungen I, page 152

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“People tell me about miniaturization, and how far it has progressed today. They tell me about electric motors that are the size of the nail on your small finger. And there is a device on the

market, they tell me, by which you can write the Lord's Prayer on the head of a pin. But that's

nothing; that's the most primitive, halting step in the direction I intend to discuss. It is a

staggeringly small world that is below. In the year 2000, when they look back at this age, they

will wonder why it was not until the year 1960 that anybody began seriously to move in this direction. Why cannot we write the entire 24

volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin?”

R. Feynmann, 29.12.1959, Caltech, USA,Speech at the meeting of Am. Physical Soc.

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1 Nanometer (nm) = 10-9 Meter (m)How small is NANO?

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What is Nanooptics?An example definition

Interaction of light with functional structures having a characteristic size of several nanometers (<200 nm).

200nm

2. Loclization of matterin nano‐dimensions

3. Control of photo‐processesin nano‐dimensions

1. Localization of lightin nano‐dimensions

300nm

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The limits of optics

~/2

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Light-matter interaction vs. structure size

size

electronicphononic

interaction

oA

atomiclattice

integrated & diffractive

optics

refractiveoptics

~500 nm >10 µm

diffraction refractionplasmonic

~100 nm

structure nanooptics

description dielectricfunction

e(w), (m(w))

> n(w)

photonicband structure

kj(w)

bi-anisotropicfunction

0( , )( , )( , )kZ k Zk

( , ) ( , ) ( , )n k k k

( , ), ( , )k k ε μ

realization nature(chemistry)

microtechnologies(dielectrics)

nanotechnologies(metal-dielectric)

conventional(glass)

classicalterms(resolution,magnification,…)

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1. Nanoscience is one of the megatrends of our society (Nano = €$)

2. Nanooptics enables fundamentally new light-matter-interaction

3. Nanooptics promotes research of new technologies and methods

4. Nanooptics breaks barriers and opens up new areas of science and engineering

5. Nanooptics enables the integration of optical systems and the compatibility of optics with microelectronics

6. Nanooptics is a dynamics research field

7. Nanooptics is an area where many fields of science converge into the interdisciplinary research field of nanoscience

7 Good reasons to work on nanooptics

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1. Nanoscience is one of the megatrends of our society (Nano = €$)

2. Nanooptics enables fundamentally new light-matter-interaction

3. Nanooptics promotes research of new technologies and methods

4. Nanooptics breaks barriers and opens up new areas of science and engineering

5. Nanooptics enables the integration of optical systems and the compatibility of optics with microelectronics

6. Nanooptics is a dynamics research field

7. Nanooptics is an area where many fields of science converge into the interdisciplinary research field of nanoscience

7 Good reasons to work on nanooptics

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Public funding of research in nanotechnology

Mio. $ in 2006

Market volume for nanomaterials (according to BCC 2007):

2005: 9.4 Mrd. $, 2006: 10.5 Mrd. $, 2011: 25.2 Mrd. $

Source: Lux Research Inc.

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1. Nanoscience is one of the megatrends of our society (Nano = €$)

2. Nanooptics enables fundamentally new light-matter-interaction

3. Nanooptics promotes research of new technologies and methods

4. Nanooptics breaks barriers and opens up new areas of science and engineering

5. Nanooptics enables the integration of optical systems and the compatibility of optics with microelectronics

6. Nanooptics is a dynamics research field

7. Nanooptics is an area where many fields of science converge into the interdisciplinary research field of nanoscience

7 Good reasons to work on nanooptics

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Light propagation in matter

wavelength 

relation betweenE, H und k

H

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Light-metal-interactionExample: flat boundary/surface – surface plasmon polariton

d>1

m<-1

SP

0=450 nm propagation length ≈ 16 μm and z ≈ 180 nm.

0=1550 nm propagation length ≈ 1080 μm und z ≈ 2.6 μm.

example: air silver boundary

penetration depth into metal ≈ 20 nm

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single electrical mode (Mie) splitting in two electrical modes electrical & magnetic modes

Influence of geometry on optical propertiesExample: Gold particle (Sphere, Ellipsoid, Banana) 1.5x106 nm3

Transmission

Reflexion

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exp( )E ikr

exp( )H ikr

k

Dipole 0 ()

LC- circuit 0 ()

Au

50 nm

From the metaatom to the metamaterial

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Technologies: e-beam-nanolithographie planar (single monolayer)

Examples of metallic metamaterials

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1. Nanoscience is one of the megatrends of our society (Nano = €$)

2. Nanooptics enables fundamentally new light-matter-interaction

3. Nanooptics promotes research of new technologies and methods

4. Nanooptics breaks barriers and opens up new areas of science and engineering

5. Nanooptics enables the integration of optical systems and the compatibility of optics with microelectronics

6. Nanooptics is a dynamics research field

7. Nanooptics is an area where many fields of science converge into the interdisciplinary research field of nanoscience

7 Good reasons to work on nanooptics

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single electrical mode (Mie) splitting in two electrical modes electrical & magnetic modes

Influence of geometry on optical propertiesExample: Gold particle (Sphere, Ellipsoid, Banana) 1.5x106 nm3

Transmission

Reflexion

Surface A= 65x103 nm2 A= 100x103 nm2 A= 160x103 nm2

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Nano materials – technological challenges

Challenges• needed complex nano-scaled order principles are not compatible

with the isotropic, short ranging character of bonding forces in strongly polarizable media (metal bonds)

• often thermodynamic metastable states (shallow local energetic minimum) or even unstable states (no energetic minimum)

• practical stabilization of matter by kinetic slow down of conversion towards stable thermodynamic phase (practically long time scales)

Properties• strong interaction of light need strong polarizability high density of free electrons noble metals (Au, Ag) + Al

• mesoscopic dimensions of structures (~ 100 nm)• hierarchical strongly broken symmetries on multiple length scales

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EBL Exposure

Development

Dry Etching

Removal ofResist

Final Element

Resist Pattern

Funct.Layer(s) 

Substrate

Resist

Nano-Optics – technological approaches

TOP‐DOWN BOTTOM‐UPdiblock copolymer

unloaded micelle

loaded micelle

monolayer

oxygen     plasma

gold nanostructure

pulling from solution

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Technological frontiers

TOP‐DOWN BOTTOM‐UP

planar sequential processes thermodynamic equilibrium process  only very high symmetry states or disordered states

TOP‐UP

MPI MF

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Technological frontiers

TOP‐DOWN BOTTOM‐UP

planar sequential processes thermodynamic equilibrium process  only very high symmetry states or disordered states

MPI MF

TOP‐UPwith pre‐structuring without pre‐structuring Perfect epitaxial critical 

growing of Block‐Copolymeren

(Solak, MNE 2007)

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Future nanotechnologies

• synthetic systems from more than one molecule• usage of strongly direction-selective weak/reversible

bonding mechanisms• e.g. host-guest-chemistry to incorporate metall cluster in

an organic matrix

Supramolecular structures

Biomaterials• "programing" (chemial modification or genetic-

engineering) of cells for the productions of desired structures following order-criteria on many different length scales

• bio-templates for bonding of optically active materials at predefined positions or directly optically active biomaterials

• e.g. bacterio rhodopsin (integral retinal membrane protein) and natural DNA

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Nano-Optics – typical top down technologies

• lithographic techniques– electron beam lithography– Focused Ion Beam milling (FIB)– holographic 3D lithography / multi-photon laser polymerization– nano-lithography

• etching techniques• deposition techniques

– sputtering, evaporation– Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)– Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)– atomic layer deposition (ALD)

• replication technologies– nano-imprint– chemical inversion processes for 3D replication in different classes of

matterials• fiber drawing techniques

(low productivity of some technologies reflects the state of these activities - fundamental research)

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Nano-Optics – typical bottom-up nanomaterials: graphene, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes

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polymer waveguides PPLN structured fibers

metamaterials micro resonators photonic crystallenses

photonic crystals

resonatorarrays

Examples of micro and nano structures(from our labs)

IOF Jena IAP Paderborn IPHT Jena IAP and IFK Jena

IPHT and IAP Jena IAP Jena IAP Jena IAP Jena

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Poynting vector

Theory overcomes experimental barriers

high

 perform

ance com

putin

g on

 the  Pho

tonics Cluster

together with

 IFTO

 –Prof. Led

erer and

 Prof. Ro

ckstuh

l

rigorous solution of Maxwell's Equations and complex models for matter

150 nm

700 nm

Au spirals

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Direct experimental investigation

Scanning Nearfield Optical Microscopy (SNOM)

development of a Dual‐Tip SNOM

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1. Nanoscience is one of the megatrends of our society (Nano = €$)

2. Nanooptics enables fundamentally new light-matter-interaction

3. Nanooptics promotes research of new technologies and methods

4. Nanooptics breaks barriers and opens up new areas of science and engineering

5. Nanooptics enables the integration of optical systems and the compatibility of optics with microelectronics

6. Nanooptics is a dynamics research field

7. Nanooptics is an area where many fields of science converge into the interdisciplinary research field of nanoscience

7 Good reasons to work on nanooptics

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Optical metamaterials

plasma or fine wire structure

“conventional”mater ials

magneticmetamater ials

negative indexmetamater ials

air air

airair

0, 0

n

no transmission

no transmission

0, 0

0, 0 0, 0

n

vacuum

left‐handedmaterial

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Light propagation in left-handed materials

www.imagico.de

right‐handed material left‐handed material

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Light propagation in left-handed materials

www.imagico.de

right‐handed material left‐handed material

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Vision: left-handed optics with unlimited resolution

• control of nearfields by fields bound to the surfaces

• highly dispersive super resolution only for a single wavelength

• signal-to-noise-ratio requires small distance to object (several nm)

control and detection of light on the nano-scale (single molecules, in the range of the binding length)

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normal spacetransformed spacee(x,y,z), m(x,y,z)

unperturbed phase and amplitude distribution behind the object

Pendry/ Leonhard, 2006

Vision: invisibility using metamaerials

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Today's applications: nano patterned diffraction gratings

• horizontal index gradient of a grating with dimensions of 150 mm x 280 mm

• 5 nm wave front accuracy at 100 K• ESA reference for GAIA satellite• IAP&CMN (IOF) Jena

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Today's applications: photon-management in solar cells

reflected notabsorbed

glass superstrat with transparent conducting oxide

pin-diode from amorphous Si

reflecting backside contact with buffer layer

• multi-scale structures for reduction of reflection and for enhanced scattering

• combination of optical and electronic properties

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Today's applications: ultra-sensitive Raman sensors

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Today's applications: extreme nonlinear opticsgeneration of high-harmonics

results from Kim, Nature 2008• strong nonlinearity by field

enhancement at nanostructures

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1. Nanoscience is one of the megatrends of our society (Nano = €$)

2. Nanooptics enables fundamentally new light-matter-interaction

3. Nanooptics promotes research of new technologies and methods

4. Nanooptics breaks barriers and opens up new areas of science and engineering

5. Nanooptics enables the integration of optical systems and the compatibility of optics with microelectronics

6. Nanooptics is a dynamics research field

7. Nanooptics is an area where many fields of science converge into the interdisciplinary research field of nanoscience

7 Good reasons to work on nanooptics

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Gap in the scaling of signal processing and signal transmission

Arb

eits

gesc

hwin

digk

eit [

Hz]

Zeit

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 20501

1k

1M

1G

1T

CMOS Elektronik

Photonik (~ µm)Nanooptik (~ nm)

1,8 µm

130 nm

Telegraph

TelefonTransatlantik-Kabel

Koaxialverbindungen

WDMDWDM

KommunikationsnetzeCMOS ElektronikNanooptik

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Electronic and optical signal processing

Electronics Optics

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Integrated optical systems by plasmonic waveguides

Bozhevolnyi, 2003

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1. Nanoscience is one of the megatrends of our society (Nano = €$)

2. Nanooptics enables fundamentally new light-matter-interaction

3. Nanooptics promotes research of new technologies and methods

4. Nanooptics breaks barriers and opens up new areas of science and engineering

5. Nanooptics enables the integration of optical systems and the compatibility of optics with microelectronics

6. Nanooptics is a dynamics research field

7. Nanooptics is an area where many fields of science converge into the interdisciplinary research field of nanoscience

7 Good reasons to work on nanooptics

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Dynamics of the research field "optical nanomaterials"

publications in the field of optical nanomaterials

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Jour

nal P

ublic

atio

ns

• internationaly extremely popular field of fundamental research• highly competitive (Germany is one of the world leaders)

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1. Nanoscience is one of the megatrends of our society (Nano = €$)

2. Nanooptics enables fundamentally new light-matter-interaction

3. Nanooptics promotes research of new technologies and methods

4. Nanooptics breaks barriers and opens up new areas of science and engineering

5. Nanooptics enables the integration of optical systems and the compatibility of optics with microelectronics

6. Nanooptics is a dynamics research field

7. Nanooptics is an area where many fields of science converge into the interdisciplinary research field of nanoscience

7 Good reasons to work on nanooptics

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Nano as a convergence area of natural sciences

Physics Chemistry

EngineeringScience

Biology

NANO