Report According to PERC Standard

Zinnwald Lithium Project

Report According to PERC Standard

(Compliance and Guidance Standards

Proposed by

Pan-European Reserves & Resources Reporting Committee)

On behalf of: SolarWorld Solicium GmbH Berthelsdorfer Straße 111A 09599 Freiberg GERMANY

Freiberg / Halsbrücke, 2014-10-01


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AUTHORS AND PROVIDED PARTS OF THE REPORT

Section Titel of Section Author

1 Summary Dr. Jürgen Hartsch

Jan Henker

Matthias Helbig

Kersten Kühn

2 Introduction Dr. Torsten Bachmann,

Jan Henker

Kersten Kühn

3 Reliance on other experts Dr. Torsten Bachmann

4 Property description and location Dr. Torsten Bachmann

Dr. Jürgen Hartsch

Kersten Kühn

5 Accessibility, climate, physiography, local human reources and infrastructure

Dr. Jürgen Hartsch

Kersten Kühn

6 History Dr. Jürgen Hartsch

Kersten Kühn

7 Geological setting Matthias Helbig

Jörg Neßler

8 Deposit type Jörg Neßler

9 Mineralisation Matthias Helbig

Jörg Neßler

Kersten Kühn

10 Exploration program Jörg Neßler

11 Sampling methods and approach Jörg Neßler

12 Quality assurance Jörg Neßler

13 Database and verification Matthias Helbig

Jörg Neßler


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14 Geological and structural 3D model Matthias Helbig

15 Mineral Resource and reserve estimates Dr. Torsten Bachmann

Matthias Helbig

Jan Henker

Kersten Kühn

16 Mineral processing and metallurgical testing Jan Henker

Dr. Torsten Bachmann

17 Mine model Kersten Kühn

Jan Henker

18 Market assessment and contracts Dr. Torsten Bachmann

19 Environmental studies, permitting and social or community impact in case of mine deve-lopment

Dr. Jürgen Hartsch

Kersten Kühn

20 Cost and revenue factors Silva Morgenstern

21 Economic analyses Silva Morgenstern

22 Other relevant data and information Dr. Torsten Bachmann

23 Interpretation and conclusions Dr. Torsten Bachmann

Kersten Kühn

24 Recommendations Dr. Torsten Bachmann

Kersten Kühn

25 References Jan Henker

Kersten Kühn

Jörg Neßler


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Attachment 1 Competent Person’s Consent Statement Dr. Michael Neumann

Attachment 2 List of definitions, units and technical terms Kersten Kühn

Jörg Neßler

Attachment 3 List of abbreviations Kersten Kühn

Jörg Neßler

Attachment 4 Exploration licenses Dr. Torsten Bachmann

Kersten Kühn

Attachment 5 Exploration results Matthias Helbig

Kersten Kühn

Jörg Neßler

Attachment 6 Images Kersten Kühn

Jörg Neßler

Attachment 7 Qualification and experience,

independence statement

Dr. Torsten Bachmann,

Jan Henker

Kersten Kühn

Jörg Neßler

Dr. Michael Neumann

Attachment 8 Reliance on other experts Dr. Torsten Bachmann

Kersten Kühn


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TABLE OF CONTENTS page

Date and signature page ........................................................................... 2

1 Summary ........................................................................................... 19

1.1 Exploration concession ............................................................................... 19

1.2 Geology and mineralisation ........................................................................ 19

1.3 Deposit type .................................................................................................. 19

1.4 Exploration status ........................................................................................ 20

1.5 Resource estimates...................................................................................... 21

1.6 Mining activities ........................................................................................... 22

1.7 Metallurgy and processing .......................................................................... 22

1.8 Infrastructure ................................................................................................ 23

1.9 Environmental aspects ................................................................................ 23

1.10 Recommendations and conclusions .......................................................... 24

2 Introduction ...................................................................................... 25

2.1 Purpose of the project ................................................................................. 25

2.2 Sources of information ................................................................................ 25

2.3 Qualifications and experience ..................................................................... 25

2.4 Independence statement ............................................................................. 25

2.5 Terminology and limitations ........................................................................ 26

3 Reliance on other experts ................................................................ 26

4 Property description and location................................................... 26

4.1 Location ........................................................................................................ 26

4.2 Legal aspects and tenure ............................................................................ 28


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4.3 Permit limitations ......................................................................................... 30

4.4 Environmental liabilities .............................................................................. 30

4.5 Minerals fee (royalty) .................................................................................... 30

4.6 Taxes ............................................................................................................. 31

5 Accessibility, climate, physiography, local human resources and

infrastructure .................................................................................... 31

5.1 Access ........................................................................................................... 31

5.2 Climate .......................................................................................................... 32

5.3 Physiography ................................................................................................ 34

5.4 Local resources ............................................................................................ 34

5.5 Infrastructure ................................................................................................ 35

6 History ............................................................................................... 36

6.1 Previous mining ........................................................................................... 36

6.2 Exploration history ....................................................................................... 39

6.2.1 Preface ................................................................................................................. 39

6.2.2 Geological mapping ............................................................................................ 40

6.2.3 Drilling and sampling .......................................................................................... 40

6.2.4 Geochemistry ....................................................................................................... 46

6.2.5 Geophysics .......................................................................................................... 46

7 Geological setting ............................................................................ 47

7.1 Regional Geology ......................................................................................... 47

7.2 Project Geology ............................................................................................ 50

7.2.1 Lithology .............................................................................................................. 50

7.2.2 Structure .............................................................................................................. 56

7.2.3 Alterations ............................................................................................................ 58


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8 Deposit type ...................................................................................... 60

8.1 Characterisation of greisen deposits ......................................................... 60

8.2 Application to the Zinnwald property ......................................................... 61

9 Mineralisation ................................................................................... 61

9.1 Styles of mineralisation ............................................................................... 62

9.1.1 Description of mineralised zones ....................................................................... 63

9.1.2 Ore grades ............................................................................................................ 72

9.1.3 Veining ................................................................................................................. 75

10 Exploration program ........................................................................ 78

10.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 78

10.2 Drilling ........................................................................................................... 78

10.2.1 Program ................................................................................................................ 78

10.2.2 Drill hole summary .............................................................................................. 80

10.2.3 Core recovery and RQD ...................................................................................... 82

10.2.4 Drill hole logging ................................................................................................. 83

10.3 Underground sampling ................................................................................ 83

10.4 Bulk sampling ............................................................................................... 84

10.5 Mapping ......................................................................................................... 84

11 Sampling methods and approach ................................................... 85

11.1 Drill core sampling ....................................................................................... 85

11.2 Underground trench sampling .................................................................... 87

12 Quality assurance ............................................................................ 88

12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 88

12.2 Method of sample preparation .................................................................... 88


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12.3 Method of analyses ...................................................................................... 89

12.4 Quality assurance and control measures .................................................. 91

12.4.1 Internal standard material ................................................................................... 91

12.4.2 Certified reference standard material ................................................................. 94

12.4.3 Core quarter duplicates ....................................................................................... 96

12.4.4 Pulp duplicates .................................................................................................... 98

12.4.5 Blanks ................................................................................................................. 100

12.5 Adequacy of sample preparation, security and analyses ....................... 102

12.5.1 Internal standard performance ......................................................................... 102

12.5.2 Lab internal reference standard performance ................................................. 102

12.5.3 Core quarters duplicate sample performance ................................................. 102

12.5.4 Pulp duplicate sample performance ................................................................. 103

12.5.5 Blank sample performance ............................................................................... 103

12.5.6 Overall interpretation of QA/QC programme ................................................... 103

13 Data base and data verification ..................................................... 105

13.1 Database ..................................................................................................... 105

13.2 Data verification ......................................................................................... 105

13.2.1 Database verification ......................................................................................... 105

13.2.2 Reanalysis of historic samples ......................................................................... 109

13.2.3 Quality control procedures ............................................................................... 118

13.2.4 Drillhole database .............................................................................................. 119

13.2.5 Drilling location and survey control ................................................................. 119

14 Geological and structural 3D Model .............................................. 120

14.1 Modelling technique ................................................................................... 120

14.2 Determination of ore types and host rock ................................................ 121


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14.3 Approach of the 3D-Model of greisen beds (Ore Type 1) ........................ 125

14.4 Description of the modelled greisen beds (Ore Type 1) ......................... 127

14.5 Model of tectonic structures ..................................................................... 133

14.6 Validation of the geological and structural model................................... 134

15 Mineral resource estimates ........................................................... 135

15.1 Methodology of mineral resource estimation .......................................... 135

15.1.1 Volumetric modelling ........................................................................................ 135

15.1.2 Bulk density and moisture content measurement .......................................... 136

15.1.3 Prospects for eventual economic extraction ................................................... 137

15.1.4 Data used for grade estimation ........................................................................ 137

15.1.5 Evaluation of extreme assay values ................................................................. 145

15.1.6 Compositing ....................................................................................................... 147

15.1.7 Composite statistics .......................................................................................... 147

15.1.8 Variography and grade interpolation ............................................................... 150

15.2 Reporting of mineral resources and potentials ....................................... 153

15.2.1 Preface ............................................................................................................... 153

15.2.2 Mineral resource classification ......................................................................... 153

15.2.3 Lithium mineral inventory ................................................................................. 155

15.2.4 Lithium resource – base case ........................................................................... 155

15.2.5 Lithium resource – Alternative cut-off grades ................................................. 157

15.2.6 Upside potential of Li, Sn, W and K2O .............................................................. 158

15.2.7 Block model validation ...................................................................................... 160

15.2.8 Risk assessment of resource estimation ......................................................... 165

15.3 Mining factors and assumptions............................................................... 166

15.3.1 Mining loss ......................................................................................................... 166

15.3.2 Dilution ............................................................................................................... 166


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15.4 Metallurgical factors or assumptions ....................................................... 166

16 Mine model ..................................................................................... 167

17 Mineral processing and metallurgical testing .............................. 170

17.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 170

17.2 Mineral processing ..................................................................................... 170

17.3 Metallurgical processing ........................................................................... 172

17.3.1 General process description and process flow diagram ................................ 172

17.3.2 Reagents, blending and granulating ................................................................ 172

17.3.3 Roasting ............................................................................................................. 172

17.3.4 Leaching and first impurity removal ................................................................ 173

17.3.5 Potassium sulfate production ........................................................................... 173

17.3.6 Lithium hydroxide production .......................................................................... 173

17.3.7 Product packaging ............................................................................................ 174

18 Market assessment and contracts ................................................ 175

18.1 Market assessment .................................................................................... 175

18.2 Contracts ..................................................................................................... 175

19 Environmental studies, permitting and social or community impact

management in case of mine development .................................. 176

19.1 Environmental permitting requirements .................................................. 176

19.2 Environmental issues ................................................................................ 176

19.3 Mine closure ............................................................................................... 176

19.4 Social and community aspects ................................................................. 176

20 Cost and revenue factors .............................................................. 177

20.1 Cost estimating criteria .............................................................................. 177

20.2 Exclusions .................................................................................................. 178


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20.3 Capital cost estimate .................................................................................. 178

20.4 Operating cost estimate ............................................................................. 179

21 Economic analyses ........................................................................ 182

22 Other relevant data and information ............................................. 185

23 Interpretation and conclusions ..................................................... 186

24 Recommendations and risk assessment ..................................... 187

24.1 Recommendations ..................................................................................... 187

24.2 Risk assessment ........................................................................................ 189

25 References ...................................................................................... 191

25.1 SolarWorld permitting requirements and documents ............................. 191

25.2 SolarWorld project reports and documents ............................................. 193

25.3 Documents about history, geology and mineralisation of the Zinnwald /

Cínovec deposit .......................................................................................... 197

25.3.1 Period up to 1918 (Exploration and mining till end of World War I) ............... 197

25.3.2 Period of the 1930s to 1945 (Exploration and mining till end of World War II)

197

25.3.3 Period of the 1950s (Lithium exploration campaigns 1954/55 and 1958/59) and

1960s .................................................................................................................. 198

25.3.4 Period of the 1970s (Resource estimation) ...................................................... 199

25.3.5 Period of the 1980s tin exploration ................................................................... 200

25.3.6 Period since 1990 (New resource estimations) ............................................... 200

25.3.7 Mining risk estimation, mining remediation, hydrogeological, hydrochemical

and geotechnical investigations since 1969 .................................................... 201

25.3.8 Historical documents about Zinnwald / Cínovec region ................................. 202

25.4 Maps and mine planes ............................................................................... 204

25.5 Other literature ........................................................................................... 205


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LIST OF FIGURES

page

Figure 1: General location of the Zinnwald property in Europe ................................................ 27

Figure 2: Location of the Zinnwald property on the German/Czech border .............................. 28

Figure 3: SWS license map with the concessions “Zinnwald-North” and “Zinnwald” ................ 29

Figure 4: Wind direction distribution 1992 - 2005 and wind velocities 1971 - 2005 at the Zinnwald-Georgenfeld station (Deutscher Wetterdienst [150]) ................................. 34

Figure 5: Mining the “Flöz 9” ore layer (Source: archive Stahlwerk Becker AG, 1921) ............ 37

Figure 6: Simplified geological map with major metamorphic and magmatic units of the Erzgebirge Mountains and their accompanied mineral deposits. An enlarged view of the area marked with the red box is given in Figure 7 (modified from SEIFERT, 2008 [187]) ....................................................................................................................... 48

Figure 7: Geological map of the eastern Erzgebirge (modified after CZECH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1992 [169], geological map 1 : 50 000 and ŠTEMPROK, HOLUB & NOVÁK, 2003 [193]) ................................................................................................ 49

Figure 8: Geological map of the Zinnwald/Cínovec deposit ..................................................... 50

Figure 9: Representative drill core images of the major lithologies from the Zinnwald endo-contact: .................................................................................................................... 52

Figure 10: Geological E-W cross section (5,623,000 N) showing the Zinnwald granite with greisen ore bodies trending parallel to sub-parallel towards the granite contact emplaced within the Teplice Rhyolite ....................................................................... 53

Figure 11: Drill log and distribution curve of alkali elements (K2O, Ba2O, Li2O, Rb2O and Cs2O) of the deep drill core CS-1, drilled in the centre of the Zinnwald/Cínovec granite cupola after ŠTEMPROK & ŠULCEK, 1969 [190] and RUB et al. (1998) ................. 55

Figure 12: Back scatter electron (BSE) image of a zinnwaldite rich greisen sample (ZG01/2012 – 107.5 m) showing pronounced sericitic alteration along grain boundaries and cleavage planes of zinnwaldite as well as fluorite and euhedral quartz in the interstitials ................................................................................................................ 59

Figure 13: Microphotographs of representative greisen sample (ZGLi 02/2012 – 81.45 m) showing large, altered grains of zinnwaldite with abundant pleochroic haloes and inclusion-rich quartz intergrown with randomly oriented laths of zinnwaldite and highly fractured aggregates of topaz (high relief). Fluorite is apparent as small independent aggregates and within the fractures of topaz aggregates ......................................... 65

Figure 14: Representative drill core images of the prevailing three greisen types occurring in the Zinnwald deposit ...................................................................................................... 68

Figure 15: Representative drill core images of the rocks adjacent to ore mineralisation ............ 70

Figure 16: Representative drill core images of intersected vein mineralisation .......................... 77

Figure 17: Overview map of drill holes in the area under exploration ........................................ 79

Figure 18: Histogram of sample length from drill core samples of the period 2012 to 2014 (N = 1,248) ............................................................................................................... 86

Figure 19: Trace element sample control performance charts for internal standard No. 1 (high grade) ...................................................................................................................... 92


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Figure 20: Trace element sample control performance charts for internal standard No.2 (low grade) ...................................................................................................................... 93

Figure 21: Performance charts of trace element sample control (standards LS-1, LS-3, TRHB) 95

Figure 22: Performance charts of trace element sample control (standards KC-1a, TLG-1) ...... 96

Figure 23: Scatter plots of trace elements for core quarter duplicates comparing results from two different core quarters. For orientation a line with slope of 1.0 is given in red. .......... 97

Figure 24: Scatter plots of trace elements for from pulp duplicates comparing results from ALS and Actlabs. For orientation a line with slope of 1.0 is given in red. .......................... 99

Figure 25: Results of lab internal blank analysis for selected trace elements .......................... 101

Figure 26: Results of sample pairs from historic and recent analysis of Li-exploration data (campaign No (4)) .................................................................................................. 112

Figure 27: Results of sample pairs from historic and recent analysis of Li-exploration data (campaign No. (4)) ................................................................................................. 114

Figure 28: Results of sample pairs from historic and recent analysis of Sn-W-exploration data (campaigns No. (6) and (7)) ................................................................................... 116

Figure 29: Results of sample pairs from historic and recent analysis of Sn-W-exploration data (campaigns No. (6) and (7)) ................................................................................... 117

Figure 30: Albite granite dome of Zinnwald hosting the greisen beds, view to south-westward direction ................................................................................................................. 124

Figure 31: Conceptual geological model of the greisen beds, view to north-eastward direction .............................................................................................................................. 125

Figure 32: 3D model of greisen bed “A”, view in south-westward direction .............................. 127

Figure 33: 3D model of greisen bed “B” with its subordinated layers, view in south-westward direction ................................................................................................................. 128

Figure 34: 3D model of greisen bed “C” with its subordinated layers, view in south-westward direction ................................................................................................................. 130

Figure 35: 3D model of greisen bed “D”, view in south-westward direction .............................. 131

Figure 36: 3D model of greisen bed “E” with its subordinated layers, view in south-westward direction ................................................................................................................. 132

Figure 37: 3D model of greisen beds “F” and “G”, view in south-westward direction ................ 132

Figure 38: 3D model of greisen beds “H”, “I”, “J” and “K”, view in south-westward direction ..... 133

Figure 39: Boxplots of unified Li drill core assay data of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8) .......................................................................................................................... 139

Figure 40: Histogram of unified Li assay from greisen of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8) .......................................................................................................................... 140

Figure 41: Histogram of unified Li assay from greisenised granite of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8) ........................................................................................................ 140

Figure 42: Boxplots of unified Sn drill core assay data of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (7) and (8) .......................................................................................................................... 143

Figure 43: Boxplots of unified W drill core assay data of exploration campaigns No.s (7) and (8) .............................................................................................................................. 144


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Figure 44: Boxplots of 1 m interval Li grade composites ......................................................... 149

Figure 45: Semivariogram of the major axis of lithium composites of the greisen beds ........... 150

Figure 46: Semivariogram of the semi-major axis of lithium composites of the greisen beds .. 151

Figure 47: Semivariogram of the minor axis of lithium composites of the greisen beds ........... 151

Figure 48: Percentile chart of lithium drill core assays compared to composite and block model centre point lithium grades ..................................................................................... 161

Figure 49: Grade-tonnage-curves of Li mineralisation, greisen beds A to E ............................ 162

Figure 50: Grade-tonnage-curves of Li mineralisation, greisen beds F to J ............................. 163

Figure 51: Tolerance intervals of the estimated demonstrated Li resource ............................... 165

Figure 52: Section view mine model with six levels and ramp to processing plant (RIEDEL et al., 2013 [57] ................................................................................................................ 167

Figure 53: Mining block in the mine model .............................................................................. 168

Figure 54: Area processing plant close to the ramp portal ....................................................... 169

Figure 55: General block flow chart ......................................................................................... 170

Figure 56: Block flow chart for mineral processing .................................................................. 171

Figure 57: Mineral processing for production of zinnwaldite concentrate production (MORGENROTH & SCHEIBE, 2013 [55]) .............................................................. 171

Figure 58: Block flow chart for metallurgical processing .......................................................... 172

Figure 59: Roasted product from the gypsum-limestone processing ....................................... 173

Figure 60: Lithium hydroxide monohydrate from laboratory test program ................................ 174

Figure 61: Project schedule .................................................................................................... 185


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LIST OF TABLES

page

Table 1: Summary of relevant exploration activities ............................................................... 20

Table 2: Mineral inventory of Li deposit Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l. ............... 21

Table 3: Li resource of Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l. – base case summary ..... 21

Table 4: Coordinates of the edge points of the exploration licenses ....................................... 29

Table 5: Climate diagramme 1961 - 1990 Geisingberg/Zinnwald-Georgenfeld (Deutscher Wetterdienst [150]) ................................................................................................... 33

Table 6: Zinnwald-Georgenfeld weather station with mean precipitation and mean air temperatures 1971 - 2006 (Deutscher Wetterdienst [150]) ....................................... 33

Table 7: Summary of geochemical data of exploration campaign No. (4) ............................... 42





Table 12: Systematic scheme of joints in the German part of the Zinnwald deposit (after BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT, 1960 [93]) ......................................................................... 57

Table 13: Zinnwald ore minerals and average ore grades ........................................................ 67

Table 14: Selected physical and optical properties of zinnwaldite mica .................................... 69

Table 15: Summary of continous and discontinous drilling intersections of albite granite of > 0.1 wt% (n.a. = not analysed) ......................................................................................... 72

Table 16: Classification of ore types by analysis of Li core sample assays of campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8) .......................................................................................................... 73

Table 17: Approximated mean grades of Sn, W, K2O and Na2O in greisen and greisenised granite ...................................................................................................................... 75

Table 18: Summary of exploration drilling by SWS during 2012 and 2014 ............................... 81

Table 19: Summary of significant Li grades obtained in the SWS drill holes ............................ 82

Table 20: List of elements analysed at ALS with code of analytical procedure and limits of detection .................................................................................................................. 90

Table 21: Summary of basic statistic parameters for selected elements analysed in the internal standards IS1 and IS2 .............................................................................................. 94

Table 22: List of certified reference standard material used at ALS for different analytical procedures ............................................................................................................... 94

Table 23: List of datasets used in the revaluation of the Li-Sn-W deposit Zinnwald/Cínovec and subjected to data control procedures ..................................................................... 107

Table 24: Results of data control performed on historic and recent exploration data .............. 108

Table 25: Overview of sample material of historic Li-exploration campaign No. (4) ................ 110


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Table 26: Overview of sample material of historic Sn-W-exploration campaigns No. (6) and (7) .............................................................................................................................. 110

Table 27: Classification of ore types by analysis of Li core sample assays of campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8) ........................................................................................................ 122

Table 28: Intersecting interburden intervals exceeding the 2 m apparent thickness criterion . 124

Table 29: Greisen beds and their modelled subordinated layers ............................................ 126

Table 30: Spatial extension of the greisen layers of “Ore Type 1” .......................................... 128

Table 31: Parameterisation of the block model ...................................................................... 135

Table 32: Classification of ore types ...................................................................................... 136

Table 33: Data joins used for resource and potential estimation ............................................ 138

Table 34: Summarised statistics of unified Li drill core assay data of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8)................................................................................................ 139

Table 35: Summary of the drill hole intersections with the greisen beds ................................ 141

Table 36: Summary statistics of the greisen bed lithium drill core assays .............................. 142

Table 37: Summarising statistics of unified Sn drill core assay data of the exploration campaigns No.s (4), (7) and (8).............................................................................. 143

Table 38: Summarising statistics of unified W drill core assay data of exploration campaigns No.s (7) and (8) ...................................................................................................... 144

Table 39: Summary of arithmetic mean grades of Li, Sn, W, K2O and Na2O .......................... 145

Table 40: Top-cutted Li grades .............................................................................................. 146

Table 41: Summary statistics of the 1 m composite intervals of the lithium drill core assays .. 148

Table 42: Variogramm parameters ........................................................................................ 152

Table 43: Parameters chosen for search ellipsoid of the anisotropic inverse distance interpolation ........................................................................................................... 152

Table 44: Mineral inventory of Li, deposit Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l. ............ 155

Table 45: Li resource of Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l. – base case summary ... 155

Table 46: Li resource of Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l. – base case greisen beds .............................................................................................................................. 156

Table 47: Li resource of Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l. – base case greisen beds .............................................................................................................................. 158

Table 48: Comparison of Li ore resource and its average Li, Sn and W grades, according to exploration campaigns ........................................................................................... 164

Table 49: Compilation of planned mine levels and resources ................................................ 167

Table 50: Lithium demand by compound – Forecast 2011 - 2025 [178] ................................. 175

Table 51: Capital expenditures estimation ............................................................................. 178

Table 52: Operating cost estimation....................................................................................... 179

Table 53: Cash flow analysis ................................................................................................. 184


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LIST OF ATTACHMENTS Attachment 1 Competent Person’s Consent Statement Attachment 2 List of definitions, symbols, units and technical terms Attachment 3 List of abbreviations Attachment 4 Exploration concession Attachment 5 Exploration data Attachment 5.1 Resource Report Attachment 5.2 Record of rock quality designation index (RQD) Attachment 5.2.1 RQD ZGLi 1/2012 Attachment 5.2.2 RQD ZGLi 2/2012 Attachment 5.2.3 RQD ZGLi 3/2013 Attachment 5.2.4 RQD ZGLi 4/2013 Attachment 5.2.5 RQD ZGLi 5/2013 Attachment 5.2.6 RQD ZGLi 6/2013 Attachment 5.2.6a RQD ZGLi 6a/2013 Attachment 5.2.7 RQD ZGLi 7/2013 Attachment 5.2.8 RQD ZGLi 8/2014 Attachment 5.3 Certificates of laboratory accreditation Attachment 5.3.1 Actlabs certificate Attachment 5.3.2 ALS certificate Attachment 5.4 Drill logs Attachment 5.4.1 Drill log lithology, Li, Sn, W, core recovery Attachment 5.4.2 Drill log geochemistry – major element oxides Attachment 5.4.3 Drill log geochemistry – selected trace elements Attachment 5.4.4 Drill log tectonic structures, mineralisation, RQD-index, core recovery Attachment 5.4.5 Drill log decomposition, alteration, survey Attachment 5.4.6 Drill log legend Attachment 5.4.7 Drill log - List of used abbreviations Attachment 6 Images Attachment 7 Qualification and experience, independence statement Attachment 8 Reliance on other experts


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1 Summary

1.1 Exploration concession

SolarWorld Solicium GmbH (SWS) controls the Zinnwald property which is located in south Sax-

ony approximately 35 km south of the city of Dresden, Capital of Saxony. It is situated directly at

the border to the Czech Republic. The Zinnwald property encompasses approximately

12,924,800 m2 on 2 contiguous mineral claims (Field “Zinnwald” and Field “Zinnwald-North”)

Mining in the Zinnwald area began more than 500 years ago and continued intermittently until

1945. It focussed on tin and later on tungsten and lithium. In the 1950s, first exploration activities

for lithium took place. The last exploration period was suspended in 1990.

SWS acquired the 2 exploration licenses in the Zinnwald area in 2011 and 2012. In 2012, explo-

ration drilling on the SWS property confirmed a potential lithium resource. Subsequent drilling

during 2013 to 2014 further delineated the SWS resource.

As of June 30th, 2014, more than 13,562 m of drilling in 51 old and new drill holes has been in-

cluded in the SWS resource database.

1.2 Geology and mineralisation

The area under investigation is part of the crystalline Freiberg-Fürstenwalde Block in the widest

sense and the Altenberg sub-block. Its geological structure is characterised by a crystalline

basement, post-kinematic magmatites (plutonites and volcanites) while Silesian, Cretaceous and

Quarternary sediments occur in a sub-ordinate scale. Locally, Tertiary basalts stocks are found.

The Zinnwald greisen deposit is bound geologically to the granite cupola of Zinnwald and the

adjacent parts of the Teplice rhyolite.

1.3 Deposit type

The economically most important greisen beds and vein-type ore occurrences are found in the

apical part of the Variscan albite granite of Zinnwald and at its flanks.

Within the deposit 6 different meta-albite granitic greisen varieties occur:

- quartz greisen (quartz 95 %, mica 3 %, topaz 2 %)

- quartz-mica greisen (quartz 75 %, mica 23 %, topaz 2 %)

- mica greisen (quartz 54 %, mica 44 %, topaz 2 %)


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- quartz-poor mica greisen (quartz 20 %, mica 78 %, topaz 2 %)

- quartz-topaz greisen (quartz 85 %, mica 5 %, topaz 10 %)

- topaz-mica greisen (quartz 70 %, mica 20 %, topaz 10 %)

In addition, transition forms between the single types exist, because the intensity of the metaso-

matic alteration is often varying. This becomes visible in the percentage of relictic feldspar rests

in the greisen types.

The most abundant greisen variety is represented by quartz-mica-greisen, which is characterised

by a homogenous texture and medium coarse grain sizes. Minor topaz, sericite and fluorite occur

additionally. Other ore minerals include cassiterite and wolframite. Some quantities of tungsten

occur as fine-grained scheelite.

The mean grain size of the fine disperse cassiterite is about 20 to 50 µm and may reach up to

2.5 mm in single aggregates.

Some of the sulphidic ore beds were mined for short periods even for sulphide-rich ores (galena

and sphalerite, silver containing fahlore, covellite, chalcopyrite and stannite).

1.4 Exploration status

The wider Zinnwald area was previously explored using geophysics, geochemistry and drilling.

SWS initially focused exploration activities on the central area as well as underground on the

accessible parts of the abandoned Zinnwald Mine. SWS subsequently expanded to peripheral

parts of the deposit. Exploration has consisted of diamond drilling and underground trench sam-

pling completed during the years 2012 to 2014.

Table 1: Summary of relevant exploration activities

Year Company Activity

1954 - 1959 SGK DDH

1963 - 1966 Gy L Geophysics

1977 - 1978 ZGI DDH

1980 - 1982 GFE F Geochemistry

1985 - 1987 Gy L Geophysics

1988 - 1989 GFE F DDH

2012 SWS DDH, sampling

2013 - 2014 SWS DDH


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1.5 Resource estimates

The lithium mineral inventory accounts for 18.5 Mt greisen tonnage (“Ore Type 1”) with a rounded

mean grade of 3,200 ppm.

Table 2: Mineral inventory of Li deposit Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l.

Mineral inventory

“Ore Type 1”

Volume

[106 m³]

Tonnage

[106 tonnes]

Mean Li grade [ppm]

Total 18.5 50.0 3,200

Applying prospects for eventual economic extraction (vertical thickness ≥ 2 m, cut-off =

2,500 ppm) to the mineral inventory gives a demonstrated lithium resource of 26,570 kt greisen

ore with a mean lithium grade of 3,620 ppm (see Table 3). The total resource as sum of the

“measured”, “indicated” and “inferred” classified resources consequently accounts for 36,437 kt

greisen ore with a mean lithium grade of 3,643 ppm.

Table 3: Li resource of Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l. – base case summary

Resource classification “Ore Type 1” - greisen beds, vertical

thickness ≥ 2 m, cut-off Li = 2,500 ppm

Ore volume [10

3 m³]

Ore tonnage

[103 tonnes]

Mean Li grade [ppm]

Demonstrated (Measured+Indicated)

9,840 26,570 3,620

Total (Measured+Indicated+Inferred)

13,495 36,437 3,643

Lithium, tin, tungsten and potassium oxide upside potentials could be shown as mineral invento-

ries for both, greisen bed and greisenised granite.

The upside lithium potential of “Ore Type 1” (lithium inventory that could not be classified) ac-

counts for a volume of approximately 0.9 million cubic metres respectively 2.4 million tonnes ore

having a mean grade of 3,200 ppm.

Total greisen bed tonnage accounts for roundly 18 million cubic metres / 50 million tonnes show-

ing mean grades of tin of approximately 400 ppm, tungsten of approximately 80 ppm and of po-

tassium oxide of approximately 2.5 wt%.


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Greisenised granite tonnage accounts for roundly 44 million cubic metres / 117 million tonnes

with approximated mean grades of lithium of 1,800 ppm, tin of 240 ppm, tungsten of 40 ppm and

potassium oxide of 3.4 wt%.

1.6 Mining activities

The top of the Zinnwald / Cínovec granite dome and the surrounding rhyolith have been exten-

sively mined mining during the past 500 years. During the production periods at Zinnwald, it is

estimated that approximately 5,000 t of lithium mica concentrate were produced between 1900

and 1933 and between 1943 and 1945 a further 7,700 t of mica ore was mined.

Between 1880 and 1924 about 1,400 t of tin ore concentrate and about 2,000 t of tungsten ore

concentrate were produced. Figures for earlier periods are missing.

On the bordering Czech territory, where the bigger part of the deposit is located, mining on these

commodities continued till 1967. In the southern part of Czech territory (Cínovec – South) mining

activities ended in 1991.

1.7 Metallurgy and processing

Processing is structured in two main operation units (mineral processing, metallurgical pro-

cessing) with a processing input of about 500,000 t/y. In the mineral processing unit 132,000 t/y

zinnwaldite mica concentrate can be extracted in a dry magnetic separation process. The follow-

ing metallurgical processing starts with a roasting process in a rotary kiln. Lithium and potassium

are converted there in water soluble lithium potassium sulfate. The roasted zinnwaldite mica has

to be leached with hot water. Different purification steps are attached. Finally 8,500 t/y of high

purity lithium hydroxide monohydrat can be produced from the solution. The production of potas-

sium sulfate is 15,000 t/y.

The process steps are summarized below:

Mineral processing

- Pre-crushing

- Grinding

- Magnetic separation

- Fine grinding


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Metallurgical processing

- Blending and Granulating (zinnwaldite, limestone, gypsum)

- Roasting

- Leaching

- Potassium sulfate production

- Lithium hydroxide production

The overall lithium recovery of the mineral and metallurgical processing will be 81 % and for po-

tassium sulfate 53 % respectively.

1.8 Infrastructure

The Zinnwald project is a property with developed infrastructure, services, facilities, and access

road usable for exploration. Power and water supply are guaranteed from existing regional sup-

ply networks.

1.9 Environmental aspects

Nature conservation areas exist in the surroundings of the deposit. Development of the deposit

must especially consider the “Oberes Osterzgebirge Country Conservation Area” (LSG) between

the state border and the line across Rechenberg-Bienenmühle-Schmiedeberg-Fürstenwalde. The

eastern parts of the exploration field “Zinnwald” are declared as a “nature protection area”.

The important drinking water protection areas T-5370020 at Altenberg and T-5370019 Klingen-

berg - Lehnmühle are not affected by surface water run-off from the deposit.

The flood formation area at Geising - Altenberg has to be taken into account. It was legally con-

firmed in a decree of the Regierungspräsidium Dresden Authority on August 17, 2006. This

means that all new developments in the area are requested by law to include all necessary

measures for reducing surficial draining off, even in the case of heavy storm waters. Both explo-

ration fields “Zinnwald” and “Zinnwald North” are located completely within this area.


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1.10 Recommendations and conclusions

The Zinnwald Lithium Resources have been established on a solid data basement and with the

use of modern estimation methodology.

Because of information uncertainties (predomainately in sampling) related to the older explora-

tion activities performed prior to the 1980ies the calculated tonnages and grades of ore could be

reported in compliance with the PERC standards for lithium only. Minor elements tin, tungsten

and potassium oxide have been reported as upside potential. Unclassified lithium mineralisation

has been reported as a potential also. Consequently, further investigations (drilling and sampling)

in case of need should be done in order to classify further resources for the minor elements at

level of international reporting standards.

A detailed independent geostatistical review of the data is missing and need to be done before

establishing a Mineral Reserve on the base of the existing resource.

This report demonstrates that the Zinnwald lithium deposit and process plant project is technical-

ly as well as economically feasible. The report provides a basis for advancing the project toward

a feasibility study level.

Detailed mine & processing planning, scheduling and mine & processing design should follow the

Pre-feasibility stage.

Technical Risks from old mining adits should be avoided by detailed technical mine operation

planning and can be excluded by human estimation.

At the present time no significant risks have been identified that would inhibit the advancement of

development of the property.


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2 Introduction

2.1 Purpose of the project

The scope on the Report regarding the Zinnwald lithium project was the estimation of lithium and

potassium resources and reserves as well as the development of mining and processing meth-

ods for the deposit. This Report was prepared according to PERC Standard by G.E.O.S. Inge-

nieurgesellschaft mbH and Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg on behalf of SolarWorld

Solicium GmbH. The costs, appropriate with the level of study, were obtained and estimated to

generate the basis of the technical economic analysis presented. A cash flow analysis was de-

veloped based on the technical aspects and product price projections made for lithium hydroxide

derived from a recent market study. As it stands, the Zinnwald-Lithium deposit contains a Mineral

Resource. Consequently, SolarWorld Solicium concludes that the Zinnwald Lithium Project, as a

whole, seems to be technically feasible as well as economically viable. The authors of this report

consider the Zinnwald Lithium Project to be sufficiently robust to warrant moving it to the (Pre-)

Feasibility Study as next stage.

2.2 Sources of information

The Report is partly based on internal technical reports and maps, letters and memoranda as

well as public information as listed in the “References” (see chapter 25 of this Report). Several

parts were prepared by external contractors and have been implemented directly into the Report.

The overview of the authors is presented on pages 3 - 5.

2.3 Qualifications and experience

Details about qualifications and experience of the reporting team are reported in chapter 1.1 of

Attachment 7.

2.4 Independence statement

Dr. Michael Neumann, Sachtleben Bergbau Verwaltungs-GmbH, Lennestadt / Germany is con-

tracted as Competent Person (C.P.) due to PERC reporting standard. For details see chapter 1.2

of attachment 7.


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2.5 Terminology and limitations

The details of terminology are presented in Attachment 2 and 3 of this Report.

All reported investigations, measurements and calculations in this report are based on metric

system.

All investigations and conclusions of this report are concentrated on and limited within the border-

lines of the exploration fields “Zinnwald” and “Zinnwald-North” of the SWS Zinnwald concession.

3 Reliance on other experts

Details about reliance on other experts involved in the project are reported in Attachment 8.

4 Property description and location

4.1 Location

The Zinnwald property is located in the eastern range of the Erzgebirge Mountains in Germany,

approximately 35 km south of the capital of the Free State of Saxony Dresden and approximately

220 km south of Berlin. The center of the property is situated at about 50°44’11’’N and

13°45’55’’E. The area is populated land.

The highway (Autobahn) BAB 17 (E 55) in 17 km west of the Zinnwald Property, the Dresden

Airport is 70 km, the Berlin Airport 230 km and the Airport Prague (Czech Republic) 100 km

away.

Figure 1 shows the general location of the property in the center of Europe and Figure 2 the loca-

tion in Germany.


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Figure 1: General location of the Zinnwald property in Europe

The area of the Zinnwald deposit belongs to the town of Altenberg and has the following adminis-

trative categorisation:

Federal country: Free State of Saxony

Directory region: Dresden

District: Sächsische Schweiz – Osterzgebirge

Town: Altenberg

Sub-district: Zinnwald

Mining authority: Sächsisches Oberbergamt, Freiberg (SächsOBA)

The deposit is located 35 km south of Dresden at the state border between the Federal Republic

of Germany and the Czech Republic and it continues on the Czech territory.

Zinnwald Property


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Figure 2: Location of the Zinnwald property on the German/Czech border

4.2 Legal aspects and tenure

To date, SWS exploration activities at Zinnwald have been limited to diamond drilling and under-

ground trench sampling in the abandoned Zinnwald Mine.

These activities fall under the permits for the „Zinnwald“ and “Zinnwald-North” exploration con-

cessions (Figure 3) granted by the Saxon Mining Authority (SächsOBA) in 2011 and 2012 (see

[2], [16] and Attachment 4) for the elements lithium, rubidium, caesium, tin, tungsten, molyb-

denum, scandium, yttrium, lanthanium and lanthanides, bismuth, indium, germanium, gallium,

zinc, silver and gold.

Zinnwald Property


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Table 4: Coordinates of the edge points of the exploration licenses

Edge points of the exploration fields East

North Field „Zinnwald“ Field

„Zinnwald-North“

1 5 54 11 639.637 56 22 634.635

2 4 54 14 000.005 56 23 770.004

3 3 54 14 827.197 56 24 938.593

4 --- 54 17 080.000 56 24 850.000

5 --- 54 16 930.000 56 21 900.000

6 --- 54 11 620.000 56 22 160.000

--- 1 54 11 639.956 56 25 180.000

--- 2 54 12 930.000 56 25 180.000

The concessions are covering the following area:

Field “Zinnwald” = 7,794,278 m² Field “Zinnwald –North” = 5,121,664 m²

Figure 3: SWS license map with the concessions “Zinnwald-North” and “Zinnwald”


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4.3 Permit limitations

Validity of the exploration permits for the „Zinnwald“ and “Zinnwald-North” Fields by the Saxon

Mining Authority (Sächsisches Oberbergamt - SächsOBA) granted in in 2011 and 2012 (see [2],

[16] and Attachment 4) is limited to 2015-12-31.

Due to § 16 (4) of German Mining Law an extension of time limit on application is possible. The

extension time per application is maximum 3 years.

4.4 Environmental liabilities

Nature conservation areas exist in the surroundings of the deposit. All activities must especially

consider the “Oberes Osterzgebirge Country Conservation Area” (LSG) between the state border

and the line across Rechenberg-Bienenmühle-Schmiedeberg-Fürstenwalde. The eastern parts of

the exploration field “Zinnwald” are declared as a “nature protection area”.

The important drinking water protection areas T-5370020 at Altenberg and T-5370019 Klingen-

berg - Lehnmühle are not affected by surface water run-off from the deposit.

The flood formation area at Geising - Altenberg has to be taken into account. It was legally con-

firmed in a decree of the Regierungspräsidium Dresden Authority (Regional Council) on August

17, 2006. This means that all new developments in the area are requested by law to include all

necessary measures for reducing surficial draining off, even in the case of heavy storm waters.

Both explo-ration fields “Zinnwald” and “Zinnwald North” are located completely within this area.

The exploration permits (see [2], [16] and Attachment 4) require SWS to restore all sites used for

exploration works.

In July 2014, contouring and seeding was completed on all drilling sites of SWS campaign.

4.5 Minerals fee (royalty)

Royalties are regulated by national law (§§ 31, 32 BBergG) and according to edict transposed

into federal law of the State of Saxony. Currently the Federal State of Saxony does not impose

royalty on lithium.


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4.6 Taxes

An overall taxation of 30 % on the profit is calculated in the projects economic analysis (see

chapter 21). It is an empirical value in the German business taxation law and covers particularly

trade tax and corporate income tax.

5 Accessibility, climate, physiography, local human resources and infrastructure

5.1 Access

The area of the deposit is connected on the German side with the public traffic infrastructure by

the road and railway network as follows:

- The Federal Autobahn BAB 17 (E 55) Dresden - Prague provides the most important ac-

cess. The nearest Autobahn exit Bad Gottleuba is located in a distance of approximately

17 km.

- The state road B 170 leads from Dresden through Zinnwald/Cínovec to Teplice and

crosses the deposit.

- The national road S 174 leads from Pirna and the Gottleuba Valley through Breitenau,

Liebenau, Geising and the Geisinggrund Valley to Zinnwald. This national road is the

main connection between the stateroad B 172 (in Pirna, distance about 25 km) in the

north and the B 170 (in Altenberg/Zinnwald) in the west.

- Railway stations exist in distances of about 4 km in Geising 6 km and in Altenberg (both

at the Altenberg – Heidenau railway line)

- The immediate area of the deposit can be reached through local streets, roads, agricul-

tural or forestry roads.

- Zinnwald/Cínovec is border crossing point for international transit of vehicles and pedes-

trians. Next border crossing point at the Autobahn BAB 17 (E 55) Dresden – Prague is

Bahratal/Petrovice in a distance of 17 km.

- Next international airports are Dresden-Klotzsche /Germany in a distance of about 50 km

and Prague-Ružyne International Airport/Czech Republic in a distance of nearly 100 km.


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5.2 Climate

Because of the position on a mountain crest very rough, cool and wet mountain climate is domi-

nating at Zinnwald.

On average about one third of precipitation is falling as snow, a snow cover exists approximately

130 days in the year, and the first snow fall occurs normally in October. Usually only in May pre-

cipitation changes to rain again. Numerous foggy days are characteristic, causing in combination

with frost periods to pronounced formation of hoarfrost.

Meteorological Extreme Values The series of measurement dating back to 1971 contain extreme values, of which almost all oc-

curred during the last 10 years, only:

- Highest temperature 31.0° (2003-01-13)

- Lowest temperature -25.4° (1987-12-01)

- Longest sunshine per annum 1,895.8 hours (2003)

- Greatest thickness of snow 163 cm (2005-03-14)

- Highest precipitation 312 mm/24 h (2002-08-13)

- Strongest wind peak 191 km/h (2005-07-29)

Heavy precipitation events, which are typical for the region, cause flood situations with essential

damages, repeatedly. The region between Zinnwald/Cínovec, Geising and Altenberg is regarded

since the so called flood of the century in 2002 as a flood formation area.

The weather station Zinnwald-Georgenfeld of the German Meteorological Institute (Deutscher

Wetterdienst) recorded on the 13th August 2002 with 312 mm the highest precipitation ever

measured in Germany within 24 hours.


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Temperature and precipitation Table 5: Climate diagramme 1961 - 1990 Geisingberg/Zinnwald-Georgenfeld (Deutscher

Wetterdienst [150])

Table 6: Zinnwald-Georgenfeld weather station with mean precipitation and mean air tem-

peratures 1971 - 2006 (Deutscher Wetterdienst [150])

Station Altitude Unit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Zinnwald- 877 m a.s.l.

Precipita-tion in mm

75 59 70 64 83 93 107 115 75 68 85 85 980 Georgenfeld

T in °C -3.9 -3.4 -0.4 3.7 9.1 11.7 13.9 13.9 9.8 5.3 0.0 -2.7 4.8

The average precipitation in Zinnwald location is about 1,000 mm per year.

The annual precipitations do not show long-term tendencies. Over many years precipitation max-

ima occur in the summer and by the turn of the year.

Wind In addition to the predominating westerly winds resulting from the cyclonal westerly situations

mainly southerly wind occur in Zinnwald, using at southern weather patterns the mountain saddle

as a flow gate from the side of the Bohemian Basin. The wind velocities are much higher in win-

ter than in summer, because of the seasonally determined temperature differences.

Month Precip.

Temperature annual average

Sum of precipitation:


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Figure 4: Wind direction distribution 1992 - 2005 and wind velocities 1971 - 2005 at the Zinnwald-Georgenfeld station (Deutscher Wetterdienst [150])

5.3 Physiography

The deposit is located in the upper parts of the Eastern Erzgebirge reaching elevations of 780 m

– 880 m a.s.l. up to 905 m a.s.l. at the highest point (Kahleberg 3 km north of Zinnwald).

The slightly sloping mountain highland gently dips towards north. It comprises wide grasslands

surrounded by forests and is structured by the local river drainage network with pronounced V-

shaped and wide valleys belonging to the Elbe River Basin.

5.4 Local resources

The region with in average 65 inhabitants per km2 is not densely populated. Smaller villages and

settlements are typical. At places of former mining operations like Altenberg or Schmiedeberg

towns with about 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants are developed.

The town Altenberg with all sub-districs around including Zinnwald has about 8,000 inhabitants.

In the sub-distict Zinnwald are living 478 inhabitants (status in 2014).

Different industrial braches still exist in the region. In the immediate vicinity Dresden as the capi-

tal of Free State of Saxony is located.

Since closing of the Altenberg minig activities in 1991 a lot of small scale enterprises have deve-

loped in mechanical, electrotecnical and automotive industries. The town Glashütte 25 km from

Zinnwald is world famous for its luxury watch manufacturings.


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The local tourism with nearly 10,000 guests per day in the summer season, in Christmas time,

during winter holidays or at weekends is one of the most important economic factors in the re-

gion. Main objects of the tourism are the museums (e.g. mining museum Altenberg und Zinn-

wald, Natural Prohibition Area “Georgenfelder Hochmoor”, botanic garden in Schellerhau, Ger-

man watch museum in Glashütte), recreation (public bath and clinic-sanatory “Raupennest” in

Altenberg) and sports (biathlon “Sparkassenarena Zinnwald”, ludge, skeleton and bobsleigh at

the “Rennschlitten- und Bobbahn” Altenberg). Every year a lot of national and international sport

events take place in the region (ludge, bobsleigh, skeleton, cross country skiing, montainbiking).

The education level of the working people in the region, caused by the local manufacturings and

industries and based on the German school and work education system, is high.

Local resources necessary for the exploration, development and operation of the SWS property

are available from the industries in the Erzgebirge and from adjacent areas of Saxony.

Currently, the common land use in the area is agriculture and forestry. Most surface rights are

privately owned. The surficial water bodies are reserved for public water supply, farming or re-

creation.

Water used by exploration project activities is commonly hauled by truck from Zinnwald from the

public bulk water supply system.

5.5 Infrastructure

The traffic infrastructure is well established. The state road B 170 from Dresden is crossing at

Zinnwald the border to the Czech Republic. Smaller side streets and forest roads provide good

access conditions to all places. For further infrastructure details (Autobahn, railway) see chapter

5.1.

The overall area is developed concerning supply with electricity, water and gas through regional

association networks. Area-wide grid-bound internet access (broadband access) is under devel-

opment. In addition, the area is almost completely covered by mobile telephone networks of

German and close to the border even by Czech operators.

Stabile supply with electric power, gas and drinking water in best qualities are guaranted in the

region. The collection and treatment of the waste water from Zinnwald and Georgenfeld is per-

formed by the sewer system “Oberes Müglitztal” wastewater association.


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6 History

6.1 Previous mining

Mining for tin and later on for tungsten began with panning the cassiterite placers in the valleys

south of the present German-Czech border. Exploitation of different primary deposits is recorded

up from the second half of the 15th Century. A short time later the mining activities expanded to

the German parts of the deposit.

The exact date and circumstances of the discovery of the cross-border deposit Zinnwald /

Cínovec are not known.

In the earlier years only cassiterite was mined as tin mineral. From the middle of the 19th century

tungsten ore became subject of production.

Following production figures are known according to EISENTRAUT, 1944 [74]:

1880 - 1890: 4.5 t of tin ore concentrate, 390 t of wolframite concentrate

1891 - 1899: 9 t of tin ore concentrate, 370 t of wolframite concentrate

1900 - 1924: 1,400 t of tin ore concentrate, 1,200 t of wolframite concentrate

Around 1855 the focus of the mining activities at Zinnwald shifted partly to the Czech part of the

deposit and quartz was mined here for bottle glass manufacturing.

Between 1890 till the end of the Second World War lithium-mica (zinnwaldite) was produced as a

by-product. Following production is reported (EISENTRAUT, 1944 [74]):

1900 - 1924: 600 t of mica concentrate

1925 - 1933: 4,200 t of mica concentrate


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Figure 5: Mining the “Flöz 9” ore layer (Source: archive Stahlwerk Becker AG, 1921)

The last mining period commenced in 1934, when the state of Saxony and the mining company

Metallgesellschaft signed a contract on the takeover of the mining rights and mine facilities by the

firm Sachsen AG. Metallgesellschaft held some optional rights for production of lithium mica from

the old tailings and the right of preemption for the half of the mica concentrate possibly produced

by the new mine operator in the sold Saxon mine blocks.

Greatest part of the lithium mica production was based on reprocessing in the dumps of the tin

and tungsten ore processing. Beween January 1943 and April 1945 approximately 7,700 t mica

greisen have been mined for lithium.

From 1936 to 1937 the Schwarzwasser ore processing plant was erected under cooperation with

the mining company Zwitterstock AG Altenberg, the shaft complex of Albert-Shaft and cable rail-

way to the central ore processing plant were built. In 1937 regular mining started in Zinnwald. Up

from 1939 the production shifted more and more to the Czech part of the deposit. Here in


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1940/41 the Militärschacht shaft was developed as the central shaft and a modern hydrometal-

lurgical processing plant was erected.

In the German part of the deposit the mining activities ceased after the Second World War be-

cause of the depletion of the tin-tungsten ore resources. Till 1967 the mine was still owned by the

Zinnerz Altenberg mining company, which however carried out only control and safety works.

Thereafter the Zinnwald mine had been finally closed. The operations on the Czech side were

taken over after the Second World War by the state owned mining company Rude Doly Přibram,

which continued the production of tin and tungsten ore by its subsidiary Rudne Doly Cínovec:

- in the block Cínovec 1 (Žily) till 1978

- in the block Cínovec 2 (Jih) till 1990

Last ore production was hauled in Cínovec on November 22, 1990. In 1991 the mining activities

ceased for economic reasons.

Substantial part of the mining activities took place in depths near to the surface. They affected

the rock stability. Underground rock burst and collapsing mine workings were connected with

subsidence of the surface and the development of sinkholes at many places, especially in the

settlement areas directly above the deposit.

Because of recognised risks backfilling measures were carried out up from 1920 by using the

tailings materials disposed on surface. Already closed shafts were reopened for this purpose to

being used for hydraulic transportation of the backfilling masses to underground. The dry sandy

tailings were moved into the mine, where they were dumped by hand in the endangered open

stopings.

In 1968 the company Bergsicherung Dresden began with technical investigation works in order to

prepare an extensive remediation programme, which should improve the stability conditions in

the near-surface parts of the old mine on the German territory. Based on that and on a stability

risk assessment prepared by VVB Steinkohle Zwickau for the central parts of the Zinnwald de-

posit and further old artisanal mines in the surrounding areas technical measures of stabilisation

and backfilling began in the year 1969. These works last until today.

Within determined remediation blocks dams were erected underground for encapsulating the

respective sectors prior to backfill them via drill holes or shafts with hydraulic method. The used

pulp consisted of approximately 175 g of sandy ore processing tailings per 1 l water. In connec-

tion with these measures numerous old shafts had to be re-opened. After completion of the re-

mediation works they have been backfilled. All shafts have been saved in the upper part to sur-


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face by a concrete plug fixed in the solid rock. The same procedure was used for the additional

new shafts, which had been sunken only for the purpose of the remediation.

Between 1990 and 1992 technical rehabilitation and safety measures were carried out on the

level of the Tiefen-Bünau-Stollen gallery (German side of the deposit). They provided the pre-

requisites for the development of an extended underground mine museum, which is operated

today by the company Tourismus- und Veranstaltungs-GmbH, owned by the municipality of Al-

tenberg.

Between 2007 and 2011 on the German side of the Zinnwald / Cínovec deposit comprehensive

works were carried out underground. The specialised company Bergsicherung Freital was con-

tracted by the Saxon Mine Authority for safekeeping of selected mine topes and drifts and long-

term stable restoration of the water draining structures in the old mine, focussing on the system

of the Tiefer – Bünau – Stollen gallery, which drains additional the Czech part of the deposit.

The Tiefer-Bünau-Stollen gallery also in the Czech part of the deposit was used for dewatering

and ventilation.

Local technical risks based on uncertain local stability of old mining adits and shafts in the top of

the deposit with influence on the surface, dewatering function of the Zinnwald/Cínovec mine at

Tiefer-Bünau-Stollen level (750 m a.s.l.) and Tiefe-Hilfe Gottes Stollen level (720 m a.s.l.) and

Radon-222 exposition from old mining adits and shafts in the top of the deposit should be avoid-

ed by detailed technical mine operation planning and can be excluded by human estimation.

6.2 Exploration history

6.2.1 Preface

The objective of all 8 so far performed exploration campaigns was to explore the Zinnwald de-

posit. Work was focussed mainly on tin and tungsten mineralisation. Since the first investiga-tions

date back to the year 1917, consequently different methods of sampling and geological in-

terpretation were used.

For this reason the resulting data collective is very heterogeneous. All data integration into the

data base was proven by a revision of 10% of the data. Thereby as-sessed error rate was below

2% of the controlled data (see chapter 13.2.1).

During 1940/41 comprehensive exploration works were carried out in the Czech part of the Zinn-

wald / Cinovec deposit.


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On the German side a first systematic exploration for lithium began in 1954 and finished in 1960.

The works were carried out by the Freiberg branch of the “Zentraler Geologischer Dienst der

DDR” (Central Geological Survey of the G.D.R.).

In the second half the Central Geological Institute of the G.D.R. performed additional investiga-

tions within a regional re-assessment of the mineral potential of the Erzgebirge Mountains, in-

cluding the lithium mineralisation at Zinnwald.

In 1987 a new exploration campaign started focussing on tin and tungsten, but including addi-

tionally the lithium. This campaign was cancelled in 1990.

2007 the Canadian company TINCO Exploration Inc., Vancouver (TINCO) received the rights for

geological exploration (27.11.2007). The license covered large parts of the different tin-tungsten-

molybdenum deposits in the region on the German territory. TINCO surrendered this license in

September 2011.

In 2010 Solar World AG, Bonn applied for exploration rights in all remaining parts on the German

side of the Zinnwald deposit which were not blocked by the rights of third companies (Field

“Zinnwald”) and claimed later on in November 2011 the Field “Zinnwald-North” northly of Field

“Zinnwald” after TINCO’s surrending.

In 2012 the first drilling works commenced in Zinnwald and continued till 2014.

A tabular overview of the exploration campaigns is given in chapter 14.

6.2.2 Geological mapping

In the 1880ies the Geological Survey started with systematic geological mapping. A first map of

the scale 1 : 25,000 was published 1890. A revised version of the map followed in 1908

(DALMER, revisioned by GÄBERT, 1908 [151]), completed by an explanatory brochure on the

geological findings (DALMER, 1890, revisioned by GÄBERT, 1908 [128]).

6.2.3 Drilling and sampling

6.2.3.1 Introduction

For the German part of the Zinnwald / Cinovec deposit following activities took place:

- The first single drill holes were drilled at the beginning 20th century. However, the quality

of the related geological logging was very insufficient according to present day standards.


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- First systematic exploration drilling (10 drill holes) for lithium took for place in Zinnwald

from 1954 -1956 (BOLDUAN, 1956 [84]). Most of the drill holes were carried out from un-

derground by using the existing mine drifts.

- In the period from 1958 to 1960 further drilling of 17 holes and sampling works for lithium

followed in Zinnwald (LÄCHELT, 1960 [87]).

- From 1977 to 1978 two additional drill holes were drilled for the reassessment of the tin,

tungsten and lithium potential (GRUNEWALD, 1978a [102], GRUNEWALD, 1978b [103]).

- Between 1987 and 1990 intensive exploration with drilling 8 drill holes and sampling fol-

lowed. The work focused on tin (BESSER & KÜHNE, 1989 [108], BESSER, 1990 [110])

- During 2012 - 2014 10 drill holes were drilled on lithium.

A summary of the drilling activities is presented as follows.

6.2.3.2 Exploration campaign No. (1) 1917-1918, Germany

The data collective of exploration campaign No. (1) comprises 2 drill holes - one drilled from the

surface and the other one from underground at the “Tiefer-Bünau-Stolln” level (752 m a.s.l.). Tin

and tungsten mineralisation were investigated.

27 geological records were integrated into the “geology” table of the database. All together the

total length of the drilled holes accounts for 345 m. Neither sample assays nor core recovery re-

ports nor survey data are available. The drill hole paths were assumed to be vertical. No infor-

mation on data quality and quality control procedure is available.


From the exploration campaign No. (2) 3 drill holes that reached the endocontact were integrated

in the database. 2 holes were drilled from surface and 1 from the underground. 39 geological

records cover the total drilled length of 515 m. Neither sample assays nor core recovery reports

nor survey data were available. The drillhole paths were assumed to be vertical. For the drill hole

“BoFo 7” a dip angle of 45° and an azimuth of 244° was reported.

No information on data quality and quality control procedure is available. The exploration cam-

paign focussed on investigation of the geologic ore bearing structures.


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6.2.3.4 Exploration campaign No. (3) 1955, Czech Republic

Data from 3 surface drill holes of the Czech campaign of 1955 were integrated in the database.

The data comprise of 74 geological records with a total drilling length of 601 m. Neither sample

assays nor core recovery reports nor survey data was available. The drill holes Pc 1/55 and Pc

2/55 were not used for the design of the geological model, because of missing reliable designa-

tion and distinction of greisen intervals.

No information on data quality and quality control procedure were available. The exploration

campaign focussed on investigation of greisen structures containing lithium, tin and tungsten.


Exploration campaign No. (4) has been the first comprehensive investigation programme mainly

oriented on the search for the principle component lithium. Tin and tungsten grades were report-

ed also.

This phase comprised of 17 drill holes from surface and 10 underground drill holes including 806

geological records and a total record length of 5,973 m. Geochemical records are as follows:

Table 7: Summary of geochemical data of exploration campaign No. (4)

Component Number of records

Total sample length [m]

Sampling method

Method of geochemical analysis

Lithium 581 502 core sample flame photometry

Tin 514 495 core sample spectral analysis

Tungsten 519 496 core sample spectral analysis

Assays of tin samples had to be corrected by a correction factor of 0.7 according to BESSER &

KÜHNE [108], because grades systematically tended to higher values if the collective is com-

pared to those of campaigns (7) or (8). Tungsten assays are mostly above a level of 250 ppm

and appear questionable when compared to results of other exploration campaigns, especially

the campaign No. (8) of SWS (2012-2014). Consequently this data cannot be used for resource

estimation.

No survey data are available. That is why the drill holes were assumed to be vertical. Core re-

coveries were reported only fragmentary. It is assumed that the sample intervals assayed show

recoveries of more than 80 %.


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6.2.3.6 Exploration campaign No. (5) 1961- 1962, Czech Republic

Exploration campaign No. (5) comprises of 14 surface drill holes mostly situated close to the

German-Czech borderline. 929 geological records with a total sample length of 3,961 m were

integrated in the database. The campaign focussed on investigation of tin, tungsten and lithium

mineralisation.

Geochemical records are as listed below in Table 8:




Sampling method


Lithium 945 1,289 core sample not specified

Tin 447 447 core sample not specified

Tungsten 331 328 core sample not specified

No survey data were available. Therefore the drill holes were assumed to be vertical. Major core

losses were reported as separate intervals in the drill log. Beyond that no further data were avail-

able.

No information on data quality and quality control procedure was available.


The data set of exploration campaign No. (6) contains information about 2 drill holes (from sur-

face) with 230 geological recordings of 1,216 m. Additionally 1,350 pick samples were taken un-

derground at the “Tiefer-Bünau-Stolln” level (752 m a.s.l.).

The exploration campaign of GRUNEWALD 1978a [102] was undertaken under scientific as-

pects. In a first phase rock chip samples were taken from the cores at interval lengths of 20 cm.

Composite samples of core intervals reaching from 2 m to 6 m length were prepared and as-

sayed by spectral analysis method. The focus was set mainly on detection of tin and tungsten but

also on lithium mineralisation. Accordingly, intervals that showed elevated tin and tungsten

grades during this first screening have been reanalysed with interval lengths of approximately 1

m by X-Ray fluorescence method.

The pick samples were taken randomly at 2 to 5 m interval distances from the sidewalls of the

drifts at the “Tiefer-Bünau-Stolln” level.


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Sampling method


Lithium 373 1,216 rock chip sample spectral analysis

Tin 373 1,216 rock chip sample spectral analysis

Tungsten 373 1,216 rock chip sample spectral analysis

Tin 106 104 core sample X-Ray fluorescence analysis

Tungsten 106 104 core sample X-Ray fluorescence analysis

Lithium 1,341 - pick sample spectral analysis

Tin 1,341 - pick sample spectral analysis

Tungsten 1,326 - pick sample spectral analysis

Survey data of the drill holes were available and have been integrated in the database. The ave-

rage core recoveries were reported as follows:

Drill hole 19/77: 97.8 %

Drill hole 20/77: 92.7 %

6.2.3.8 Exploration campaign No. (7) 1988 - 1989, Germany

During exploration campaign No. (7) from surface 8 holes were drilled, providing 684 geological

records with a total length of 3,148 m. The sampling and geochemical analysis programme was

comparable to those of exploration campaign No. (6) and focussed mainly on tin and tungsten

mineralisation. Lithium was investigated by rock chip sampling only.




Sampling method


Lithium 1,188 3,149 rock chip sample spectral analysis

Tin 1,188 3,149 rock chip sample spectral analysis

Tungsten 1,188 3,149 rock chip sample spectral analysis




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Survey data of the drill holes were available and have been integrated in the database. The ave-

rage core recoveries were reported as follows:

Drill hole 21/88: 86.8 %, Drill hole 22/88: 95.9 %




6.2.3.9 Exploration campaign (8) 2012-2013, Germany

The exploration campaign of the SWS consisted of 10 surface drill holes. 9 of them were drilled

as diamond drill holes (DDH) with different diameter (at least type NQ 75.7/47.6 mm). In addition

one reverse circulation drill hole (RC DH) was drilled. The drill holes were located as infill holes

and twin holes (ZGLi 05/2013 and 05A/2013, ZGLi 06/2013 and 06A/2013).

During a separate working programme 83 channel samples of 1.5 m length and 2 m spacing

were taken from the sidewalls of “Tiefer-Bünau-Stolln” gallery (752 m a.s.l.) and “Tiefer-Hilfe-

Gottes-Stolln” gallery 722 m a.s.l.).

419 geological records with a total length of 2,563 m have been documented. Multi-element as-

says have been performed by using one half of the DDH core and the channel samples. Addi-

tionally X-Ray fluorescence assays of tin and tungsten grades have been carried out for the drill

holes ZGLi 01/2012 and ZGLi 02/2012. They are fully comparable to ICP-MS assays and were

used for the resource estimation.




Sampling method

Method of geochemical anal-ysis

Lithium 1,247 1,237 core sample acid fusion + ICP-MS

Tin 1,244 1,235 core sample Li metaborate fusion + ICP-MS

Tungsten 1,247 1,237 core sample Li metaborate fusion + ICP-MS



K2O 1,247 1,237 core sample Li metaborate fusion + ICP-AES

Na2O 1,247 1,237 core sample Li metaborate fusion + ICP-AES

Survey data of the drill holes are available and have been integrated in the database.


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6.2.4 Geochemistry

Stream sediment sampling was carried out and reported in 1982 (OSSENKOPF [137]), after sev-

eral years of intensive field works.

Immediately adjacent to this campaign pedogeochemical survey followed in the regional to de-

tailed local scale in the Eastern Erzgebirge including the area of Zinnwald (PÄLCHEN et al.1989

[141] and PÄLCHEN et al. 1989 [142]). In order to eliminate disturbing anthropogenic influences

at each point two samples were taken, the first from surface to 0.1 m and the second from 0.1 to

0.3 m depth. A wide range of elements was analysed.

The geochemical results indicated significant Sn, W and As anomalies at known and new loca-

tions. By implementing further trace elements the mineral potential of the region was reassessed

and recommendations given for further exploration works.

6.2.5 Geophysics

Systematic geophysical survey started in the 1950ies with gravity (OELSNER, 1961 [130]). The

gravity works were finished with a summarising report in 1964 (LINDNER, 1964 [133]). The re-

sults of the geomagnetic measurements were published in 1966 (SCHEIBE, 1966 [134]). New

intensive and detailed geophysical survey took place in the 1980ies connected with the explora-

tion for tin, tungsten, and barite (STEINER, BRIEDEN & HAUPT, 1987 [140]; PÄLCHEN et al.,

1989 [142]). They included a special airborne survey (RUHL, 1985 [139]).

The outcomes of the geophysical surveys indicated especially relevant gravity anomalies, which

were used for planning detailed geochemical mapping and for determination of drilling targets.


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7 Geological setting

7.1 Regional Geology

The Erzgebirge-Fichtelgebirge Anticlinorium represents one of the major allochthonous domains

within the Saxo-Thuringian Zone of the Central European Variscan Belt which was formed by the

collision of Gondwana and Laurentia in the Late Paleozoic (PÄLCHEN & WALTHER, 2008

[149]). It spreads over an area of about 150 x 40 km within the eastern part of Germany and the

western part of Czech Republic, where the Erzgebirge Mountains are called Krušné Hory. Meta-

morphic rocks of Proterozoic and Late Paleozoic age and intercalating magmatic and volcanic

units shape the geological structure of the Erzgebirge area. Confined by deep reaching tectonic

lineament zones the Erzgebirge is forming a fault-block of slightly ascending topography from

NW to SE (from 300 to 800-1000 m asl.) and a steep escarpment towards the Eger-Rift in the SE

(Figure 6).

The inner geological structure is represented by a major NE-SW-striking anticline that is dipping

towards SW. The pre-Variscan rock series of the Erzgebirge Mountains have received a marked

overprint by deformation, metamorphism, magmatism and metasomatism associated with the

Variscan orogeny (BAUMANN, KUSCHKE & SEIFERT, 2000 [147]). Felsic intrusions intersected

the metamorphic basement during the extensional stage of the Variscan Orogeny with two peaks

of magmatic activity, allowing a subdivision of late collisional magmatism (Older Intrusive Com-

plex [OIC]; 330 - 320 Ma) and post collisional magmatism (Younger Intrusive Complex [YIC]; 310

- 290 Ma) (SEIFERT & KEMPE, 1994 [186]; summarized by ROMER et al., 2010 [184]). Granites

of the late collisional stage far outweigh the post collisional ones in terms of size and volume.

The granites of the Erzgebirge Mountains are exposed along two zones in the eastern and west-

ern areas with additionally outcropping in-/extrusions of rhyolites and dykes of porphyritic

granites in the eastern part (Figure 7). Latter are formed in close spatial and temporal association

with the younger, post collisional granites and can be linked to faulting tectonics that occurred

dominantly in this particular area. This Carboniferous magmatism and associated intrusions of

granitic magmas is therefore probably the most essential event for the formation of mineral de-

posits in the Erzgebirge ore province.

From the Upper Carboniferous throughout the Mesozoic and Cainozoic the Erzgebirge was (with

short interruptions) object of erosional processes that modified this area and defined todays near

surface position of the Proterozoic and Palaeozoic units (BAUMANN, KUSCHKA & SEIFERT,

2000 [147]; HENNIGSEN & KATZUNG, 2006 [174]).


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Figure 6: Simplified geological map with major metamorphic and magmatic units of the Erz-gebirge Mountains and their accompanied mineral deposits. An enlarged view of the area marked with the red box is given in Figure 7 (modified from SEIFERT, 2008 [187])


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Figure 7: Geological map of the eastern Erzgebirge (modified after CZECH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 1992 [169], geological map 1 : 50 000 and ŠTEMPROK, HOLUB & NOVÁK, 2003 [193])


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7.2 Project Geology

7.2.1 Lithology

The geological setting of the Zinnwald deposit is characterised by the appearance of two main

lithological types, the Teplice Rhyolite (TR) and the Zinnwald Granite (ZG) which are presented

in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Geological map of the Zinnwald/Cínovec deposit The ZG is regarded as highly altered albite granite which intruded the volcanic pile of the Teplice

rhyolite. The ZG intrusive body covers an ellipsoid N-S-striking outcrop area of 1.4 km x 0.4 km

and straddles the border between Germany and Czech Republic.


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The volcanic rocks of the Teplice rhyolite, covering a large area at the eastern margin of the Al-

tenberg Block (Altenberger Scholle), extend about 22 km in NNW-SSE direction (PÄLCHEN,

1968 [96]. Within the property area they represent the most dominant country rock and exhibit a

wide textural variability. There are generally reddish grey to dark red in colour. Based on their

textural appearance three subdomains/varieties can be distinguished:

(I) A dominant phenocryst rich rhyolite (Figure 9 C).

(II) A subordinate phenocryst poor, ignimbritic rhyolite.

(III) A vein-like, coarse-grained, porphyroidic granite resembles a subordinate type of

the TR that is exposed only in borehole ZG 19/77 and ZGLi 01/2012 (Figure 9D).

The general modal composition of rhyolite in the property area is about 43.8 - 48.0 % quartz,

24.1 - 32.1 % orthoclase, 5.6 - 14.8 % plagioclase (~10 % anorthite), 10.4 - 18.0 % mica as well

as minor haematite, kaolinite, zircon, and apatite. All three varieties can display different types of

xenoliths (0.5 - 10 cm) of either rhyolitic material or altered gneiss fragments from the underlying

metamorphic basement.

The Zinnwald Granite is a typical example of a pipe-like felsic intrusive body in a subvolcanic

environment. It is ovoid in shape with generally gently inclined (10° - 30°) flanks to the N, E and S

of the ZG and a steeply inclined (40° - 70°) W-flank (Figure 10).

Commonly, the contact of the ZG to the TR presents a marginal pegmatite (or so called

stockscheider) with thicknesses between 0.3 - 2 m (GRUNEWALD, 1978b [103], Figure 9 B).

Detailed petrologic descriptions of the Zinnwald Granite are given amongst others by BOLDUAN

& LÄCHELT [93], Grunewald 1978b [103] and BESSER & KÜHNE 1989 [108] for the German

part and by ŠTEMPROK & ŠULCEK 1969 [190], SELTMANN & ŠTEMPROK 1995 [188] and Rub

et al. (1998) for the Czech part. The respective data are based on exploration drilling and surface

as well as underground mapping of the area.


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Figure 9: Representative drill core images of the major lithologies from the Zinnwald endo-contact: (A) Zinnwald albite granite (ZAG) (B) Stockscheider between ZAG and TR (ZGLi 03-2013 – 235.5-235.7 m) (C) Teplice Rhyolite (TR) cross cut by greisen veins (ZGLi 01-2012 – 71.6 to 71.75 m) (D) Granite porphyry (ZGLi 01/2012 – 34.35 to 34.6 m)

A

B

C

D


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Figure 10: Geological E-W cross section (5,623,000 N) showing the Zinnwald granite with greisen ore bodies trending parallel to sub-parallel towards the granite contact emplaced within the Teplice Rhyolite

Vertical compositional and textural zoning is known from the deep borehole CS-1 (1,596 m)

drilled in the intrusive body of Zinnwald/Cínovec (ŠTEMPROK & ŠULCEK 1969 [190] as well as

RUB et al., 1998).

To avoid inconsistent terminology the Zinnwald Granite (ZG) is referred to the complete intrusion

independent from any mineralogical, textural or geochemical characteristics. Figure 11 gives a

concise summary of different granitic lithologies intersected in the deep drillhole CS-1, starting

with a succession of medium-grained, equigranular zinnwaldite-albite-granite (ZAG) to a depth of

about 730 m, which resembles the dominant rock type within the upper part of the granite cupola

and hosts the entire ore mineralisation.

The ZAG is generally bright grey to yellowish grey in colour (Figure 9 A). On average it is com-

posed of plagioclase (albite; 34.8 %), quartz (32.8 %), orthoclase (23.4 %), Li-mica (zinnwaldite;

5.9 %), sericite (2.1 %) and accessory topaz, fluorite, zircon, cassiterite and clay minerals. The

texture of the rock is granitic, weak porphyritic and poikilitic. Sericite, albite and fine-grained

quartz constitute a cohere groundmass with embedded bigger grains of quartz, orthoclase and

minor zinnwaldite. Individual sections/portions of the ZAG can be strikingly variable in texture.

Plagioclase of 5 % anorthite (≤ 1.4 mm, Ø = 0.6 mm) is mostly present as small, lath-like, euhe-

dral grains forming the groundmass and showing distinct or faint twinning lamellae. Additionally, it

can represent inclusions within bigger grains of quartz or zinnwaldite.


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A population of big xenomorphic, phenocryst-like grains of quartz I (≤ 6 mm, Ø = 3 mm) with un-

even and crenated grain boundaries towards groundmass-albite can be distinguished from fine

grained quartz II (0.3 - 0.5 mm), which forming a portion of the groundmass, too.

Orthoclase I (≤ 2.5 mm, Ø = 2 mm) is represented by big subhedral grains with evenly shaped

grain boundaries and numerous inclusions of plagioclase The transformation to sericite is very

common and can be found in a broad range of intensity. Interstitial orthoclase II (0.15 - 0.6 mm)

of various grain sizes is also common.

Zinnwaldite (≤ 2.5 mm, Ø = 1 mm) was identified as the prevailing mica species in the ZAG. Tab-

ular crystals are corroded by minerals of the groundmass very intensely, in part leaving only rel-

icts of zinnwaldite.

Pleochroic haloes are abundant as are inclusions of fluorite and other accessories.

Zinnwaldite is transformed to sericite mainly along cleavage planes and can show orientated

muscovite overgrowth.

As one of the dominant groundmass minerals sericite is abundant and forms flaky and rosette-

like aggregates. The amount of sericite within the rock varies strongly (up to 37 %, on average

about 2 - 3 %).

Euhedral to xenomorphic cassiterite (≤ 1.2 mm, Ø = 0.15 mm) of various grains shapes and ir-

regular pleochroism and colourless to patchy purple coloured fluorite (≤ 0.3 mm, Ø = 0.2 mm) are

among the most common accessory mineral phases.


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Figure 11: Drill log and distribution curve of alkali elements (K2O, Ba2O, Li2O, Rb2O and Cs2O) of the deep drill core CS-1, drilled in the centre of the Zinnwald/Cínovec granite cupola after ŠTEMPROK & ŠULCEK, 1969 [190] and RUB et al. (1998)

In drill hole CS-1 the ZAG was found up to a depth of 730 m. From 390 to 540 m major zones of

alternating ZAG and porphyritic zinnwaldite-microgranite (PZM) occurred. Equivalents of this rock

type were also found at more shallow depths within different drillholes on the German side. Rela-

tively similar in composition, compared to ZAG, the PZM shows a prominent porphyritic texture

with euhedral grains of quartz (≤ 1.5 cm) and plagioclase (≤ 2 cm) in a groundmass of quartz,

plagioclase and sericite. The thickness of equally textured zones is in the range of cm to few m.

The Zinnwald pluton shows partial depletion of Li, Rb and Cs with depth (ŠTEMPROK &

ŠULCEK, 1969 [190] as presented in Figure 11. In the centre of the cupola a gradual transition


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into Li-poor, medium-grained, porphyritic protolithionite granite (PPG) is taking place at a depth of

730 m. Differing in texture and mica composition from the upper ZAG this Li-poor PPG is charac-

terized by phenocrysts of orthoclase (2 - 3 cm), rounded quartz, tabular albite crystals and dark

green protolithionite. The continuous succession of PPG was intersected by CS-1 to a final depth

of 1,596 m.

To the south west of the Zinnwald property a granite porphyry dike and a small eroded chimney

of tertiary basalt are exposed.

7.2.2 Structure

The development of genetically important late to post Variscan tectonic structures in the eastern

part of the Erzgebirge are already predefined by deep reaching fault zones of Proterozoic to pre-

Ordovician. Additional to major tectonic lineaments confining the rocks of the Erzgebirge Moun-

tains there are a number of deep seated fault zones with high a significance for the tectonic and

magmatic development of the region:

- fault system of Niederbobritzsch – Schellerhau – Krupka (NW – SE)

- fault system of Meißen – Teplice (NNW – SSE)

- fault system of Frauenstein – Seiffen (NNE-SSW)

- fault system of the central Erzgebirge (NE-SW)

- fault system of the southern Erzgebirge (NE-SW)

The most important regional tectonic element is represented by the so called Seegrundstörung,

which forms a part of the deep fault system of Niederbobritzsch – Schellerhau – Krupka and runs

in the immediate southwest of the Zinnwald granitic intrusion. This fault zone is thought to have a

major relevance for the arrangement and postmagmatic development of the deposit.

The tectonic framework of the deposit itself is dominated by the NE-SW directed Morgengänge

and perpendicular trending cross joints. The former are characterized by a high-angle dip, large

continuity in strike direction, and a mean thickness of 10 cm to 20 cm (max. 50 cm). According to

numerous authors, including BERGSICHERUNG DRESDEN 1991 [156] and SENNEWALD,

2011 [123], they are formed synchronous with the flat dipping mineralised veins (so called “Flöze”

of the previous miners) cross cutting them in vertical to sub vertical direction. The direction of


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displacement is subhorizontal. Most developed along the western flank of the deposit the Mor-

gengänge are related to younger tectonic movements with displacement in the range of meters.

Especially in this area, the contact of the Zinnwald granite to surrounding Teplice rhyolite is tec-

tonically dominated and a set of progressive step faults is shaped a steeply dipping western

flank.

Additionally, minor tectonic movement was performed on the gently inclined and flat dipping sur-

faces of quartz veins, displayed by numerous slickensides.

In many parts the Morgengänge and the adjacent granite are mineralised with quartz, fluorite,

cassiterite, and minor wolframite and frequently exploited during historic mining. Morgengänge

that developed in the country rocks (Teplice rhyolite) can also show greisenisation features and

minor impregnation with tin oxides.

Several types of different angled joints documented during the 1950’s revealed a general system

that can be applied to the granite and greisen lithologies (Table 12).

Table 12: Systematic scheme of joints in the German part of the Zinnwald deposit (after

BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT, 1960 [93])

System Index Azimuth Dip Recommendations

Erzgebirgian (morningvein-

like)

a 40° 60-80° good developed, not mineralised,

rare joint layer clay

Hercynian (strikingjoint-like) h 120-160° 48-80° good developed, not mineralised

L-joints (flöz-like) L turning

arround

following

granite

contact

bad developed, mineralised

S-joints S 100° 80-90° very bad developed

Diagonal joints dk‘ 80° 15-65° very bad developed, not minera-

lised

Diagonal joints dk‘‘ 350° 50° very bad developed, not minera-

lised

Q ? - joints Q 180° 90° good developed, not mineralised


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7.2.3 Alterations

The ZG has experienced a series of post-intrusive metasomatic and hydrothermal alteration

events. Microclinisation followed by albitisation, greisenisation, argillic alteration and haematitisa-

tion took place after solidification (ŠTEMPROK & ŠULCEK, 1969 [190]). Different distinct zones

of alteration intensity are common for all types of alteration while boundaries of these zones can

be either sharp or blurred.

The most prominent alteration feature comprises the transformation of rock forming minerals

(e.g. Ca-plagioclase, orthoclase) to albite during Na-metasomatism, so called albitisation. This

type of auto-metasomatic alteration incorporates the entire volume of the upper ZAG and PZM to

a depth of 730 m, whereas it is less pronounced or absent in the deeper parts of PPG. The ex-

tent of different intensity of albitisation is highly variable. While most of the ZAG is contributed to

an intermediated albitisation with the transformation of the majority of Ca-/K-feldspar to albite

ongoing Na-metasomatism in combination with removal of SiO2 produced rocks of up to 70 %

albite, so called albitites. Irregular bodies of albitites of up to 1 m thickness are found in drill core

and underground.

Similar to albitisation, but of much less abundance is the process of K-metasomatism, producing

rocks of up to 50 % orthoclase. Together with albitites, these so called feldspatites are of particu-

lar interest for mechanical rock behaviour as they are representing zones of unusual crumbly and

unstable rock.

Greisenisation is the most important feature of high-temperature alteration in the deposit of Zinn-

wald/Cínovec. Since it is related to the formation of lithium ore mineralisation it will be discussed

in chapter 8.1.

Sericitic alteration of the ZAG is common, at which a fine grained variety of muscovite (sericite) is

replacing plagioclase, orthoclase and zinnwaldite to a variable degree. It can be accompanied by

the formation of illite (a K-deficient muscovite) and clinochlore (member of the chlorite group) can

be recognised as fine grained, light greyish to greenish aggregates between the other minerals.

Likewise, the TR and greisen mineralisation can be affected by sericitic and chloritic alteration.

Latter shows a pronounced alteration and transformation along the mica’s grain boundaries as

can be seen in BSE-image (Figure 12).


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Figure 12: Back scatter electron (BSE) image of a zinnwaldite rich greisen sample (ZG01/2012 – 107.5 m) showing pronounced sericitic alteration along grain boundaries and cleavage planes of zinnwaldite as well as fluorite and euhedral quartz in the interstitials

Argillic alteration of ZAG (and subordinate of all other lithologies within the Zinnwald property) is

a common feature as well. Superseding micas and the group of sodic and potassic feldspars, fine

grained aggregates of well intergrown kaolinite crystals create a whitish to greyish rock according

to the variable intensity of alteration. Argillic alteration can cause a distinct decrease in rock

strength as it lowers the cohesive strength of the mineral grains in the rock’s fabric.

The impregnation of the matrix of ZAG and TR by fine grained hematite and/or other iron oxides/-

hydroxides is another common alteration feature and can be found in various intensities. The

character of haematitisation can be either disseminated and blurry confined or discrete with local

haematite spots and/or stringers.

A type of alteration that is constrained to the lithology of TR is silicification and is most pro-

nounced along the northern and eastern part of the deposit.


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8 Deposit type

The Zinnwald/Cínovec deposit is located in a magmatic-volcanic complex at the eastern part of

the Erzgebirge Mountains (Figure 6), a world known metallogenic province with a large number

of ore deposits and a mining history going back to the 12th century.

8.1 Characterisation of greisen deposits

The genesis of greisen is associated with the cooling of a highly fractionated H2O-rich granitic

intrusion and the enrichment of incompatible volatile elements in the upper part of the intrusion

such as F, Cl, B and Li during fractional crystallisation. In the literature the following main devel-

opment stages of a greisenised granitoids are described: (1) solidification and fissuring, followed

by (2) formation of pegmatites (stockscheider) and K-feldspathisation (microclinisation), (3) Na-

feldspathisation (albitisation), (4) greisenisation and hydrothermal alteration (sericitic alteration

and / or kaolinisation) and final (5) formation of veins (SHCHERBA, 1970 [189]; POLLARD, 1983

[181]).

The metasomatic process of greisen formation, called greisenisation, is defined as a granite-

related, post-magmatic metasomatic process in the course of which biotite and K-/Na-feldspars

became unstable (ŠTEMPROK, 1987 [191]). Subsequently to Na-feldspathisation it is commonly

controlled by the further decrease of alkali / H+ ratios (PIRAJNO, 2009 [180]). Granitic mineral

components and textures are replaced by complex aggregates of micas, quartz, topaz, and

fluorite with a considerable addition of some elements such as Sn, W, Li, Mo, Be, etc.. Greisen

formed by the action of highly aggressive, F-bearing solutions on rocks, such that fluoride miner-

als commonly occur in greisen formations in contrast to other metasomatic rocks (ROMER,

SCHNEIDER & LINNEMANN, 2010 [185]). Greisenisation affects several different wall rocks,

whereby the intensity of greisenisation depends mainly on the texture of the protolith.

A broad range of temperature between 250 – 500°C (at pressure of 0.3 – 0.8 kbar) is suggested

by POLLARD, 1983 [181] for the formation of minerals under greisenised conditions. Most recent

fluid inclusion studies indicated a mean value of the homogenization temperatures of two-phase

fluid inclusions of quartz, Li-mica, cassiterite and fluorite from the albite granite, the stockscheider

and veins from Zinnwald, of 389 ± 28°C (UHLIG, 1992 [195]).


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8.2 Application to the Zinnwald property

The Zinnwald deposit is a typical example of a granite hosted greisen deposit supported by a

number of general characteristic features of greisen deposits that can be found. Among them, the

most relevant is the existence of subsequent stages of post-magmatic alteration including grei-

senisation in the endo-contact. Additionally, the presence of the distinctive mineral assemblage

of quartz, Li-F-mica (zinnwaldite), topaz, fluorite and associated ore minerals (cassiterite and

wolframite) emphasize the relation to this deposit type.

The most abundant type of ore mineralization, flat dipping greisen bodies are marked by the ab-

sence of feldspar indicating a complete succession of greisenisation underwent these rocks.

9 Mineralisation

Mineralogical and petrological characterisation of the different rock types was conducted by mac-

roscopic observation of outcrops (above and below ground), drill core (historic and recent) as

well as microscopic investigation of thin sections made from selected drill core samples. Infor-

mation on modal composition of the rocks was supported by data from literature, basically

BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT, 1960 [93], PÄLCHEN, 1968 [97], ŠTEMPROK & ŠULCEK, 1969 [190],

and GRUNEWALD 1978a [102], based on point-counting methods and X-Ray diffraction analy-

sis.

Furthermore, recent results on modal composition of greisen ore material from automated miner-

al liberation analysing system (MLA) get added here in the report.

Greisen type mineralisation at the Zinnwald/Cínovec deposit is related to flat dipping, sheet-like

greisen ore bodies and veins in the apical part of a geochemically highly evolved granitic intru-

sion. Lithium, tin, and tungsten mineralisation is potentially economic and occurs mainly as

quartz-mica greisen.

Exploration at Zinnwald has defined a Li-Sn-W greisen deposit in several stacked continuous

bodies with a dimension of 1.6 x 1.5 kilometres on the German territory (corner points: 5,412,400;

5,622,650 – 5,414,000; 5,624,150). The deposit reaches from 200 m a.s.l. to 850 m a.s.l.

Individual greisen beds show vertical thicknesses between less than 1 m and more than 40 m.

No other areas of significant mineralisation are known at present at the Zinnwald property but

surface exposures and drilling indicates various preliminary investigated or untested anomalies in


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the vicinity. Li-Sn-W-(Mo) mineralisation is also known to exist to the north at the Altenberg “Zwit-

terstock” deposit.

Furthermore a Sn-W-Nb-Ta mineralisation was intersected.

9.1 Styles of mineralisation

The Zinnwald/Cínovec greisen deposit and subordinately, the Teplice Rhyolite, can be character-

ised by a number of different mineralisation styles. Among them, the most important include:

I. Independent or vein adjoining greisen bodies

II. Flat dipping veins (so called “Flöze”)

III. Sub vertical dipping veins (so called “Morgengänge”)

IV. Metaalbite granite Sn-W-(Nb-Ta) mineralisation

The vast majority of lithium and portions of the tin and tungsten mineralisation contained within

the Zinnwald/Cínovec granite stock can be found in the metasomatic greisen ore bodies (style I).

The position of greisen mineralisation is a result of late to post magmatic fluids, infiltrating the

uppermost part of the granite stock. They were distributed in dependence on the granite’s joint

system along cracks and intergranular pathways. Consequently faults and joints played an im-

portant role in the dispersal of mineralising fluids throughout the cupola. According to investiga-

tions of BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT 1960 [93] and BESSER & KÜHNE 1989 [108] greisenisation as

well as the development of the “Flöze” is closely linked to the flat dipping L-joints, representing

cracks and joints resulting from the volume loss of the granite during cooling and crystallisation.

Areas of cross-cutting L-joints and sub-vertical faults/joints are considered to be favourable for

the development of particular thick bodies of greisen mineralisation

Mineralisation styles II and III are of subordinate importance for lithium but are well mineralised

with cassiterite, wolframite and minor scheelite and played therefore an important role during

historic mining. The majority of this resource was exploited in the past. Subordinate amounts of

zinnwaldite can be found in the flat dipping veins (style II) along the endo- and exocontact of the

deposit, where it forms selvages of very coarse grained zinnwaldite (up to 50 mm) Detailed in-

formation on veining in the deposit will be presented in chapter 0.

Mineralisation style IV represents an unusual type of ore mineralisation in the Zinnwald deposit

and will be discussed based on geological, mineralogical and geochemical findings in the follow-

ing chapter.


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9.1.1 Description of mineralised zones

Independent or vein adjoining greisen bodies

The lithium ore mineralisation of the Zinnwald property is closely linked to the existence of meta-

somatic greisen ore bodies that are located at the endo-contact of the uppermost parts of the ZG

stock (style I). They form curved, stacked and lensoidal compact greisen bodies that can be high-

ly irregular in shape but commonly exhibit a larger horizontal and limited vertical extend. The

presence of stock-like greisen, reported in literature (e.g. BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT; 1960 [93]),

remains disputable due to the lack of prove by drilling intersection. However, maximum intersect-

ed greisen thickness was about 44 m (ZGLi 06A/2013). The greisen bodies are distributed in the

central uppermost part and along the flanks of the ZG dipping quadraversal and generally de-

crease in frequency and thickness with depth. Thereby, they follow the morphology of the gran-

ite’s surface. True thickness of greisen bodies is consequently consistent with the vertical depth

for the central parts where angle of dip is less than 10°. Towards the gently inclined (10° - 30°)

flanks of the N, E and S and a steeply inclined (40° - 70°) W-flank true vertical thickness needs to

be recalculated accordingly. On average, thickness of potentially mineable greisen bodies in the

property area is about 2 m to 15 m.

In addition to the predominant type of independent greisen ore bodies which are described

above, there are greisen masses confined to flat dipping veins and sub vertical dipping

faults/veins, so called adjoining greisens. They represent intensely greisenised wall rocks of the

veins/faults, are highly irregular in shape and they follow the veins/faults in direction of strike

throughout the upper part of the deposit. Despite of being an equivalent to the named independ-

ent greisen concerning modal composition and texture, they are of limited dimension. Their thick-

nesses vary between few centimetres to several metres. Although veins and faults are obviously

representing the controlling structural elements, no general principles can be deduced from un-

derground exposures regarding the position and thickness of these elements. More precisely,

they can be formed either in hanging and/or footwall of the vein/fault or can be totally absent.

Furthermore, the thickness of adjoining greisens can be strikingly variable in the direction of

strike. However, the independent greisen bodies volumetrically exceed the adjoining greisens by

far.

The contacts between greisen and hosting albite granite (ZAG) lithologies can be either sharp or

diffuse but tend to measure between a few centimetres to decimetres (Figure 15 D). However,

there are numerous records of transitions from altered ZAG to greisen with relicts of feldspar and


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typical greisen (see also discussion in chapter 10.2.3). Additionally, lenses ore irregular shaped

pockets of greisenised ZAG can be contained.

The Zinnwald greisen contains variable amounts of quartz, Li-Rb-Cs-bearing mica named zinn-

waldite, topaz and accessory minerals. Under consideration of the protolith and the modal miner-

alogical composition several subtypes of greisens can be distinguished. A frequently used and

easily applicable classification scheme involves the amount of quartz, mica, and topaz plotted in

a ternary diagram (see KÜHNE et al. [96]). Among the greisens having a granitic protolith three

ideal end members can be inferred:

I. Quartz greisens (quartz 85 to 100 %)

II. Mica greisens (zinnwaldite 85 to 100 %)

III. Topaz greisens (topaz 85 to 100 %)

Whereas monomineral greisen mineralisation is of rather subordinate abundance further sub-

types with different proportions of quartz-mica-topaz are described for the deposit, with most

abundant types and their average composition given as follows:

IV. Quartz-mica greisens (quartz 65 %, zinnwaldite 25 %, topaz 5 %)

V. Mica greisens (quartz 50 %, zinnwaldite 40 %, topaz 5 %)

VI. Quartz-poor mica greisens (quartz 15 %, zinnwaldite 75 %, topaz 5 %)

VII. Quartz-topaz greisens (quartz 80 %, zinnwaldite 5 %, topaz 10 %)

VIII. Topaz-mica greisens (quartz 65 %, zinnwaldite 20 %, topaz 10 %)

(for each case including 5 % accessories).

The macroscopic appearance of greisen is rather homogeneous (Figure 9 A). Predominantly light

to dark grey in colour the greisen is occasionally stained brick red where intermediated to intense

haematisation occurred. The texture can be characterised by coarse-grained, metablastic quartz

and zinnwaldite forming a closely interlocking and sutural fabric. Topaz is visible as pale yellow

and saccharoidal grains within the interstices of quartz and zinnwaldite. Thereby, the recognition

of the rock’s initial (pre-greisenisation) texture is not possible due to the overall replacement and

recrystallization of the major components. Intermediate-grained varieties of greisens are less

common. Greisen texture can be diversified due to the presence of local mica nests or pockets

ranging from about 2 cm to 1 m in diameter representing local zones of quartz-poor mica greisen

composition. According to investigations by GRUNEWALD, 1978 [102] the grain size of quartz in

greisen mineralisation ranges from 1 to 10 mm (Ø = 5 mm). Quartz forms irregular shaped, allot-


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riomorphic grains with straight, rounded or serrated boundaries and exhibits euhedral shapes

only in small vugs (Figure 12). It can be further characterized by straight extinction and the exist-

ence of numerous liquid and/or gas inclusions (Figure 13) and mineral inclusions of small euhe-

dral plates of albite, flakes of zinnwaldite as well as small grains of cassiterite, fluorite and apa-

tite.

Figure 13: Microphotographs of representative greisen sample (ZGLi 02/2012 – 81.45 m)

showing large, altered grains of zinnwaldite with abundant pleochroic haloes and inclusion-rich quartz intergrown with randomly oriented laths of zinnwaldite and highly fractured aggregates of topaz (high relief). Fluorite is apparent as small in-dependent aggregates and within the fractures of topaz aggregates (A) Transmitted light, linear polarisation; (B) Transmitted light, crossed polarisation

Zinnwaldite, the host mineral of all lithium metal in the deposit is namend after its type locality

Zinnwald. It forms euhedral to subhedral tablets of mostly thick habitus (0.3 mm to 30 mm, Ø =

1.2 mm) or aggregates of different individual grains that are have an irregular orientation towards

each other (Figure 13). In rare cases these aggregates can form fans or rosettes.

Mineral inclusions of fluorite, cassiterite, topaz, haematite, zircon, monazite, and opaque phases

are common and some are surrounded by distinct pleochroic haloes. Exhibiting a zonal structure,

abundant alteration of zinnwaldite to muscovite (sericite) can take place at the grain boundaries

but also along the cleavage plains within the zinnwaldite. Moreover, it can be replaced by quartz

in a way that the relicts of zinnwaldite exhibit a skeletal grain shape.

Zinnwaldite is considered as a series of trioctahedral micas on the siderophyllite join (RIEDER et

al., 1998 [182]). It represents one of the most common mica species along this join and is report-

A B


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ed from various types of granitic rocks all around the world (CUNDY et al, 1960 [168]; UHLIG,

1992 [194]; HAYNES et al, 1993 [173]; NOVÁK et al, 1999 [179]; LOWELL et al, 2000 [176];

RODA ROBLES et al., 2012 [183]). Lithium content of the zinnwaldite mica is in the range of 0.8

to 1.9 wt%. Additionally it contains a high enrichment of iron (8.1 to 11.0 wt%) and fluorine (3.5 to

7.2 wt%) (e.g. GOTTESMANN, 1962 [90]; UHLIG, 1992 [194]; GONVINDARAJU et al., 1994

[171]; JOHAN et al., 2012 [175]).

The characteristical physical properties of zinnwaldite are listend in Table 14. Furthermore zinn-

waldite belongs to the group of paramagnetic minerals, which make this mineral favourable for

magnetic separation processing.

Topaz is characterized by grains of columnar to isometric habitus and grain sizes up to 2.8 mm

for single grains and, more frequently, up to 5.6 mm for irregular aggregates. Commonly, they

are intensely fractured with both, cleavage cracks and irregular oriented fissures (Figure 13)

which are usually filled by fluorite, sericite, and minerals of the kaolinite group. Topaz is frequent-

ly replaced by clay minerals.

Colourless to irregularly purple coloured grains or aggregates of fluorite are present at sizes up to

1 mm. Typically fluorite tends to fill small vugs, cleavage cracks or rock fissures and forms there-

fore anhedral grains (Figure 13). Subordinately, it can form small cubic inclusions in quartz and

zinnwaldite.

Cassiterite is among the accessory phases of the greisen and can be characterised by euhedral

to subhedral grains of 0.02 mm size that can agglomerate to aggregates up to 2 mm. Disregard-

ing traces of tin in the crystal lattice of zinnwaldite, cassiterite represents in the sole tin bearing

mineral phase in the greisen lithology. Typical brownish to pinkish colours are common as well as

a zonal structure. The crystals are generally twinned and show distinct pleochroism. Cassiterite

also forms blastic to fine-grained mineral inclusions in zinnwaldite and within the mineral inter-

stices.

Furthermore rare wolframite, scheelite and columbite were identified among the accessory min-

erals. Whereas columbite occurs as euhedral inclusions in zinnwaldite or in aggregates with cas-

siterite the tungsten-bearing mineral phases are anhedral, randomly distributed within the rock’s

fabric and show no particular paragenesis. Grain sizes respectively are in the range of 0.02 to 0.5

mm and 0.01 to 0.1 mm for columbite and wolframite/scheelite.

Columbite of Zinnwald can incorporate variable amounts of Ta, Fe, Mn, Ti and U. Growth zoning

or irregular “patchy” zones of different composition represent therefore characteristic features.


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Scheelite was found to originate from alteration of wolframite in flat dipping veins. However, no

similar observations were made for greisen lithology so far.

For chemical formula and grade of ore minerals see Table 13.

Among all other greisen types only quartz-poor mica greisen and quartz greisen are of certain

importance. Each type is about less than 5 % of the total greisen volume in the deposit.

Quartz-poor mica greisen are characterised by the dominant abundance of zinnwaldite (>70 %).

Laths and tablets of metablastic zinnwaldite are forming an intensely interlocked fabric (Figure 14

B) with subhedral quartz and abundant fluorite. Texture of this greisen type can differ significantly

by zinnwaldite grain sizes ranging from 0.3 mm to 20 mm and variable amounts of quartz, fluorite

and alteration minerals (sericite, green clinochlore).

Quartz-poor mica greisen are commonly enclosed in the prevailing quartz-mica greisen forming

sheet like intercalations of limited thickness (max 1.0 m) and uncertain lateral extension. Addi-

tionally, local nests and pockets of this mica-rich greisen can be formed in quartz-mica greisen as

well as in the greisenised ZAG (Figure 15 C).

Quartz greisens are almost monomineral rocks composed of > 85 % quartz, minor zinnwaldite,

fluorite, kaolinite, haematite, and cassiterite. They exhibit a greyish colour and feathery/streaky

texture due to numerous cracks and inclusions within the quartz (Figure 14 C). Similar to the

quartz-poor mica greisens they form intercalations within the quartz-mica-greisens and can reach

a maximum thickness of about 5.5 m.

Table 13: Zinnwald ore minerals and average ore grades

Mineral name Chemical formula Element Average grade

(wt%)

Zinnwaldite KLiFe2+

Al(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 Li 1.6

Cassiterite SnO2 Sn 78.8

Wolframite (Fe2+

, Mn2+

)WO4 W 60.6

Scheelite CaWO4 W 63.0

Columbite Fe2+

Nb2O6 Nb 55.0


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Figure 14: Representative drill core images of the prevailing three greisen types occurring in

the Zinnwald deposit (A) Predominant quartz-mica greisen (ZGLi 01/2012 – 108.0 to 108.25 m), (B) Quartz-poor mica greisen rich in purple fluorite (ZGLi 02-2012 - 97.9 to 98.0 m), (C) Quartz greisen (ZGLi 02/2012 – 189.85 to 191.0 m)

A

B

C


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Other greisenised lithologies

Zinnwaldite is not restricted solely to greisen ore bodies. Subsequent greisenisation affected var-

ious rock types of the ZG cupola and adjacent wall rocks to a different degree. Therefore the

term “greisenised” is used for rockes that are not completely transformed into a greisen, meaning

that they exhibit remanents of feldspar. In terms of volume the ZAG is by far the most influences

lithology. Progressive greisenisation produced an enormous amount of greisenised ZAG that

exhibits typical features, e.g. beginning replacement of feldspar by the growth of metablastic

quartz and zinnwaldite as well as advanced argillic, sericitic and haematitic alteration.

A continuous succession of rocks that underwent a progressive metasomatic overprint can be

described as follows:

unmodified ZAG slightly greisenised ZAG intensely greisenised ZAG greisen.

Table 14: Selected physical and optical properties of zinnwaldite mica

Chemical formula KLiFe2+

Al(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2

System Monoclinic

Colour Greyish-brown, yellowish-brown, silver-grey, green-grey, nearly black

Moh's Hardness 2.5 to 4

Lustre Vitreous, pearly

Transparency Transparent, translucent

Density (measured) 2.9 to 3.02 g/cm³

For mineralogical processes occurring during the metasomatic transformation see chapter 8.1.

Depending on the time, the amount and the chemistry of fluids leading to the transformation, the

ZAG can show numerous stages of greisenisation intensity, commonly accompanied by different

types of alteration (Figure 15A and B). They display a high degree of variability regarding their

dimension, greisenisation intensity, lithium content, and position towards the greisen bodies (see

also chapter 9).

The greisenisation of the other granitic lithologies like porphyritic zinnwaldite microgranite is only

weakly developed. The aplite and the stockscheider show only minor metasomatic changes.


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Figure 15: Representative drill core images of the rocks adjacent to ore mineralisation

(A) Intermediate greisenised Zinnwald albite granite (ZAG) (ZGLi 01/2012 – 116.2 to 116.4 m) (B) Strong greisenised and haematised ZAG (ZGLi 01/2012 – 121.75 to 122.0 m), (C) Local nest of quartz-poor mica greisen in greisenised ZAG (ZGLi 01/2012 – 245.65-245.9 m (D) Contact of ZAG and greisen separated by a narrow zone of intense haematisation (ZGLi 01/2012

- 142.4 to 142.65 m)

Greisenisation can also affect the wall rock (TR). Unlike the medium-grained zinnwaldite albite

granite, which shows strong greisenisation in the upper part, the TR is only affected along flat or

A

B

C

D


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steep zones/cracks and along the contact between TR and ZAG, which were potential paths for

the hot and pressurized fluids. Greisenised TR can be characterised by a prominent dark colour-

ing due to the presence of fine grained micas (muscovite and zinnwaldite) dispersed in the matrix

of the TR. The original texture of the protolith is thereby still recognisable. Thickness of grei-

senised TR can reach up to 5 m in the vicinity of the contact towards ZAG but tends to be less

than 10 cm. Greisenised joints are commonly mineralised in the centre by quartz, zinnwaldite

and/or topaz.

Metaalbite granite Sn-W(-Nb-Ta) mineralisation

Moderate to intermediate greisenisation of albite granite associated with significant mineralisation

of Sn-, W- and Nb-Ta oxides (style IV) represents an unusual mineralisation style of the Zinnwald

deposit. Spatially independent from major greisen ore bodies this style is characterised by grei-

senised albite granite of common appearance but with a disseminated mineralisation of ore min-

erals.

During SWS exploration activities a continuous body of metaalbite granite Sn-W(-Nb-Ta) mineral-

isation of 20 m apparent thickness was intersected at drill hole ZGLi 06A/2013 (depth from 299 to

319 m). The mean grades are 0.26 wt% Sn, 520 ppm W, 130 ppm Nb and 40 ppm Ta, whereas

maximum concentration of 0.39 wt% Sn, 1200 ppm W, 160 ppm Nb and 50 ppm Ta were as-

sayed. Located below a stacked quartz-mica greisen ore body of exceptional thickness and

grade (50 m @ 0.47 wt% Li) presence of mineralisation was indicated by geochemistry rather

than macroscopically significant features on the drill core. Additionally, identical style of minerali-

sation was observed at adjacent SWS drill hole (ZGLi 07/2013) at less thickness and grade. Ex-

amination of thin sections from this zone revealed the presence of cassiterite as the sole tin bear-

ing mineral phase. Moreover, scheelite, columbite and rare wolframite were documented. The

ore minerals are associated randomly with the main mineral phases quartz, zinnwaldite, albite

and sericite. First measurements on the grain size distribution resulted in a cumulative passing of

85 wt% below 300 to 120 µm for cassiterite, 150 to 45 µm for scheelite and 100 to 30 µm for co-

lumbite. No figures are given for wolframite due to the very few mineral grains.

Intersections of minor thickness and distinct lower grade have already been reported by

GRUNEWALD, 1978a [102]. Exploring the resource data base for metaalbite granite Sn-W(-Nb-

Ta) mineralisation at a criteria > 0.1 wt.% Sn, several showings of more or less continuous inter-

sections could be made throughout the deposit (see Table 16). However, the finding of ZGLi

06A/2013 represents the most extensive and constant mineralisation with the highest average


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grade documented for the Zinnwald property. Information on geometry, spatial extension and

orientation, however, assuming a flat lensoidal shape of this mineralised zones and a low angle

of dip preliminary correlation between different drill holes of the eastern flank is possible due to

this new outcrop. Incorporating drill holes 19/77, ZGLi 06A/2013, 26/88, ZGLi 07/2013 and Cn22

a continuous mineralised zone of about 20 m thickness can be followed about 700 m along strike

in N-S direction dipping about 10 to 20° towards north.

Table 15: Summary of continous and discontinous drilling intersections of albite granite of > 0.1 wt% (n.a. = not analysed)

Hole ID

Part of the deposit

Depth from [m]

Depth to [m]

Drilled thickness

[m] Sn

[ppm] W

[ppm]

19/77 Eastern flank 346.00 371.00 25.00 1,132 94

24/88 Eastern flank 259.00 265.00 6.00 1,150 130

25/88 Eastern flank 194.00 196.00 2.00 1,115 120

26/88 Eastern flank 269.00 289.00 20.00 1,313 120

Cn 22 Eastern flank 220.00 238.00 18.00 1,076 n.a.

ZGLi 06A/2013 Eastern flank 299.00 318.95 19.95 2,663 522

ZGLi 07/2013 Eastern flank 259.00 269.00 10.00 2,285 346

ZGLi 07/2013 Eastern flank 290.70 303.60 12.90 1,496 95

22/88 Northern flank 231.00 237.00 6.00 1,655 505

23/88 Northern flank 274.00 276.00 2.00 1,130 10

23/88 Northern flank 298.00 301.00 3.00 4,387 163

Cn 65 Central zone 43.90 47.60 3.70 4,287 n.a.

ZGLi 01/2012 Central zone 113.00 124.00 11.00 1,690 153

9.1.2 Ore grades

As the geological cut-off, exclusively petrographic attributes were used for defining the orebodies.

The differentiation of potentially economically interesting ore types was based on mean lithium

grades and aspects of ore processing. According to these criteria two ore types can be distin-

guished:

“Ore Type 1”: greisen

“Ore Type 2”: greisenised albite granite und greisenised microgranite

Thereby the “Ore Type 1” - greisen consist of the petrographic sub-types quartz-greisen (TGQ),

quartz-mica-greisen (TGQ+GM) and mica-greisen (TGGM).


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Despite the opportunity to distinguish up to three levels of increasing greisenisation intensities, all

greisenised intervals of albite granite and microgranite were merged to one “Ore Type 2”.

Because of the generally low lithium grades in greisenised rhyolite the corresponding intervals

were not included into “Ore Type 2”. The following table gives an overview of petrographic sub-

types bound to the two ore types and the barren host rock. The weighted mean lithium grades

and other statistical parameters for the core samples of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and

(8) are shown as well.

The weighted lithium grades for “Ore Type 1” vary from about 1,000 ppm to 8,100 ppm (0.10 % –

0.81 %). The quartz-mica-greisen with a mean of about 3,400 ppm Li (0.34 %) represents the

most prevalent petrographic sub-type within this group. It is assumed that this sub-type mainly

determines the overall mean Li grade of the ore deposit. The predominant part of the greisen

structures is characterised by extensive beds that can be found in the endocontact of the albite

granite cupola of Zinnwald/Cínovec. The inclination of the beds follows mostly the granite sur-

face.

Table 16: Classification of ore types by analysis of Li core sample assays of campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8)

Ore Type

Petrographic key sign

Petrographic description

Apparent thickness weighted

mean Li grade [ppm]

Arithmetic mean

Li grade [ppm]

Median Li grade [ppm]

Min Li grade [ppm]

Max Li grade [ppm]

Number of core samples

1 TGGM mica-greisen 8,133 8,121 7,785 4,160 13,500 8

TGQ+GM quartz-mica-greisen

3,438 3,494 3,370 100 14,817 853

TGQ quartz-greisen 1,064 1,187 750 10 4,100 56

2 PG_GGM_3 UG_GGM_3 PG_PR_GGM_3

strongly altered to mica-greisen: albite granite, microgranite and porphyritic granite

1,980 2,019 1,858 300 4,830 141

PG_GGM_2 UG_GGM_2 PG_PR_GGM_2

medium-altered to mica-greisen: albite granite, microgranite and porphyritic granite

1,837 1,859 1,875 140 11,194 398


weakly-altered to mica-greisen: albite granite, microgranite and porphyritic granite

1,538

1,561 1,620 180 6,642 403

3 PG UG

albite granite and microgranite

1,378 1,413 1,400 50 7,339 543

YI rhyolite 656 581 420 50 1,900 47


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Quartz-greisen contains less mica and therefore less lithium (1,000 ppm, 0.10 %), whereas

quartz-poor mica greisen represents a mica rich variety (8,100 ppm = 0.81 %) Often, thin layers

of quartz-greisen can be found as intercalation in massive structures of quartz-mica-greisen.

The lithium grade of greisenised albite granite - and subordinate greisenised microgranite - (“Ore

Type 2”) ranges from 1,500 ppm to 2,000 ppm (0.15 % - 0.20 %). This clearly reflects the lower

degree of greisenisation intensity.

The “greisenised zones” are thought to envelop the greisen beds and reaches from 810 m a.s.l.

in the southern part to 350 m a.s.l. in the northern part of the modelled deposit.

The surrounding albite granite and microgranite show considerable high Li grades with

1,400 ppm (0.14 %) on average. This refers to the prominent geochemical specialisation of the

small granite intrusions of the post variscian stage with remarkable enrichment of incompatible

elements as Li, F, Rb, Cs etc.

Similar observations can be reported for the overlying rhyolite as far as located near the endo-

contact. Here the core sample showed mean lithium grades of about 600 ppm (0.06 %).

It must be mentioned that during the explorations campaigns No.s (1) to (7) the greisenised

structures were not always identified and distinguished completely and correctly. During that pe-

riod it could happen that a rock with lithium grades of 2,000 ppm was determined as an albite

granite rather it was a greisenised albite granite. The results of campaign No. (8) for example

substantiated extensive greisenised zones throughout the entire upper part of the granitic cupola.

Furthermore, the review of the data sets showed that sampling during the campaign No. (4) of

LÄCHELT, 1960 [87] in many cases was done under ignoring the lithological boundaries. There-

fore it is possible that granite samples partly include greisen or altered intervals and the other

way around.

The following mean grades of tin, tungsten, potassium oxide and sodium oxide have been calcu-

lated from drill core assays of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8). They are representa-

tive for the common mineralisation of the greisen beds and greisenised granite. Locally embed-

ded veins, seams and tin greisen stockworks might show significant higher mean values of tin

and tungsten.


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Table 17: Approximated mean grades of Sn, W, K2O and Na2O in greisen and greisenised granite

Potential shown as a mineral inventory

Mean Sn grade [ppm]

Mean W grade [ppm]

Mean K2O grade [wt%]

Mean Na2O grade [wt%]

„Ore Type 1“ greisens

approx. 400 approx. 80 approx. 2.50 approx. 0.2

„Ore Type 2“ greisenised granite

approx. 240 approx. 40 approx. 3.40 approx. 1.9

9.1.3 Veining

Mineral veins of the ZAG and the surrounding TR can be sub-divided in so called “Flöze” of flat

dipping angle (style II) and “Morgengänge” of sub-vertical dip (style III).

The flat dipping veins of the uppermost part of the Zinnwald intrusion (“Flöze”) are the main host

of historically exploited tin and tungsten mineralisation. They are generally not considered to be

hydrothermal veins sensu stricto, since they are composed of solely greisen minerals, namely

quartz, zinnwaldite, topaz, and fluorite. Furthermore, the actual mineral assemblage of the veins

depends on the adjacent host rock, meaning that “Flöze” exhibit quartz, zinnwaldite and topaz in

areas of major greisen mineralisation whereas they tend to comprise higher, almost monomineral

quartz contents if adjacent lithology is represented by feldspathic ZAG or TR.

The “Flöze” are characterised as flat, curved and onion-like developed ore mineralisation em-

placed in the uppermost part of the ZAG cupola. According to their flat dip and high lateral conti-

nuity they were historically designated by the term “Flöz”, corresponding to a seam of coal in

German mining terminology.

Dipping angles are in the range of 15° to 30° and only in the central Czech part of the deposit

they exhibit horizontal bedding. Among each other they are trending almost parallel but none of

them is developed over the complete extension of the granite. However, the lateral continuity

correlates positively with the mean thickness of the veins. They tend to disintegrate and re-join

erratically, which is significantly affecting the veins thickness. Moreover, lateral continuity is re-

duced by subsequent faulting tectonism.

“Flöz”-mineralisation is considerably frequent developed along the steep western flank of the

granite, probably due to the presence of intense fracture and L-joint systems. Towards the cen-

tral part the abundance of “Flöze” diminishes.


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The vertical spacing of the “Flöze” is variable and varies between 1 to 40 m. The thickness is in

the range of 1 cm to 1 m and tends to average around 0.2 to 0.5 m (Figure 16). Displaying a va-

riety of textural appearances the “Flöze” are commonly symmetrically mineralized showing a sel-

vage of very coarse-grained zinnwaldite followed by pegmatitic and drusy quartz towards the

center. Topaz and euhedral fluorite are mineralised in the interstices.

The predominant ore minerals cassiterite and wolframite occur as nests and nodules either at the

interstices of coarse grained quartz or along the selvages. Further ore minerals include scheelite

and sulfide minerals (galena, sphalerite, stannite, arsenopyrite, bismuthinite, and seldom acan-

thite) in the western part of the deposit.

The strong heterogenic character of “Flöz”-mineralisation is displayed by very rich portions locat-

ed close to barren zones of almost pure quartz along strike.

Within the property area the grade of ore mineralisation and thickness of the “Flöze” is consid-

ered to diminish below the level of Tiefer Bünau Stolln (752 m a.s.l.) and subsequently wedge out

with depth.

“Flöze“ are also developed in the wall rock (TR) where they commonly are less frequent and dis-

play lower thicknesses. Relatively abundant quartz and wolframite compared to minor zinnwaldite

and cassiterite and the absence of topaz are the most characteristic features (Figure 16 A).

In close relationship to the “Flöze” sub vertical to vertical dipping and NE-SW trending veins, the

so called “Morgengänge”, are developed in the Zinnwald deposit. They represent subsequently

mineralised faults (described in Section 7.3) and are formed synchronous with the “Flöze”.

These veins are considered to have served as feeding channels for metal-bearing fluids possibly

demonstrated by accompanied symmetrical greisenisation of the adjacent wall rock. They display

a broad range of textures but are commonly show the fault plane with a mica-rich seams, a nar-

row quartz-vein or brecciated wall rock or rather fault gouge, respectively. The thickness is about

10 to 20 cm and the mineral assemblage equals the “Flöz”-mineralisation.

During younger geological periods the “Morgengänge” underwent normal faulting with displace-

ments in the range of few meters. In some parts of the deposit with post-Variscan reactivation

they exhibit pink to deep red coloured barite.


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Figure 16: Representative drill core images of intersected vein mineralisation

(A) One major and several sub veins of quartz and wolframite in the wall rock of the Teplice rhyolite

(TR) (ZGLi 01/2012 – 71.0 to 71.75 m), (B) Typical “Flöz” vein hosted in Zinnwald albite granite (ZAG) showing narrow seams of adjoining

greisenisation (ZGLi 01/2012 – 88.0 to 88.45 m)

A

B


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10 Exploration program

10.1 Introduction

Within the Zinnwald mine a significant amount of the historic galleries and workings are still ac-

cessible. A mining museum, which was established in 1992, resides within the most developed

level, named “Tiefer Bünau Stollen”. These conditions are favourable for underground exploration

works. Even though the Tiefer Bünau Stollen level is not regarded for prospective exploitation, it

provides a very good possibility for studying the variability of the greisen ore bodies in terms of

mineralogy and geochemistry.

10.2 Drilling

SolarWorld Solicium GmbH (SWS) contracted various German drilling companies including Ge-

omechanik Bohrungen und Umwelttechnik GmbH Sachsen from Penig, BOG Bohr- und Umwelt-

technik GmbH from Caaschwitz (as sub-contractor of Geomechanik) and Pruy KG from Schön-

heide. Positioning of drilling rigs was restricted in some cases because of the existing land-use

dominated by scattered dwellings within pasture areas. Drilling conditions have been particularly

difficulty, especially in faulted intersections, zones of unusual strong argillic alteration and/or feld-

spathisation or intersections of high angle jointed and silicified Teplice rhyolithe.

The drilling programmes that were carried out on the Zinnwald property since 2012 have used

both wire line diamond core (core) and percussion drilling (PD) equipment. Reverse circulation

(RC) equipment was used only in a single twin hole for testing purpose.

For all drill holes done by SWS, inclination logging was conducted every 1 m in 2012 and every

0.05 m in 2013/14 on drill holes.

10.2.1 Program

SolarWorld Solicium GmbH has drilled 10 drill holes for a total 2,484 m in two campaigns (2012

and from 2013 to 2014). While drilling of first campaign was focused on verifying historic data by

twin drill holes, drilling locations of second campaign were chosen on the basis of first geostatis-

tic results (see also NEßLER & KÜHN, 2012 [48] and HARTSCH, SENNEWALD, NEßLER,

HOMILIUS & KÜHN, 2013 [59]). The resulting determination of preliminary ranges indicated a

maximum drill hole spacing of about 120 m. This figure was considered in placing the infill drill-

holes. Particular attention was paid on greisen ore bodies on the southeastern part where historic

drilling exposure is limited. Including the drill holes of all historic campaigns a new drilling grid


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was designed with spacing between the holes ranging from 150 m to 250 m along north-south

and east-west profiles. The SWS drill holes were drilled to depths from 79 m till 376 m. 8 of 10

holes achieved or exceeded their planned target depth. The first campaign used only diamond

core drilling technology. During the second campaign the approach was changed. To avoid prob-

lems because old mine stopings pre-collaring by percussion drilling was used to provide fast and

cost effective access to the level below the known historic mine workings (740 m a.s.l.) during the

second campaign.

The depth of 740 m a.s.l. presents the top of the resource model. Below that level diamond core

drilling took place. Additionally, one reverse circulation hole was drilled for testing purpose, dupli-

cating a previous diamond drill hole. Figure 17 shows the location and distribution of recent and

historic drill holes at Zinnwald.

Figure 17: Overview map of drill holes in the area under exploration


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10.2.2 Drill hole summary

In total 137 drill holes were implemented in the Zinnwald database with a cumulative length of

53,083 m. It contains data of 4,340 samples analysed for a suite of elements including tin, tung-

sten and less frequent lithium. 48 of the drill holes are located on the German side of the deposit

within the property area representing a cumulative length of 13,094 m and a total of 3,390 ana-

lysed samples. A summary of the significant drilling results for the property is given in Table 18

and Table 19.

Drilling within the Zinnwald property has confirmed the presence of several lithium bearing grei-

sen ore bodies with known dimensions of around 1 km north to south and by around 1 km east to

west at a depth lower than 820 m a.s.l. The ore bodies are located along the endo-contact of the

granitic intrusion of Zinnwald/Cínovec. Convex and flat to moderately dipping they follow the

granite contact. Generally the orebodies decreases in frequency and thickness with depth.

Greisen mineralisation was intersected in every of the new holes drilled by SWS. Intersected

thicknesses range between 0.1 m and 43.7 m found in drill hole ZGLi 6/2013 and ZGLi 6A/2013,

respectively. The deepest exposure of greisen ore was encountered at drill hole ZGLi 07/2013 at

a depth of 376 m (416 m a.s.l.). Exceeding the planned final depth of 360 m, mineralisation was

still intersected at 376 m. Drilling was aborted in ZGLi 07/2013 prior to reaching the bottom wall

rocks.

The contacts of greisen and hosting albite granite (ZG) lithologies are found to be either sharp or

diffuse but tend to measure between a few centimeters to decimeters. However, there are nu-

merous intersections of strongly argillic altered (and haematised) ZG followed by greisens with

relicts of feldspar and typical greisen with total thicknesses in the order of several meters. Re-

garding the supposition, greisen ore bodies are enveloped by zones of decreasingly greisenised

ZG both, sharp contacts of greisen and scarcely greisenised ZG were found to occur inde-

pendently from the depth, position towards the greisen bodies (hanging or footwall), and the

thickness of the greisen bodies.

True vertical thickness of the greisen ore bodies corresponds to the position towards the granite

contact and is therefore consistent with the vertical depth for the central parts where the dip an-

gle is less than 10°.

Towards the gently inclined (10°- 30°) flanks of the N, E and S and a steeply inclined (40°- 70°)

western flank, the true vertical thicknesses need to be calculated accordingly.


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Information on the orientation of mineralisation was based on exploration and research works of

the last 65 years. The model of elongated, N-S trending greisen bodies was revised to some ex-

tent during this campaign based on new drill hole exposure. Accordingly, a set of shallower grei-

sen bodies is restricted to the centre of the deposit (southern part of the property), where greisen

bodies were found towards the northern and the eastern flank at deeper levels. More detailed

information is presented in chapter 15.2.

The tectonic situation was especially complicated along the western flank of the intrusion where

drilling results needed to be carefully compared and adjusted with historic mining documents of

the German and Czech part to design a coherent lithological-tectonic model.

Log sheets visualising and summarising all drilling results were prepared by using Golden Soft-

ware’s Strater® 4 combining information on lithology, alteration, structure, geochemical and ge-

otechnical parameters. Thereby, depths are given as drilled length (m), true vertical depth (m)

and depth above sea level (m a.s.l.).

Table 18: Summary of exploration drilling by SWS during 2012 and 2014

Drillhole number

Start of drilling

End of drilling

Drilling performance

Total drilling & inclination survey

(m)

Percussion drilling (m)

Diamond drilling (m)

Date Date

Drilling Days

Metres per Day

Plan Actual Survey Plan Actual Plan Actual

ZGLi 01/2012 9.4.12 21.5.12 26 10.8 280 280.0 276.30 - - 280.0 280.0

ZGLi 02/2012 2.4.12 29.5.12 35 7.5 260 262.5 262.50 - - 260.0 262.5

ZGLi 3/2013 17.9.13 21.11.13 45 7.3 325 330.2 330.51 65 65 260.0 265.3

ZGLi 4/2013 20.8.13 1.10.13 31 8.4 260 260.0 154.35 68 68 192.0 192.0

ZGLi 5/2013 13.8.13 28.8.13 12 13.0 155 156.3 156.00 55 55 100.0 101.3

ZGLi 6/2013 29.8.13 4.10.13 27 8.5 334 221.3 100.25 40 40 294.0 181.3

ZGLi 6A/2013 7.10.13 14.11.13 24 14.0

336.4 334.73

200

136.4

ZGLi 7/2013 10.10.13 10.1.14 62 6.1 363 376.2 375.55 50 50 313.0 326.2

ZGLi 8/2013 4.11.13 17.1.14 50 5.2 259 260.8 259.95 64 64 195.0 196.8

Sum

Ø 8.0 2,236 2,483.7 2,250.14 342 542 1,894 1,941.8

ZGLi 5A/2013 (RC-Drilling)

24.1.14 29.1.14 4 19.8 150 79 41.49 150 79 --- ---


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Table 19: Summary of significant Li grades obtained in the SWS drill holes

Drill hole number Depth

from [m] Depth to [m]

Drilled thickness [m] Mean Li [ppm]

ZGLi 02/2012 71.3 82.6 11.3 3,908

ZGLi 02/2012 85.5 114.5 29.0 4,014

ZGLi 04/2013 173.4 179.4 5.9 3,903

ZGLi 04/2013 200.5 207.0 6.5 2,722

ZGLi 05/2013 57.3 66.3 9.0 4,137

ZGLi 05/2013 115.2 127.3 12.2 3,554

ZGLi 06A/2013 214.0 264.0 50.0 4,711

ZGLi 07/2013 238.3 254.7 16.4 2,646

ZGLi 07/2013 349.9 355.6 5.8 2,991

ZGLi 08/2013 121.4 146.6 25.2 3,121

10.2.3 Core recovery and RQD

Drill core recovery was recorded at the drilling site and ranged on average at 97.4 % for the ore

zones and 98.9 % for the total drilled length.

In drill hole ZGLi 06/2013 a zone of intense alteration was intersected from 167 to 171.5 m and

175 to 182 m which corresponded to the lithological contact of TR and quartz-poor mica greisen.

Due to very strong hydrothermal overprint and greisenisation both lithologies were characterised

by a nearly complete argillic alteration. They were transformed to loose material of clay minerals

and rock fragments. Possible tectonic movements within this zone were indicated by rock frag-

ments showing brecciation features. Core recovery within this zone dropped below 90 % and

reduced partly to 33 %. During further drilling this zone caused a deadlock of the drill string, when

reaching a depth of 220 m. For this reason and since the planned final depth was not achieved

drilling was terminated and the compensatory drill hole ZGLi 06A/2013 was set up about 1.5 m to

the east. Percussion drilling was then performed to a depth of 161.5 m and again from 180 to

211.5 m. No complications occurred during further diamond drilling and ZGLi 06A/2013 reached

the envisaged final depth with the required core recovery of at least 95 %.

Analogously, the rock quality designation index (RQD) was recorded at the drill site. One values

was documented for every drill run (usually about 3 m; in rare cases about 1.5 m). It ranged from


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0 to 100 %. Averaged RQD value for the total drilled length was about 88.0 % (details see Ap-

pendix 5.2: Record of rock quality designation index (RQD)).

10.2.4 Drill hole logging

Detailed logging of drill core was carried out in the project camp by the geologist employed by

Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg.

Log sheets were coded and details recorded downhole for lithology (including types of greisen

and intensity of greisenisation), modal composition, rock colour, texture, alteration type, alteration

intensity, degree of decomposition and other observations. Special emphasise was given to the

distribution of different types of greisen mineralisation, related alteration associations, and the

presence of various types of veins/veinlets and structures.

Geotechnical parameters were recorded including percentage of core recovery, index of rock

quality designation (RQD), cleavage density and features of tectonic stress, as well as fracture fill

material. Additionally, all drill cores were photographed either on drill site or in the project camp.

All features were then transferred to a digital database. It is important to note, that all drill core at

Zinnwald was logged by the same geologist throughout both SWS exploration campaigns.

Some fotos of core loging and sample logistics are attached in attachment 6.

10.3 Underground sampling

An underground sampling campaign was conducted providing a series of 88 trench samples from

three different sampling localities at two different levels in the greisen mineralisation of the Zinn-

wald deposit. Geochemical assays of the samples revealed lithium concentrations, which were

comparable to the results from drill core samples regarding range and variability.

Horizontal distribution of lithium concentration was found to be relative homogenous except high

and low outliers due to mica-rich nests or barren quartz greisen, respectively. The grade of grei-

sen ore is closely linked to the amount of zinnwaldite in the rock. Known from numerous publica-

tions, tin and tungsten show a more heterogenic character of distribution in the greisen minerali-

sation but are deemed to be adequately characterised by this sampling method. However, nu-

merous lining constructions in the galleries impeded the continuous set up of longer sampling

lines and generalizations need to be made with care.


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The comparison of results from the two different levels of about 40 m vertical distance allowed

the discrimination of two geochemically different greisen zones. The upper level showed greisens

which are more Li-rich and poor in Sn and W, whereas the lower level revealed element concen-

tration vice versa.

Even though the historic mining levels are not regarded for prospective exploitation, they provide

a very good possibility for studying the variability of the greisen ore bodies in terms of mineralogy

and geochemistry. However, since it gives only a view insight into the upper parts of the greisen

mineralisation, generalisations for deeper positioned ore bodies have to be made with care.

Some fotos of underground sampling are attached in attachment 6.

10.4 Bulk sampling

About 20 t of bulk ore materials were recovered from the underground mine workings of Zinnwald

for mechanical processing and metallurgical test work during August 2011 (see chapter 11.3).

10.5 Mapping

Due to the extension of the deposit across national borders there are only few detailed local geo-

logical maps combining the available information from both, the German and the Czech side. A

comprehensive geological map of the area was presented by DALMER (1890), revised version

by GÄBERT in 1908 (scale 1:25,000, see [151]). Later detailed geological maps with cross sec-

tions of the German part were produced during the three major exploration campaigns and com-

piled by BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT, 1960 [93], Grunewald, 1978a [102], and BESSER & KÜHNE,

1989 [108]. The Czech part of the deposit was mapped and studied in detail by ČABLA & TICHY,

1985 [105], much information from underground mining are compiled in several upright projec-

tions compiled by TICHY, RIEGER & ČABLA, 1961 [89].

New geological mapping during the exploration works performed by SWS took not place.

Underground trench sampling was accompanied by detailed mapping of the sampling localities

and their immediate surroundings as far as accessible. These works were done at a mapping

scale of 1 : 50 by B.Sc. Matthias Bauer from the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg

(NEßLER, 2012 [44]). For visualisation a method was chosen, that allowed the detailed docu-

mentation of the roof and both faces, considering lithology, mineralogy, faults and cleavages as

well as the location of the trenches (see report NEßLER, 2012 [45]).


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11 Sampling methods and approach

In 2012 the core diameter was 101 mm (NSK 146/102). Labelling and photographing took place

on the drilling site (five consecutive core boxes per photograph). After transport the core boxes to

the permanent core shed next to the main facilities of SWS the cores were cut at a local mason

using an automatic diamond stone bridge saw.

The main difference in sample preparation of the 2013 - 2014 campaign, compared with 2012,

was the reduction of the core diameter to NQ (47 mm). In addition core cutting was performed

directly in the temporary project camp installed during that period in the immediate vicinity of the

drilling field. Cutting was carried out by using a transportable diamond bladed core saw. Conse-

quently, the detailed logging procedure and photography was performed after ten consecutive

core boxes were arranged accordingly.

A diamond rock saw was used, because it is the most accurate cutting procedure and there were

no sooty or water soluble minerals that could be lost by washing during cutting. Broken core or

that was significantly disintegrated got divided with a trowel in equal parts in order to obtain a

representative sample. This work was assisted permanently by at least one person of the re-

sponsible and qualified SWS staff.

Some fotos of samplings and approach are attached in attachment 6.

11.1 Drill core sampling

The single core runs varied between 3 and 1.5 m length. The cores were placed in core boxes of

1 m length by the drilling crew (after cutting with a diamond saw) and were systematically logged

by the geological staff either at the drilling site or in the project camp immediately after delivery.

RQD and core recovery were measured prior to the core cutting. After transportation to the per-

manent core shed (in 2012) or respectively to the temporary project camp at Zinnwald (in 2013-

2014) the sampling segments to be split were marked.

In general sample length should not deviate from 1.0 ± 0.2 m while considering lithological

boundaries and different greisenisation intensities. Deviating extreme sample lengths were were

an exemption (minimum of 0.30 m and maximum of 1.55 m). The median sample length was at

1.0 m as shown in the histogram of Figure 18. One core quarter (in the campaign of 2012) or one

core half (in the campaign of 2013 - 2014) was placed in plastic sample bags and tagged accord-

ingly. No particular scrutiny that might bias the results was applied to select the core splits for

analysis. The core inventory system was scrupulously maintained.


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Core splitting and sampling took place according to the routine that a minimum sample mass of

2 kg was required for preparing the pulp for the chemical assays, subsequently to be used in

resource estimation.

The tags (sample ticket) included information on project name, drill hole number, sample number,

depth interval, lithology code, date of sampling as well as name of the sampling staff and were

put in a robust plastic bag. Additionally, the sample bag was labelled with the number of drill hole

and depth interval. Both the sample bag and tag were marked with a unique sample number de-

coding the type and year of the sample, the corresponding drillhole number and a consecutive

sample number.

Pre-printed tags were used to avoid doubled numbers or transposed digits. A strap of seven

more sample number tags was put in each sample bag for later usage on different products of

sample preparation. Finally, cable ties were used to seal the bags and batches of 20 samples,

which were prepared for transportation. In order to allow quick reference back to the core with

assay results the sample intervals and numbers were marked on the long side of the wooden

trays placed in the core boxes.

For exploration projects, PERC requires that some core be retained for future examination and

verification. Accordingly, all drilled cores from the project were transported to Freiberg and stored

in a secured and well organised manner in a high bay warehouse on the facilities of SWS.

Some fotos of samplings and logistics are attached in attachment 6.

Figure 18: Histogram of sample length from drill core samples of the period 2012 to 2014 (N = 1,248)


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11.2 Underground trench sampling

Trench sampling was conducted discontinuously from March to April 2012. First step was to mark

the starting point at each sampling locality and label 2 m intervals on the walls of the gallery by

using chalk and ribbons.

The trenches were cut with a handheld Dollmar diamond stone saw (type EC 2412). Electric

power supply of a junction box next to Albert shaft was used. Dust formation was reduced by

using a water sprayer. For each trench two parallel slits were cut at a distance of 4 to 5 cm to

contour the trench over the complete height of the gallery. The depths of these slits varied slightly

but were normally 2 cm to 3 cm.

After cleaning, the dusty faces with brushes and fresh water the ore material between the slits

was worked out with hammer and chisel. Thereby, particular attention was paid on breaking a

series of rock bars and not to pulverise the slivering rock as this might result in separating miner-

als of different density and rigidity. The broken material was collected in a big plastic trough held

directly beneath the particular sampling section.

After finishing a trench the material was packed into labelled plastic bags and was moved above

ground. In analogy to samples from drill core a sample ticket with a unique sampling number and

other information was inserted. The tools and plastic trough were cleaned with water to avoid

contamination of the next sample.

Health and safety measures included use of helmets, safety boots, safety glasses, ear protection

and dust respirator. To discharge dusty mine air the ventilation within the mine was controlled

continuously by the help of an aerometer. Depending on the respective situation different mine

doors have been regulated to ensure a fast and effective aeration.


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12 Quality assurance

12.1 Introduction

All measures of Quality Assurance and Quality Control were discussed with the Competent Per-

son and set in force accordingly after confirmation of the finally determined procedures.

12.2 Method of sample preparation

Sample preparation was carried out in the laboratory of G.E.O.S., to where the samples were

shipped at least once every two weeks. Samples were transported by project personnel. The

accompanying documents contained a list with the sample numbers and they were signed by the

responsible personnel handing over and receiving the material to assure chain of custody. Once

the samples were bagged at the project camp site all subsequent sample preparation was exe-

cuted by G.E.O.S. In the lab not more than one batch (at 20 samples) was handled at the same

time. Samples were dried if necessary and weighted first. The entire sample of drill core was

crushed to 80 % passing 10 mesh (2 mm) by use of a jaw crusher (RETSCH BB 200). About

500 g of crushed material was split for further grinding to 95 percent passing 150 mesh (63 µm)

using a ring-and-puck pulverizer (MSL 2 of former VEB Bergbau- und Hüttenkombinates „Albert

Funk“ Freiberg). The particle size of the samples is checked by simple finger test and again by

screening random samples in the geochemical laboratories.

For each sample a 50 g split of the pulp is placed in a pulp envelope and labeled with pre-printed

tags. The remainder of the 500 gram pulp sample is saved as a pulp reject. For samples that

were envisaged for QA/QC procedures (duplicates) three more subsamples of 50 g each were

split from the pulp reject. All splitting procedures were performed using a riffle splitter made of

stainless steel. Remaining material of different grain sizes was packed and labeled accordingly

and sent back for storage to the permanent core shed. To avoid contamination jaw crusher, disk

mill and all tools were cleaned neatly after every sample by help of a stiff brush and high pres-

sure air. The ring-and-puck pulverizer was cleaned additionally by grinding with pure quartz sand

after every days charge.

Enveloped pulps laid out on the sample prep pad before shipment to allow the insertion of stand-

ards to the batches. Once QA/QC samples had been inserted the samples were placed in batch-

es of approximately 150 to 350 into robust cardboard boxes which were sealed and marked up

with the contained sample numbers and shipping details.


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The chain of custody has been outlined in the previous paragraphs under this section. Any tam-

pering with individual bags or the ties would have been immediately evident when the samples

arrived at the lab. Documentation was provided such that that it would be difficult for a mix up in

the samples to occur either during shipment or at the lab. All procedures were being carefully

attended and met or exceeded industry standards for collection, handling and transport of drill

core samples.

12.3 Method of analyses

All drill core samples of SWS exploration activities during 2012 and 2014 were analysed at the

accredited commercial ALS laboratory at Roşia Montană, Romania. Different analytical methods

needed to be applied for the various elements depending on their host mineral and consequently

on the treatment necessary for their complete digestion.

Lithium which is incorporated in semi-resistant micas was analysed together with the group of

base metals and scandium by ICP-MS and a four acid digestion (Code ME-4ACD81). One sam-

ple that exceeded the maximum detection level for lithium of 10,000 ppm was additionally ana-

lysed by four acid digestion and AAS finish (Code: Li-OG63).

Tin and tungsten together with a broad range of other trace elements including the rare earth

elements were fused with a lithium metaborate followed by an acid solution and ICP-MS meas-

urement (Code ME-MS81d). This technique solubilizes most mineral species, including those

that are highly refractory.

An identical procedure was applied for the group of major elements (Code: ME-ICP06). During

the first campaign (2012) tin and tungsten were additionally analysed by a pressed pellet wave-

length dispersive XRF analysis (Code XRF05) for cross checking with the results of fusion ICP-

MS analysis. Samples of the second campaign (2013-2014) that exceeded the maximum detec-

tion level for tin of 10,000 ppm were additionally analysed by Na2O2 fusion, citric acid leach and

ion selective electrode measurement as well as KOH fusion and ion chromatography were used

to analyse fluorine (Code F-ELE82 and F-IC881).

Duplicates were sent to Activation Laboratories Ltd. in Ancaster, Canada for analysis. Analogues

to the digestion procedure at ALS the sample material was treated with a four acid leach and

measured for lithium with ICP-OES (Code 8 Lithium ore). The group of trace elements including

tin, tungsten, base metals and rare earth elements was analysed together with the major ele-

ments by ICP-MS and ICP-OES after fusion with lithium metaborate/tetraborate and acidic leach.


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Sodium peroxide fusion and ICP-MS finish was utilised for samples exceeding the upper limit of

detection of tin (Sn >10,000 ppm) and fluorine was measured using ISE.

A comprehensive list of elements analysed by ALS including the lower and upper detection limits

is given in Table 20.

Table 20: List of elements analysed at ALS with code of analytical procedure and limits of detection

Element Code Unit lower LOD

upper LOD

Element Code Unit lower LOD

upper LOD

Ba

ME

-MS

81

d

ppm 0.5 10,000 SiO2

ME

-IC

P0

6

% 0.01 100

Ce ppm 0.5 10,000 Al2O3 % 0.01 100

Cr ppm 10 10,000 Fe2O3 % 0.01 100

Cs ppm 0.01 10,000 CaO % 0.01 100

Dy ppm 0.05 1,000 MgO % 0.01 100

Er ppm 0.03 1,000 Na2O % 0.01 100

Eu ppm 0.03 1,000 K2O % 0.01 100

Ga ppm 0.1 1,000 Cr2O3 % 0.01 100

Gd ppm 0.05 1,000 TiO2 % 0.01 100

Hf ppm 0.2 10,000 MnO % 0.01 100

Ho ppm 0.01 1,000 P2O5 % 0.01 100

La ppm 0.5 10,000 SrO % 0.01 100

Lu ppm 0.01 1,000 BaO % 0.01 100

Nb ppm 0.2 2,500 LOI % 0.01 100

Nd ppm 0.1 10,000 Total % - -

Pr ppm 0.03 1,000 Ag

ME

-4A

CD

81

ppm 0.5 100

Rb ppm 0.2 10,000 As ppm 5 10,000

Sm ppm 0.03 1,000 Cd ppm 0.5 1,000

Sn ppm 1 10,000 Co ppm 1 10,000

Sr ppm 0.1 10,000 Cu ppm 1 10,000

Ta ppm 0.1 2,500 Mo ppm 1 10,000

Tb ppm 0.01 1,000 Ni ppm 1 10,000

Th ppm 0.05 1,000 Pb ppm 2 10,000

Tl ppm 10 10,000 Sc ppm 1 10,000

Tm ppm 0.01 1,000 Zn ppm 2 10,000

U ppm 0.05 1,000 Li ppm 10 10,000

V ppm 5 10,000 Li Li-OG63 % 0.005 10

W ppm 1 10,000 Sn XRF05

ppm 5 10,000

Y ppm 0.5 10,000 W ppm 10 10,000

Yb ppm 0.03 1,000 F F-IC881 ppm 20 20,000

Zr ppm 2 10,000 F F-ELE82 % 0.01 100


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12.4 Quality assurance and control measures

The application of a quality assurance and quality control procedure is used to ensure that the

assay results of an exploration program can be confidently relied upon. Control samples can

consist of blanks, duplicates and reference standard samples in addition to submitting an appro-

priate number of check samples to outside, independent laboratories to assure assaying accura-

cy. Blank samples test for contamination; duplicates test for contamination, precision and in-

trasample grade variance; and reference standards test for assay precision and accuracy.

Core quarter duplicates, pulp (lab) duplicates, and internal standard material were used in the

project for determination of adequacy of chemical analysis. Furthermore, internal QA/QC meas-

urements were conducted by the labs themselves that are evaluated here too.

ALS and Actlabs are all certified through the International Organisation for Standardisation to ISO

9001:2008 and /or are accredited after ISO 17025 (see attachment 5.3).

The laboratories used internal quality control systems. Accordingly each assay certificate listed

the sample results, plus the lab’s internal sample control results based on own duplicates, blanks

and reference standard pulps. They were used for each batch assayed.

Reporting of assay results from the laboratory was transferred to SWS in electronic format using

both Excel files and PDF format. Complete and final assays were prepared by the labs in PDF

format with the lab certification results included with each batch.

12.4.1 Internal standard material

The accuracy of laboratory results during the drilling/sampling program was monitored with the

use of two non-referenced internal standards prepared by SWS. Material from preliminary pro-

cessing test work was used to create internal standard 1 (IS1), a high grade material made from

magnetic separates, and IS2 a low grade material made from tailings of magnetic separation.

About 10 kg of each material was crushed and milled to 95 percent passing 150 mesh (63 µm),

homogenized and bagged in pulp envelopes at the facilities of a local research institute for me-

chanical processing (UVR FIA in Freiberg). Some 50 g of standard material was supplied for

each standard sample included in the sample batch.

During first campaign in 2012 each standard was introduced at a frequency of 1 in 40 (2.5 %) or

greater while frequency was reduced to 1 in 80 (1.25 %) in 2013 -2014.

In addition the laboratory utilised certified reference sample standards.


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Figure 19: Trace element sample control performance charts for internal standard No. 1 (high

grade)


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Figure 20: Trace element sample control performance charts for internal standard No.2 (low

grade)


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Table 21: Summary of basic statistic parameters for selected elements analysed in the inter-nal standards IS1 and IS2

Internal standard

Element N total Mean

[ppm]

Standard deviation

[ppm]

Coefficient of variation

Minimum (ppm)

Median

[ppm] Maximum

[ppm]

Range

(Max - Min)

[ppm]

IS 1 (high grade)

Li 23 7,211 311 0.043 6,910 7,130 8,220 1,310

Sn 23 6,160 233 0.038 5,480 6,140 6,550 1,070

W 23 1,111 43 0.038 1,050 1,100 1,230 180

IS 2 (low grade)

Li 20 773 29 0.038 720 780 810 90

Sn 20 256 14 0.053 231 255 286 55

W 20 78 4 0.048 72 79 86 14

12.4.2 Certified reference standard material

ALS used certified reference standard material for internal control during measurements of SWS

sample material. For different analytical procedures various standard materials were employed

(Table 22) from which the most frequently used ones are evaluated in the following.

Depending on the type these standard samples were implemented at a frequency of about 1 in

100 to 1 in 20 (1 to 5 %).

Table 22: List of certified reference standard material used at ALS for different analytical procedures

Analytical Code Objectives Standard identification

4ACD81 Li, Sc, base metals LS-1; LS-3; OGGeo08

ME-ICP06 Major elements SY-4; AMIS0085; AMIS0167

ME-MS81d Trace elements (including Sn, W) SY-4; TRHB; OREAS 146; AMIS0085

XRF Sn, W KC-1a; TLG-1


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Figure 21: Performance charts of trace element sample control (standards LS-1, LS-3,

TRHB)


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Figure 22: Performance charts of trace element sample control (standards KC-1a, TLG-1)

12.4.3 Core quarter duplicates

During the first exploration campaign of SWS (2012) sample preparation protocol, adequacy of

sample mass and uniform distribution of mineralisation was tested by inserting duplicate samples

of another drill core quarter from the same depth interval. Both samples were analysed by ALS.

This type of control analysis was carried out at a frequency of 1 in 10 (10 %).


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Figure 23: Scatter plots of trace elements for core quarter duplicates comparing results from

two different core quarters. For orientation a line with slope of 1.0 is given in red.


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12.4.4 Pulp duplicates

Pulp or lab duplicates were manufactured during ongoing sample preparation at the laboratories

of G.E.O.S. and were inserted at a frequency of 1 in 10 (10 %) in 2012 and reduced at a reduced

frequency in 2013 - 2014, after evaluation of the results of the first exploration campaign let con-

clude that a ratio of 1 in 20 (5 %) would be sufficient.

Pulps were submitted to an independent laboratory (Actlabs) for comparative analysis.

These assays were compared with those of the primary laboratory to observe and monitor any

bias during chemical analysis.


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Figure 24: Scatter plots of trace elements for from pulp duplicates comparing results from

ALS and Actlabs. For orientation a line with slope of 1.0 is given in red.


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12.4.5 Blanks

No explicit blank material was inserted into the analytical programme by SWS since low contami-

nations within high concentrations of lithium in ore samples are not deemed to be relevant for

assayed results.

Furthermore, intersections of very quartz-rich greisen that were sampled throughout the entire

campaigns could provide information about the geochemical spectra at the lower limits of detec-

tion.

Additionally, assays of blank material implemented by the primary laboratory (ALS) were used in

order to detect any contamination.

The following charts represent the results of this lab-internal blank analysis compiled for the dif-

ferent analytical procedures.


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Figure 25: Results of lab internal blank analysis for selected trace elements


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12.5 Adequacy of sample preparation, security and analyses

12.5.1 Internal standard performance

The performance of internal (non-certified) standard material was evaluated using the criterion

that ninety percent of the results must fall within ± 2 times the standard deviation (±2SD) of the

mean value for the assay process to be in control. Assuming Gaussian distribution, this measure

implies that each assayed value is in the range of about 95.4 % of all assays of accordant inter-

nal standard samples. Results are presented using statistical process control charts. Within the

charts the assay values for the standard are presented as black squares and the mean value of

the standard is listed on the right side of the chart. Control limits at ±2SD of the mean value are

marked with red and blue lines.

Both internal standards (IS1 and IS2) had a similar response to the analysis and demonstrated

no overall bias and no bias with time. Considering lithium, 21 out of 23 (91 %) assays of IS1 and

20 out of 20 (100 %) assays of IS2 fell within the limits mentioned above. Similar results are ob-

tained for tin and tungsten where 96 % (IS1) and 95 % (IS2) and 91 % (IS1) and 100 % (IS2) fell

within the limits, respectively. The analyses were therefore considered to be within required pre-

cision and accuracy requirements (Figure 19, Figure 20, Table 21).

12.5.2 Lab internal reference standard performance

The evaluation of reference standard material implemented by the lab uses the criterion that

ninety percent of the results must fall within the boundaries (in general ±2SD) assigned within the

certification for the assay process to be in control. The results are presented analogously to the

section above, displaying the name of standard material and the lower/upper bounds. Regarding

lithium, tin and tungsten all of the samples meet the criteria mentioned above and assays were

therefore assumed to be adequate (Figure 21 and Figure 22).

12.5.3 Core quarters duplicate sample performance

Duplicate samples of a second quarter of drill core were assayed to check the sample prepara-

tion protocol, adequacy of sample mass and uniform distribution of mineralisation during 2012. If

the protocol was adequate, ninety percent of the duplicate pairs of assays should fall within

±30 % of each other. During 2012 campaign lithium core quarter duplicates fell within control

limits. Tin and tungsten duplicates showed, however, about 75 % pairs of assays within the con-

trol limits suggesting a more heterogeneous distribution of cassiterite and wolframite (Figure 23).


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Since the results demonstrated the appropriateness of sampling chosen in 2012 core quarter

duplicates were not implemented during the following campaign.

12.5.4 Pulp duplicate sample performance

Duplicate samples of pulp (or the final sample product) material were assayed as another check

on assay accuracy and precision. For the 2012-2013 seasons, lithium duplicate pairs from pulp

material fell within control limits above the prescribed rate of 90 percent within ±15 %.

Pearson correlation coefficient was about 0.992 while rank correlation coefficient after Spearman

was about 0.993. Tin and tungsten did not meet these criteria, basically because of abundant

duplicate samples with low concentration and consequently an exaggerated percentage of devia-

tion.

However, coefficient of Pearson correlation of about 0.992 (Sn) and 0.997 (W) demonstrated the

strong dependence of assays from duplicate pairs (Figure 24).

12.5.5 Blank sample performance

Blank samples of the lab were measured in order to detect possible contamination during sample

preparation. A large number of the blanks demonstrated low-level lithium grades (< 5 ppm), only

3 samples were characterised by values above this limit up to 30 ppm. Very similar results were

obtained for blanks of other elements including tin and tungsten, where all samples except of one

showed grades below 0.5 ppm (at max. 1 ppm, see Figure 25).

Furthermore, analysis of barren quartz greisen lithology consisting of almost pure quartz revealed

low concentrations of lithium below 150 ppm.

12.5.6 Overall interpretation of QA/QC programme

Results from standard material analysis (internal, non-certified standard material and certified

reference material implemented by the lab) indicated that the lithium, tin and tungsten assay pro-

cesses were under sufficient control over a broad range of concentration. A high correspondence

of lithium assays from core quarter duplicates and pulp duplicates was obtained by scatter plot

visualisation and the calculation of Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.


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Core quarter duplicate assays of tin and tungsten indicated, however, a more heterogeneous

distribution of the mineralisation while results from pulp duplicates gave very good correspond-

ence analogues to lithium.

Although not directly determined by the implementation of own blank samples, sample prepara-

tion was deemed to produce no relevant contamination as can be deduced from analysis of al-

most pure quartz greisen.

The analysis of blank material by the lab revealed that no contamination was introduced during

the analytical procedures.

Although there were some isolated minor deficiencies in the current QA/QC program, the Zinn-

wald sampling and assaying program produced sample information that meets the industry

standards for the accuracy and reliability of lithium, tin and tungsten.

The assay results were sufficiently accurate and precise for use in resource estimation and the

release of drill hole results on a hole by hole basis.


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13 Data base and data verification

13.1 Database

The current database contains data from 57 surface holes and 12 underground drill holes. 10 of

the surface holes have been drilled during the past two years as part of the exploration campaign

done by SWS. The samples from the last drilling campaign (2012-2014) have been assayed by

ALS. All in all 4,246 lithium core sample assays are available, covering 7,255 m of core.

Further 83 assays were available from underground channel sampling, performed by SWS in the

year 2012 and another 1,350 assays from taken underground pick samples, reported by

GRUNEWALD 1978a [102].

General information on the drill holes is given in the data table “collar”. The data table “geology”

contains the geologic drill logs whereas the data table “samples” contains information on sample

assays. Discrete point sample data as for underground pick samples and channel samples is

given in data table “sample_disc”. In data table “B03_sample_01” information of the tables “sam-

ple” and “geology” was merged. Geological model and resource estimation are basing on this

table.

13.2 Data verification

13.2.1 Database verification

For the Zinnwald/Cínovec deposit datasets of various kinds and ages are available. They go

back to the 16th century and comprise geological, mineralogical, geotechnical, geochemical data.

Since the beginning of the 20th century the Zinnwald deposit has been investigated by three ma-

jor exploration campaigns, which built up the fundamental base of the historic datasets used with-

in the recent exploration campaign (LÄCHELT, 1960 [87], GRUNEWALD, 1978a [102], BESSER

& KÜHNE, 1989 [108], and BESSER, 1990 [110]). The extent and the results of these programs

are described in the report “Lithiumgewinnung in der Lagerstätte Zinnwald - Ressourcenein-

schätzung” which was compiled by KÜHN et al. 2012 [46]. From these exploration and research

reports the main information that are used for the evaluation of the Li-Sn-W-deposit Zinnwald

consists of information from drill core, mine maps and results of geochemical assays.

All original historic data found in geological and mining archives are available as printed text,

tables or figures implemented in final exploration and/or research reports. For the utilization with-

in a multi-source resource model datasets have been converted into digital format by simply

typewriting. Naturally, errors arise during this process and a control of digitised data is necessary.


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Additionally, recent data obtained during the ongoing exploration campaign need to be tested for

incorrect values introduced during digitisation. Table 23 gives an overview of datasets included in

the data control.

Prior to the actual controlling process general instructions need to be defined concerning the

amount and accuracy of controlled data. As a general rule the data control is applied to at least

10 % of the entities of each dataset. One entity corresponds to a complete column or row of the

dataset (e.g. one depth interval with lithological and tectonic information or one depth interval

with numerous analysed elements). Hence, an amount of 10 % of the data entities is randomly

selected from the original documents. All values of this subgroup are now transferred to an inde-

pendent spread sheet similar to the first data transmission/digitisation.

Thereby, the documentation of the digital data and the input template are structured identically. It

is important to note, that the input of raw and controlled data is performed by at least two different

persons.

The analysis of deviating pairs of values is conducted by either ordinary subtracting of one by the

other for numeric values or detecting of identical entities for non-numeric values using Excel-

routines. Results are then expressed in additional “deviation”-columns. Note that identical and

therefore correct values are designated by a deviation of 0 (zero), independent from the fact

whether they are numeric or non-numeric values.

As a result the quantity of incorrect values is calculated as percentage expression of the total

number of controlled values within this dataset. A dataset is designated as accurate if this portion

of faulty values is below 10 % of the controlled values. If the portion is higher than 10 % the com-

plete dataset has to be digitised again from the original documents.

After errors have been detected and did not exceed the 10 % level corresponding values are

corrected and the datasets are implemented back into the fundamental database.

Within the database, controlled entities are marked separately with an indication of amendment,

the conducting person and date of data control.


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Table 23: List of datasets used in the revaluation of the Li-Sn-W deposit Zinnwald/Cínovec and subjected to data control procedures

Li-Exploration: 1954 – 1960 (BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT,1960)

Drill hole data (number of drill holes = 27)

Basic drill hole data

Lithological drill hole record

Sample list including the results of chemical analysis from core samples

Research program: 1977 – 1978 (GRUNEWALD)



Deviation measurement record

Lithological bore hole record

Sample list and results of chemical analysis from moil samples

Sample list and results of chemical analysis from core samples

Data from underground grab samples (number of samples = 1350)

basic location data

Sample list including the results of chemical analysis

Sn-W-Exploration 1988 – 1989 (KÜHNE & BESSER)



Deviation measurement record


Sample list and results of chemical analysis from moil samples

Sample list and results of chemical analysis from core samples

Li-Exploration 2011 - 2014 (SolarWorld Solicium GmbH)




Rock quality designation index (RQD)


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The overall outcome of data control shows that all checked data sets comply with the determined

limits in terms of correctness and accuracy. None of the datasets controlled within this project

exceeded the limit of 10 % of incorrect values. Moreover, the most elevated percentage of faulty

values is about 1.7 % for the basic drill hole data (collar). A summary of the results from data

control of all data sets that have been utilised within the current resource estimation are given in

Table 24.

Furthermore, results of data control show that the majority of faulty values are due to transposed

digits crept in during digitisation. All errors or faulty values are of minor impact, i.e. none would

induce major systematic changes or generate deviating interpretation. Nevertheless, even nu-

merical small errors need to be detected and corrected.

Table 24: Results of data control performed on historic and recent exploration data

Data type Data source

Total num-ber of col-

umns in the original dataset

Total number of controlled columns

Percentage of

controlled columns

[%]

Total number

of controlled

entries (rows x

columns)

Total number

of faulty

entries

Percentage of faulty

entries [%]


BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT, 1960; GRUNEWALD 1978a; KÜHNE & BESSER 1989; SolarWorld Solici-um GmbH 2011-2014

47 47 100.00 235 4 1.70


BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT, 1960

806 91 11.3 1,547 10 0.64

Results of chemical analysis of samples from drill core

BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT, 1960

581 60 10.3 300 4 1.33

Results of chemical analysis of mine sam-ples

GRUNEWALD 1978a

1,335 142 10.6 994 1 0.10

Results of chemical analysis of samples from drill core

KÜHNE & BESSER 1989

1,252 294 23.48 6,468 7 0.11


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Data type Data source

Total num-ber of col-

umns in the original dataset

Total number of controlled columns

Percentage of

controlled columns

[%]

Total number

of controlled

entries (rows x

columns)

Total number

of faulty

entries

Percentage of faulty

entries [%]

Drill hole deviation record

Objektakte Sn Al-tenberg, Suche 2 - TG ZW; VEB BLM Gotha

638 84 13.17 336 1 0.30


SolarWorld Solici-um GmbH 2011-2014

315 35 11.1 1,365 6 0.44

Rock quali-ty designa-tion index (RQD)

SolarWorld Solici-um GmbH 2011-2014

572 60 10.5 360 0 0.00

13.2.2 Reanalysis of historic samples

13.2.2.1 Overview

In addition to the recent exploration results acquired by SWS during 2011 and 2014 the geologi-

cal model, assay data and consequently the resource estimation of the Zinnwald property is

based on data from historic exploration campaigns reviewed in chapter 13.2.1. In order to vali-

date the results from chemical analysis of these former campaigns a reassessment of the as-

sayed values was conducted during the first year of SWS exploration campaign (2011 - 2012).

This work included the geochemical analysis and comparison of about 53 historic samples from

drill core at the facilities of certified analytical labs (ALS and Actlabs). Since the sample types and

their availability are different for the historic exploration campaigns the results of the reassess-

ment are presented for the campaign of Li-exploration (BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT, 1960 [93]) and

Sn-W-exploration (GRUNEWALD 1978 a, b; [102], [103]; BESSER & KÜHNE, 1989 [108]) sepa-

rately.

The original sample material of historic campaigns was stored in the permanent core shed of the

Federal State Office for Agriculture, Environment and Geology of Saxony (LfULG) in Rothenfurth,

close to Freiberg. Unfortunately, only a fractional amount of original drill core material is pre-

served there. Halves of drill core are stored in wooden core boxes in a high-bay racking and are

ordered according the exploration campaign, drill hole number and depth. Beside the fact that

only sporadic parts of the drilled succession are preserved, the cores are stored in a well organ-

ised maner. Furthermore rejects of pulp drill core samples were found as well. They are stored in


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small paper bags to about 50 g each and are ordered according their drill hole number and

depth. A fraction of this material was destroyed due water damage from a leaking roof construc-

tion.

Due to the different objective targets, different sample types and different analytical procedures

during Li- and Sn-W-exploration campaigns it is absolutely necessary to evaluate the reanalysis

for each campaign separately. Tables 25 and 26 give a comprehensive overview of type, amount

and quality of sample material for the main historic exploration campaigns.

Table 25: Overview of sample material of historic Li-exploration campaign No. (4)

Li-Exploration (BOLDUAN & LÄCHELT, 1960)

Sample type Drill core (Ø=100 mm)

Sampled lithologies Greisen

Mean length of sample intervals 1.00 m

Total sample number 562

Analysed elements Li, Sn, W

Analytical method:

Li Flame photometry

Sn, W Spectral analysis

Preserved sample material Half drill core

Estimated portion of preserved sample material About 1 %

Table 26: Overview of sample material of historic Sn-W-exploration campaigns No. (6) and

(7)

Sn-W-exploration (GRUNEWALD, 1978; KÜHNE & BESSER, 1989)

Sample type I Moil samples

Sampled lithologies Complete drill core


Total sample number 1,332

Analysed elements Ag, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Co, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Sn, W, Zn, Zr, Y

Analytical method: Spectral analysis

Sample type II Drill core (Ø=47 mm)

Sampled lithologies All intersections with moil samples of > 800 ppm Sn


Total sample number 498

Analysed elements Sn, W (less frequently As)

Analytical method Xray fluorescence analysis (XRF)

Preserved sample material Retained pulp sample, about 50 g each

Estimated portion of preserved sample material 100 % (but partly damaged)


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Samples for reanalysis were selected based on the availability of corresponding historic assays

and the most extensive spatial distribution throughout the deposit area. In case of Li-exploration

about 28 samples (1 m length) of quarter drill core from 4 different drill holes were sampled using

a diamond saw.

Retained pulp sample material of Sn-W-exploration was selected from 6 different drill holes at a

total number of 25. All material was (crushed and) grinded in concordance with project sample

preparation instructions at the facilities of Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg and

G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH prior to shipment to accredited analytical labs.

All chemical analysis was performed by identical methods used during the SWS exploration and

described in chapter 12.3.

The following chapter gives a summary of the results obtained by reanalysis of samples from

historic exploration campaigns for the elements lithium and tin. The comprehensive final report

with detailed results, significant tables and figures and discussion is presented in appendix 5.1.

13.2.2.1 Results of reanalysis of drill core samples from Li-exploration (campaign No. (4))

Lithium

About 28 core samples from 4 different historic drill holes were assayed and compared with the

original results. As a result, considerable dependence of historic and recent Li-concentrations is

recognisable (Figure 26). Correlation coefficient of Pearson (rP) is about 0.8, while rank correla-

tion coefficient of Spearman (rS) is about 0.78.

The present deviations are in a way systematic that recent Li-grades exceed results from historic

analysis in about 24 of 28 samples. The absolute value of deviation is most elevated in the sam-

ple 24/59-16 with about 2,340 ppm and averages about 590 ppm for all 28 samples. The calcula-

tion of a mean percentaged deviation shows that the recent Li-grades are about 132 % of the

historic values (median = 118 %). Furthermore, there is no indication of a systematic change of

deviation corresponding to the concentration range, which is also shown by Gaussian distribution

of the deviations (tested with Shapirov-Wilk-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov-test at 0.05 signifi-

cance level).

As a result, the determined Li-concentrations of Li-exploration campaign are almost consistently

undervalued. This proofs that Li-concentrations are existent at least to the documented level.

Considering a conservative approach the Li-concentrations are not amended.


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Figure 26: Results of sample pairs from historic and recent analysis of Li-exploration data

(campaign No (4)) (A) Absolute lithium-concentration of original and duplicate assays (B) Absolute deviation of lithium-concentration (original minus duplicate)

0

1000

2000

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11

Li [

pp

m]

Sample Number

Li_Alt

Li_Neu

-2500

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

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11

ΔLi

[p

pm

]

Sample Number

A

B


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Tin The assayed Sn-concentrations from Li-exploration data are available over a broad range of con-

centration. Generally, they show a slight excess of historic values compared to recent assays but

also indicate several strong deviating sample pairs in both directions (Figure 27). Therefore, the

mean absolute deviations are misleadingly small with mean of about 16 ppm (median = 42 ppm).

The low dependence of the sample pairs is displayed by low values of correlation coefficients

(rP = 0.45 and rS = 0.04).

Within the rocks of the Zinnwald deposit the element tin is mainly represented by the mineral

cassiterite, which is more heterogenic distributed with local nests and adjacent barren zones.

Therefore, interpretation of Sn grades is hampered by the character of distribution in the rocks of

the Zinnwald deposit.

Results from reanalysis are characterised by a very weak dependence and reproducibility and do

not indicate any systematic shift.

An overlap of errors induced by analytics and sampling is most likely and impede the usage of

historic values for any type of resource classification.

However, the confined utilisation of tin concentrations for qualitative markers (barren - weakly

mineralised - strong mineralised) is possible.


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Figure 27: Results of sample pairs from historic and recent analysis of Li-exploration data

(campaign No. (4)) (A) Absolute tin-concentration of original and duplicate assays (B) Absolute deviation of tin-concentration (original minus duplicate)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

25001

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Sn_Neu

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ΔSn

[p

pm

]

Sample Number

original

duplicate

A

B


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13.2.2.2 Results of reanalysis of drill core samples from Sn-W-exploration (campaigns No. (6) and (7))

Samples from Sn-W-exploration campaigns are available as retained pulp samples grinded to

less than 100 µm and packed in small labelled paper bags of about 50 g each. The sample mate-

rial that has been chosen for reanalysis representing drill core material from either chip samples

or samples from half drill core (see table 26).

In total, about 25 samples from 6 different drill holes were examined. Since the reanalysis of Sn-

W-exploration samples is done on retained pulp material, which represents the identical sample

material to the historic analyses, it provides a possibility to determine precision of analytical pro-

cedure from that time. No sampling bias is introduced.

Lithium

Results of duplicate analysis from Sn-W-exploration indicate a two-sided distribution of deviations

for Li-concentrations. Whereas the majority of historic results of campaign No. (6) show an ex-

cess of Li in comparison to the duplicates (mean/median of deviation = 430/310 ppm) results

from campaign No. (7) indicate a dominance of duplicates exceeding Li-concentrations from his-

toric analyses (mean/median of deviation=115/40 ppm) (Figure 28). The maximum absolute de-

viation of campaign No. (6) and (7) is about 1,220 and 920 ppm, respectively. However, since

strong dependency of original and duplicate analysis is displayed by high correlation coefficients

of 0.92 (rP) and 0.87 (rS) for campaign No. (6) and 0.96 (rP) and 0.97 (rS) for campaign No. (7) as

well as a mean deviation of sample pairs of both campaigns fell into the range of variations of

natural greisen samples Li-assays can be considered as reliable and therefore utilised in re-

source calculation procedures.


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Figure 28: Results of sample pairs from historic and recent analysis of Sn-W-exploration data

(campaigns No. (6) and (7)) (A) Absolute lithium-concentration of original and duplicate assays

(B) Absolute deviation of lithium-concentration (original minus duplicate)

0

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1000

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Li [

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Li_Neu

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ΔLi

[p

pm

]

Sample Number

original

duplicate

A

B


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Tin

Recent results of duplicate Sn-assays do correspond well with their historic values (Figure 29) for

both campaigns. The trend of deviation indicated a constant but very slight excess of duplicate

assays in comparison to the historic ones. The maximum absolute deviation of about 65 ppm is

close to the overall mean absolute deviation of about 18 ppm (median = 15 ppm) which is sup-

ported by correlation coefficients close to 1 (rP=0.996 and rS=0.984). However, one constraint

regards to the limited range of concentration which is about maximum 940 ppm Sn.

Figure 29: Results of sample pairs from historic and recent analysis of Sn-W-exploration data

(campaigns No. (6) and (7)) (A) Absolute tin-concentration of original and duplicate assays (B) Absolute deviation of tin-concentration (original minus duplicate)

0

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Sn [

pp

m]

Sample Number

Sn_Alt

Sn_Neu

-80

-60

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-20

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ΔSn

[p

pm

]

Sample Number

original

duplicate

A

B


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Determined outcomes of Sn-concentrations from Sn-W-exploration data result from analytical

procedures that can be considered as highly reliable reproducible and can be therefore utilised in

resource calculation without correction.

However, since pairs of assays are available at limited concentration range attempts should be

made to gain material from more mineralised sample portions.

13.2.3 Quality control procedures

During exploration campaign No. (4) sample duplicates have been analysed by ZGD (Central

Geological Service of the GDR) in Berlin and Dresden, whereby assays of the labor of Dresden

seemed to be correct as confirmed by an arbitrary analysis of the laboratory of the Department of

Non-Ferrous Metals of the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg.

Systematic differences resulted from usage of different chemical pulping methods. 10 % of the

samples have been internally controlled in Dresden. Further 10 % were analysed as an external

control in Berlin and Freiberg by using the same chemical pulping procedure.

For exploration campaigns No.s (5), (6) and (7) no information on quality control of geochemical

analysis was available so far.

Core quarter duplicates, pulp (lab) duplicates, and internal standard material as well as certified

standard material were used during the recent exploration campaign No. (8) for the determination

of adequacy of chemical analysis.

Furthermore internal QA/QC measurements were conducted by the involved labs themselves.

Analysis was done by the geochemical laboratory of ALS in Romania. External control basing on

pulp duplicates was carried out by the chemical laboratory of SolarWorld Innovations GmbH in

Freiberg and Actlabs, which are all certified through the International Organization for Standardi-

zation to ISO 9001:2008 and /or are accredited after ISO 17025.

For the drill holes ZGLi 01/2012 and ZGLi 02/2012 10 % of the samples had been checked by

external laboratory. For the second part of campaign No. (8) the ratio was reduced to 5 %.


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13.2.4 Drillhole database

All data integrated into the database was checked by a testing 10 % of the entries of the collar,

survey, geology and samples tables. Less than 1 % of the checked data had to be corrected.

A second check for data plausibility has been executed also. All data manipulation of the testing

cycles is documented in the database.

13.2.5 Drilling location and survey control

Drilling locations were controlled by checking the coordinates against the digital elevation model

or by localizing the drillholes underground at the “Tiefer Bünau Stolln” level.

For most of the drillholes no downhole survey data were available and so they are assumed to be

vertical.

For drillholes with survey data, the paths have been controlled visually and by checking the pro-

tocoled coordinate deviation of the drilling location to the endpoint of the survey measurement

against the deviation in the SURPACTM model.


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14 Geological and structural 3D Model

14.1 Modelling technique

The geological sections and plans of the “Tiefer Bünau Stolln” level of LÄCHELT (1960) [87]

were used as a first idea for analysing the core region of the ore deposit on the German territory.

The sections and plans were digitised and geo-referenced.

After this procedure the already interpreted greisen beds were used for digital construction of

CAD sections of the conceptual geological model with SURPACTM (version 3.3).

During the next step top and bottom of the sections were tied up to the suitable intervals of the

DDH. Based on this stage, the greisen beds were extended to the drill holes of the exploration

campaigns performed in the 1970s and 1980s and to the drill holes located on the Czech side, as

far as possible.

Basing on the conceptual geological model the 3D greisen bed wire frame models have been

constructed later on.

Intersection lines of tectonic structures were digitised from the plans of the “Tiefer Bünau Stolln”

level. In the structural model is assumed that they dip with 85 degrees towards the north-east.

They appear as 3D planes in the SURPACTM model.


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14.2 Determination of ore types and host rock

As the geological cut-off, exclusively petrographic attributes were used for defining the orebodies.

The differentiation of potentially economically interesting ore types was based on mean lithium

grades and aspects of ore processing. According to these criteria two ore types can be distin-

guished:

“Ore Type 1”: greisen

“Ore Type 2”: greisenised albite granite und greisenised microgranite

Thereby the “Ore Type 1” - greisen consist of the petrographic sub-types quartz-greisen (TGQ),

quartz-mica-greisen (TGQ+GM) and mica-greisen (TGGM).

Despite the opportunity to distinguish up to three levels of postmagmatic alteration intensities, all

greisenised intervals of albite granite and microgranite were merged to one “Ore Type 2”. De-

tailed information on mineralogy of the ore types is given in chapter 9.1.

Because of the generally low lithium grades in greisenised rhyolite the corresponding intervals

were not included into “Ore Type 2”. Table 27 on the following page gives an overview of petro-

graphic sub-types bound to the two ore types and the barren host rock. The weighted mean lithi-

um grades and other statistical parameters for the core samples of exploration campaigns No.s

(4), (5) and (8) are shown as well.

For representation of dilution by not sampled interburden intercalated in “Ore Type 1” fill-in lithi-

um grades were assigned basing on a petrographic unit depended weighted mean lithium grade.

The method was applied also for singular intersected greisen intervals being separated by not

sampled barren measures from the sampled greisen intervals of the same greisen bed. With the

approach overestimation of lithium grades of the interburden and underestimation of lithium

grades of the greisen intervals shall be prevented. Fill-in values are marked by an “FI” sign in the

data table “tblB03_sample_01”, field “Li_resorce_sample_type”. All in all 23.4 m core length

(20.1 m interburden + 3.3 m greisen) have been assigned with fill-in grades.

The weighted lithium grades for “Ore Type 1” vary from about 1,000 ppm to 8,100 ppm (0.10 % –

0.81 %). The quartz-mica-greisen with a mean of about 3,400 ppm Li (0.34 %) represents the

most prevalent petrographic sub-type within this group. It is assumed that this sub-type mainly

determine the overall mean Li grade of the ore deposit.

The predominant part of the greisen structures is characterised by extensive beds that can be

found in the endocontact of the albite granite cupola of Zinnwald/Cínovec. The inclination of the

beds follows mostly the granite surface.


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Table 27: Classification of ore types by analysis of Li core sample assays of campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8)

Ore type

Petrographic key sign

Petrographic description

Fill-in Li

grade [ppm]

Apparent thickness weighted

mean Li grade

[ppm]

Arithme-tic mean Li grade

[ppm]

Median Li grade [ppm]

Min Li grade [ppm]

Max Li grade [ppm]

Number of core samples

1 TGGM mica-greisen 8,100 8,133 8,121 7,785 4,160 13,500 8

TGQ+GM quartz-mica-greisen

3,400 3,438 3,494 3,370 100 14,817 853

TGQ quartz-greisen 1,000 1,064 1,187 750 10 4,100 56

2 PG_GGM_3 UG_GGM_3 PG_PR_GGM_3

strongly altered to mica-greisen: albite granite, microgranite and porphyritic granite

1,900 1,980 2,019 1,858 300 4,830 141


medium-altered to mica-greisen: albite granite, microgranite and porphyritic granite

1,800 1,837 1,859 1,875 140 11,194 398


weakly-altered to mica-greisen: albite granite, microgranite and porphyritic granite

1,500 1,538

1,561 1,620 180 6,642 403

3 PG UG

albite granite and microgranite

1,300 1,378 1,413 1,400 50 7,339 543

YI rhyolite 600 656 581 420 50 1,900 47

Quartz-greisen contains less mica and therefore less lithium (1,000 ppm, 0.10 %), whereas

quartz-poor mica greisen represents a mica rich variety (8,100 ppm = 0.81 %). Often, thin layers

of quartz-greisen or quartz-poor mica greisen can be found as an alteration in massive structures

of quartz-mica greisen.

The lithium grade of greisenised albite granite (“ore type 2”) ranges from 1,500 ppm to 2,000 ppm

(0.15 % - 0.20 %). This clearly reflects the lower degree of greisenisation intensity. The grei-

senised zones are thought to envelope the greisen bed and reaches from 810 m a.s.l. un the

southern part to 350 m a.s.l. in the northern part of the modelled deposit.

The surrounding albite granite and microgranite show considerable high Li grades with 1,400

ppm (0.14 %) on average. This refers to the prominent geochemical specialisation of the small

granite intrusions of the post variscian stage with remarkable enrichment of incompatible ele-

ments as Li, F, Rb, Cs etc.. Similar observations can be reported for the overlying rhyolithe as fas

as located near the endocontact. Here the core samples showed lithium grades in average of

600 ppm (0.06 %).


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It must be mentioned that during the exploration campaigns No.s (1) to (7) the greisenised struc-

tures were not always identified und sistiguished completely and correctly. During that period it

could happen that a rock with lithium grades of 2,000 ppm was determined as albite granite ra-

ther it was a greisenised albite granite. The results of campaign No. (8) for example substantiat-

ed extensive greisenised zones throughout the entire upper part of the granite cupola.

Furthermore, the review of the data sets showed that sampling during the campaign No. (4) of

LÄCHELT 1960 [87] in many cases was done under ignoring the petrographic boundaries. There-

fore it is possible that granite samples partly include greisen or altered intervals and the other

way around.

To handle the discrepancy between the interval distinction of the “geology” and “sample” data

table a merged table “sample_01” was created in the data base. It comprises the interval bound-

aries of both the “sample” and the “geology” table and the adjacent information of data fields like

petrographic unit as well as lithium, tin and tungsten grades.

Table “sample_01” is the main table that has been used for the whole data processing and mod-

elling process.

For the geological interpretation and for preparation of the 3D model all available petrographic

sample descriptions of the exploration campaigns were merged and applied.

As a first step of interpretation the following criteria were used to distinguish the intervals of the

petrographic sub-types of “Ore Type 1”, being identical with the greisen, in the “sample_01” da-

tabase table:

1. interval belongs to petrographic units TGGM, TGQ+GM or TGQ

2. maximum apparent thickness of internal dilution does not exceed 2 m

Thus all greisen intervals were used for the geological interpretation by definition of East to West

and North to South striking drill hole sections.

The following criteria were used for determining the intervals of “Ore Type 2”:

1. interval belongs to petrographic units PG_GGM_3, UG_GGM_3, PG_PR_GGM_3,

PG_GGM_2, UG_GGM_2, PG_PR_GGM_2, PG_GGM_1, UG_GGM_1, or

PG_PR_GGM_1

2. interval belongs to petrographic units PG or UG and shows a Li grade ≥ 2,000 ppm


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Because of the Na content in the feldspar component processing of the “Ore Type 2” might be

problematic for the time being. Accordingly this ore type was discussed separately concerning

calculation of lithium potential resources. To avoid splitting-up the geological model of the greisen

beds a number of exceptions had to be made concerning the diluting effects of intersecting bar-

ren measures, normally up to 2 m apparent thickness. Barren host rock intervals exceeding the 2

m criterion are presented in the following Table 28:

Table 28: Intersecting interburden intervals exceeding the 2 m apparent thickness criterion

Drill hole Greisen layer Apparent thickness of diluting barren measure

[m]

Drill hole Greisen layer Apparent thickness of diluting barren measure

[m]

25/59 E 01 2.30 CS-1 A 01 2.20 / 3.30

26/59 D 01 2.20 CS-1 B 01 3.00

26/88 E 01 2.50 Z-1 A 01 2.15

Cn 46 A 01 2.10 Z-1 B 03 2.15

Cn 47 A 01 3.40 ZGLi 04/2013 C 01 2.09

Cn 67

B 01 2.40 ZGLi 05/2013 B 01 2.30

Cn 69 B 02 3.60 (3.20 m core loss) ZGLi 08/2013 B 02 2.45

All petrographic units of the covering rhyolite were summarised to one common unit prior to con-

structing the ore controlling granite surface (red intervals, see Figure 30).

Figure 30: Albite granite dome of Zinnwald hosting the greisen beds, view to south-westward

direction


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14.3 Approach of the 3D-Model of greisen beds (Ore Type 1)

After the greisen intervals were summarized in the “sample_01” data table, they could be visual-

ised on the basis of the drill holes in 3D with SURPACTM. A conceptual geological model of the

greisen beds, consisting of drillhole sections and including the major faults, was designed (see

Figure 31).

Figure 31: Conceptual geological model of the greisen beds, view to north-eastward direction

At least since the exploration campaign No. (4), it has been clear that the major greisen beds

divide into many subordinated layers. They are hereinafter called “greisen layers”. They have

very different horizontal extensions. Thus every remarkable layer, being detected by at least one

drill hole and showing one greisen interval having more than 2 m apparent thickness was identi-

fied and assigned to the database table “sample_01”. The identification code of the beds is ex-

pressed by the letters “A” to “K” naming the different greisen beds from top to bottom and, includ-

ing a number and if necessary a small letter for the subordinated greisen layers and intervals

(see Table 29).

Only 62 single greisen intervals with a cumulative apparent thickness of 48.4 m out of a total of

404 reported greisen intervals with a total apparent thickness of 2,041 m could not be assigned

to a definite greisen layer. In the most cases these 62 intervals had an apparent thickness less

than 1 m. Some of these greisen intervals exceeded 2 m apparent thickness but, they were lo-


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cated close to the earth surface and above the uppermost relevant greisen bed “A” or near veins

occurring in the rhyolite (exocontact zone). These greisen layers were coded with the letter “X” in

the data base.

Based on the sampling points of the conceptual geological model of greisen beds “A” to “K” a 25-

m-interval equidistant grid was interpolated for the bottom and the top boundary planes of the

greisen beds. It was assured that the boundaries of neighbouring beds/layers did not intersect

each other.

The intersection lines of the fault planes with the bottom and top boundary surfaces of the grei-

sen layers acted as break lines. Thereby displacement of the greisen layers could be modelled.

Outer and inner borders of the horizontal extensions of the greisen layers were defined. For the

case that no marginal drill holes existed, the greisen layers were extended further 50 m into the

space (half the theoretical drill hole spacing, half the semi-major range). Greisen layers were

interrupted half the way between drill holes, if an adjacent drill hole did not show an assignable

greisen interval.

According to Table 29 the following greisen beds with their subordinated layers have been mod-

elled:

Table 29: Greisen beds and their modelled subordinated layers

Greisen bed Subordinated layers

A A_01, no further subordinated layers modelled

B B_01a, B01b, B_01c, B_02a, B_02b, B_03a, B_03b

C C_01, C_02

D D_01, no further subordinated layers modelled

E E_01, E_02, E_03, E_04, E_05

F F_01, no further subordinated layers modelled

G G_01, no further subordinated layers modelled

H H_01, no further subordinated layers modelled

I I_01, no further subordinated layers modelled

J J_01, no further subordinated layers modelled

K K_01, no further subordinated layers modelled


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For the central part of the deposit the spacing between the drill holes ranges approximately from

100 m in east-west direction to 150 m in north-south direction. The spacing between the marginal

drill holes 26/59, 19/77, 20/77, 21/88, 23/88, 26/88, 28/88, Cn 22, Cn 26 and Cn 46 reached up

to 300 - 350 m. Positioning of the last 10 SWS drill holes completed in the period 2013 - 2014 did

not change this pattern in general.

Finally, merging together the upper, the lower and the horizontal boundaries of the greisen lay-

ers, self-contained solids have been created. The constructed solids, especially in case of the

greisen beds B and E, represent a complex of several stacked greisen layers.

14.4 Description of the modelled greisen beds (Ore Type 1)

All together 22 single greisen layers belonging to 11 main greisen beds have been distinguished

and separately constructed. The uppermost single greisen bed is “A” followed by “B”.

Figure 32 shows the constructed 3D model of greisen bed “A” respectively named layer “A_01”

with its two isolated bodies.

Figure 32: 3D model of greisen bed “A”, view in south-westward direction

Layers of greisen bed “B” show a very complex and alternating structure and therefore correla-

tion of the greisen intervals between the drillholes was complicated (see Figure 33).


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Figure 33: 3D model of greisen bed “B” with its subordinated layers, view in south-westward di-

rection

The spatial extension of the greisen layers is presented in the following Table 30. The southern

borders are limited by the boundary of the license area, ending at y = 5,622,650. For example the

models of the greisen beds “A”, “B” and “E” had to be cut at the Czech border.

Table 30: Spatial extension of the greisen layers of “Ore Type 1”

Grei-sen bed

Greisen layer

Extension from North to South

Extension from East to West

Altitude intervals Maximum vertical

thickness

A A_01 5,622,680 –

5,623,580 (900 m)

5,412,660 –

5,413,220 (560 m)

620 m a.s.l. –

820 m a.s.l.

18.5 m

B B_01a

B_01b

B_01c

5,622,650 –

5,624,070 (1,450 m)

5,412,540 –

5,413,880 (1,340 m)

305 m a.s.l. –

815 m a.s.l.

29.5 m

B_02a

B_02b

5,622,650 –

5,624,080 (1,430 m)

5,412,540 –

5,413,650 (1,090 m)

430 m a.s.l. –

790 m a.s.l.

33.5 m

B_03a

B_03b

5,622,650 –

5,623,680 (1,030 m)

5,412,620 –

5,413,720 (1,100 m)

400 m a.s.l. –

760 m a.s.l.

17.5 m


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Grei-sen bed

Greisen layer

Extension from North to South

Extension from East to West

Altitude intervals Maximum vertical

thickness

C C_01 5,622,650 –

5,623,010 (360 m)

5,412,650 –

5,412,970 (320 m)

580 m a.s.l. –

750 m a.s.l.

14.0 m

C_02 5,622,720 –

5,623,560 (840 m)

5,412,680 –

5,412,470 (790 m)

550 m a.s.l. –

740 m a.s.l.

12.5 m

D D_01 5,622,660 –

5,624,080 (1,420 m)

5,412,680 –

5,413,600 (920 m)

370 m a.s.l. –

730 m a.s.l.

17.0 m

E E_01

E_02

E_03

E_04

E_05

5,622,650 –

5,624,070 (1,420 m)

5,412,630 –

5,413,880 (1,250 m)

230 m a.s.l. –

720 m a.s.l.

33.0 m

F F_01 5,622,650 –

5,623,930 (1,280 m)

5,412,800 –

5,413,470 (670 m)

410 m a.s.l. –

690 m a.s.l.

9.0 m

G G_01 5,622,660 –

5,623,500 (850 m)

5,412,770 –

5,413,600 (830 m)

430 m a.s.l. –

680 m a.s.l.

13.0 m

H H_01 5,622,650 –

5,623,470 (820 m)

5,412,760 –

5,413,600 (840 m)

430 m a.s.l. –

670 m a.s.l.

15.0 m

I I_01 5,622,670 –

5623580 (910 m)

5,412,920 –

5413650 (730 m)

350 m a.s.l. –

660 m a.s.l.

5.5 m

J J_01 5,622,670 –

5,623,330 (660 m)

5,412,810 –

5,413,650 (840 m)

310 m a.s.l. –

640 m a.s.l.

19.0 m

K K_01 5,622,870 –

5,623,040 (170 m)

5,413,150 –

5,413,260 (110 m)

470 m a.s.l. –

500 m a.s.l.

3.5 m


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Greisen layer “B_01” extends from west to east over a distance of 1,340 m, while in north-south

direction it reaches 1,450 m. It can be described as the most extensive and important greisen

body of the deposit.

The altitude of greisen layer “B_01” ranges from 305 m a.s.l. to 815 m a.s.l. The maximum verti-

cal thickness (median) is 29.5 m in layer “B_01a”. Layers “B_01b” and “B_01c” are small split-

ting-offs of the main layer “B_01a”.

Greisen layer “B_02” extends 1,090 m from east to west and 1,430 m from north to south. The

maximum vertical thickness is to be found in layer “B_02b” with around 33.5 m. Layer “B_02a”

consists of very small splitting-offs that are situated in the top region of layer “B_02b”.

The bottommost greisen layers of bed “B” are “B_03a” and “B_03b”. They do extent about 1,100

m from east to west and 1,030 m from north to south. The thickest layer is “B_03a” with a maxi-

mum of around 17.5 m.

Figure 34: 3D model of greisen bed “C” with its subordinated layers, view in south-westward

direction


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Figure 35: 3D model of greisen bed “D”, view in south-westward direction

Greisen beds “C” and “D” (see Figure 34 and 35 are to be found underneath greisen bed “B”.

They are composed of a group of thinner greisen layers being located between the major beds

“B” and “E”. Greisen layer “C_01” is developed at the western slope of the deposit and extends

320 m from east to west and 360 m from north to the south. It shows a maximum vertical thick-

ness of 14.0 m. The layer “C_02” is found below and has a wider extension to the centre of the

deposit. With an extension of 790 m from east to west and 840 m from north to the south it is

remarkably larger than “C_01”. Despite of that, the maximum thickness is smaller, it is at 12.5 m.

Layer “D_01” representing the whole of greisen bed “D” reaches 920 m from east to west and

1,420 from north to the south. Its maximum thickness accounts for 17.0 m.

The greisen bed “E” consists of numerous larger and smaller separate bodies of 5 subordinated

layers that taken together cover large parts of the horizontal extension of the license area (see

Figure 36). Bed “E” can be assessed as the second most important ore bearing greisen bed. In

difference to greisen bed “B” the thickest parts are not generally located close to the centre of the

deposit but more likely they occur at the fringe adjacent to the centre. Greisen bed “E” extends

1,250 m from east to west and 1,420 m from north to the south. The greatest thickness is

reached at the north and east slopes with about 33.0 m.


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Figure 36: 3D model of greisen bed “E” with its subordinated layers, view in south-westward di-

rection

Greisen beds “F” and “G” respectively layers “F_01” and “G_01” occur below greisen bed “E”.

They are characterised by a less intensive mineralisation and a smaller extension (see Figure

37). Greisen bed “F” extends 670 m from east to west and 1,280 m from north to the south. Grei-

sen bed “G” has an extension of 830 m east to west and 850 m from north to the south. The max-

imum thicknesses are 9.0 m (“F”) or 13.0 m (“G”) respectively.

Figure 37: 3D model of greisen beds “F” and “G”, view in south-westward direction


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Figure 38: 3D model of greisen beds “H”, “I”, “J” and “K”, view in south-westward direction

The lowermost positioned greisen beds “H”, “I”, “J” and “K”, which are represented in the geologi-

cal model by the layers “H_01”, “I_01”, “J_01” and “K_01”, are clearly smaller than the greisen

beds in the hanging wall (see Figure 38). They mostly consist out of several isolated bodies.

Within this group layer “J_01” was identified as the thickest one with maximal 19.0 m.

14.5 Model of tectonic structures

Because of the geotechnical relevance already known tectonic structures were implemented into

the 3D geological model. A horizontal mine map of the 752 m a.s.l. level (schematic geological

level plan, Tiefer-Bünau-Stollen level, 1:1,000) was used to get a basic approach for the fault

system. It had been presented by LÄCHELT, 1960 [87] and resulted from the lithium drilling cam-

paign performed at Zinnwald from 1958 to 1960.

The level map shows the orientation of the drives and major tectonic structures, the so called

“Morgengänge”, which strike from northeast to southwest, were shown. The strike directions at

the 752 m a.s.l. level were used for 3D modelling.

It was assumed that the faults reach from the surface to the lower boundary of the model at the

500 m a.s.l. level. They have a steep dip angle of 85 degrees. Displacements are mostly less

than one meter.


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On the same level plan faults striking from northwest to southeast are not explicitly shown.

Therefore it was assumed that many of the mine workings of this orientation had been driven

along fissures/cleavages (so called “Querklüfte”). A separate file was implemented for these

structures. They are shown as vertical planes.

The results of interpretation are presented in Attachment 5.1 (Resource Report Appendix VI,

Page 6). These structures may require certain correction, when additional data from new explora-

tion phases should be available.

14.6 Validation of the geological and structural model

The validation of the geological and structural model was done continuously by Jörg Neßler (Ge-

ologist, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg / Germany). German and Czech geologic

plans of the “Tiefer Bünau Stolln” level were geo-referenced and plotted against the models.

Several inspections of the geology at the “Tiefer Bünau Stolln” level were undertaken to verify the

models. In this regard even for tectonic structures good congruence could be demonstrated.

However some uncertainties remain for the detailed geological structure of the eastern part of the

deposit.


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15 Mineral resource estimates

15.1 Methodology of mineral resource estimation

15.1.1 Volumetric modelling

Empty block models had to be defined for each greisen bed. A horizontal discretisation of 5 m x 5

m was chosen. The vertical blocking was set to 1 m due to the minimum thickness of economi-

cally minable ore beds of 2 m and in order to consider sufficiently the significantly differing lithium

grades in vertical direction as found in the drill hole sample data.

No sub-blocking was applied. Volume adjustment is done by calculation of partial percentage

factors for each block. The following Table 31 gives an overview of the block model parameteri-

sation:

Table 31: Parameterisation of the block model

Parameter x y z

Minimum 5,412,500 5,622,600 200 m

Maximum 5,413,900 5,624,100 850 m

Extent 1,400 m 1,500 m 650 m

Parent Block 5 m 5 m 1 m

Sub Block - - -

Max. Number of Blocks 54,600,000

To reduce the random access memory requirements, the block models have been constrained by

the greisen bed top and bottom boundary planes as defined in the geological model. All blocks

intersecting the named boundary planes or located inside the beds were assigned to the con-

strained block model. In general, mineralised portions have not been extrapolated more than 50

m from drillhole collar position. As an additional boundary the German-Czech borderline was

included.

By using a 2D 5-m-interval equidistant grid the base points for interpolation of vertical thickness

of the greisen beds were defined. Their spatial position is identical with the location of the column

midpoints of the block model. The vertical thickness was calculated by subtracting the altitudes of

the bottom from those of the top boundary planes, which was done for all greisen layers.


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15.1.2 Bulk density and moisture content measurement

Moisture content determinations of LÄCHELT 1960 [87] resulted in an average of 0.5 % H2O.

Because of this low water content no necessity existed for correcting the dry bulk density value.

Table 32 gives an overview of the bulk densities determined during different exploration cam-

paigns. It can be stated that the greisen show densities close to 2.7 g/cm³. Consequently, the

value of 2.7 g/cm³ was applied for resource calculation of the greisen.

Greisenised albite granite shows slightly lower densities around 2.65 g/cm³. Albite granite as the

host rock itself was determined to have a dry bulk density of about 2.6 g/cm³.On rock porosity no

information was available.

Table 32: Classification of ore types

Petrographic unit Location Method of determination Bulk density

[g/cm³]

Greisen drill holes 1/54 – 27/59, 40 samples1)

hydrostatic weighing 2.70

Greisen 8 samples2)

not defined 2.72

Greisen Reichtroster Weitung3)

DIN 18136, DIN 52105, DIN

1048, DGEG Recommenda-

tion No. 1.

2.73

Greisen, kaolinised Reichtroster Weitung3)

2.48 – 2.50

Albite granite drill hole ZGLi 01/2012 sample no. 904)

2.59

Albite granite drill hole ZGLi 01/2012 sample no.

2324)

2.52

Rhyolite drill hole ZGLi 02/2012 sample no. 284)

2.56

Albite granite (medium

altered to mica-greisen)

drill hole ZGLi 02/2012 sample no. 734)

DIN 18136, DIN 52105, DIN 1048, DGEG Recommenda-tion No. 1.

2.64

Albite granite (medium


drill hole ZGLi 02/2012 sample no.

1604)

2.63

Albite granite (strongly


drill hole ZGLi 02/2012 sample no.

1814)

2.69

1) LÄCHELT, A. (1960): Bericht über die Ergebnisse der Erkundungsarbeiten 1954/55 und 1958/60 mit Bohrungen auf

Lithium in Zinnwald (Erzgebirge). Unveröff. Bericht, Ergebnisbericht, Freiberg 2) GRUNEWALD, V. (1978b): Neueinschätzung Rohstofführung Erzgebirge, Gebiet Osterzgebirge – Metallogenie und

Prognose Zinnwald, Teil 2: Prognose. Unveröff. Bericht, Zentrales Geologisches Institut der DDR, Berlin 1978 3) KÖHLER, A. (2011): Untersuchungen zur Standsicherheit eines unregelmäßig ausgeformten Felshohlraumes am

Beispiel der Reichtroster Weitung im Grubenfeld Zinnwald. Diplomarbeit, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 31.07.2011 4) SOLARWORLD SOLICIUM GMBH (2013): Measurement of uniaxial pressure strength accordingly to DIN 18136, DIN

52105, DIN 1048, DGEG Recommendation No. 1.


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15.1.3 Prospects for eventual economic extraction

Concerning the minimum vertical thickness of economically mineable greisen bed ore, a value of

2 m was chosen as a reasonable measure.

The consequential limitation of the lithium orebodies was not done with the 3D geological model

only but also in the block model by using the interpolated vertical thickness as a limitation pa-

rameter in a database query.

Based on the current process development the mining cut-off calculated to be 2,500 ppm Lithium

as the base case.

For the calculation the recovery factors (see chapter 15.3 and 15.4) and the Economic Analyses

(see chapter 21) are used. The cut-off grade is determined without the Potassium by-product

revenue.

Alternative scenarios were calculated with cut-off grades 2,000 ppm, 2,250 ppm, 2,750 ppm and

3,000 ppm Li.

Based on the vertical thickness the linear productivity of the Li mineralisation was calculated in

order to include potential high-grade intervals with vertical thicknesses below 2 m of the block

model into the resource estimate.

Lithium linear productivity is the product of vertical greisen bed thickness and lithium grade. De-

pending on the minimum vertical thickness and the lithium cut-off grades, linear productivity Li-

cut-off grades are:

4,000 ppm · m, 4,500 ppm · m, 5,000 ppm · m, 5,500 ppm · m and 6,000 ppm · m.

15.1.4 Data used for grade estimation

Sample data frequency distributions of the data collectives have been compared. As conclusion

of comparison, data processing and statistical analysis can be summarised as follows:


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Table 33: Data joins used for resource and potential estimation

Component

Data collectives Purpose Compositing

Lithium core sample assays of cam-paigns (4), (5) and (8)

compositing and anisotropic in-verse distance interpolation within

greisen beds,

determination of mean lithium grade for greisenised granite

1-m-interval composites for drill hole greisen bed inter-

sections

none

Tin core sample assays of cam-paigns (4), (7) with correction factor 0.6 and (8) without cor-

rection factor

determination of mean tin grade of low graded sample population

for greisen beds,

determination of mean tin grade of low graded sample population

for greisenised granite

none

none

Tungsten core sample assays of cam-paigns (7) and (8)

determination of mean tungsten grade of low graded sample pop-

ulation for greisen beds

determination of mean tungsten grade of low graded sample pop-

ulation for greisenised granite

none

none

K2O core sample assays and chan-nel assays of campaign (8)

determination of mean K2O grade for greisen beds

determination of mean K2O grade

for greisenised granite

none

none

Na2O core sample assays and chan-nel assays of campaign (8)

determination of mean Na2O grade for greisen beds

determination of mean Na2O grade for greisenised granite

none

none

Data joins are also used for derivation of mean grades of greisenised granite.

Anisotropic inverse distance interpolation method provides estimation of mineral resources for

lithium within the greisen beds. It was based on 1-m-interval composites of the core sample as-

says of campaigns (4), (5) and (8). Derivation of overall mean grades is used for estimation of

potentials only.

Summarising of Li grades derived from core sample assays of explorations campaigns No. (4),

(5) and (8) reveals a clear difference between greisens and greisenised granite. Arithmetic mean

of greisens was found to be 3,390 ppm Li whereas greisenised granite showed only 1,858 ppm Li

(see Table 34 and Figure 39 to 41).


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Table 34: Summarised statistics of unified Li drill core assay data of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8)

Figure 39: Boxplots of unified Li drill core assay data of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8)

Parameter Value Unit

Samples 918 [-]

Minimum 10 [ppm]

Maximum 14,817 [ppm]

Arithm. Mean 3,390 [ppm]

Median 3,298 [ppm]

5% Quantile 776 [ppm]

25% Quantile 2,500 [ppm]



Standard

Deviation 1,678 [ppm]

Variance 2,815,082 [ppm²]

Coefficient

of Variation 0.49 [-]

Lithium (Li)

Core sample assays of greisen

exploration campaigns (4), (5) and (8)


Samples 1,138 [-]

Minimum 140 [ppm]


Arithm. Mean 1,858 [ppm]

Median 1,825 [ppm]





Standard

Deviation 830 [ppm]

Variance 689,489 [ppm²]

Coefficient


Lithium (Li)

Core sample assays of greisenised granite



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The Li grade frequency distribution histograms shown in Figure 40 and Figure 41 describe the

shape of normal distributions. Both the Li grade populations of the greisen and the greisenised

granite can be clearly distinguished from each other.

Figure 40: Histogram of unified Li assay from greisen of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8)

Figure 41: Histogram of unified Li assay from greisenised granite of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8)

A summary of drill core assays of the greisen intersections intervals is given in Table 35. The

Table 36 summarises the general statistics of the greisen bed drill core assays for lithium.


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Table 35: Summary of the drill hole intersections with the greisen beds

Greisen bed

Number of drill hole

intersections

Number of drill hole intersec-tions assayed for Li by ≥75% of the

length

Number of

drill hole intersec-tions assayed for

Sn by ≥ 75% of the length

Number of drillhole intersec-tions W assayed for W by ≥ 75% of

the length

A 17 7 7 4

B 01 54 25 26 16

B 02 46 22 23 15

B 03 36 14 15 12

C 31 11 14 8

D 26 15 17 9

E 64 25 35 20

F 18 8 10 7

G 18 12 11 7

H 15 7 10 7

I 7 3 5 4

J 9 4 7 7

K 1


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Statistical characteristics of lithium grades of the drillhole intersections with the greisen beds are

as follows:

Table 36: Summary statistics of the greisen bed lithium drill core assays

Lithium

Greisen bed A B 01 B 02 B 03 C D

Number of sample assays 53 250 284 91 62 107

5% Quantile [ppm] 800 890 1.161 1.000 2.040 350

25% Quantile [ppm] 1.300 2.248 2.408 1.995 2.750 2.300

75% Quantile [ppm] 3.400 3.797 4.180 3.680 4.041 4.064

95% Quantile [ppm] 4.640 5.390 6.143 5.792 6.292 6.285

Median [ppm] 2.508 3.110 3.365 2.833 3.576 3.340

Arithmetic Mean [ppm] 2.656 3.131 3.503 3.006 3.718 3.279

Minimum [ppm] 600 20 100 310 400 100

Maximum [ppm] 9.400 14.817 14.073 7.010 11.194 8.686

Standard Deviation [ppm] 1.547 1.620 1.757 1.426 1.527 1.547

Variance [ppm²] 2.349.284 2.614.327 3.077.605 2.012.264 2.293.530 2.371.599

Coefficient of Variation [-] 0,58 0,52 0,50 0,47 0,41 0,47

Greisen bed E F G H I J

Number of sample assays 203 33 74 31 14 10

5% Quantile [ppm] 1.259 2.025 156 841 2.485 596

25% Quantile [ppm] 2.600 3.100 1.410 2.153 2.738 871

75% Quantile [ppm] 4.465 4.738 3.288 4.000 3.462 2.630

95% Quantile [ppm] 6.368 10.311 4.400 4.500 4.448 3.858

Median [ppm] 3.437 3.530 2.527 3.100 2.935 2.075


Minimum [ppm] 150 600 0 600 2.183 511

Maximum [ppm] 10.800 10.311 7.470 4.691 4.600 4.420

Standard Deviation [ppm] 1.658 2.603 1.357 1.231 671 1.256

Variance [ppm²] 2.736.867 6.572.131 1.817.486 1.467.351 417.775 1.419.863


Most of the tin grades of greisens and greisenised granite were below 1,800 ppm and 900 ppm

(see Table 37 and Figure 42).


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Table 37: Summarising statistics of unified Sn drill core assay data of the exploration cam-paigns No.s (4), (7) and (8)

Figure 42: Boxplots of unified Sn drill core assay data of exploration campaigns No.s (4), (7) and (8)

The class with the maximum number of tungsten grade values of the sample population seems to

be close to detection limit (20 - 50 ppm) or even below for both the greisens and the greisenised


Samples 478 [-]

Minimum 1 [ppm]


Arithm. Mean 400 [ppm]

Median 120 [ppm]

5% Quantile 5 [ppm]




Standard

Deviation 933 [ppm]


Coefficient


Tin (Sn)




Samples 362 [-]

Minimum 1 [ppm]

Maximum 5,900 [ppm]


Median 71 [ppm]

5% Quantile 5 [ppm]




Standard

Deviation 515 [ppm]


Coefficient


Tin (Sn)




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granite (see Table 38 and Figure 50). In general most of the tungsten grade assays account for

less than 300 ppm for greisens and for less than 80 ppm for greisenised granite.

Table 38: Summarising statistics of unified W drill core assay data of exploration campaigns No.s (7) and (8)

Figure 43: Boxplots of unified W drill core assay data of exploration campaigns No.s (7) and

(8)


Samples 200 [-]

Minimum 23 [ppm]

Maximum 2,530 [ppm]


Median 41 [ppm]





Standard

Deviation 195 [ppm]


Coefficient


Tungsten (W)


exploration campaigns (7) and (8)


Samples 326 [-]

Minimum 11 [ppm]

Maximum 904 [ppm]


Median 31 [ppm]





Standard

Deviation 69 [ppm]


Coefficient


Tungsten (W)


exploration campaigns (7) and (8)


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The following Table 39 summarises the arithmetic mean grades derived from the statistical ana-

lysis of the unified data collectives. The rounded values as shown in brackets have been used for

estimating the up-side potential of the minor elements.

Table 39: Summary of arithmetic mean grades of Li, Sn, W, K2O and Na2O

Component Greisen

mean grades Greisenised granite

mean grades

Li [ppm] 3,390 1,858 (1,800)

Sn [ppm] 400 (400) 243 (240)

W [ppm] 87 (80) 45 (40)

K2O [wt%] 2.54 (2.50) 3.41 (3.40)

Na2O [wt%] 0.16 1.84

15.1.5 Evaluation of extreme assay values

Based on the frequency distribution the top-cut for outliers of lithium grade of the raw data was

found to be 7,000 ppm. Consequently, 43 Li grade values accounting at levels exceeding

7,000 ppm had to be substituted by the threshold value before using them for compositing (see

Table 40).


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Table 40: Top-cutted Li grades

hole_id

depth from

[m]

depth to

[m]

Apparent

thickness

[m]

Petro-

graphic

unit

Greisen

layer

Ore

interval

Li grade

sample

assay

[ppm]

Li grade for

estimation

purpose

[ppm]

1/54 10.00 10.10 0.10 TGQ+GM B_01 432 14,817 7,000

1/54 22.00 22.10 0.10 TGQ+GM B_02 466 9,475 7,000

1/54 28.00 28.10 0.10 TGQ+GM B_02 466 14,073 7,000

1/54 60.00 60.10 0.10 TGQ+GM C 513 11,194 7,000

10/55 90.40 90.75 0.35 TGQ+GM E 550 8,639 7,000

10/55 92.65 93.45 0.80 TGQ+GM E 550 7,757 7,000

13/58 108.10 108.70 0.60 PG 7,153 7,000

13/58 108.70 108.90 0.20 TGQ D 532 7,153 7,000

13/58 108.90 109.40 0.50 TGGM D 532 7,153 7,000

20/59 123.50 124.10 0.60 PG_GGM_3 7,013 7,000

20/59 124.10 125.50 1.40 TGGM D 535 7,013 7,000

3/54 4.00 4.10 0.10 TGQ+GM B_02 474 11,658 7,000

3/54 50.00 50.10 0.10 TGQ+GM C 520 7,339 7,000

3/54 67.99 68.00 0.01 TGQ+GM D 537 8,686 7,000

3/54 70.19 70.20 0.01 TGQ+GM E 569 9,336 7,000

6/55 37.59 37.60 0.01 TGQ+GM B_02 477 7,060 7,000

7/55 6.35 6.80 0.45 TGQ+GM B_02 478 8,407 7,000

7/55 6.80 6.85 0.05 TGQ+GM B_02 478 8,407 7,000

7/55 6.85 7.35 0.50 TGQ+GM B_02 478 7,942 7,000

8/55 52.99 53.00 0.01 TGQ+GM E 572 9,011 7,000

9/55 91.65 92.25 0.60 TGQ+GM F 593 7,850 7,000

9/55 92.55 92.75 0.20 TGQ+GM F 593 10,311 7,000

9/55 92.75 92.76 0.01 TGQ+GM F 593 10,311 7,000

9/55 92.76 92.85 0.09 TGQ+GM F 593 10,311 7,000

9/55 92.85 93.75 0.90 TGQ+GM F 593 10,311 7,000

Cn 22 214.85 215.30 0.45 TGQ+GM B_02 479 10,300 7,000

Cn 22 277.00 278.00 1.00 TGQ+GM E 575 8,400 7,000

Cn 22 278.00 278.70 0.70 TGQ+GM E 575 10,800 7,000

Cn 22 280.00 281.30 1.30 PG 8,400 7,000

Cn 23 114.45 114.60 0.15 TGQ+GM A 426 9,400 7,000

ZGLi 01/2012 124.90 126.00 1.10 TGQ+GM B_02 764 7,980 7,000

ZGLi 01/2012 143.40 143.70 0.30 PG B_03 507 7,010 7,000

ZGLi 01/2012 143.70 143.80 0.10 PG_GGM_1 B_03 507 7,010 7,000

ZGLi 01/2012 143.80 144.25 0.45 TGQ+GM B_03 507 7,010 7,000

ZGLi 02/2012 61.20 61.90 0.70 YI 9,520 7,000

ZGLi 02/2012 96.95 98.10 1.15 TGQ+GM B_02 490 7,640 7,000

ZGLi 02/2012 111.50 112.50 1.00 TGQ+GM B_02 490 7,770 7,000

ZGLi 02/2012 112.50 113.45 0.95 TGQ+GM B_02 490 8,160 7,000

ZGLi 02/2012 194.95 195.50 0.55 TGQ+GM G 610 7,470 7,000

ZGLi 05/2013 59.55 60.03 0.48 TGGM B_01 462 13,500 7,000

ZGLi 06A/2013 229.50 230.10 0.60 TGQ+GM D 547 7,640 7,000

ZGLi 06A/2013 230.10 230.55 0.45 TGGM E 586 7,640 7,000

ZGLi 06A/2013 261.60 262.45 0.85 TGGM E 586 7,590 7,000


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15.1.6 Compositing

Compositing has been done for Li drill core assays within greisen bed intersections only. This is

because of the lack of reliable drill core assays of tin, tungsten, potassium oxide and sodium ox-

ide and because of the lack of correct distinction of greisenised zones throughout the different

exploration campaigns.

Tin and tungsten grades generally tend to be very low within greisen beds and greisenised gran-

ite except for some singular intervals that might be related veins, small seams or stockworks hav-

ing a local spatial extension.

For potassium oxide and sodium oxide core sample assays are available only for exploration

campaign No. (8).

Consequently, tin, tungsten and potassium oxide are estimated as potentials and are reported by

ore volume / tonnage and a mean grade.

Li core samples assays of the exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8) were composited

downhole and with 1 m interval length. Small intervals of less than 0.5 m length were appended

to the neighbouring 1 m interval.

All ore bed interval intersections with ≥ 75 % sampled apparent interval thickness were used for

Li resource classification. The midpoints of the concerned interval intersections were applied to

interpolate classification zones within the greisen beds basing on the anisotropic reach parame-

ter of the inverse distance interpolation process.

Interval intersections with less than 75 % sampled apparent thickness were composited and used

for interpolation, but could not be utilised for resource classification. Thus, resource classes

nearby these intersection intervals were controlled by the next intersection intervals with ≥ 75 %

sampled apparent interval thickness.

15.1.7 Composite statistics

The following Table 41 summarises the general statistics of the composites.


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Table 41: Summary statistics of the 1 m composite intervals of the lithium drill core assays

Lithium

Greisen bed A B 01 B 02 B 03 C D

Number of composites 42 230 204 75 40 80

5% Quantile [ppm] 805 1.020 1.400 1.612 2.033 171

25% Quantile [ppm] 1.300 2.289 2.645 2.160 3.136 2.315

75% Quantile [ppm] 3.388 3.615 4.096 3.494 4.430 4.158

95% Quantile [ppm] 4.482 4.722 5.360 5.192 5.811 5.679

Median [ppm] 2.550 3.061 3.340 2.805 3.796 3.342


Minimum [ppm] 600 29 100 522 1.240 102

Maximum [ppm] 4.900 6.910 7.000 6.700 6.503 7.000

Standard Deviation [ppm] 1.215 1.167 1.212 1.221 1.082 1.460

Variance [ppm²] 1.440.968 1.356.763 1.461.916 1.470.770 1.140.576 2.104.668


Greisen bed E F G H I J

Number of composites 173 24 64 27 13 10

5% Quantile [ppm] 1.428 1.276 300 755 2.490 661

25% Quantile [ppm] 2.688 2.812 1.762 1.845 2.918 1.217

75% Quantile [ppm] 4.590 4.145 3.105 3.825 3.544 2.630

95% Quantile [ppm] 5.536 6.399 4.137 4.398 4.409 3.858

Median [ppm] 3.484 3.569 2.527 3.140 2.968 2.134


Minimum [ppm] 150 685 90 600 2.183 511

Maximum [ppm] 7.000 7.000 4.900 4.691 4.600 4.420

Standard Deviation [ppm] 1.347 1.508 1.150 1.233 653 1.181

Variance [ppm²] 1.803.414 2.179.964 1.301.768 1.464.302 393.139 1.255.476


An overview of frequency distribution histograms of lithium grade composites sorted by greisen

beds is contained in Attachment 5.1 (Resource Report, Appendix VIb).

Figure 44 presents a boxplot of composited lithium grades for the different greisen beds.


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Figure 44: Boxplots of 1 m interval Li grade composites


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15.1.8 Variography and grade interpolation

The classification of the determined lithium resources is based on a geostatistical spatial analysis

of the 1 m composites of the lithium grades within the greisen ore bodies, which is characterised

by a normal frequency distribution.

It is assumed that the intensity of the Li mineralisation has a layered pattern that is parallel to the

bottom and top boundary of the greisen beds. Therefore grade variations in x- and y-direction are

generally lower compared to z-direction.

To make use of the knowledge of the mineralisation genesis process, composite points were

projected to a planar zone surrounding the central plane of the greisen beds. This equates to a

coordinate transformation in vertical direction. Geostatistical variogram analysis was performed

based upon the entire transformed composite data keeping a space of 100 m in vertical direction

between the data collectives of each greisen bed in order to not cross the composite points of

adjacent greisen beds in the process of analysis.

The resulting semivariograms are presented in Figure 45 to Figure 47.

Figure 45: Semivariogram of the major axis of lithium composites of the greisen beds


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Figure 46: Semivariogram of the semi-major axis of lithium composites of the greisen beds

Figure 47: Semivariogram of the minor axis of lithium composites of the greisen beds


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Table 42: Variogramm parameters

Parameter Value

Nugget 0

Sill 1,850,000

Major (bearing of the interpolation ellipsoid) angle: 80°, range: 140 m

Semi-major (plunge of the interpolation ellipsoid) angle: 350°, range: 95 m

Minor (dip of the interpolation ellipsoid) angle: -90°, range: 3 m

The range of the geostatistical relationship between lithium grades accounts for 140 m, having an

azimuth of 80° (major axis) and 95 m, having an azimuth of 350° (semi-major axis) within the

greisen beds. The minor axis dips with 90° and shows a range of around 3 m (equates to the

vertical cross section of the greisen beds).

Since lithium assay data collectives are limited, especially for the less extensive greisen beds,

inverse distance interpolation procedure was chosen to transfer the statistical characteristics of

the sample data into a spatially distribution of grades within the block model.

Since plausible semivariograms could only be generated without differentiating several greisen

beds, the kriging interpolation algorithm was not applicable to estimate the lithium resource.

However lithium is Gaussian distributed and shows a very low coefficient of variation and a very

low nugget value as well. Lithium appears to be homogeneously distributed within the greisen

beds. That’s why inverse distance method could be used to interpolate grades even for large drill

hole spacing as existing in the case of Zinnwald. The following parameterisation of the search

ellipsoid of the anisotropic inverse distance interpolation was chosen:

Table 43: Parameters chosen for search ellipsoid of the anisotropic inverse distance interpo-lation

Parameter Value

Minimum number of composites to apply 1

Maximum number of composites to apply 10

Maximum number of composites per drill hole 1

Maximum horizontal search radius of the ellipsoid (major)

280 m (twice the major range)

Maximum horizontal search radius of the ellipsoid (semi-major)

190 m (twice the semi-major range)

Maximum vertical search radius of the ellipsoid (minor and vertical constraint)

100 m


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The inverse distance interpolation results were assigned to a planar block model as an interme-

diate step. Therefore lithium composite points had to be projected to a planar zone surrounding

the central plane of the greisen beds. Vertical discretisation of composites from different greisen

beds was handled by storing them in different files being used for the interpolation and by con-

straining the interpolation process to each greisen bed respectively greisen layer separately. Af-

ter that interpolated lithium grades were projected in vertical direction to their true spatial location

in a second block model.

15.2 Reporting of mineral resources and potentials

15.2.1 Preface

The Li resource and up-side potential of Li, Sn, W and K2O have been calculated for the German

part of the deposit and below a level of 740 m a.sl. Detailed estimates are given in Attachment

5.1 (Resource Report, Appendix V).

15.2.2 Mineral resource classification

The mineral resources in this estimate were estimated using the Pan-European Standard for Re-

porting of Exploration Results, Minerals Resources and Reserves (PERC). Definitions and guide-

lines are approved and published by the Pan-European Reserves and Resources Reporting

Committee on March 15th, 2013.

Li Mineral resource of greisen beds (Ore Type 1)

Variogram ranges (see Chapter 14) have been used as a measure to derive contiguous zones

classifying the lithium mineral resource.

From the drill holes only core sample assays were applied. Furthermore more than 75 % of the

intersected greisen interval had to be assayed to generate a classification zoning surrounding the

drill hole intersection interval, as determined for the project.

The criteria used to classify the resource are summarised as follows:

• “Measured” – High level of confidence in data quality, high level of confidence in grade estima-

tion, geological and grade continuity. For the greisen beds (Ore Type 1) necessary horizontal

distance to drill hole samples accounts for ≤ 70 m in east to west direction and ≤ 47 m in north

to south direction as supported by the variogram ranges. A single greisen bed body must be


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intersected and sampled by at least two drill holes according to the above defined rules. Esti-

mation uncertainty ratio accounts for ± 20 %.

• “Indicated” – Moderate level of confidence in data quality, moderate level of confidence in

grade estimation, geological and grade continuity. More widely spaced drill hole sample data.

Horizontal distance to drill hole samples accounts for >70 m to ≤ 140 m in east to west direc-

tion and > 47 m to ≤ 95 m in north to south direction. A single greisen bed body must be inter-

sected and sampled by at least two drill holes according to the above defined rules. Estima-

tion uncertainty ratio accounts for ± 40 %.

• “Inferred” – Moderate level of confidence in data quality, low level of confidence in grade esti-

mation, geological and grade continuity. Sparse drilling data compared to variogram ranges:

spacing of >140 m to ≤ 280 m in east to west direction and > 95 m to ≤ 180 m in north to south

direction. A single greisen bed body must be intersected and sampled by at least one drill hole

according to the above defined rules. Estimation uncertainty ratio accounts for ± 80 %.

Lithium inventory of greisen beds that could not be classified because of being too far away from

a sampled intersection interval is reported as a potential.

Anisotropic inverse distance interpolation was used to estimate the lithium grades within the grei-

sen bed envelops. The results have been verified by a simplified grid based 2D model using in-

verse distance algorithm. In general, resources have not been extrapolated more than 50 m be-

yond individual drill hole intersections with the greisen beds (half of the range of the semi-major).

Sn, W and K2O Potential of greisen beds (Ore Type 1)

Tin and tungsten weighted mean grades measured in the greisen bed intervals (drill core sam-

ples) of the exploration campaigns No.s (4), (5) and (8) were applied to the total greisen mass

and the ore tonnage respectively, as derived from the block model.

Also, K2O weighted mean grade measured in the greisen bed intervals (drill core samples and

channel samples) of the SWS exploration campaign No. (8) was applied to the total greisen ton-

nage and ore tonnage derived from the block model.

Li, Sn, W and K2O Potential of greisenised granite (Ore Type 2)

Volume of greisenised granite was derived from a simplified 2D grid based model. The volume

then was multiplied by the bulk density in order to estimate the total tonnage. The weighted mean

lithium, tin, tungsten and K2O grade, obtained from drill core sample assays of exploration cam-


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paigns No.s (4) to (8) and channel samples of exploration campaign No. (8), were applied to the

total tonnage of greisenised granite.

15.2.3 Lithium mineral inventory

The mineral inventory of lithium was estimated from the block model on the base of a 0 ppm cut-

off and without a constraint of minimum thickness of the geological bodies of “Ore Type 1”.

Table 44: Mineral inventory of Li, deposit Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l.

Mineral inventory

“Ore Type 1”

Volume

[106 m³]

Tonnage

[106 tonnes]

Mean Li grade [ppm]

Total 18.5 50.0 3,200

15.2.4 Lithium resource – base case

According to prospects for eventual economic extraction (minimum vertical thickness of greisen

beds = 2 m, cut-off-value Li = 2,500 ppm) the hereinafter shown lithium resource has been calcu-

lated for the German part of the deposit and below 740 m a.s.l. as the base case. It has been

compared with the case zero (minimum vertical thickness of greisen beds = 2 m, cut-off-value Li

= 0 ppm) to determine the internal dilution of the orebodies.

Table 45: Li resource of Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l. – base case summary

Resource classification

“Ore Type 1” greisen beds

Ore volume [10

3 m³]

Ore tonnage

[103

tonnes]

Mean Li grade [ppm]

Ore volume [10

3 m³]

Ore tonnage

[103

tonnes]

Mean Li grade [ppm]

Vertical thickness ≥ 2 m, cut-off Li = 2,500 ppm

Vertical thickness ≥ 2 m, cut-off Li = 0 ppm

Measured 3,808 10,283 3,661 4,601 12,422 3,287

Indicated 6,032 16,287 3,594 7,282 19,660 3,272

Inferred 3,654 9,867 3,705 4,352 11,750 3,322

Demonstrated (Measured+Indicated) 9,840 26,570 3,620 11,883 32,082 3,278

Total (Measured+Indicated+Inferred) 13,495 36,437 3,643 16,235 43,832 3,290

Internal Dilution

Total (Measured+Indicated+Inferred) 2,740 7,395 1,550


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In accordance to the following Table 46 it can be stated that greisen beds “B” and “E” are the

most important ore bodies of the Li deposit Zinnwald, holding around 82 % of the ore tonnage of

“Ore Type 1”.

Except for the minor greisen bed “G” and the lowermost greisen bed “J” the average lithium

grade is remarkable higher than 3,000 ppm. It reaches from 4,242 ppm in greisen bed “H” to

3,142 ppm in greisen bed “I”. The major greisen beds “B” and “E” are showing 3,424 and

4,010 ppm.

Table 46: Li resource of Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l. – base case greisen beds

Resource classification "Ore Type 1"

- greisen beds

Cut-off grade Li = 2,500 ppm, below the Tiefer-Bünau-Stollen level (≤ 740 m NN),

thickness of greisen beds ≥ 2 m

Greisen bed Resource

classification Ore volume

[m³] Ore tonnage

[tonnes] Mean lithium grade

[ppm]

A

Measured 0 0 0

Indicated 0 0 0

Inferred 322 871 3.524

Grand total 322 871 3.524

B

Measured 2.042.229 5.514.018 3.551

Indicated 3.150.140 8.505.380 3.372

Inferred 1.060.203 2.862.551 3.332

Grand total 6.252.572 16.881.949 3.424

C

Measured 158.378 427.622 3.497

Indicated 165.008 445.523 3.758

Inferred 202.369 546.396 3.667

Grand total 525.755 1.419.541 3.644

D

Measured 356.601 962.822 3.894

Indicated 374.037 1.009.901 3.891

Inferred 152.790 412.532 3.503

Grand total 883.428 2.385.255 3.825

E

Measured 931.147 2.514.098 4.053

Indicated 1.968.296 5.314.399 3.972

Inferred 1.909.399 5.155.378 4.029

Grand total 4.808.842 12.983.875 4.010


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Resource classification "Ore Type 1"

- greisen beds

Cut-off grade Li = 2,500 ppm, below the Tiefer-Bünau-Stollen level (≤ 740 m NN),

thickness of greisen beds ≥ 2 m

Greisen bed Resource

classification Ore volume

[m³] Ore tonnage

[tonnes] Mean lithium grade

[ppm]

F

Measured 45.228 122.115 3.516

Indicated 63.776 172.194 3.752

Inferred 69.329 187.188 3.620

Grand total 178.333 481.497 3.641

G

Measured 107.679 290.734 3.100

Indicated 90.853 245.302 2.855

Inferred 33.832 91.347 2.753

Grand total 232.364 627.383 2.954

H

Measured 0 0 0

Indicated 0 0 0

Inferred 1.334 3.601 4.242

Grand total 1.334 3.601 4.242

I

Measured 0 0 0

Indicated 0 0 0

Inferred 151.723 409.652 3.142

Grand total 151.723 409.652 3.142

J

Measured 167.184 451.396 2.880

Indicated 220.050 594.134 3.034

Inferred 73.078 197.309 2.854

Grand total 460.312 1.242.839 2.949

15.2.5 Lithium resource – Alternative cut-off grades

The following Table 47 shows a summary of mean lithium grades and ore tonnages for cases

with a minimum vertical thickness of the greisen beds of 2 m and lithium cut-off grades of 2,000 /

2,250 / 2,500 / 2,750 and 3,000 ppm. Detailed information on the ore tonnages and mean grades

of the several greisen beds is given in Attachment 5.1 (Resource Report, Appendix V).


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Table 47: Li resource of Zinnwald, German part below 740 m a.s.l. – base case greisen beds

Resource classification

“Ore Type 1” greisen beds

Ore volume [10

3 m³]

Ore tonnage

[103 tonnes]

Mean Li grade [ppm]

Ore volume [10

3 m³]

Ore tonnage

[103 tonnes]

Mean Li grade [ppm]

Vertical thickness ≥ 2 m, cut-off Li = 0 ppm (case zero)


Measured 4,601 12,422 3,287 4,234 11,431 3,529

Indicated 7,282 19,660 3,272 6,848 18,490 3,446

Inferred 4,352 11,750 3,322 4,051 10,939 3,578




Vertical thickness ≥ 2 m, cut-off Li = 2,500 ppm (base case)

Measured 4,032 10,888 3,594 3,808 10,283 3,661

Indicated 6,491 17,525 3,514 6,032 16,287 3,594

Inferred 3,826 10,329 3,655 3,654 9,867 3,705


Total (Measured+Indicated+Inferred) 14,349 38,741,992 3,574 13,495 36,437 3,643



Measured 3,423 9,241 3,774 2,939 7,934 3,917

Indicated 5,373 14,508 3,708 4,557 12,303 3,852

Inferred 3,319 8,962 3,805 2,892 7,807 3,932



15.2.6 Upside potential of Li, Sn, W and K2O

The Li upside potential has been estimated for the greisen beds and greisenised granite as a

mineral inventory for the German part of the deposit and below 740 m a.s.l.

The Li potential within the greisen beds describes those parts of the greisen volume that have not

been classified as a resource because of being situated too far away (> 280 m) from a sampled

drill hole intersection.


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Mean Li grades of the potential were derived from the overall mean grades of the resource clas-

ses “measured”, “inferred” and “indicated” for “Ore Type 1” (greisen) and from summary statisti-

cal analysis of the drill core assays for “Ore Type 2” (greisenised granite).

The upside lithium potential of “Ore Type 1” accounts for a volume of approximately 0.9 million

cubic metres or 2.4 million tonnes ore having a mean grade of 3,200 ppm. For “Ore Type 2”

roundly 44 million cubic metres / 117 million tonnes ore have been estimated. “Ore Type 2” is

showing a mean lithium grade of approximately 1,800 ppm.

Grades of minor elements have been calculated for “Ore Type 1” and “Ore Type 2” as a potential

also. It must be mentioned that the mean tin and tungsten grades are valid for the common dis-

perse mineral fractions being contained in the ore types. Veins, seams and locally occurring tin

greisen stockworks that are embedded in the ore type bodies might show significant higher

grades.

In “Ore Type 1” having a total volume of roundly 18 million cubic metres and a tonnage of

50 million tonnes mean tin grade accounts for approximately 400 ppm, mean tungsten grade for

approximately 80 ppm and mean potassium oxide grade for approximately 2.5 wt%. In “Ore Type

2” having a volume of roundly 44 million cubic metres and a tonnage of around 117 million

tonnes mean tin grade accounts for approximately 240 ppm, mean tungsten grade for approxi-

mately 40 ppm and mean potassium oxide grade for approximately 3.4 wt%.


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15.2.7 Block model validation

Validation of the geological model of ore type 1

A simplified 3D surface model, basing on the thickness of drill hole intersection intervals of “Ore

type 1” (greisen) below 740 m a.s.l., has been created to prove the corresponding total greisen

volume of the block model. Calculations resulted in a total volume of

18,413,000 m³ (49,715 kt, 2.7 t/m³)

which almost equals to the total volume of all greisen beds together (18,480,000 m³, 49,895 kt,

2.7 t/m³) that have been reported from the block model.

Block model validation

Block model validation has been done by comparing percentile graphs of raw sample assay

grades, composite grades and interpolated grades of the block centre points (summary of all

greisen beds: see Figure 48, single graphs of the greisen beds: see Attachment 5.1 (Resource

Report, Appendix IVc).

The percentile graph on the following page, representing a summary of all greisen lithium assay

data, composite point and block centre point lithium grade data, reveals that there is a good con-

gruence between the grade frequency distributions. Accordingly lithium grades have been

properly assigned to the block model by inverse distance interpolation.

Slight deviation of about 5 % in the percentile classes below 30 % and above 60 % especially for

the classes “Indicated” and “Inferred” are caused due to effects of the interpolation procedure

leading to averaging of the grades with increasing distance to the next sample point.


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Figure 48: Percentile chart of lithium drill core assays compared to composite and block

model centre point lithium grades

Grade-tonnage-curves

Grade-tonnage-curves and -tables have been prepared for evaluation of the Li resource estimate

below 740 m a.s.l. (see Figure 50 and Figure 49). Some of the smaller greisen beds show irregu-

lar shaped curves. This is caused by small vertical thickness having nearly the same grade and

dominating large parts of the total volume.


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Figure 49: Grade-tonnage-curves of Li mineralisation, greisen beds A to E


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Figure 50: Grade-tonnage-curves of Li mineralisation, greisen beds F to J


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Comparison with historic resource estimates

The deposit was explored for lithium in campaigns No.s (4), (6) and (8). Greisen tonnage and

mean grades are comparable in a direct way for campaigns No.s (4) and (8) only. Campaign (6)

focused mainly on investigation of tin and tungsten mineralisation.

Table 48: Comparison of Li ore resource and its average Li, Sn and W grades, according to exploration campaigns

Exploration campaign

No.

Resource class

Volume [10

3 m³]

Tonnage [10

3 tonnes]

Mean Li grade [ppm]

Mean Sn grade [ppm]

Mean W grade [ppm]

(4) BOLDUAN UND LÄCHELT (1960) [92]

C1+C2

(Greisen inter-section inter-vall thickness ≥ 2 m, cut-off 0

2,000 ppm

4,000 1,000 200

Sum C1+C2

5,000

10,700 2,800 500

Sum C1+C2

13,500

3,000

Prognostic mean grade

500

Prognostic mean grade

200

(6) GRUNEWALD

(1978b) [103]

No classifica-tion

(Greisen drill hole intersec-tion interval thickness

≥ 5 m, cut-off = 0

ppm)

5,980 16,100 3,000 Not calculated for Li ore

Not calculated for Li ore

(8) SWS (2013) Measured / Indicated /

Inferred (Vertical thickness

≥ 2 m; cut-off

= 2,000 ppm)

4,234

6,848

4,051

Sum

15,133

11,431

18,490

10,939

Sum

40,860

3,529 3,446 3,578

Mean grade

3,505

Potential approx. 400

Mean grade approx. 400

Potential approx. 80

Mean grade approx. 80

Potential of

greisen

approx. 900 approx. 2,400 approx. 3,200 approx. 400 approx. 80

Potential of

gresenised

granite

approx.

44,000

approx.

117,000

approx.

1,800

approx. 240 approx. 40

By additionally taking geological data of campaigns No.s (5), (6), (7) and (8) and Li assay data of

campaigns No.s (5) and (8) into account, it can be summarised that the Li resource nearly has

been more than tripled in comparison to exploration campaign No. (4).


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15.2.8 Risk assessment of resource estimation

The overall error range of the resource estimation results from the interaction of the uncertainty

ratios of different input factors, which are:

1. Errors and lack of drillhole survey data, especially for data before exploration campaign

No. (7)

2. Errors of geochemical analysis, especially for data of exploration campaign No. (4)

3. Errors of data base data acquisition

4. Uncertainties of the 3D modelled geological shapes of the greisen beds

5. Lack of sufficient spatial data density, especially for greisen beds with small extension,

preventing the ability to perform a reliable geostatistical analysis

The before mentioned error factors are summarized as the estimation uncertainty ratios, being ±

20% for the class measured, ± 40% for the class indicated. Applying these factors to the estimat-

ed and classified ore tonnages gives the corresponding tolerance intervals.

The following figure gives an overview of the band of uncertainty that is associated with the esti-

mated demonstrated lithium resource. The shown ratio must be taken into account for reason of

economical evaluation and determination of reserves.

Figure 51: Tolerance intervals of the estimated demonstrated Li resource


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So for example for the base case scenario (cut-off grade lithium = 2,500 ppm, minimum vertical

thickness of the greisen beds = 2 m) the tolerance band of demonstrated greisen ore tonnage in

place reaches from 18.0 million tonnes to 35.1 million tonnes which equals to a range of ± 32%

(see Figure 51). The estimated value accounts for 26.6 million tonnes.

For the total resource the tolerance band encompasses values from 20.0 to 52.9 million tonnes of

ore whereby the estimated value accounts for 36.4 million tonnes. Consequently the range of

uncertainty equals to ± 45%.

15.3 Mining factors and assumptions

15.3.1 Mining loss

It is planned to use a room and pillar system for mining. An average mining loss between 45 %

and 55 % was calculated for the lowest and highest level of the deposit RIEDEL et al., 2013 [57].

15.3.2 Dilution

In every mining operation it is impossible to separate the ore from the waste perfectly because of

the use of drilling and blasting. The mining dilution of 15 % was estimated by C&E Engineering

und Consulting GmbH (C&E), meaning that each 1 meter wide block of ore consists of 0.15 me-

ter of neighbouring waste block as dilution. A lithium average grade of 0.18 % was used for the

waste due to the elevated grades in the host rock (greisenised granite). The total of mining dilu-

tion resulted in lowering the lithium grade for a 0.25 % cut-off from 0.35 % to 0.33 %.

15.4 Metallurgical factors or assumptions

The results of the test work program and the plant design indicate the following recovery factors

for lithium:

- Mineral processing from ore to zinnwaldite concentrate: 90.00 %

- Metallurgical processing from zinnwaldite concentrate to lithium hydroxide 90.25 %

- Metallurgical processing from zinnwaldite concentrate to potassium sulfate 56.25 %

The overall lithium recovery of the mineral and metallurgical processing will be 81.23 %, respec-

tively 53.4 % for potassium sulfate.


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16 Mine model

The mine model is based on the first resource calculation of the Zinnwald lithium deposit (KAHNT

et al., 2013 [58]).

In the conceptual design for the mine (RIEDEL et al. [57]) a horizontal mine development in six

levels aound the deposit with the following levels is planned.

Table 49: Compilation of planned mine levels and resources

Level Elevation above sea level

Length

Volume Mass

1 665 m 3,560 m 74,760 m³ 149,520 t

2 605 m 3,990 m 83,790 m³ 167,580 t

3 545 m 4,250 m 89,250 m³ 178,500 t

4 485 m 4,890 m 102,690 m³ 205,380 t

5 425 m 4,930 m 103,530 m³ 207,060 t

6 365 m 1,690 m 35,490 m³ 70,980 t

The six levels are shown in a cut view of the mining model (see RIEDEL et al, 2013 [57])

Figure 52: Section view mine model with six levels and ramp to processing plant (RIEDEL et al., 2013 [57]

The drift cross section of the horizontal mine development is designed with a drift’s width of 4.9

meter and height of 4.5 meter.

A mining block is defined in the dimension of 300 x 60 meter between two levels of the horizontal

mine development (Figure 52). A room and pillar system in connection with LHD technology

(Load - Haul – Dump) shall be used to mine the ore in the blocks. Later the stopes will be back-

filled with solid material.


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Figure 53: Mining block in the mine model

The ramp from level 3 to the mine portal has a length of 1,700 meter. The portal of the ramp will

be close to the processing plant (Figure 54).


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Figure 54: Area processing plant close to the ramp portal


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17 Mineral processing and metallurgical testing

17.1 Introduction

Mineral and metallurgical processing tests were performed to evaluate the potential of Zinnwal-

dite concentrate and lithium hydroxide (LiOH-H2O) production. The preliminary results of the

zinnwaldite concentrate test program are presented in chapter 17.2. The metallurgical process

development of LiOH-H2O production is presented in chapter 17.3. The general process is pre-

sented in Figure 55.

UndergroundMining

Roasting

Mineral Processing

Lithium Salt

Production

Mica- Concentrate

Ore

LiOH*H2O: 8,500 t/a

K2SO4: 15,000 t/a

Limestone

Gypsum

Water

Figure 55: General block flow chart

17.2 Mineral processing

The process design for mineral processing was developed by UVR FIA GmbH, Freiberg (see

MORGENROTH & SCHEIBE, 2011 [39]; MORGENROTH, 2012 [41]; MORGENROTH &

BORMANN, 2012, [40]; MORGENROTH & BORMANN 2012 [51]; KALLIEBE, 2012 [43];

MORGENROTH & SCHEIBE, 2013 [55], MORGENROTH et al., (2013) [63]). A bulk ore sample

of 20 tons was mined for the testing program.

In Figure 56 the block flow chart for the mineral process is shown.


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Step 1Pre-Crushing

Step 2Grinding

Step 3-4Magnetic

Separation

Step 5Fine Grinding

Figure 56: Block flow chart for mineral processing The beneficiation of zinnwaldite ore includes different crushing (1) and grinding technologies (2),

multistage magnetic separation steps (3,4) and fine grinding to minus 250 µm (5). In different

experimental studies the optimal grain sizes for an effective magnetic separation process were

determined. Parameters for the whole process were optimised.

A mica concentrate with 1.13 % lithium can be produced at a lithium recovery rate of 94 %

(MORGENROTH et al., 2013 [63]. A recovery rate of 90 % was determined for further technology

and financial considerations.

In Figure 57 the resulting process flow chart is displayed.

Figure 57: Mineral processing for production of zinnwaldite concentrate production

(MORGENROTH & SCHEIBE, 2013 [55])

1

2

3 4

5


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17.3 Metallurgical processing

17.3.1 General process description and process flow diagram

The aim of the metallurgical process is to convert the lithium and potassium contents of the zinn-

waldite mica concentrate into lithium hydroxide and potassium sulfate, respectively.

Blending andGranulating

LeachingRoastingFirst Impurity

Removal

Second Impurity Removal

Lithium hydroxideProduction

Potassium sulfateProduction

Packaging

WaterLimestoneGypsum

Zinnwaldite

Figure 58: Block flow chart for metallurgical processing

17.3.2 Reagents, blending and granulating

Grinded zinnwaldite concentrate and reagents (gypsum, limestone and water) would be propor-

tionally weighed and conveyed to an intensive granulating and pelletizing mixer for the prepara-

tion of the roasting mixture. The granules with 1 to 3 mm diameter and 10 to 13 % moisture

would be fed to the conveyed belt store and afterwards to a rotary kiln for the roasting process.

17.3.3 Roasting

The wet zinnwaldite-gypsum-limestone granules would be dried and roasted for 30 minutes at

1,050 °C in a coal dust-fired rotary kiln and then cooled down to arround 130 °C in a rotary cool-

ing system. The roasting and cooling is a continuous process and converts the lithium and potas-

sium in the mica to water-soluble lithium-potassium sulfate (LiKSO4) (Figure 59). The iron and

aluminum amounts in the mica would be oxidised to water-insoluble oxides (MARTIN & PATZIG,

2014 [37]).


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Figure 59: Roasted product from the gypsum-limestone processing

17.3.4 Leaching and first impurity removal

The rosted granules will be leached with hot water three times in order toproduce an aquous so-

lution of lithium sulphate, potassium sulphate and in small amounts calcium sulphate and rubidi-

um sulphate.

To eliminate the impurities, primarily calcium, a calcium carbonate precipitation process coupled

with a filtration unit would be used.

17.3.5 Potassium sulfate production

The leach solutions from first impurity removal will be concentrated by evaporation in a three

steps crystallizer system.

At the same time potassium sulfate crystals grows and would be cycloned and centrifuged to

produce raw potassium sulfate. After leaching with fresh water and drying the final product will be

stored for holding and buffering. The leach solution can be recycled to the evaporation system.

17.3.6 Lithium hydroxide production

A second impurity removal phase follows in order to separate remaining calcium as well as mag-

nesium by ion exchange columns. Finally, the purified brine is pumped to storage tanks and af-

terwards to the membrane electrolysis (electrodialysis) systems.

In electrodialysis cells with bipolar membranes the lithium sulfate solution is split into lithium hy-

droxide and sulfuric acid solutions.


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The lithium hydroxide solution gets concentrated by evaporation in a crystallisation circuit. The

crystals would be cycloned and centrifuged to producing raw lithium hydroxide monohydrate.

The final product will be produced by leaching with fresh water, drying and grinding. Storage silos

would be used for holding and buffering the dry lithium hydroxide monohydrate (MERTINS et al.,

2013 [38]).

Figure 60: Lithium hydroxide monohydrate from laboratory test program

17.3.7 Product packaging

The final products lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide and potassium sulfate will be packaged in

25 kg bags or in 1,000 kg BigBags on pallets. Additionally bulk tank trailers would be used.


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18 Market assessment and contracts

18.1 Market assessment

The lithium ion battery market has grown by 20 % per year from 2000 to 2011 and could grow

year-on-year at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.4 % by 2019. Resulting from this

growth the lithium hydroxide demand is expected to grow at a rate of 30 % per year by 2020 par-

ticularly driven by the growth of the electric vehicle industry and electric storage systems (see

Table 50). In 2012, the total lithium market has a volume of around 150,000 t lithium carbonate

equivalent (LCE), thereof around 25,000 t lithium hydroxide. More than 80 % of the lithium mar-

ket is dominated by four companies (Rockwood, SQM, FMC, Tianqi) with production plants main-

ly in South America and Australia.

Table 50: Lithium demand by compound – Forecast 2011 - 2025 [178]

Lithium hydroxide is widely used following applications:

- batteries (cathode material)

- catalysts and chemicals

- lubricating greases

18.2 Contracts

SolarWorld Solicium intends to mine zinnwaldite to produce lithium mineral concentrates for fur-

ther processing to high purity (battery grade) lithium hydroxide and potassium sulfate. SolarWorld

Solicium has signed LoI’s with three customers for the total production output already.


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19 Environmental studies, permitting and social or community impact management in case of mine development

19.1 Environmental permitting requirements

In preparation for permitting, an environmental baseline study will be prepared to assess the cur-

rent environmental status across the mine site.

The study will include the evaluation of the flora and fauna, ground and surface water quality, air

quality and the soil.

The study has to prove that no significant issues are present that would impede the permitting

process.

19.2 Environmental issues

Mine and processing planning, operating and closure are regulated by German mining and evi-

ronmental laws in a strong correspondence with the regulatories of the European Union.

19.3 Mine closure

Mine closure will be carried out in accordance with a special Closure Plan to be approved by the

responsible Mining Authority of Saxony (SächsOBA).

The overall site will be reclaimed after mine closure to mimic the previous land use. This will in-

volve removing equipment, roads, stockpiles, capping the tailings surface with a dry cover,

spreading topsoil over all disturbed areas, and revegetating. Underground stopings and mine

workings in the near-surface levels will be stabilised and/or backfilled as it may be necessary.

19.4 Social and community aspects

For the greatest parts the lithium deposit is located underneath the residential areas of Zinnwald.

Therefore, planning, permitting and operation of a new mine require a high level of social care,

stakeholder involvement and technological solutions in order to guarantee continuous production

and sustainable development.

Taking these aspects already into account, all ore bodies located at higher mine levels than

740 m a.s.l. had already been excluded from resource calculation and from considerations on

mining options.


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20 Cost and revenue factors

20.1 Cost estimating criteria

All capital and operating costs are expressed in EURO (€) and refer to a total life of mine of

25 years.

Capital costs were estimated based upon preliminary studies and process designs that need to

be determined further. Capital costs were divided into three primary categories:

- Mining

- Magnetic Separation

- Roasting / Lithium Salt Production

Mine equipment capital was determined based upon the material movements required to meet

the mine plans. The basis of capital requirements for mine equipment was gathered from the

mine conception by Consulting und Engineering GmbH (C&E).

The Magnetic Separation capital estimate was compiled and calculated by UVR-FIA GmbH

(UVR). Pricing input was provided by UVR.

The roasting / lithium salt production estimate was obtained by Zemdes and K-UTEC.

The process capital estimate for magnetic separation, roasting / lithium salt production is based

upon the following:

- Budget quotations for the process equipment including crushers, mills, magnetic separators,

silos, feeder, rotary kiln, cooler, electro dialysis.

- Electrical, instrumentation and piping were expressed as a percentage for process equipment

cost.

All equipment and material costs were exclusive spare parts, taxes, freight and packaging.


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20.2 Exclusions

The following items were excluded from the capital estimate:

- Force majeure

- Overtime

- Sunk costs

20.3 Capital cost estimate

Capital costs, where applicable, include expenditures for the following items:

- Mine mobile equipment – comprises purchases of new large equipment such as drilling

jumbos, blasting agent truck, ventilation drill hole, rock loader, wheel loader, dump trucks,

SUV

- Mine development

- Process site development

- Site utilities

- Process equipment

- Buildings and structures

- Contingency

The capital expenditures estimate results in a total Life of Mine capital cost of 96,832 k€.

Table 51: Capital expenditures estimation

Investition

CAPEX (€)

Ore 500 kta /

8,500 t/a LiOH

Mining 13,304,100

Magnetic separation 17,820,419

Roasting / Lithium salt production 65,706,857

Total 96,831,376


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20.4 Operating cost estimate

Total operating costs include expenditures for the mining and processing. The operating costs

average are 4,134 € per tonne of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and 70.28 € per tonne of ore pro-

cesssed. The operating costs 16.90 € per tonne ore mined.

Table 52: Operating cost estimation

Kind of costs

Ore 500 kta / 8,500 t/a LiOH

Mining Magnetic

separation

Roasting/

lithium salt

production

Total

(€ per tonne

LiOH)

Total

(€ per tonne

ore)

%

Raw materials & supplies 664 284 1,691 2,639 44.86 64%

Personnel 254 107 215 576 9.79 14%

Maintenance 27 53 174 254 4.32 6%

Transportation - 282 - 282 4.79 7%

Depreciation 49 84 309 442 7.51 11%

Investment Grant - -13 -45 -57 -0.97 -1%

Total (€ per tonne LiOH) 994 796 2,344 4,134

Total (€ per tonne ore) 16.90 70.28

A diesel fuel price of 1.30 € per litre was used to calculate mine operating costs. An electricity

cost of 0.07 € per kilowatt hour (kWh) was used. The electricity price was derived from quoted

rate schedules applicable to the project and includes the electricity tax.

The wages and salaries include the following items:

- Payroll taxes, i.e., tax on wages, statutory health insurance, social security and unem-

ployment

- Paid time-off

- Paid holidays

- Shift differentials

- Bonuses

Depreciation occurs accordingly to the principles and regulations of the Federal Ministry of Fi-

nance for depreciation of tangible assets.


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Mine operating costs represent expenses incurred due to scheduled production volumes and

derived equipment productivities. The average operating cost over live of mine (25 years) is es-

timated to be 994 € per tonne LiOH.

Operating costs include the following items:

- Fuel

- Electric power

- Water

- Utilities (i.e. blasting agent, shotcrete, strata-bolting, drilling tools)

- Backfill and and waste disposal

- Mine development

- Maintenance

- Manpower

- Depreciation

Operation of the mine occurs in 24/5 shift, means that 24 hours a day and 5 days a week the

mine is working or in maintenance. It is calculated with 3 shifts a day and 15 shifts a week. One

shift per week is planned for maintenance.

Manpower required for operation of the mine is 39 workers (including maintenance) and 7 em-

ployees during a typical year.

Process operating cost for the production step magnetic separation is estimated to be 514 € per

tonne LiOH, exclusive cost of transportation.


- Electric power

- Gasoline

- Maintenance

- Manpower

- Depreciation

- Transportation


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Maintenance cost is calculated as a percentage for process equipment cost and comprises wear

parts among others.

Operation occurs in 24/5 shift means that 24 hours a day (3 shifts) and 5 days a week (15 shifts

the magnetic separation is working. One of the 15 shifts is planned for maintenance.

Manpower required for operation and maintenance is 24 workers and 2 employees during a typi-

cal year.

Cost of transportation is calculated with 282 € per tonne LiOH and results from the decision to

build up the lithium salt production on another industrial site with existing infrastructure.

Process operating cost for roasting / lithium salt production is estimated to be 2,344 € per tonne

LiOH.


- Electric power

- Water

- Coal dust

- Chemicals (gypsum, limestone)

- Steam production

- Ion exchange, production of purified water

- Maintenance

- Manpower

- Depreciation

Operation occurs in 24/7 shift. 24 hours a day and 7 days a week the production is running. It is a

full continuous process.

One shift a week is planned to flush the salt production line. Two weeks a year the whole produc-

tion stops for maintenance.

Manpower required for operation and maintenance is 45 workers and 4 employees during a typi-

cal year.


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21 Economic analyses

SolarWorld Solicium performed a cash flow analysis using the revenues, operating costs and

capital costs based on the mining and processing concepts, technical level of study and sched-

uled production volumes. The economic analysis is at the level of a preliminary study.

All costs are stated in EURO (€), currency exchange rate 1 € / 1.30 USD.

The analysis is based on the key parameters and assumptions indicated below:

- Product revenues

o Lithium hydroxide – 5,769 € (7,500 USD)

o Potassium sulfate – 450 € (585 USD)

- Process recoveries (see chapter 15.13)

o Lithium 81.23 %

o Potassium 53.4 %

- 30 % equity / 70 % loans

- 3 % discount rate

- Two-year pre-production period

- Low royalties are considered

- Depreciation have been considered

- 30 % taxes have been considered

- Production rate of 8,500 tpy of lithium hydroxide and 15,000 tpy of potassium sulfate

The economic analysis does not include:

- Inflation (on both sides: cost and revenue)

- Currency fluctuations

- Fluctuations of commodity prices (products and raw meterials)

- Sensivity analyses (e.g. dependence on commodity prices, operation cost, capital cost

and process recovery)


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The cash flow analysis shows over the life of mine average production cost of 1,134 € per tonne

lithium hydroxide, average yearly EBIT of 19.8 Mio. € with an EBIT margin 35.5 % on average.

Following, the average yearly profit margin amounts to 23.7 %, 13.2 Mio. € respectively.

The cash flow analysis results in a pre-tax and after-tax Net Present Value at 8 % discount of 145

Mio. € and 91.75 Mio. € respectively, and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.8 % and 18.3 %

over a 25-year mine life.

Payback on an after-tax basis occurs in 6 years and 8 months.

The following table 53 shows the estimated cash flow and details the yearly production costs and

cash flows.

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Table 53: Cash flow analysis

Parameter

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 25

Production / Sales Volume

Production LiOH 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500 8,500

Production K2SO4 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

Sales Revenue 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462 55,788,462

Sales Revenue LiOH 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462 49,038,462

Sales Revenue K2SO4 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000 6,750,000

Sales Price LiOH 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769 5,769

Sales Price K2SO4 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450

Production Cost 1,940,162 1,940,162 39,566,058 39,566,058 39,566,058 39,566,058 39,408,558 39,351,415 38,529,602 38,529,602 38,476,039 38,476,039 32,604,242 32,594,909 32,489,925 32,273,721

Production Cost w/o Depreciation 1,940,162 1,940,162 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667 31,874,667

Depreciation 7,691,391 7,691,391 7,691,391 7,691,391 7,533,891 7,476,748 6,654,935 6,654,935 6,601,372 6,601,372 729,575 720,242 615,258 399,054

Specific Step Costs 4,655 4,655 4,655 4,655 4,636 4,630 4,533 4,533 4,527 4,527 3,836 3,835 3,822 3,797

Speci fic SC w/o depreciation 174 174 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750 3,750

Raw materials and supplies 47 47 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639 2,639

Labour costs 127 127 576 576 576 576 576 576 576 576 576 576 576 576 576 576

Maintenance 0 0 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 254

Transportation to other chemical site 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282

Speci fic SC - depreciation 54 54 905 905 905 905 886 880 783 783 777 777 86 85 72 47

Gross Profit on Sales

Gross Profit -1,940,162 -1,940,162 16,222,404 16,222,404 16,222,404 16,222,404 16,379,904 16,437,047 17,258,860 17,258,860 17,312,422 17,312,422 23,184,220 23,193,553 23,298,537 23,514,741

Gross Margin 29.1% 29.1% 29.1% 29.1% 29.4% 29.5% 30.9% 30.9% 31.0% 31.0% 41.6% 41.6% 41.8% 42.1%

Specific 1,664 1,664 1,664 1,664 1,683 1,690 1,786 1,786 1,793 1,793 2,483 2,485 2,497 2,522

EBIT -2,137,925 -2,466,459 15,368,017 15,368,017 15,368,017 15,368,017 15,525,517 15,582,660 16,404,473 16,404,473 16,458,036 16,458,036 22,329,833 22,339,166 22,444,150 22,660,354

EBIT-Margin 27.5% 27.5% 27.5% 27.5% 27.8% 27.9% 29.4% 29.4% 29.5% 29.5% 40.0% 40.0% 40.2% 40.6%

Overhead 197,763 526,297 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387 854,387

Profit -2,137,925 -2,466,459 7,895,968 8,182,132 8,468,297 8,754,461 9,150,876 9,477,040 10,338,474 10,624,638 10,948,296 11,234,461 15,630,883 15,637,416 15,710,905 15,862,248

Profi t Margin 14.2% 14.7% 15.2% 15.7% 16.4% 17.0% 18.5% 19.0% 19.6% 20.1% 28.0% 28.0% 28.2% 28.4%

Tax 3,383,986 3,506,628 3,629,270 3,751,912 3,921,804 4,061,589 4,430,774 4,553,416 4,692,127 4,814,769 6,698,950 6,701,750 6,733,245 6,798,106

Interest Rate (e.g. bank loans) 4,088,063 3,679,257 3,270,450 2,861,644 2,452,838 2,044,031 1,635,225 1,226,419 817,613 408,806 0 0 0 0

Cash Flow/ ROI

Net Present Value - Year i -5,514,060 -94,443,898 -83,304,715 -68.342.396 -53,553,993 -38,942,066 -24,549,640 -10,351,110 3,466,086 17,106,741 30,557,100 43,828,635 67,122,674 99,577,048 147,590,535 188,925,457

Invest -5,514,060 -87,203,316 -4,114,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Discounted Cash Flow - Year i -5,514,060 -88,929,838 11,139,183 14,962,318 14,788,403 14,611,927 14,392,426 14,198,531 13,817,196 13,640,654 13,450,360 13,271,535 11,474,896 10,499,358 9,039,401 7,766,488

Cash Flow (tax adjusted) - Year i -7,010,607 -88,929,838 11,473,359 15,873,523 16,159,688 16,445,852 16,684,766 1,6953,788 16,993,408 17,279,573 17,549,668 17,835,833 16,360,458 16,357,658 16,326,163 16,261,302

Discount rate 100% 97% 94% 92% 89% 86% 84% 81% 79% 77% 74% 70% 64% 55% 48%

Invest Period under consideration (years starting w/ initial Invest)


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22 Other relevant data and information

The project schedule (Figure 61) covers all the areas of the project and includes the updated

PERC Report with Feasibility Study, engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning

of the facilities, including the processing installations and the site infrastructures.

Figure 61: Project schedule


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23 Interpretation and conclusions

The Zinnwald lithium deposit and processing plant consist in the development of an underground

mine and minerals processing plant in Zinnwald/Altenberg in the Free State of Saxony.

The lithium salt production plant will be constructed near the raw materials deposits, e.g. in Sax-

ony-Anhalt.

The results of this study confirm the development of a 500 kt/y underground mine for 25 years,

followed by an underground crusher, a magnetic concentrator at the mine site and a lithium salt

production plant in Germany with a nominal capacity of 8,500 t/y Lithium hydroxide and 15,000

t/y Potassium sulfate. The magnetic concentrator plant produces 132,000 t/y mica concentrates.

The cost model and business plan was developed by SolarWorld Solicium.

As it stands, the Zinnwald-Lithium deposit contains a Mineral Resource.

Consequently, SolarWorld Solicium concludes that the Zinnwald lithium project, as a whole,

seems to be technically feasible as well as economically realizable.

The authors of this report consider the Zinnwald lithium project to be sufficiently robust to warrant

moving it to the Pre-Feasibility Study as next stage.


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24 Recommendations and risk assessment

24.1 Recommendations

Because of information uncertainties (predominately in sampling) related to the older exploration

activities performed prior to the 1980ies the calculated tonnages and grades of ore could be re-

ported in compliance with the PERC standards for lithium only. Minor elements tin, tungsten and

potassium oxide have been reported as upside potential. Unclassified lithium mineralisation has

been reported as a potential also. Consequently, further investigations (drilling and sampling) in

case of need should be done in order to classify further resources for the minor elements at level

of international reporting standards.

A detailed independent geostatistical review of the data is missing and need to be done before

establishing a Mineral Reserve on the base of the existing resource.

Detailed mine & processing planning, scheduling and mine & processing design should follow the

Pre-feasibility stage.

The following recommendations should be considered:

Exploration

- Further detailed exploration seems to be not necessarily during further feasibility develop-

ment process, but at least for preparation for planning the ramp excavation und later on con-

tinuously during the whole mine production period.

- However, potential of metaalbite granite Sn-W (Nb-Ta) mineralisation should be examinated

during further activities.

Mining

- Preparing a mine planning and smallest mining unit model (SMU).

Processing

- Continue the process development to pilot production level, including minerals processing,

roasting and salt production (electrolysis).

- Winning a second greisen sample in the visitor mine Zinnwald as basis for process devel-

opment, e.g. 100 t from different locations in the mine.

- Continue evaluation of raw materials (limestone, gypsum).


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- Update the process designs and develop a Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) for the

whole process.

- Prepare samples of lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate for possible costumer.

- Prepare a study to the processing of tin and tungsten and some other metals (e.g. Nb, Ta,

Ga) in laboratory level.

- Continue discussions to the use of leach residue in cement industry (as Si, Al and Fe source

in cement clinker).

Waste rock

- Continue discussions with building materials industry, close a preliminary agreement.

- Close a preliminary agreement to use of the former open pits in Lauenstein and Nent-

mannsdorf.

- Continue activities and discussions to reuse the waste dump IAA Bielatal.

- Close preliminary agreement to waste dump.

Location

- Continue verification of possible areas for mining, mineral processing and salt production

- Close preliminary agreement to areas.

Transportation

- Continue negotiations with rail and transport companies to firm-up a preliminary agreement

for concentrate and waste rock.

Environmental

- Prepare a study to the potential environmental impacts of mining and processing (environ-

mental impact assessment, EIA).

Permit

- Prepare the mining approval according to § 8 BBergG and main operation plan according to

§ 52ff BBergG.

Personal

- Update manpower requirements; prove personal availability and education needs.


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Cost, revenue factors and economic analysis

- Update the cost model and business plan.

- Continue discussions with the central development agency of the Free State of Saxony for

subsidy (Sächsische Aufbaubank - SAB).

- Calculate alternative cost cases and use inflation forecast.

PERC Report / Feasibility Study

- Update PERC Report including Prefeasibility and Feasibility Study (FS).

Customer

- Continue discussions with potential customer.

- close preliminary agreement to the products lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate and potas-

sium sulfate.

Local authorities, administration und citizens

- Continue discussions with mayor and city council of Altenberg, the mining authority, local

authorities and administrations.

- Continue public information of citizens, esp. in the Zinnwald and Altenberg areas.

The total cost of advancing the project toward a feasibility level is estimated to be in the range of

3.4 Mio. Euro.

24.2 Risk assessment

The overall error range of the resource estimation results from the interaction of the uncertainty

ratios of different input factors, which are:

- Errors and lack of drill hole survey data, especially for data before exploration campaign

No. (7)

- Errors of geochemical analysis, especially for data of exploration campaign No. (4)

- Errors of data base data acquisition

- Uncertainties of the 3D modelled geological shapes of the greisen beds

- Lack of sufficient spatial data density, especially for greisen beds with small extension,

preventing the ability to perform a reliable geostatistical analysis


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In general, all mining projects are sensitive to commodity prices, both products and used raw

materials. The economic analysis is at the level of a preliminary study.

The economic analysis does not include:

- Inflation (on both sides: cost and revenue)

- Currency fluctuations

- Fluctuations of commodity prices (products and used raw materials)

- Sensivity analyses (e.g. dependence on commodity prices, operation cost, capital cost

and process recovery).

Other risks with potential impact on capital and operating costs as well as time line are:

- the process technology has not been demonstrated in pilot production level yet

- the utilization of waste rock is not fixed with preliminary agreements

- the acquisition of numerous permits and approvals from various administrations

Local technical risks based on

- uncertain stability of old mining adits and shafts in the top of the deposit with influence on

the stability of the surface

- longtime dewatering function of the Zinnwald/Cínovec mine at Tiefer-Bünau-Stollen level

(750 m a.s.l.)

- Radon-222 and exposition from old mining adits and shafts in the top of the deposit

should be avoided by detailed technical mine operation planning and can be excluded by human

estimation.

At the present time no significant risks have been identified that would inhibit the advancement of

development of the property.


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25 References

25.1 SolarWorld permitting requirements and documents

[1] SOLARWORLD SOLICIUM GmbH (2010): Antrag auf Erteilung der Erlaubnis zur Auf-suchung bergfreier Bodenschätze nach § 7 BBergG bei Zinnwald im Landkreis Sächsi-sche Schweiz – Osterzgebirge. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 22.11.2010

[2] SÄCHSISCHES OBERBERGAMT (2011): Bescheid zur Erteilung der bergrechtlichen

Erlaubnis für das Feld „Zinnwald“ zur Aufsuchung bergfreier Bodenschätze zu gewerb-lichen Zwecken (Aktenzeichen 32-4741.1/659). Freiberg, 21.02.2011

[3] Regionaler Planungsverband Oberes Elbtal / Osterzgebirge (2011): Stellungnahme

zum Antrag auf Erlaubnis gemäß § 7 BBergG zur Aufsuchung der bergfreien Boden-schätze Lithium u.a. im Erlaubnisfeld Zinnwald. Radebeul, 09.02.2011

[4] Landratsamt Sächsische Schweiz – Osterzgebirge, Referat Regionalentwicklung

(2011): Antrag auf Erteilung einer Erlaubnis gemäß § 7 BBergG zur Aufsuchung der bergfreien Bodenschätze Lithium u.a. im Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“, Beteiligung der Trä-ger öffentlicher Belange gemäß § 15 Bundesberggesetz. Dippoldiswalde, 15.02.2011

[5] Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie (2011): Antrag auf

Erteilung einer Erlaubnis zur Aufsuchung der bergfreien Bodenschätze Lithium u.a. im Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“. Dresden, 07.02.2011

[6] KÜHN, K., SOBOTKA, S., KLÖDEN, U., HARTSCH, J. (2011): Erlaubnisfeld Zinnwald,

Hauptbetriebsplan zur Aufsuchung nach § 51 Abs. 1 i. V. m. § 52 Abs. 1 BBergG für das Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“, Teil 3: Großprobenahme unter Tage. G.E.O.S. Ingeni-eurgesellschaft mbH, Freiberg, 01.07.2011

[7] KÜHN, K., SOBOTKA, S., KLÖDEN, U., HOMILIUS, A. (2011): Erlaubnisfeld Zinnwald,

Hauptbetriebsplan zur Aufsuchung nach § 51 Abs. 1 i. V. m. § 52 Abs. 1 BBergG für das Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“, Teil 1: Erkundungsbohrungen über Tage. G.E.O.S. Inge-nieurgesellschaft mbH, Freiberg, 22.07.2011

[8] SÄCHSISCHES OBERBERGAMT (2011): Bescheid zur Zulassung des Hauptbe-

triebsplanes Aufsuchung (Aufsuchungsbetriebsplan) im Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“, Ge-markung Zinnwald, Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz – Osterzgebirge, Teil 3: Großpro-benahme unter Tage (Aktenzeichen 22-4712.20-03/7481/4). Freiberg, 27.07.2011

[9] KÜHN, K., SENNEWALD, R, HARTSCH, J. (2011): Erlaubnisfeld Zinnwald, Hauptbe-

triebsplan zur Aufsuchung nach § 51 Abs. 1 i. V. m. § 52 Abs. 1 BBergG für das Er-laubnisfeld „Zinnwald“, Teil 2: Bemusterung unter Tage. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesell-schaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 22.08.2011

[10] SOLARWORLD SOLICIUM GmbH (2011): Antrag auf denkmalschutzrechtliche Ge-

nehmigung, Gemarkung Zinnwald, Flurstück 66/1 (Kernbohrung ZGLi 01/2011). So-larWorld Solicium GmbH / G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Freiberg / Halsbrücke, 20.09.2011


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[11] SOLARWORLD SOLICIUM GmbH (2011): Antrag auf denkmalschutzrechtliche Ge-nehmigung, Gemarkung Zinnwald, Flurstück 95/4 (Kernbohrung ZGLi 02/2011). So-larWorld Solicium GmbH / G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Freiberg / Halsbrücke, 20.09.2011

[12] SOLARWORLD SOLICIUM GmbH (2011): Antrag auf Erteilung der Erlaubnis zur Auf-

suchung bergfreier Bodenschätze nach § 7 BBergG, Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald – Nord“ und 1. Nachtrag vom 02.11.2011 (Änderung der Feldesgrenze). Freiberg, 05.09.2011 / 02.11.2011


triebsplanes Aufsuchung (Aufsuchungsbetriebsplan) im Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“, Ge-markung Zinnwald, Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz – Osterzgebirge, Teil 2: Bemuste-rung unter Tage (Aktenzeichen 22-4712.20-03/7481/4). Freiberg, 20.09.2011


triebsplanes Aufsuchung (Aufsuchungsbetriebsplan) im Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“, Ge-markung Zinnwald, Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz – Osterzgebirge, Teil 1: Erkun-dungsbohrungen über Tage (Aktenzeichen 22-4712.20-03/7481/4). Freiberg, 28.10.2011

[15] LANDRATSAMT SÄCHSISCHE SCHWEIZ – OSTERZGEBIRGE (2011): Denkmal-

schutzrechtliche Genehmigung gem. § 14 SächsDSchG, Kernbohrung ZGLi 01/2011 und 02/2011. Landratsamt Sächsische Schweiz – Osterzgebirge, Abt. Bau, Referat Denkmalschutz, Dippoldiswalde, 01.11.2011

[16] SÄCHSISCHES OBERBERGAMT (2012): Bescheid zur Erteilung der bergrechtlichen

Erlaubnis für das Feld „Zinnwald-Nord“ zur Aufsuchung bergfreier Bodenschätze zu gewerblichen Zwecken (Aktenzeichen 32-4741.1/667). Freiberg, 23.01.2012

[17] KÜHN, K., SENNEWALD, R. (2012): Erlaubnisfeld Zinnwald-Nord, Hauptbetriebsplan

zur Aufsuchung nach § 51 Abs. 1 i. V. m. § 52 Abs. 1 BBergG für das Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald-Nord“, Teil: Bemusterung unter Tage. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Freiberg, 08.06.2012


triebsplanes Aufsuchung (Aufsuchungsbetriebsplan) im Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald-Nord“, Gemarkung Zinnwald, Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz – Osterzgebirge, Teil: Bemuste-rung unter Tage (Aktenzeichen 22-4712.20-03/7481/4). Freiberg, 27.06.2012

[19] SÄCHSISCHES OBERBERGAMT (2013): Bescheid zur Verlängerung der Erlaubnis gemäß § 16 Bundes-Berggesetz für das Feld „Zinnwald-Nord“ (Aktenzeichen 12-4741.1/667). Freiberg, 05.04.2013

[20] KÜHN, K. (2013): Erlaubnisfeld Zinnwald, Hauptbetriebsplan zur Aufsuchung nach § 51 Abs. 1 i. V. m. § 52 Abs. 1 BBergG für das Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“ / „Zinnwald-Nord“, Teil 4: Erkundungsbohrungen über Tage (2. Etappe). G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesell-schaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 21.06.2013


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[21] SÄCHSISCHES OBERBERGAMT (2013): Bescheid zur Zulassung des Hauptbe-triebsplanes Aufsuchung (Aufsuchungsbetriebsplan) im Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“ / Zinnwald-Nord“, Gemarkung Zinnwald, Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz – Osterzgebir-ge, Teil 4: Bohrungen über Tage (Aktenzeichen 31-4712.20-03/7481/4. Freiberg, 13.08.2013

[22] LANDRATSAMT SÄCHSISCHE SCHWEIZ – OSTERZGEBIRGE (2013): Denkmal-schutzrechtliche Genehmigung gem. § 14 SächsDSchG für Kernbohrungen zur Roh-stofferkundung. Landratsamt Sächsische Schweiz – Osterzgebirge, Abt. Bau, Referat Denkmalschutz, Dippoldiswalde, August 2013

[23] SOLARWORLD SOLICIUM GmbH (2014): Antrag auf Erteilung der Bewilligung zur Gewinnung bergfreier Bodenschätze nach § 8 BBergG bei Zinnwald im Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz – Osterzgebirge. SolarWorld Solicium GmbH in collaboration and with assistance of G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke. Freiberg, 03.03.2014

25.2 SolarWorld project reports and documents

[24] KÜHN, K. (2011): Aufsuchung Zinnwald, Teil 3: Großprobenahme unter Tage. Proto-koll 01 zur Ortkontrolle vom 03.08.2011 (Ortkontrolle vor Maßnahmenbeginn). G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 03.08.2011

[25] KÜHN, K. (2011): Aufsuchung Zinnwald, Teil 3: Großprobenahme unter Tage. Proto-

koll 02 zur Ortkontrolle vom 26.08.2011 (Ortkontrolle nach Maßnahmenende). G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 26.08.2011

[26] KÜHN, K. (2011): Bergrechtliche Erlaubnis zur Aufsuchung bergfreier Bodenschätze

zu gewerblichen Zwecken für das Feld „Zinnwald“ vom 21.02.2011 (Az. 32-4741.1/659), Bohrungen über Tage: Ausschreibungsunterlagen. G.E.O.S. Ingenieur-gesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 15.09.2011

[27] KÜHN, K. (2011): Aufsuchung Zinnwald, Teil 3: Großprobenahme unter Tage. Proto-

koll 03 zur Ortkontrolle vom 16.09.2011 (2. Ortkontrolle nach Maßnahmenende). G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 16.09.2011

[28] KÜHN, K. (2011 - 2012): Arbeits- und Sicherheitsunterweisung zum Hauptbetriebsplan

Aufsuchung für das Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“, Teil 2 Bemusterung unter Tage. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 21.11.2011, 1. Ergänzung vom 21.02.2012

[29] KÜHN, K. (2012): Aufsuchung Zinnwald, Teil 2: Bemusterung unter Tage. Protokoll zur

Radonmessung vom 06.03.2012. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 06.03.2012

[30] LUX, K.-N., SCHEFFEL, I. (2012): Dokumentation Bohrlochverlaufsmessung Zinnwald,

Bohrung ZGLi 1/2012, Endvermessung. GFL – Geophysikalische Fachberatung GbR, Friedrichroda, 25.05.2012


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[31] LUX, K.-N., SCHEFFEL, I. (2012): Dokumentation Bohrlochverlaufsmessung Zinnwald, Bohrung ZGLi 2/2012, Endvermessung. GFL – Geophysikalische Fachberatung GbR, Friedrichroda, 31.05.2012

[32] KLÖDEN, U. (2012): Markscheiderische Betreuung Rohstofferkundung Zinnwald /

Georgenfeld / Genauigkeitsbetrachtungen zu den Bohrungen bis 278 m Bohrlänge. ICV Ingenieurbüro für Consulting und Vermessung, Freiberg, 09.06.2012

[33] NEßLER, J. (2012): Zwischenbericht Auswertung der MLA-Untersuchungen an klas-siertem Zinnwalder Greisenerz. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Mineralogie, Freiberg, 20.07.2012

[34] NEßLER, J. (2013): Abschlussbericht Ergebnisse der Vergleichsanalysen historischer Bohrkernproben für Li und Sn. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Mineralogie, Freiberg, 14.02.2013

[35] NEßLER, J. (2013): Final Report on Results of Duplicate Analysis by SWIN. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Mineralogie, Freiberg, 30.05.2013

[36] NEßLER, J. (2013): Schlichanalyse von Greisenproben aus dem Bereich der Schwarzwänder Weitung – Margaretengesenk, Tiefer Bünau-Stollen, Grube Zinnwald. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Mineralogie, Freiberg, 05.08.2013

[37] MARTIN, M., Patzig, A. (2014): Abschlussbericht Optimierung des Zinnwalditauf-schlusses. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 21.2.2014

[38] MERTINS, M. , MARTIN G., PÄTZOLD, C., BERTAU, M. (2013): „Vergleichende Beur-teilung von Produktionsverfahren für Li2CO3 aus silikatischen Lithiumerzen. Ab-schlussbericht. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für technische Chemie, Freiberg, 19.12.2013

[39] MORGENROTH, M., SCHEIBE, W. (2011): Aufbereitung für Lithium-Glimmergreisen der Lagerstätte Zinnwald (Budgetplanung), UVR-FIA, Bericht 0432-11-01, Freiberg, 21.10.2011

[40] MORGENROTH, H., BORMANN, U. (2012): Magnetscheidung am Zinnwalder Lithi-umgreisen. UVR-FIA, Untersuchungsprotokoll Nr. 0432-12-04, Freiberg, 16.07.2012

[41] MORGENROTH, H. (2012): Untersuchung zur Nassmagnetscheidung an Li-Glimmer-Greisen aus Zinnwald. UVR-FIA, Bericht 0432-12-01, Freiberg, 29.07.2012

[42] NEßLER, J. (2012): Zwischenbericht Ergebnisse der Vergleichsanalysen historischer Bohrkernproben für Li und Sn. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 17.07.2012

[43] KALLIEBE, J. (2012): Feinmahlung von Li-Glimmer Konzentraten. UVR-FIA, Bericht Nr. 0432-12-08, Freiberg, 03.09.2012

[44] NEßLER, J. (2012): Technical Report on underground mapping of historic galleries within the Li-Sn-W-deposit Zinnwald/Erzgebirge. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 25.10.2012


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[45] NEßLER, J. (2012): Technical Report on Trench Sampling within the greisen ore bod-ies of the Li-Sn-W-deposit Zinnwald/Erzgebirge. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 25.10.2012

[46] KÜHN, K., ZERNKE, B., GABRIEL, A. D., HELBIG, M. (2012): Lithiumgewinnung in der Lagerstätte Zinnwald, Ressourceneinschätzung (Berichtsstand 30.10.2012). G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 30.10.2012

[47] KÜHN, K., HARTSCH, J., NEßLER, J. (2012): Table of Contents for a Report Accord-ing to PERC Standard (Compliance and Guidance Standards Proposed by Pan-European Reserves and Resources Reporting Committee). G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesell-schaft mbH / TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Halsbrücke / Freiberg, Manuskript, Arbeits-stand November 2012

[48] NEßLER, J., KÜHN, K. (2012): Technical report on diamond drilling of the Li-Sn-W-eposit Zinnwald/Erzgebirge. TU Bergakademie Freiberg in collaboration and with as-sistance of G.E.O.S. Ingeniergesellschaft mbH. Freiberg / Halsbrücke, 23.11.2012

[49] NEßLER, J. (2012): Kurzdokumentation Übergabe Datenkollektive. TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 13.12.2012

[50] NEßLER, J., HELBIG, M. (2012): Protokoll zur Datenübergabe vom 17.12.2012. TU Bergakademie Freiberg / G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Freiberg / Halsbrücke, 17.12.2012

[51] MORGENROTH, H., BORMANN, U. (2012): Bericht Nr. 0432-12-07, Untersuchungen

zur Aufschlusszerkleinerung von Li-Glimmer Greisen aus Zinnwald, UVR-FIA, Bericht Nr. 0432-12-07, Freiberg, 18.12.2012

[52] KÜHN, K., HARTSCH, J., NEßLER, J. (2012): Lithiumgewinnung in der Lagerstätte

Zinnwald: Probenahme, Probenvor- und Aufbereitung (Datenstand vom 18.12.2012). G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH in collaboration and with assistance of TU Berg-akademie Freiberg. Halsbrücke, 18.12.2012

[53] NEßLER, J., KÜHN, K. (2012): Report on Data Control of historic Datasets – Zinnwald

2012. TU Bergakademie Freiberg in collaboration and with assistance of G.E.O.S. In-genieurgesellschaft mbH. Freiberg, 19.12.2012

[54] KÜHN, K., HARTSCH, J., NEßLER, J. (2013): Lithiumgewinnung in der Lagerstätte Zinnwald, Instruktion zur Probenahme, Probenvor- und –aufbereitung. G.E.O.S. Inge-nieurgesellschaft mbH in collaboration and with assistance of TU Bergakademie Frei-berg. Halsbrücke, 29.01.2013

[55] MORGENROTH, H., SCHEIBE, W. (2013) Aufbereitungsanlage für Lithium-Glimmergreisen der Lagerstätte Zinnwald, UVR-FIA, Bericht 0432-12-09, Freiberg, 06.02.2013

[56] STUTE, S. (2013): Informationen zum Erkundungsstatus des Zinnwald-Lithium-Projektes. SolarWorld Solicium GmbH, Freiberg, 05.03.2013

[57] RIEDEL, W., TSCHESCHLOK, H., Kamp, L. (2013): Lithiumkarbonat der SolarWorld Solicium GmbH. C&E Consulting GmbH (Chemnitz), CDM Smith Consult GmbH (Ber-lin) und Itasca Consultants GmbH (Gelsenkirchen), 22.03.2013


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[58] KAHNT, R., HELBIG, M., ZERNKE, B., KÜHN, K., NEßLER, J. (2013): Resource Esti-

mation of the Zinnwald lithium Ore Deposit. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH in collaboration and with assistance of TU Bergakademie Freiberg. Halsbrücke, 03.04.2013

[59] HARTSCH, J., SENNEWALD, R., NEßLER, J., HOMILIUS, A., KÜHN, K. (2013): Lithi-umgewinnung in der Lagerstätte Zinnwald, Bohrprogramm 2. Etappe – Kurzbericht. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, in collabortion and with assistence of TU Bergakademie Freiberg. Halsbrücke / Freiberg, 05.04.2013

[60] KLÖDEN, U. (2013) Lagerstätte Zinnwald, Bohrprogramm zur Rohstofferkundung, Li-thium II, Prüfprotokoll zur Zulegung und Absteckprotokoll. ICV Ingenieurbüro für Con-sulting und Vermessung, Freiberg, 02.08.2013

[61] KLÖDEN, U. (2013) Lagerstätte Zinnwald, Bohrprogramm zur Rohstofferkundung, Li-thium II, Prüfprotokoll Einrichtung Bohrturm ZGLi 4/2013. ICV Ingenieurbüro für Con-sulting und Vermessung, Freiberg, 21.08.2013


[63] MORGENROTH, H., SCHEIBE, W., ZYBELL, K., BORMANN, U. (2013): Aufbereitung Lithiumglimmer. UVR-FIA Bericht 0432-10-01. UVR-FIA GmbH, Freiberg, 24.10.2013


[65] KÜHN, K., HARTSCH, J., HOMILIUS A. (2013 – 2014): Aufsuchung Zinnwald II, Bohr-überwachung, Tagesberichte Nr. 01 – 69. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Hals-brücke, 12.08.2013 – 23.01.2014

[66] SOLARWORLD SOLICIUM GmbH (2014): Bergrechtliche Erlaubnis zur Aufsuchung

nach § 7 Bundes-Berggesetz, Feld „Zinnwald“ / „Zinnwald-Nord“, Abschlussbericht Er-kundungsetappe 1 (2012/13). SolarWorld Solicium GmbH, Freiberg, 21.02.2014

[67] KÜHN, K. (2014): Aufsuchung Zinnwald II, Wiederherstellung der Bohrplätze. Fotodo-kumentation, Bautenstand vom 02.04.2014. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 02.04.2014


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25.3 Documents about history, geology and mineralisation of the Zinnwald / Cínovec deposit

25.3.1 Period up to 1918 (Exploration and mining till end of World War I)

[68] JAHRBUCH FÜR DAS BERG- UND HÜTTENWESEN IN SACHSEN (1917): Freiberg, 1917 (here: data about drill hole I/1917)

[69] JAHRBUCH FÜR DAS BERG- UND HÜTTENWESEN IN SACHSEN (1918): Freiberg,

1918 (hier: Angaben zu Bohrung II/1918) [70] KROMAYER, H. (1925): Der Altenberg - Zinnwalder Bergbau unter besonderer Be-

rücksichtigung seiner Entwicklung seit der Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts. Dissertati-on, Jena, 1925 (Abschrift Mai 1983, reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinn-wald - Georgenfeld, Freital, 31.01.1991)

25.3.2 Period of the 1930s to 1945 (Exploration and mining till end of World War II)

[71] TEUSCHER, E. O. (1938): Bericht über die Verwendung des Lithiums, die Gewinnung, den Bedarf und die voraussichtlichen Gehalte und Vorräte sächsischer Lithiumerze / Bericht über Lithium und lithiumführende Glimmer von Altenberg und Zinnwald. Unpub-lished Report, Leipzig, reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald - Geor-genfeld, Freital, 31.01.1991)

[72] GEWERKSCHAFT ZINNWALDER BERGBAU (1942): Bericht über den Greisenstock

an der Brandkluft. Zinnwald, 15.06.1942 [73] GEWERKSCHAFT ZINNWALDER BERGBAU (1942): Betriebsplan für die Gewinnung

von Li-Greisen für eine Tagesförderung von 100 t. Altenberg, 25.06.1942 [74] EISENTRAUT, W. (1944): Entwurf über die Vorgeschichte und die bergbauliche Seite

der Bestrebungen um eine eigene Lithiumverarbeitung. Manuskript, Altenberg, 07.07.1944 (reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald - Georgenfeld, Freital, 31.01.1991)

[75] GEWERKSCHAFT ZINNWALDER BERGBAU: Produktionsstatistik der Betriebsgesell-

schaft Zinnwald der Gewerkschaft Zinnwalder Bergbau, lose Blattsammlung, Sächsi-sches Staatsarchiv, Bergarchiv Freiberg, 40105-1 Nr. 0239-0240

[76] LAFO: Unterlagen der Lagerstättenforschung, Bestand: 40030-1, Archiv-Nr. 590: Be-

richt über Granitvorkommen an der Kotte 822 m und Bericht über Bergbau am Lange-gassenweg zwischen Zinnwald und Altenberg, „Kotte 822“. Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, Bergarchiv Freiberg


richt über den Greisenstock an der Brandkluft. Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, Bergarchiv Freiberg


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[78] LAFO: Unterlagen der Lagerstättenforschung, Bestand: 40030-1, Archiv-Nr. 600: Be-richt über Möglichkeiten zur Erweiterung der Erzbasis im Gebiet Betriebsabteilung Mili-tärschacht aufgrund einer geologisch-tektonischen Untersuchung. Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, Bergarchiv Freiberg


richt über Flözbemusterung in Sächsisch und Böhmisch Zinnwald. Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, Bergarchiv Freiberg


richt über das Ergebnis der geognostischen Untersuchungen der Paradies-Fundgrube, am Kahleberg bei Altenberg. Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, Bergarchiv Freiberg

25.3.3 Period of the 1950s (Lithium exploration campaigns 1954/55 and 1958/59) and 1960s

[81] SCHÜLLER, W. (1951): Übergabebericht einer Glimmerlagerstätte zur Gewinnung von Lithium. Geologischer Dienst der DDR, Berlin, 11.10.1951

[82] BECKERT, M. (1954): Betrifft: Zinnwaldit (Lithiumglimmer). Laboratorium VEB Zinnerz,

05.01.1954) [83] SCHRÖCKE, H. (1954): Zur Paragenese erzgebirgischer Zinnerzlagerstätten. Neues

Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, 87. Jahrgang, Heft 1, S. 33 – 109, Stuttgart, 1954

[84] BOLDUAN, H. (1956): Bericht über die Ergebnisse der Erkundungsarbeiten 1954/1955

mit Bohrungen auf Lithium und Beryllium in der Zinn-Wolfram-Lagerstätte Zinnwald / Erzgebirge. Staatliche Geologische Kommission, Geologischer Dienst Freiberg

[85] LÄCHELT, A. (1959): Zwischenbericht der Staatlichen Geologischen Kommission der

DDR – Geologischer Dienst Freiberg über die Ergebnisse der Erkundungsarbeiten 1958 mit Bohrungen auf Lithium in Zinnwald (Erzgeb.). Unpublished Report, Zentraler Geologischer Dienst der DDR, Geologischer Dienst Freiberg

[86] LÖHN, J. (1959): Gutachten über die Anreicherung von Lithiumglimmer aus Zinnwald.

unveröff. Bericht, Forschungsinstitut für Aufbereitung, Freiberg, 28.04.1959 [87] LÄCHELT, A. (1960): Bericht über die Ergebnisse der Erkundungsarbeiten 1954/55

und 1958/60 mit Bohrungen auf Lithium in Zinnwald (Erzgebirge). Unpublished Report, Freiberg, 1960

[88] ŠTEMPROK. M. (1961): Genetische Untersuchungen der flach fallenden Gänge auf

der Erzlagerstätte Cínovec/Zinnwald im Erzgebirge. Sbor. Úst. úst. Geol. Praha 26 (1961), page 455 – 527

[89] TICHY, K., RIEGER, M., ČABLA, V. (1961): Výpočet zásob na ložisku Cínovec. Geo-fond Praha, not published (in Czech).


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[90] GOTTESMANN, B. (1962): Über einige Lithium-Glimmer aus Zinnwald und Altenberg in Sachsen. Geologie, Jahrgang 11, page 1164 – 1176. Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1962

[91] ČABLA, V. (1963): Kleintektonik in der Zinnwalder Lagerstätte. Zeitschrift für ange-

wandte Geologie, Berlin Heft 9 (1963) [92] HOFFMANN, V., TRDLIČKA, Z. (1966): Die Geochemie des Li, Rb, Cs und Be in den

Greisen der Cínovec-Lagerstätte. Zeitschrift für angewandte Geologie, Bd. 12 (1966, Heft 1, S. 41 – 47

[93] BOLDUAN, H., LÄCHELT, A. (1960): Bericht der Staatlichen Geologischen Kommissi-on der DDR über die Ergebnisse der Erkundungsarbeiten 1954/55 und 1958/60 mit Bohrungen auf Lithium in Zinnwald (Erzgeb.). Geologischer Dienst Freiberg (unpubl.); Geologisches Archiv LfULG - EB 0498 (in German)

[94] BOLDUAN, H., LÄCHELT, A., MALASEK, F (1967): Zur Geologie und Mineralisation

der Zinnerzlagerstätte Zinnwald / Cínovec. Freiberger Forschungsheft, C 218, S. 35 – 52. VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, 1967

[95] BOLDUAN, H., FANDRICH, K. (1968): Gutachten über die Lithiumvorkommen im

Raum Zinnwald. unveröff. Bericht, VEB Geologische Forschung und Erkundung Halle, Betriebsteil Freiberg, 29.11.1968

[96] KÜHNE, R. et al. (1967): Vorschlag zur quantitativ-mineralogischen Gliederung der Greisen (Greisennomenklatur). Forschungskollektiv Zinnprognose Erzgebirge, Berlin, 21.06.1967

[97] PÄLCHEN, W. (1968): Zur Geochemie und Petrologie der postorogenen varistischen Magmatite des sächsischen Osterzgebirges. Diss. (unpubl.), Bergakademie Freiberg, 142 pp. (in German)

[98] ČESKÁ GEOLOGICKÁ SLUžBA – GEOFOND (2012): Výpis geologické dokumentace

archivního objektu. Praha, Date Research 2012-10-16

25.3.4 Period of the 1970s (Resource estimation)

[99] CADA, M., NOVAK, G. (1974): Spatial distribution of greisentypes of the Cinovec-south tin deposit. Intern. Geol. Correl. Progr. MAWAM Bd. 1, S. 383 – 388, Praha 1974

[100] SEIBEL, O. (1975): Petrografische Untersuchungen an Magmatiten und metasomati-ten aus dem Endokontakt der Lagerstätte Zinnwald. Dipl.-arbeit, Bergakademie Freiberg, 1975, unpublished

[101] CADA, M., GÖTZ, B. (1978): Perspektivy cinowolframovo zrudeni v cínovecke lozis-

kove oblasti. Rudy, 26, Praha 1978 [102] GRUNEWALD, V. (1978a): Neueinschätzung Rohstoffführung Erzgebirge, Gebiet

Osterzgebirge – Metallogenie und Prognose Zinnwald, Teil 1: Metallogenie. Unveröff. Bericht, Zentrales Geologisches Institut der DDR, Berlin 1978


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[103] GRUNEWALD, V. (1978b): Neueinschätzung Rohstoffführung Erzgebirge, Gebiet Osterzgebirge – Metallogenie und Prognose Zinnwald, Teil 2: Prognose. Unveröff. Be-richt, Zentrales Geologisches Institut der DDR, Berlin 1978

[104] KOLLEKTIV AUTORU (1978): Šest set let dolovani na Cínovci. Rudne doly Teplice,

1978

25.3.5 Period of the 1980s tin exploration

[105] ČABLA, V., TICHÝ, K. (1985): Nove vysledky geologickeho pruzkumu na Cínovci. Sbor. gel. Věd, lož. Geol. Mineral. 5, S. 107 – 133

[106] SCHILKA, W.(1987): Lagerstätte Zinnwald. Unpublished Report, Betrieb Zinnerz Al-

tenberg, Betriebsgeologie, Altenberg, 23.03.1987. Reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald – Georgenfeld, Freital, 31.01.1991

[107] SCHILKA, W. (1987): Einschätzung der Lagerstätte Zinnwald. Unpublished Report,

Betrieb Zinnerz Altenberg, Betriebsgeologie, Altenberg, 23.03.1987 Reported in: Berg-schadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald – Georgenfeld, Freital, 31.01.1991

[108] BESSER, M., KÜHNE, R. (1989): Zinn Altenberg, Suche 2, Zwischenbericht. Un-

published Report, VEB Geologische Forschung und Erkundung, Freiberg, 29.09.1989 [109] LUX, K.-N., OSSWALD, D., WERNICKE, C. (1989): Zusammenfassender Bericht zu

geophysikalischen Bohrlochmessungen im Objekt Zinn Zinnwald. Unpublished Report, VEB Bohrlochmessungen Gotha, 1989

[110] BESSER, M. (1990): Abbruchbericht Zinn Altenberg, Suche 2, Teilgebiet Zinnwald.

Unpublished Report, VEB Geologische Forschung und Erkundung Freiberg, 17.12.1990

25.3.6 Period since 1990 (New resource estimations)

[111] SALA, M., HUTSCHENREUTER, J., WOLF, D., KEMPE, U. (1998): Geologische und mineralogische Untersuchungen zur Genese der Sn-W-Li-Lagerstätte Zinnwald (Erz-gebirge). Berichte der Deutschen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, Nr. 1 (1998) page 245

[112] SALA, M. (1999): Geochemische und mineralogische Untersuchungen an alterierten

Gesteinen aus dem Kuppelbereich der Lagerstätte Zinnwald (Osterzgebirge). TU Bergakademie Freiberg, unveröff. Diss., Freiberg, 29.10.1999

[113] BOTULA, J., RUCKỲ, P., ŘEPKA, V. (2005): Extraction of Zinnwaldite from Mining and

Processing waste. Sbornik vědeckých prací Vysoke školy báňské – Technické Univer-sity Ostrava, Řada hornicko-geologická, Volume LI (2005), No. 2, page 9 – 16

[114] SENNEWALD, R., RÖSNER, S. (2007): Abschlussbericht zur Studie Radonvorkom-

men und deren Nutzung als Heilmittel für die Stadt Altenberg / Weißeritzkreis. G.E.O.S. Freiberg Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, in cooperation with IB Ga-linsky & Partner GmbH, Freiberg, 27.09.2007


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[115] SAMKOVÁ, R. (2009): Recovering lithium mica from the waste after mining Sn-W ores through the use of flotation. GeoScience Engineering, Ostrava LV (2009)1, page 33 – 37

[116] KÜHN, K., HARTSCH, J. (2011): Bewertung des Rohstofflagerpotenzials im sächsisch-

tschechischen Grenzgebiet – grenzüberschreitendes Rohstoffkataster, Lagerstätte Zinnwald – Cínovec, Ziel 3 Projekt. Unpublished Manuscript. ARCADIS Deutschland GmbH / G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH / Geokompetenzzentrum Freiberg e.V., Freiberg, April 2011

[117] ŠREIN, V. (2012): Bewertung des Rohstofflagerstättenpotenzials im sächsisch-

tschechischen Grenzgebiet - Grenzüberschreitendes Rohstoffkataster: Lagerstätte Zinnwald – Cínovec. Česká geologická služba, Praha, 04.02.2012 (German Transla-

tion of Czech Manuscript)

25.3.7 Mining risk estimation, mining remediation, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and geotechnical investigations since 1969

[118] INGENIEURBÜRO DER VVB STEINKOHLE (1969): BSA Teil I - Bergschadenkundli-che Analyse über das Altbergbaugebiet von Zinnwald-Georgenfeld, Teil I: Grube Zinn-wald. Unpublished Report, Zwickau, 1969. Reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analy-se Zinnwald - Georgenfeld (Kap. 1.5), Freital, 31.01.1991

[119] VEB BAUGRUND BERLIN (1971): BSA Teil II – Ergänzung der Bergschadenkundli-chen Analyse über das Altbergbaugebiet von Zinnwald-Georgenfeld, Teil II: Kleingru-ben im Gebiet Georgenfeld. Unpublished Report, VEB Baugrund Berlin, Produktions-bereich Zwickau, 1971. Reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald - Geor-genfeld (Kap. 1.5), Freital, 31.01.1991

[120] BERGSICHERUNG DRESDEN (1971): BSA Teil III – Bergschadenkundliche Analyse

Zinnwald, Teil III: Sockel der Transitstraße. Unpublished Report, Bergsicherung Dres-den, 1971. Reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald - Georgenfeld (Kap. 1.5), Freital, 31.01.1991

[121] BERGSICHERUNG DRESDEN (1976): BSA Teil IV – Bergschadenkundliche Analyse

Zinnwald, Teil IV: Studie zur technologischen Vorbereitung des Zinnwalder Sanie-rungsabschnittes „Zinnwald-Nord“. Unpublished Report, Bergsicherung Dresden, 04.12.1976. Reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald - Georgenfeld (Kap. 1.5), Freital, 31.01.1991

[122] BERGSICHERUNG DRESDEN (1991): Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald-Georgenfeld. Unpublished Report, Bergsicherung Dresden GmbH, Freital, 31.01.1991

[123] SENNEWALD, R. (2004): Ingenieurtechnische Untersuchungen zur gesicherten Ablei-

tung der Grubenwässer aus dem ehemaligen Bergbaugebiet Zinnwald-Georgenfeld. G.E.O.S. Freiberg Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 16.06.2004.

[124] SENNEWALD, R. (2007 - 2011): Planung und Bauüberwachung zur Herstellung der

gesicherten Ableitung der Grubenwässer aus dem ehemaligen Bergbaugebiet Zinn-wald-Georgenfeld. G.E.O.S. Freiberg Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 2007 – 2011


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[125] KÖHLER, A. (2011): Untersuchungen zur Standsicherheit eines unregelmäßig ausge-

formten Felshohlraumes am Beispiel der Reichtroster Weitung im Grubenfeld Zinn-wald. Diplomarbeit, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 31.07.2011

[126] SENNEWALD, R. (2012): Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald – Georgenfeld, Stand vom Januar 1991, digital Renew 2010. Unpublished Manuscript, G.E.O.S. Inge-nieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, Project Status Dezember 2012

[127] SENNEWALD, R., MARTIN, M. (2013): VODAMIN Teilprojekt P 03: Vorortuntersu-

chungen und Auswertung der Wassermengenverhältnisse sowie Wasser-beschaffenheiten im Grenzraum Zinnwald / Cínovec und Teilprojekt P 06: Wechselwir-kungen des Grund- und Oberflächenwassers im Grenzraum Zinnwald / Cínovec. Un-published Report G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 25.03.2013

25.3.8 Historical documents about Zinnwald / Cínovec region

[128] DALMER, K. (1890), revidiert von C. GÄBERT (1908): Erläuterungen zur Geologi-schen Karte von Sachsen, Blatt 119, Section Altenberg-Zinnwald, 2. Auflage, Leipzig, 1908

[129] OELSNER, O. W. (1952): Die pegmatitisch-pneumatolytischen Lagerstätten des Erz-gebirges mit Ausnahme der Kontaktlagerstätten. Freiberger Forschungshefte, Reihe C, 1952

[130] OELSNER, C. (1961): Abschlussbericht über Gravimetermessungen im Erzgebirge.

VEB Geophysik Leipzig, 1961 [131] HAMMERMÜLLER, M. (1964): Um Altenberg, Geising und Lauenstein. Werte deut-

scher Heimat, Bd. 7, Berlin 1964

[132] TISCHENDORF, G. (1964): Stand der Kenntnisse bei der Suche nach Zinnlagerstätten im Osterzgebirge. Zeitschrift für angewandte Geologie, Bd. 10 (1964), Heft 5, page 225 - 238

[133] LINDNER, H. (1964): Ergebnisbericht gravimetrische Erkundung Altenberg. Un-

published Report. VEB Geophysik Leipzig, 1964 [134] SCHEIBE, R. (1966): Ergebnisbericht erdmagnetische Erkundung Osterzgebirge. Un-

published Report, VEB Geophysik Leipzig, 1966

[135] SCHMIDT, M. (1977): Geologische, petrografische und geochemische Untersuchun-gen zur Charakterisierung eines Mikrogranitganges zwischen Zinnwald und Altenberg. Dipl.-arbeit, Bergakademie Freiberg, 1977, unpublished

[136] BAUMANN, L., TISCHENDORF, G. (1978): The metallogeny of tin in the Erzgebirge.

Geol. Survey, MAWAM Vol. 3, 17 – 28 [137] OSSENKOPF, P. (1982): Methodische und regionale Ergebnisse der Schlichprospek-

tion im Erzgebirge. Unpublished Report. GFE Geologische Forschung und Erkundung Freiberg, 1982


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[138] PÄLCHEN, W., RANK, G., BERGER, R., TISCHENDORF, G. (1982): Regionale geo-

chemische Untersuchungen an Gesteinen, fluviatilen Sedimenten und Wässern im Erzgebirge und Vogtland. Unpublished Report. GFE Geologische Forschung und Erkundung Freiberg, 1982

[139] RUHL, A. (1985): Dokumentationsbericht Aerogeophysik Elbezone. Unpublished Re-

port, VEB Geophysik Leipzig [140] STEINER, G.; BRIEDEN, H.-J.; HAUPT, M. (1987): Komplexbericht Zinnerkundung

Schmiedeberg. Unpublished Report. VEB Geophysik Leipzig, 1987 [141] PÄLCHEN, W., RANK, G., HARPKE, B., STROHBACH, S. (1989): Suche Zinn Erzfeld

Altenberg– Dippoldiswalde, pedogeochemische Prospektion M 1 : 25 000. Un-published Report. VEB Geologische Forschung und Erkundung Freiberg, 1989

[142] PÄLCHEN, W., RANK, G., SCHIRN, R., WIEMEIER, G., KÜHNE, R., ZERNKE, B.,

HARPKE, B., SCHUBERT, R., WILKE, R. (1989): Suche Zinn Erzfeld Altenberg – Dippoldiswalde, Komplexinterpretation geologischer, geophysikalischer und geochemi-scher Untersuchungen im Maßstab 1 : 25 000. Unpublished Report. VEB Geologische Forschung und Erkundung Freiberg, 1989

[143] RÖLLIG, G. (1990): Vergleichende Bewertung der Rohstoffführung in den Grundge-

birgseinheiten im Südteil der DDR. Unpublished Report, UWG Berlin

[144] UHLIG, J. (1992): Zur Mineralogie und Geochemie der Granitoid- und Greisenglimmer aus Zinnlagerstätten des Sächsischen Erzgebirges und der Mongolei. Dissertation, Bergakademie Freiberg, 1992, unpublished

[145] SCHILKA, W. (1993): Zinnwald. Die Geschichte eines osterzgebirgischen Bergbauor-

tes. Gemeindeverwaltung Zinnwald-Georgenfeld, 1993 [146] ŠTEMPROK. M., NOVÁK, J. K., DAVID, J. (1994): The association between granites

and tin-tungsten mineralisation in the eastern Krusne Hory (Erzgebirge), Czech Repub-lic. Monograph Series on Mineral Deposits, Berlin / Stuttgart 31(1994), page 97 – 129

[147] BAUMANN, L., KUSCHKA, E., SEIFERT, T. (2000): Lagerstätten des Erzgebirges.

ENKE im Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000

[148] WEINHOLD, G., BECKER, M., BERNHARDT, H., KÜHN, M., SIEGERT; H. (2002): Bergbau in Sachsen, Band 9 – Die Zinnerzlagerstätte Altenberg/Osterzgebirge (Berg-baumonografie). Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt und Geologie / Sächsisches Oberbergamt, Freiberg, November 2002

[149] PÄLCHEN, W.; WALTHER, H. (2008): Geologie von Sachsen – Geologischer Bau und

Entwicklungsgeschichte, E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung [150] DEUTSCHER WETTERDIENST (2011): Klimadiagramm Zinnwald – Georgenfeld

(SN), Deutschland, 01.03.2011


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25.4 Maps and mine planes

[151] DALMER, K. (1890), revidiert von C. GÄBERT (1908): Geologische Specialkarte des Königreichs Sachsen, Maßstab 1 : 25.000, Nr. 119 Altenberg – Zinnwald, 2. Auflage, Leipzig, 1908

[152] SÄCHSISCHES OBERBERGAMT: Hohlraumkarte des Freistaates Sachsen. Säch-

sisches Oberbergamt, Freiberg. Source: www.smwa.sachsen.de/de/Wirtschaft/Bergbau/Hohlraumkarte/105900.html, date of file access June 12th 2012

[153] STAATSBETRIEB GEOBASISINFORMATION UND VERMESSUNG SACHSEN

(GeoSN): Topografische Karte des Freistaates Sachsen (TK 10), Blatt 5248 Altenberg, Maßstab 1 : 10.000. Source: www.vermessung.sachsen.de, date of file access May 4th 2012

[154] MUSIL, A. (1940): Gruben-Übersichtskarte der Gewerkschaft Zinnwalder Bergbau, Al-

tenberg i.Sa.. Gewerkschaft Zinnwalder Bergbau, Brüx, 28.07.1940 [155] SCHILKA, W. (1984): Übersichtskarte Altbergbau von Zinnwald-Georgenfeld, Betrieb

Zinnerz Altenberg, Betriebsgeologie, Unpublished. Altenberg, Mai 1984, reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald - Georgenfeld. Freital, 31.01.1991

[156] BERGSICHERUNG DRESDEN (1991): Hauptgrundriss Tiefer Bünau-Stollen, Nord-

und Südteil, M 1 : 1.000, Abzeichnung des Grubenrisswerkes von MUSIL (GEWERKSCHAFT ZINNWALDER BERGBAU, Juli 1940) by WUNDERLICH (Zinnerz Altenberg, Juli 1959) und Addition by WUTZLER (Ingenieurbüro Steinkohle, April 1969), reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald – Georgenfeld (Anl. 26 und 27), Freital, 31.01.1991

[157] BERGSICHERUNG DRESDEN (1970 – 1988): Betriebsgrubenbild Zinnwald, Maßstab

1 : 200, Blätter 1 – 5, 7 – 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 21. In: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald - Georgenfeld (Anl. 11), Freital, 31.01.1991

[158] BESSER, M., KÜHNE, R. (1989): Bohr- und Abbauübersichtsriß zum Projekt Zinn Al-

tenberg, Suche 2, M 1 : 2.000. In: BESSER, M., KÜHNE R. (1989): Zinn Altenberg, Suche 2, Zwischenbericht. Unpublished Report, VEB Geologische Forschung und Er-kundung, Freiberg, 29.09.1989

[159] BERGSICHERUNG DRESDEN (1991): Längs- und Querschnitt durch die Zinnwalder

Zinnerzlagerstätte nach ZINKEISEN von 1888. Reported In: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald - Georgenfeld (Anl. 30). Freital, 31.01.1991

[160] SCHILKA, W. (1991): Geologische Karte von Zinnwald-Georgenfeld. Betrieb Zinnerz

Altenberg, Betriebsgeologie. Reported in: Bergschadenkundliche Analyse Zinnwald - Georgenfeld (Anl. 29). Freital, 31.01.1991

[161] SÄCHSISCHES OBERBERGAMT (2011): Übersichtskarte Gebiet Zinnwald / Cínovec

mit Bergbauberechtigungen, Freiberg, Status 05.04.2011

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[162] KÜHN, K., SOBOTKA, S. (2011): Aufsuchung Zinnwald, Übersicht Schutzgebiete, M 1 : 25.000. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 27.06.2011 (Reported in: KÜHN, K., SOBOTKA, S., KLÖDEN, U., HOMILIUS, A. (2011): Erlaubnisfeld Zinn-wald, Hauptbetriebsplan zur Aufsuchung für das Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“, Teil 1: Er-kundungsbohrungen über Tage, Anlage 2)

[163] KÜHN, K., SOBOTKA, S. (2011): Aufsuchung Zinnwald, Altlastenstandorte nach

SALKA, M 1 : 25.000. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 27.06.2011. (in: KÜHN, K., SOBOTKA, S., KLÖDEN, U., HOMILIUS, A. (2011): Erlaubnisfeld Zinn-wald, Hauptbetriebsplan zur Aufsuchung für das Erlaubnisfeld „Zinnwald“, Teil 1: Er-kundungsbohrungen über Tage, Anlage 3)

[164] SENNEWALD, R., KÜHN, K. (2011): Aufsuchung Zinnwald, Lageplan Zinnwald mit

Greisenvorkommen. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, 09.08.2011

[165] KLÖDEN, U., HÜNERT, G. (2011): Aufsuchung Zinnwald, Erkundungsprogramm, La-ge- und Höhenplan, M 1 : 500. ICV Ingenieurbüro für Vermessung und Consulting / G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke / Freiberg, 14.09.2011

[166] KLÖDEN. U., HÜNERT, G., SENNEWALD, R., GIEGLING, H. (2012): Grube Zinnwald,

Übersichtsriss mit Hauptwasserwegen Grube Cínovec im Niveau TBSt., M 1 : 2.000. G.E.O.S. Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH, Halsbrücke, Status 08/2012

25.5 Other literature

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[168] CUNDY, E.K., WINDLE, W., WARREN, I.H. (1960): The occurrence of zinnwaldite in

Cornwall. Clay Miner. Bull. 4 (23), 151-156.

[169] CZECH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (1992): Geological map of the Czech Republic at the scale 1:50 000, sheet Teplice, 02 32 (J. DOMAS, Ed.). Czech Geol. Survey, Prague.

[170] FRANÇOIS-BONGARÇON, D., GY, P. (2002): The most common error in applying

‘Gy’s Formula’ in the theory of mineral sampling, and the history of the liberation factor. Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (102/8), 475 - 480.

[171] GOVINDARAJU, K., RUBESSKA, I., PAUKERT, T. (1994): Report of zinnwaldite ZW-C

analysed by ninety-two GIT-IWG member laboratories. Geostand Newsl. 18(1), 1 - 42

[172] GY, P. (1998): Sampling for analytical purposes. Wiley, Chichester, 172 pp.

[173] HAYNES, L., WEBB, P.C., TINDLE, A.G., IXER, R.A. (1993): W-Sn-Mo-Bi-Ag mineral-ization associated with zinnwaldite-bearing granite from Glen Gairn, Scotland. Trans-actions - Institution of Mining and Metallurgy.Section B: Appl. Earth Sci. 102, 211 - 214.

[174] HENNINGSEN, D. & KATZUNG, G. (2006): Einführung in die Geologie Deutschlands.

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[175] JOHAN, Z., STRNAD, L., JOHAN, V. (2012): Evolution of the Cinovec (Zinnwald) gran-ite cupola, Czech Republic; composition of feldspars and micas, a clue to the origin of W, Sn mineralization. Can. Mineral. 50(4), 1131 - 1148.

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Bom Futuro tin mine, Rondonia, Brazil. Mineral Mag, 64(4), 699 - 709.

[177] MÜLLER, B. (1933): Erläuterungen zur geologischen Karte des Bezirkes Deutshc-Gabel in Böhmen. Firgenwald, 6(1), 8 – 85

[178] NEMASKA LITHIUM CORPORATION: Signum box - Growing demand for lithium hy-droxide. Presentation, June 2014. Source: http://www.nemaskalithium.com/en/Investors/Corporate-presentation

[179] NOVÁK, M., ČERNÝ, P., SELWAY, J.B. (1999): The zinnwaldite masutomilite-elbaite

granitic pegmatite from the Trebic Durbachite Massif at Kracovice; a complex pegma-tite related to the NYF family. Can. Mineral 37(3), 815 – 816

[180] PIRAJNO, F. (2009). Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems. Springer, Boston:

1250 pp.

[181] POLLARD, P. J. (1983): Magmatic and postmagmatic processes in the development of rocks associated with rare element deposits. Inst. Mining Metallurgy Trans., Sec. B 92, B1 - B9

[182] RIEDER, M., CAVAZZINI, G.; D'YAKONOV, Yu. S., FRANK-KAMENETSKII, V.A.,

GOTTARDI, G. (1998): Nomenclature of the Micas. Can. Mineral. 36, 905 - 912

[183] RODA ROBLES, E., PESQUERA, A., GIL-CRESPO, P., TORRES-RUIZ, J. (2012): From granite to highly evolved pegmatite; a case study of the Pinilla de Fermoselle granite-pegmatite system, Zamora, Spain. Lithos 153, 192 - 207

[184] ROMER, R. L., SCHNEIDER, J. C., LINNEMANN, U. (2010): Post-Variscan defor-

mation and hydrothermal mineralization in Saxo-Thuringia and beyond: a geochrono-logical review. In: LINNEMANN, U. ROMER, R. L. (Eds.) Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Saxo-Thuringia – From the Cadomian Active Margin to the Variscan Orogen. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 347 – 360.

[185] RUNDKVIST, D.V., DENISENKO, V.K., and PAVLOVA, I.G. (1971): Greisen deposits.

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[186] SEIFERT, TH., KEMPE, U. (1994): Zinn-Wolfram-Lagerstätten und spätvariszische Magmatite des Erzgebirges. Beitr. z. Eur. J. Mineral. 6, 125 – 172. (in German)

[187] SEIFERT, TH. (2008): Metallogeny and petrogenesis of lamprophyres in the Mid-

European Variscides. Millpress Science Publishers, Rotterdam: 304 pp.

[188] SELTMANN, R., ŠTEMPROK, M. (1995): Metallogenic overview of the Krusne Hory Mts. (Erzgebirge) region. In: Breiter K, Seltmann R (eds) Ore Mineralizations of the Krusne Hory Mts. (Erzgebirge): Excursion Guide, Third Biennial SGA Meeting, Prague, 28–31 August 1995. Czech Geological Survey, Prague, 1 – 18

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[193] ŠTEMPROK, M., HOLUB, F. V., NOVÁK, J. K. (2003): Multiple magmatic pulses of the

Eastern Volcano-Plutonic Complex, Krušné hory/Erzgebirge batholith, and their phos-phorus contents. Bull. Geosci. 78, 277 – 296.

[194] UHLIG, J. (1992): Zur Mineralogie und Geochemie der Granitoid- und Greisenglimmer

aus Zinnlagerstätten des Sächsischen Erzgebirges und der Mongolei. Diss. (unpubl.), Bergakademie Freiberg, pp. 129

[195] WEBSTER, J. D., THOMAS, R., FÖRSTER, H.-J., SELTMANN, R., TAPPEN, CH.

(2004): Geochemical evolution of halogen-enriched granite magmas and mineralizing fluids of the Zinnwald tin-tungsten mining district, Erzgebirge, Germany. Miner. Deposi-ta 39, 452 - 472.