rmwdddumum - Ministry of Information Nov 2017.pdfrmwdddumum EdkifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ (rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;) tusKd;&v'f - EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh Oya'tjrif

$Page 1: rmwdddumum - Ministry of Information Nov 2017.pdfrmwdddumum EdkifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ (rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;) tusKd;&v'f - EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh Oya'tjrif$


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- EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh Oya'tjrif OD;[efñGefY (Oya') 4

- EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ tusKd;&v'f oef;apm (pD yD at) 9

- EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ armifarmifjrifhodef; 13

tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm; (pufrIwuúodkvf)

uAsmuAsmuAsmuAsmuAsm

- tdkrmc,rff\ aw;uAsmrsm; (3) OD;boef; (r[m0dZÆm) 29

- trkef;w&m; wdkYz,f&Sm; NrJckdifwGJvufrsm; zdk;&efEdkif (ausmufBuD;) 31

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- aiGqdkwm aiGukdac:w,f Munfrif; 60

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- rnfolrqkd csrf;omEdkifonf [def;vwf 153

ppfa&;qd kif&mppfa&;qd kif&mppfa&;qd kif&mppfa&;qd kif&mppfa&;qd kif&m

- qdk;0g;vmzG,f tm&SppfyGJtEÅ&m,f xDvmpkd;jrifhx,f 55

Ed kifiHa&;qk dif&mEd ki fiHa&;qk dif&mEd ki fiHa&;qk dif&mEd ki fiHa&;qk dif&mEd ki fiHa&;qk dif&m

- uuf&SfrD;,m; EkdifiHa&; pnfolvIdif 148

odyÜ HESif henf;ynmqkdif&modyÜ HESif henf;ynmqkdif&modyÜ HESif henf;ynmqkdif&modyÜ HESif henf;ynmqkdif&modyÜ HESif henf;ynmqkdif&m

- a&S;acwfppfoabFmrsm; tykdif; (2) aqGZifñGefY 92

- 'pf*spfw,f EdkifiHom; wifñGefY 125

okwya'ompmapmifokwya'ompmapmifokwya'ompmapmifokwya'ompmapmifokwya'ompmapmif

twGJ (44)? trSwf twGJ (44)? trSwf twGJ (44)? trSwf twGJ (44)? trSwf twGJ (44)? trSwf ((((( 11)11)11)11)11)

2017 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv2017 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv2017 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv2017 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv2017 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv

vli,fqk di f&mvli,fqk di f&mvli,fqk di f&mvli,fqk di f&mvli,fqk di f&m

- rdwfzuf&Smyg ukdaZmfaX; (,Ofaus;rI) 32

pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m

- MopaMw;vs awmNrKdUav; ausmf&Sif; 101

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- pifumylEkdifiHESifh rl;,pfaq;0g;tEÅ&m,f OD;OD;odef; 88

usef;rma&;qkdif&musef;rma&;qkdif&musef;rma&;qkdif&musef;rma&;qkdif&musef;rma&;qkdif&m

- tdrfarG;wd&pämefjzifh pdwfukxHk; Edkifaomif;xG#f 52

- uav;rsm;\ usef;rma&; jrodef; 84

- qef;opfazG&Sm aq;ynm (191) a'gufwm jrifhoef; (oaEom;) 118

obm0ywf0ef;usif½Iaxmif hqd kif&mobm0ywf0ef;usif½Iaxmif hqd kif&mobm0ywf0ef;usif½Iaxmif hqd kif&mobm0ywf0ef;usif½Iaxmif hqd kif&mobm0ywf0ef;usif½Iaxmif hqd kif&m

- avoGif;toHk;jyK&onfh a&mfbmwrHrsm; omvl&Snf 106

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- xkdc&D;okdYoGm;&efvrf; wuúodkvfrkd;jrifh 20

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- uRefri,fi,f ukd;ESpft&G,fu ausmf0if;[def; (yckuúL) 65

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taxGaxGtaxGaxGtaxGaxGtaxGaxGtaxGaxG

- urÇmhtBuD;qHk; pdef½kdif;wHk;BuD; r[mo'¨r® aZmwdu"Z 27

pnfol a'gufwmcifarmifñGefY

- ajrivsifESifh urÇmajrtay:vTmrsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rI &JxufaZmf 43

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- tusyftwnf;ukd tEkdif,lwwfrI tEkynm armifaus;Zl; 145

- [mo armf (oefvsif) -

Ed ki fi HwpfE d ki fi H\ pD;y Gm;a&;zG H U NzK d ;wd k ;wufapa&;twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;E d ki fi HwpfE d ki fi H\ pD;y Gm;a&;zG H U NzK d ;wd k ;wufapa&;twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;E d ki fi HwpfE d ki fi H\ pD;y Gm;a&;zG H U NzK d ;wd k ;wufapa&;twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;E d ki fi HwpfE d ki fi H\ pD;y Gm;a&;zG H U NzK d ;wd k ;wufapa&;twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;E d ki fi HwpfE d ki fi H\ pD;y Gm;a&;zG H U NzK d ;wd k ;wufapa&;twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;

&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fES Hr Ivkyfief;rsm; yd kr k d0ifa&mufvm&ef? jynfolrsm;twGuf&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fES Hr Ivkyfief;rsm; yd kr k d0ifa&mufvm&ef? jynfolrsm;twGuf&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fES Hr Ivkyfief;rsm; yd kr k d0ifa&mufvm&ef? jynfolrsm;twGuf&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fES Hr Ivkyfief;rsm; yd kr k d0ifa&mufvm&ef? jynfolrsm;twGuf&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fES Hr Ivkyfief;rsm; yd kr k d0ifa&mufvm&ef? jynfolrsm;twGuf

tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&efESif h jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&efESif h jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&efESif h jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&efESif h jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&efESif h jrefrmEdkifiHwGif

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EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifhpyfvsOf;í aemufcHorkdif;tusOf;udk OD;pGmwifjyzkdY vdktyfonf/

2012 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf Oya'trSwf (21) jzifh ]]EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya'}}

jy|mef;cJhzl;onf/ 2013 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf Oya'trSwf (18) jzifhvnf; ]]jrefrmEdkifiHom;

4

rsm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'}} jy|mef;cJhzl;onf/

tqdkygOya'rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

Oya' (Myanmar Investment Law) jzi f h

½kyfodrf;vdkufNyD; jzpfonf/

EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'ukd ½kyfodrf;

vdkufaomfvnf; ,if;Oya't& wnfaxmif

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jr§KyfES HrIOya't& qufcHrnfhaumfr&Siftm;

wm0ef0wå&m; vTJtyfay;onfhaeYtxd vkyfief;

rsm;ukd aqmif&GufcGifh &Sdap&rnf jzpfonf/

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EdkifiHawmftwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyf

onfh EdkifiHom;ukd qdkonf/ ,if;pum;&yfwGif

jrefrmEd kifiHukrÜPDrsm; tufOya'ESif htnD

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rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ «yk'fr 2 (¡)»

ESifhtnD zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif rSwfyHkwifxm;onfh

EkdifiHjcm;ukrÜPD? ½Hk;cGJ? tjcm;pD;yGm;a&; tzGJU

tpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfyEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrS jy|mef;

xm;onfh Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD zGJUpnf;xm;aom

pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/

«yk'fr 2 (P)»

&if;E S D ; j&if;E S D ; j&if;E S D ; j&if;E S D ; j&if;E S D ; jrrrrr§ Ky fE S Holqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Holqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Holqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Holqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Holqk donfrSm

EdkifiHawmftwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd Oya'

ESifhtnD vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfh jrefrm

EdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol okdYr[kwf EdkifiHjcm;om;

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolukd qkdonf/ «yk'fr 2 (w)»

Ed ki fi H jcm;&if;E S D ; jE d ki fi H jcm;&if;E S D ; jE d ki fi H jcm;&if;E S D ; jE d ki fi H jcm;&if;E S D ; jE d ki fi H jcm;&if;E S D ; jrrrrr§ Ky fE S Hr Iqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Hr Iqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Hr Iqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Hr Iqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Hr Iqk donfrSm

EdkifiHjcm;om; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolu EdkifiHawmf

twGif; jyKvkyfonfh wkduf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd

qdkonf/ «yk'fr 2 (")»

jrefrmEd ki fi H &if;ES D ; jjrefrmEd ki fi H &if;ES D ; jjrefrmEd ki fi H &if;ES D ; jjrefrmEd ki fi H &if;ES D ; jjrefrmEd ki fi H &if;ES D ; jrrrrr§Ky fE S Hr IOya'§Ky fE S Hr IOya'§Ky fE S Hr IOya'§Ky fE S Hr IOya'§Ky fE S Hr IOya'

2016 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf

Oya'trSwf (40) jzpfonf/ 2016 ckESpf?

atmufwdkbmv 18 &ufpGJjzifh jynfaxmifpk

vTwfawmfu jy|mef;jcif; jzpfonf/ EdkifiHawmf

or®wBuD; OD;xifausmf vufrSwfa&;xkd;jy|mef;

jcif; jzpfonf/

tcef; (23) cef;tcef; (23) cef;tcef; (23) cef;tcef; (23) cef;tcef; (23) cef;

tcef; (23) cef; yg&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-

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vpfvyfae&m jznfhpGufcefYxm;jcif;? aumfr&Sif

\ wm0efESifh vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;? tpnf;ta0;

5

Ek difiHjcm;om; &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HolqdkonfrSmEk difiHjcm;om; &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HolqdkonfrSmEk difiHjcm;om; &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HolqdkonfrSmEk difiHjcm;om; &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HolqdkonfrSmEk difiHjcm;om; &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HolqdkonfrSm

EdkifiHawmftwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyf

onfh EdkifiHom;r[kwfolukd qdkonf/ ,if;pum;

&yfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH ukrÜPDrsm; tufOya'

usif;yjcif; ? tqk d jyKcsuf wifoGi f; jcif; ?

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&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; qufqHaqmif&Gufjcif;?

ajrtoHk;jyKcGifh? trIxrf;rsm;ESifh tvkkyform;

rsm; cefYxm;jcif;? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd tmrcHjcif;?

b@maiGrsm; vTJajymif;jcif;? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;

\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;? tmrcHxm;&S d jcif;?

uif;vGwfcGifhESifh oufomcGifhrsm;? tjiif;yGm;rI

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rnfhtcsufrsm;? vHkNcKHa&;qdkif&m uif;vGwfcGifh

rsm;ESifh taxGaxGwdkY yg0ifonf/

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tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:aygufvmap

&ef?

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( i) p Gr f ;aqmi f&nf jri f hrm;onf h

xkwfvkyfrI? 0efaqmifrI? ukefoG,frI

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( p) enf;ynm zG H U NzK d;wd k;wufap&ef?

pdkufysKd;a&;? arG;jrLa&;ESifh pufrI

u@ zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufap&ef?

(q) E d ki fi Hwp f0e f ;vH k ;w Gi f tajcc H

taqmufttH kr s m ;tygt0i f

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zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufap&ef?

( Z) EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHwum

tokduft0ef;ESifh ,SOfwGJvkkyfukdif

aqmif&GufEkdifap&ef?

( ps) E d k i f i Hwump HE Ie f ;E S i f hn Daom

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESif h &if;ES D;

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rwl/ wpfrlxl;jcm;pGm atmufygtwdkif; azmfjy

onf-

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tmPmwnfonfhaeYwGif vkyfief;vnfywf

vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfh okdYr[kwf þ

Oya'tmPmwnfNyD;aemuf topfzG JUpnf;

wnfaxmifvkyfukdifrnfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItm;vHk;

ESifh tusKH;0if oufqkdifap&rnf/ okdY&mwGif

6

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Oya'\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufyg

twkdif; jzpfonf-

(u) EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tusKd;

pD;yGm;tvkdYiSm obm0ywf0ef;usif

ESifh vlrIywf0ef;usifudk xdckdufrI r&Sd

aponfh wm0ef,lrI&Sddaom &if;ESD;

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&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;rsm;ukd Oya'

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onfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;onf þOya'ESifh tusKH;

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omwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrIomwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrIomwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrIomwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrIomwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrI

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onfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &ykdifcGifh? w&m;

Oya'ESifhtnD aqmif&GufcGifhESifh t,lcHcGifhrsm;

ukd tmrcHonf/

ajrtoHk; jyKcGif hE Si f h tcGif hta&;rsm;ajrtoHk; jyKcGif hE Si f h tcGif hta&;rsm;ajrtoHk; jyKcGif hE Si f h tcGif hta&;rsm;ajrtoHk; jyKcGif hE Si f h tcGif hta&;rsm;ajrtoHk; jyKcGif hE Si f h tcGif hta&;rsm;

Oya'ESifhtnD ajrtoHk;jyKcGifh &Sdonf/

oufwrf;wdk;Edkifonf/ pmcsKyfpmwrf; rSwfyHk

wifEdkifonf/ trIxrf;rsm;? tvkyform;rsm;

cefYxm;Edkifonf/ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd tmrcHonf/

jynfyokdY b@maiGrsm; vTJajymif;Edkifonf/

wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;

Oya'tcef; (16) wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol\

wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ukdvnf; azmfjyjy|mef;xm;

7

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vm&ef vdktyfaMumif; Myanmar Global Invest-

ment Forum - 2017 ukd aejynfawmfü 2017

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9

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11

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mation of Human Resources) ? pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rsm; NyKdifqkdifwdk;wufrI (Increase of

Competition) ? urÇmhaps;uGufESifh csdwfqufEdkifrI

(Integration in Global Market) ESifh vkyfief;rsm;

zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufvmNyD; jyefvnfzGJUpnf;EdkifrI (Firms

Development and Reorganization) ponfh

&v'frsm;ukd &&Sdapjcif; jzpfonf/

oef;apm (pD yD at)oef;apm (pD yD at)oef;apm (pD yD at)oef;apm (pD yD at)oef;apm (pD yD at)

13

EdkifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI (FDI) ukd yGifhvif;NyD; atmifjrifaom EdkifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;

pepfESifh zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufrIqkdif&m t"du,EÅ&m; wpfcktwGuf tajccHusaom tpdwftykdif;taejzifh

Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIonf enf;ynm? vlom;t&if;tESD;? pDrHcefYcG JrIESif hEd kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIonf enf;ynm? vlom;t&if;tESD;? pDrHcefYcG JrIESif hEd kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIonf enf;ynm? vlom;t&if;tESD;? pDrHcefYcG JrIESif hEd kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIonf enf;ynm? vlom;t&if;tESD;? pDrHcefYcG JrIESif hEd kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIonf enf;ynm? vlom;t&if;tESD;? pDrHcefYcG JrIESif h

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@wpf&yf jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftukdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@wpf&yf jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftukdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@wpf&yf jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftukdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@wpf&yf jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftukdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@wpf&yf jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftukdif

tcGif htvrf;rsm; &&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfh0aomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfh0aomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfh0aomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfh0aomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfh0aom

vkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifaMumif;ESif h qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGufvkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifaMumif;ESif h qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGufvkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifaMumif;ESif h qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGufvkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifaMumif;ESif h qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGufvkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifaMumif;ESif h qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGuf

vnf; t"duusaMumif; ponfjzifh Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;rI\tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIvnf; t"duusaMumif; ponfjzifh Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;rI\tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIvnf; t"duusaMumif; ponfjzifh Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;rI\tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIvnf; t"duusaMumif; ponfjzifh Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;rI\tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIvnf; t"duusaMumif; ponfjzifh Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;rI\tusKd;jzpfxGef;rI

rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/

14

½Ijrifxm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh EdkifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf

&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrI\ tusd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;onf

atmif jrifr Iuk d a&&Snfxdef;xm;Ed ki faom

pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrItwGuf t"du tpdwftykdif;

tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;? vlrIpD;yGm; zG HUNzKd;

wdk;wufa&;twGuf enf;vrf;wpf&yftjzpf

aomfvnf;aumif; ½Ijrifxm;Muonf/

Ed kifiH jcm;wd kuf½k duf&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES Hr Ionf

tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufrI

ay:wGif xl;jcm;aom tusKd;oufa&mufrI

&Sdonf/ ,cktcg zGHUNzKd;qJEkdifiHrsm;? xGef;opfp

EdkifiHrsm;ESifh toGiful;ajymif;p EdkifiHrsm;onf

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd qGJaqmif&ef taumif;qHk;

rl0g'rsm;ESifhtnD vkdufygaqmif&GufaeMuonf/

tdrf&SifEd ki fiHrsm;twGuf tusK d; jzpfxGef;rI

trsm;qHk;jzpfapjcif;onf odomxif&Sm;vS

onf/ ,if;tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;wGif enf;ynm?

vlom;t&if;tESD; taxmuftuljzpfrI? ,SOfNyKdif

Edkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;? ywf0ef;usifukd

jr§ifhwifay;rI? EdkifiHwum ukefoG,frIaygif;pnf;

aqmif&Gufa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufrIESi f h

pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;rIwkdYukd jr§ifhwifay;jcif;wdkY yg0if

onf/

xkd Yjyif pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;

omru tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;\ ywf0ef;usifESifh

v lr Ia&;tajctae wd k ;wufr Iu d kvnf;

ulnDay;Edkifonf/ tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGuf ydkrkd

aumif;rGefaom enf;ynmukd tpm;xkd;ay;jcif;

ESifh vlrIwm0efodrIqkdif&m rl0g'rsm;ukd vrf;ñTef

ay;jcif;wdkYukd azmfaqmifay;onf/ ,if;tusKd;

jzp fxGe f ;r Itm;vH k ;onf y d kr k d jri f hrm;aom

pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIukd ulnDaqmif&Gufay;

Edkifovkd tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI

avQm hcsa&;twGufvnf; t"duusonf h

tcef;u@wpf&yf jzpfonf/

trSefpifppf Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;

jr§KyfESHrIonf pD;yGm;a&;t& tusKd;oufa&mufrI

ukd wdwdusus wdkif;wm&ef cufcJvSonf/ FDI

\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;tcef;

u@rsm;ESif h a'ovlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif

tvkdtavsmuf jrifhwufvmjcif;omjzpfNyD;

tnDtrQ jrifhwufvmjcif;awmh r[kwfacs/

,if;tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHESif h

wpfEdkifiH uGmjcm;vSonf/

t&if;tjrpfrsm; yH hy k d ;ay;jcif;t&if;tjrpfrsm; yH hy k d ;ay;jcif;t&if;tjrpfrsm; yH hy k d ;ay;jcif;t&if;tjrpfrsm; yH hy k d ;ay;jcif;t&if;tjrpfrsm; yH hy k d ;ay;jcif;

Ed ki fiH jcm;wd kuf½d kuf&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES Hr Ionf

t&if;tESD; (Capital) ? enf;ynm (Technology)

ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI (Management) t&if;tESD;rsm;

yHhykd;ulnDjcif;jzifh tdrf&SifEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;ukd

tjyKoabmqefaom yg0ifaqmif&GufrI jyKvkyf

ay;Ekdifonf/ ,if;t&if;tjrpfrsm; vTJajymif;

ay;jcif;onf tdrf&SifEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wuf

rIukd vIHYaqmfay;Edkifonf/

15

t&if;tES D; t&if;tES D; t&if;tES D; t&if;tES D; t&if;tES D; (Capital)

t&if;tESD;taejzifhMunfhvQif EdkifiHwum

aumfy k da&;& Si f ;rsm;onf a&&Snfp Dr Hude f ;

rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMuNyD; ,if;pDrHudef;rsm;rS

tjrwftpGef; jyefvnf&,lEd kif&ef pGef Ypm;

rIrsm; jyKvkyfMu&onf/ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif

rsm;u EdkifiHwumokdY t&if;tESD; vGwfvyfpGm

pD;qif;rIukd ESpfoufMuonf/ taMumif;rlum;

tusK d;tjrwf jyefvnf&&S drI tjrif hqH k;uk d

&SmazG&ef t&if;tES D;uk d pk dufxkwf&aom

aMumifh jzpfonf/ tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;u ray;Edkifaom aiGaMu;t&if;

tESD;ukd "epGrf;tm;BuD;rm;pGm ykdifqkdifxm;aom

EdkifiHpHk aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;u tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;okdY

ay;pGrf;EdkifMuonf/ BuD;rm;aom EdkifiHpHkaumfykd

a&;&Sif;rsm;onf ,if;wd k Y\*kPfodu©mjzif h

aps;uGufrsm;rS aiGaMu;ukd tdrf&SifEd kifiH&S d

pD;yGm;a&;ukrÜPDrsm;xuf acs;,l&ef ydkrdkvG,ful

aomaMumifh jzpfonf/

xkd Yjyif EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH

r Ionf jynfyt&if;tES D ; y H hy k d ;ulnD jcif;

omru xyfrHvkdtyfaom jynfwGif; &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrIukdyg jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;

wd k;wufrItwGuf ulnDaqmif&Gufay;Ed kif

onf/ t&if;tES D ; p D ;qif;r Irsm;aMumif h

EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh jynfwGif;

&i f ;E S D ; jr § Ky fE S Hr ItMum; qufoG,fr Ionf

y d kr d ke D ;uy fvmonf/ xk d Ya Mumi f h o dom

xif& Sm;aom tusK d ; jzp fxGe f ;r Iwpfc kr Sm

jynfwGif;&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fE S Hr Iuk d jznf hqnf;ay;

jcif;yif jzpfonf/

pDr Hcef Yc G Jr I pDr Hcef Yc G Jr I pDr Hcef Yc G Jr I pDr Hcef Yc G Jr I pDr Hcef Yc G Jr I (Management)

EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwGif pDrH

cefYcGJrIonf ta&;ygaomae&mrS yg0ifvsuf

&S donf/ todynmrsm; vTJajymif;ay;jcif;?

vkyfom;rsm;ukd avhusif hoifwef;ay;jcif;?

uRrf;usifrIrsm; vTJajymif;ay;jcif;? qef;opfaom

pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m tavhtx

rsm; vTJajymif;ay;jcif;rSwpfqifh tdrf&SifEdkifiH

wGif vuf&Sd &Sdaeaom todynm (Knowledge)

rsm;ukd wdk;wufaprnf jzpfonf/

EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrSwpfqifh

&&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;pDrHcefYcGJrI? uRrf;usifrIrsm;

onf tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;rI

rsm;ukd ay;Edkifonf/ avhusifhxm;aom a'ocH

0efxrf;rsm;onf EdkifiHwum ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;?

½Hk;cGJrsm;wGif pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&mESifh b@ma&;ESifh

enf;ynmqdkif&m e,fy,frsm;wGif tqifhjrifh

&mxl;rsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifEdkifaom tusKd;

aus;Zl;rsm;&&S dEd kifNyD; ,if;ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;rS

&&Sdaom tawGUtBuKHrsm;jzifh jynfwGif;ukrÜPD

rsm;ukd xlaxmifEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif EdkifiH

wumaumfyk da&;&Sif;rsm;\ yk drd kaumif;rGef

aom pDrHcefYcGJrI? uRrf;usifrIrsm;ukd jynfwGif;

16

&Sd ypönf;ay;oGif;olrsm;? jzefYcsda&mif;csolrsm;

ESifh NyKdifbufrsm;tay: jr§ifhwifay;EdkifvQif tusKd;

jzpfxGef;rIrsm; &&SdrnfrSm rvGJ{uef jzpfonf/

tdrf&SifEdkifiH&Sd vkyfom;rsm;onf EkdifiH

jcm;om;rsm; ykdYcsaom jynfwGif;oifwef;rsm;ESifh

jynfyoifwef;rsm; wufa&muf&aomaMumifh

uRrf;usifrItopfrsm; &&SdMuonf/ txl;ojzifh

Ed ki fiH jcm;ukrÜPDtzG JUtpnf;rsm;rSay;aom

oifwef;rsm;onf yd krd k jrif hrm;aom t&nf

taoG;ukd &&Sdaponf/ xkdYaMumifh EdkifiHjcm;

wdkuf½kduf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjzifh vma&mufonfh

EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfMu&aom

jynfwGif;&Sd vkyfom;rsm;onf jynfwGif;vkyfom;

aps;uGufodkY jyefvnf0ifa&mufaomtcg ,if;

uRrf;usifrIrsm;udk ,laqmifoGm;Ed kifonf/

EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;rS &&Sdaom oifwef;rsm;

onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tzGJUtpnf;ESifh pDrH

cefYcGJrIacgif;pOfatmufwGif oifMum;Mu&avh

&Sdonf/ odkYjzpf&m tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh

EdkifiHpHk aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;\ ]]pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m

omvGefaumif;rGefrI}}ukd tawGUtBuKH &&SdMu

rnfomru atmufygp Dr Hce f Yc G Jr Iqk di f&m

tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;vnf; &&SdMurnf jzpfonf-

(u) yd kr k daumif;r Ge faom avhusi f h

oifwef;ay;rIESifh ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom

pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;rS vkyfief;aqmif

&GufrIrsm;wGif pDrHcefYcG JrIqdkif&m

pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; wdk;wufvm

jcif;/

( c) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqkdif&m tcGifhtvrf;

rsm;ukd &SmazG&mwGif pGefYOD;vkyfief;

qdkif&m pGrf;&nfrsm; &&Sdvmjcif;/

( *) enf;ynm? tvkkyftrIaqmifESifh

aiGpm&if;qkdif&m uRrf;usif0efxrf;

rsm;xHrS &&Sdaom oifwef;tawGU

tBuKHrsm;ukd jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;wGif vufawGUtoHk;cs

vmEdkifjcif;/

tvkyftukdif tusK d;oufa&mufrIrsm;tvkyftukdif tusK d;oufa&mufrIrsm;tvkyftukdif tusK d;oufa&mufrIrsm;tvkyftukdif tusK d;oufa&mufrIrsm;tvkyftukdif tusK d;oufa&mufrIrsm;

E d ki fi H jcm;wd kuf½ k duf&if;E S D ; jr§ Ky fE S Hr IE Si f h

qufET,faeaom tvkyftukdifrsm;ay:wGif

tusK d ;oufa&mufr Ir sm;onf wd kuf½ k du f

okdYr[kwf oG,f0kdufvsuf&Sdaeonf/ tcsKdUEdkifiH

rsm;onf t&if;tESD;tm;jzifh tweftoifh

&Sm;yg;aomfvnf; vkyfom;tiftm;rSm <u,f0

vSonf/ EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfES HrI\

tvTrf;rkd;qHk; t&mxifrIwpfckrSm tvkyftukdif

tcGif htvrf;rsm;uk d wd kuf½k duf ok d Yr[kwf

oG,f0k dufaomenf;jzif h zefwD;ay;aejcif;

jzpfonf/ Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrI

aqmif&Gufaeaom EdkifiHpHkukrÜPDBuD;rsm;u

tdrf&SifEdkifiH\ EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;ukd tvkyfcefY

xm;jcif;onf wdkuf½kduftusKd;oufa&mufrIyif

jzpfonf/ EdkifiHpHkukrÜPDBuD;rsm;u a'ocH0efxrf;

rsm;ukd toHk;jyKrIaMumifh tvkyftukdifrsm;

zefwD;aomtcg &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ &v'ftae

jzifh oG,f0kduftusKd;oufa&mufrI &&Sdvmonf/

Oyrmtm;jzifh jyifopfEdkifiHwGif wkd,kdwm

ukrÜPDBuD;\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIonf tdrf&SifEdkifiH

wGif tvkyftukdif &&Sdrnf[lonfh tusKd;

oufa&mufrIukd azmfjyEdkifonf/ xkwfjyefxm;

aom tcsuftvufrsm;t& wdkuf½kduftvkyf

tukdif tcGifhtvrf;aygif; 2ç000 cefYukdvnf;

17

zefwD;ay;Ek difcJ honf/ tdrf&SifEd kifiHrsm;wGif

EdkifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI 0ifa&mufvm

aomaMumifh aps;uGufopfrsm;okdY oGif;tm;pkrsm;

jznfhwif;ay;aeaom jynfwGif;yk*¾vdu tcef;

u@taejzifh tusKd;jzpfxGef;rI &&SdMuonf/

xkdYjyif jynfwGif;yk*¾vduvkyfief;rsm;onf

EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol\ xkwfukef

ypönf;vky fief;pOfrsm; aqmif& Guf&mwGif

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; qufoG,frItjzpf yg0if

jznfhqnf;Muonf/ jynfwGif;vkyfief;rsm;?

tjcm;tcef;u@rsm;ESif h ukefxkwfvkyfrI

qufpyfjcif;ukd vkyfief;uefx½kdkuf cGJay;jcif;

pepfrSwpfqifh jrifhwufvmcJhMuonf/ þwGif

Ed kifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;okdY puft&efypönf;rsm;?

tpdwftykdif;rsm;ESifh wpf0ufwpfysuf NyD;pD;aom

ukefypönf;rsm; (Semi-finished Good) twGuf

jznf hwif ;ay;aeaom a'ocHvky fie f ;c G J

uefx½kdufwmrsm;twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;

&&SdMuonf/

þokdYjzifh xyfrHay:aygufvmaom tvkyf

tukdifrsm;ukd zefwD;ay;EdkifcJhMuNyD; pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIukd tm;ay;cJ h Muonf/

pifppf EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kdkuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ tvkyf

tukdifqkdif&m tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;onf

tdrf&SifzGHUNzKd;qJEdkifiHrsm;twGuf txl;tcGifh

ta&;taejzifh qGJaqmifrIukd jzpfaponf/

a&&SnfwnfwH hatmif xdef;odrf;Ed ki faom

wdk;wufrItwGuf t"duvkdtyfcsufwpfckrSm

pdkufysKd;a&;rS ukefxkwfvkyfrIESifh 0efaqmifrI

vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif vdktyfaom

vkyfom;tiftm;ukd &&Sd&ef pGrf;&nfjynfhrDae

jcif;yif jzpfonf/

Ed ki fi HwumukefoG,frIE d ki fi HwumukefoG,frIE d ki fi HwumukefoG,frIE d ki fi HwumukefoG,frIE d ki fi HwumukefoG,frI

Ed ki fiH jcm;wd kuf½k duf&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES Hr Ionf

zGHUNzKd;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif ykdYukefwdk;wufrIukd taxmuf

tuljyKjcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIwGif rsm;pGm

taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/ ykdYukefjr§ifhwifa&;ukd

&nf&G,ftm;xm;aom EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrIrsm;onf tdrf&SifEdkifiHrS ykdYukefrsm; wdk;jr§ifh

a&;ukd tm½HkpkdufMuonf/ tu,fí jynfwGif;&Sd

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;

u aqmif&Gufaeaom FDI vkyfief;rsm;wGif

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18

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wd kuf½k dufaomfvnf;aumif;?wd kuf½k dufaomfvnf;aumif;?wd kuf½k dufaomfvnf;aumif;?wd kuf½k dufaomfvnf;aumif;?wd kuf½k dufaomfvnf;aumif;?

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&S donf/&S donf/&S donf/&S donf/&S donf/

19

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armif;ESiftm;wpfckyif jzpfayonf/

armifarmifjrifhodef; (pufrIwuúokdvf)armifarmifjrifhodef; (pufrIwuúokdvf)armifarmifjrifhodef; (pufrIwuúokdvf)armifarmifjrifhodef; (pufrIwuúokdvf)armifarmifjrifhodef; (pufrIwuúokdvf)

Ref: The Effects of Foreign Direct Invest-ments for Host Country's EconomyBy Selma KUR Tishi Kastrata

aMumfjimrsm; xnfUoGif;vdkyguaMumfjimrsm; xnfUoGif;vdkyguaMumfjimrsm; xnfUoGif;vdkyguaMumfjimrsm; xnfUoGif;vdkyguaMumfjimrsm; xnfUoGif;vdkyguzkef; -zkef; -zkef; -zkef; -zkef; - 01-249230 ?01 -249230 ?01 -249230 ?01 -249230 ?01 -249230 ? 09-4311914309-4311914309-4311914309-4311914309-43119143 odk h qufoG,fpH kprf;Ed kifygonf/ odk h qufoG,fpH kprf;Ed kifygonf/ odk h qufoG,fpH kprf;Ed kifygonf/ odk h qufoG,fpH kprf;Ed kifygonf/ odk h qufoG,fpH kprf;Ed kifygonf/

20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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Ref: This Road can be traveledBy Nellie Pike RandallR.D, February, 1972

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27

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28

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Ref: Canada's Lucara sells world'slargest unout diamond for $ 53 millionsThe Global New Light of Myanmar,27 , September, 2017

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29

* Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (3)

The moving finger writes, and having writ,Moves on: nor all thy piety nor witShall lure it back to cancel half a line,Nor all thy tears wash a word of it.

Alas, that Spring should vanish with the rose!That Youth's sweet-scented manuscript shouldclose!The nightingale that in the branches sings,And whence and whither flown again who knows!

Edward Fitzgerald(1800-1883)

*

30

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31

Ä

One World, One HeartWe must overcome hate.We must overcome violence.We must overcome greed.We must overcome fighting.We must overcome cruelty.We must overcome all that tears apart andconcentrate on all that brings people together.

Susam Polis Schutz

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32

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33

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34

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35

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36

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37

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38

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39

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40

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41

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onf/

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[lí xif&Sm;pGm a&;om;xm;yg/

armifay:xGef;armifay:xGef;armifay:xGef;armifay:xGef;armifay:xGef;

Ref: Making YourselfBy Orison Swett Morden

xkdpum; tvGef rSefonf/ vlYorkdif;udk

wdk;wufatmif azmfaqmifzefwD;cJholrsm;rSm

ynma&;okcrdefrsm;? awG;ac:&Sifrsm;? tif*sif

42

uREkfyfwdkY\urÇmBuD;onf ½l;oGyfoGm;NyD[k xifrSwf&ayonf/ 2004 ckESpf? c&pörwfyGJ

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uG J jym;oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? urÇmhtay:,H ajrvTmatmuf&S d wGef;tm;uGJjym;oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? urÇmhtay:,H ajrvTmatmuf&S d wGef;tm;uGJjym;oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? urÇmhtay:,H ajrvTmatmuf&S d wGef;tm;uGJjym;oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? urÇmhtay:,H ajrvTmatmuf&S d wGef;tm;uGJjym;oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? urÇmhtay:,H ajrvTmatmuf&S d wGef;tm;

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43

6 'or 2 txuf&Sd ivsifrsm; tenf;qHk;

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44

1900 jynfhESpf? ESpfOD;yk dif;wGif *smref

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45

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46

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urÇmhwdkufBuD;rsm;onf vGwfvyfpGm &yfwnf

raeMubJ urÇmajr\ tjyifom;tay:cGHESifh

tay:qHk;ajrvTm\ BuD;rm;aom ajrvTmcsyfBuD;

wGif pGJ0ifí wnf&Sdaeonf[k qdkonf/ þ

ajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;onf aysmhaysmif;í tvGefY

tvGefylaeaom ausmufom;jyifBuD;wpfck

tay:wGif pD;arsmíaeonf/ wkdufBuD;rsm;

onf pD;qif;aeaom a&cJjyiftwGif; at;cJae

onfh oabFmrsm;uJhokd Y tvGefjznf;nif;pGm

a&GUvsm;arsmygaeonf/ wpfESpfvQif oHk;pifwD

rDwmrS 10 pifwDrDwmcefY a&GUvsm;onf/)

blrdaA'ynm&Sifrsm;u t"duusaom ajrvTm

csyfBuD; ckepfck (ypdzdwf? ajrmuftar&du?

awmiftar&du? ,la&;& Sm; ? tmz&du?

MopaMw;vsESifh tEÅmwdu) onf urÇmajr\

vpf[monfhae&mrsm;ukd rsm;jym;vSpGmaom

ausmufwHk;uav;rsm;jzifh jznfhpGufay;aeonf

[k qdkonf/

jrif;usm;tpif;rsm; &SmazGawGU&SdNyD;aemuf

q,fpkESpfav;cktwGif; urÇmajr tay:,HvTm

tpdwftykdif;BuD;rsm; vIyf&Sm;rIESifhywfoufí

okawoevkyfief;rsm; tBuD;tus,f jyKvkyf

cJhMuonf/ owåKwl;azmfjcif;ESifh enf;ynm

qdkif&m e,l;ruúpDukdodyÜHrS ygarmu©wpfOD;

jzpfNyD; "Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution"

pmtkyfa&;om;ol uefYpDuGef'D; (Kent C Condie)

u wdk;wufvmonfh ajrivsif apmifhMunfh

avhvmjcif;wdkYaMumifh rnfokdY jzpfvmrnfukd

azmfjyvmEdkifNyDjzpfaMumif; ajymonf/

]]uRefawmfwdkY[m urÇmtwGif;ykdif;ukd xGif;

azmufNyD; urÇmajrA[kdcsufwdkifatmif edrfhqif;

oGm;wJh urÇmhajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;ukd ,cktcg

ajc&mcHEdkifNyD jzpfw,f/ urÇmhajrvTmcsyfBuD;

rsm;[m urÇmhajrtwGif;ukd tvGefeuf½Idif;pGm

e dr f hqif;oGm;wm jzpfygw,f} } [k olu

ajymonf/

47

,cktcg uREkfyfwdkYonf bmawG jzpfysuf

aeovJqdkonfukd aumif;pGmawG;qEdkifNyD jzpf

onf/ bmaMumifhjzpf&wmvJqkdonfh ar;cGef;ukd

rl tajzay;&ef usefaeonf/ vuf&SdoDtkd&D

,lqcsuft& urÇmajrtay:vTmvIyf&Sm;rI

(Tectonics) rsm;onf tylueftm; (Thermal

Dynamic) aMumifh jzpf&onf[k od&onf/ urÇm

ajronf yg;vTmí <uyfqwfonfh tjyifvTm

tcGHESifhtwl tyl&SdeftwGif; csmvywfvnf

aeaom abmvHk;wpfvHk;yif jzpfonf/ (ork'&m

Murf;jyif\ tay:vTmonf ig;uDvkdrDwmrS 10

uDvkdrDwmtxd xlayonf/ urÇmhwkdufBuD;rsm;\

tay:vTmonf 50 uDvkdrDwmtxd xlonf/)

tyl&Sdefu xkd;xGuf&ef BuKd;pm;onf/ þokdY

r&yfrem; xkd;xGuf&ef BuKd;yrf;rIaMumifh at;í

wif;rmaeonfh tay:cGHESifh urÇmajrtwGif;

vTm\ tay:qHk;tykdif;wdkYukd azmufxGif;0if

a&mufum urÇmhajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;ukdk zGJUpnf;

jzpfay:aponf/

u,fvDz k d ;e D ;,m;jynfe,f? pwef;z k d Y

wuúodkvfrS ygarmu©EGefpvdyf (Norm Sleep)

u ]]BuD;rm;wJh avat;ay;pepf tqifhqifhukd

jyKvkyfEdkifcJhygu puf,EÅ&m;pepfuJhokd Yaom

urÇmajrrsufESmjyifvTm&JU BuD;rm;wJh tpdwf

tykdif;BuD;rsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rI (Plate Tectonics)

rsm;ukd zsufqD;ypfEdkifrSm jzpfw,f/ tqdkyg

urÇmajrvTm tpdwftykdif;BuD;rsm;&JU vIyf&Sm;rI

rsm;vnf; yGwfBudwfNyD; &yfoGm;ayvdrfhr,f/

tat;ay;jcif; NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu awmifwef;rsm;

BuD;xGm;vmjcif;eJY rD;awmifrsm; vIyf&Sm;rIvnf;

&yfqkdif;oGm;rSm jzpfw,f/ qlemrDeJY ajrivsif

vIyf jcif;rsm;vnf; r&S dE d ki fawmhbl;/ tJ'g

b,fawmhjzpfrSmvJqkd&if 'DvdkjzpfzkdY ESpfaygif;

bDvD,Hwpf0uf Mumr,f}} [k ajymonf/

ya[Vdrsm;rSm &S daeqJyif jzpfonf/

odkY&mwGif aocsmonfhtcsufwpfck &Sdayonf/

vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 100 ausmfu 0*¾em\

oufaojycsufonf vHk;0wnf&SdckdifNrJaejcif;

yif jzpfonf/ urÇmajrBuD;onf tb,fhaMumifh

þokdYþyHk jzpfae&onf? þodkY jyKrlae&onf?

¤if;jyKorQ toHAvHrsm; xGufae&onf ponfh

¤if;\ yHkjyifZmwfvrf;ukd &mpkESpfrsm;pGmMum

atmif ajymjy&ef BuKd;pm;vsuf&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkY

taejzifh ¤if;ajymjyrnfhyHkjyifukd pwif em;qif

MunfhEdkifNyD jzpfonf/

wufwk d ;epftEÅ&m,fwufwk d ;epftEÅ&m,fwufwk d ;epftEÅ&m,fwufwk d ;epftEÅ&m,fwufwk d ;epftEÅ&m,f

rD;uGif;BuD; (Ring of fire) [k trnfajymif

&&Sdxm;onfh ypdzdwfork'´&mtem;owfabmif

\ ivsifab;qkdif&m &Snfvsm;aom ordkif;

jzpf&yfrsm;onf wufwkd;epfwGef;tm;rsm;\

48

tusK d;qufaMumif hyif jzpfonf/ ypdzdwf

ajrvTmcsy f BuD;onf ajrmufbufpl;p l ;ok d Y

y Gwfwk dufonfhtwGuf ¤if;\teD;tem;&S d

ajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;atmufokdY a&mufoGm;onf/

xkdtcg epfZfum ajrcsyfvTm (Nizca Plate) onf

awmiftar&duESi f h MopaMw;vswd kuf\

ajrvTmcsyf BuD;atmufok d Y xk d ;0ifoGm;um

tm&SwkdufBuD;ukd wdkufrdavonf/ tusKd;quf

rSm r&yfrem;aom ivsifjzpfjcif; (tpdrf;a&mif)

ESifh ESpfaygif;oef;csD wnf&Sdaeonfh rD;awmifrsm;

(vdar®mfa&miftpufrsm;) ay:aygufvmjcif;yif

jzpfonf/

trSefyif tvmpumjynfe,f? rD;awmif

apmif h Munfhavhvma&;Xmeu tar&duef

jynfaxmifp k ? tvmpumjynfe,f&Sd

armifh&ufa'gh (Mount Redoubt) awmifonf

,ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif aygufuGJvdrfhrnf[k

BuKdwifowday;csufrsm; xkwfjyefcJ honf/

okdYjzpfí rwfvwGif rD;awmifxdyfrsm; aygufuGJ

cJh&m aoqHk;rIrsm; r&SdcJhacs/

tkdufpvefuRef;ukdtkdufpvefuRef;ukdtkdufpvefuRef;ukdtkdufpvefuRef;ukdtkdufpvefuRef;ukd

pOf;pm;Munfhyg/pOf;pm;Munfhyg/pOf;pm;Munfhyg/pOf;pm;Munfhyg/pOf;pm;Munfhyg/

uRef;\wpf0ufukduRef;\wpf0ufukduRef;\wpf0ufukduRef;\wpf0ufukduRef;\wpf0ufukd

ajrmuftar&duykdifíajrmuftar&duykdifíajrmuftar&duykdifíajrmuftar&duykdifíajrmuftar&duykdifí

usefwpfyk dif;rSmusefwpfyk dif;rSmusefwpfyk dif;rSmusefwpfyk dif;rSmusefwpfyk dif;rSm

Oa&myuOa&myuOa&myuOa&myuOa&myu

ykdifonf/yk difonf/yk difonf/yk difonf/yk difonf/

uGJxGufrI us,fjyefYoGm;yguuGJxGufrI us,fjyefYoGm;yguuGJxGufrI us,fjyefYoGm;yguuGJxGufrI us,fjyefYoGm;yguuGJxGufrI us,fjyefYoGm;ygu

,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf

aemufqHk;wGifaemufqHk;wGifaemufqHk;wGifaemufqHk;wGifaemufqHk;wGif

tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/

odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;onf rnfokdYaom blrd

aA'qdkif&m jzpfysufrIrsm; {ueftrSef jzpfvm

vdrfhrnfukd xkwfazmfajymqdk&mü ydkrkdwdk;wuf

aumif;rGefvmaomfvnf; rnfonhftcsdef

jzpfrnf qdkjcif;ukdrl BuKdwifxkwfazmfajymqdk&ef

cufcJaeqJ jzpfonf/ rD;awmifrsm;onf

ajrvTmcsyf vIyf&Sm;jcif;ESif h ivsifvIyfjcif;?

acsmf&nfrsm; ajrrsufESmjyifay:okd Y pD;xGuf

vmjcif;? a&cJjyiftxGwfrsm; t&nfaysmfjcif;?

"mwfaiGUESif h a&aEG;aiGUtjr§Kyfrsm;xGufjcif;

ponf h oJvGe fpedr dwfrsm;ud k jyoonf/

49

okawoevkyfief;rsm; tqufrjywf

vkyfaeaomfvnf; ivsifvIyfrnfukd BuKdwif

cef Yr Sef;&onfrSm tvGefcufcJvSayonf/

]]rD;awmifaygufuGJjcif;? ivsifvIyfjcif;? qlemrD

rsm; jzpfay:jcif;wdkY[m urÇmajrjzpfpOfawGeJY

qufpyfaeNyD; vlYtouf oef;aygif;rsm;pGmukd

xdcdkufapygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY obm0

ab;tEÅ&m,fawG bmaMumifh? b,fae&m?

b,fvdk jzpfrSmvJqdkwm rodem;rvnfEdkifbl;

qdk&if 'g[m (jynfolawGukd umuG,fay;&r,f

qdkwJh arQmfrSef;csuf) qHk;½HI;rI&JU taMumif;wpfck

jzp fy gw,f } } [k vufpvDaqmwm;u

ajymonf/

jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmrnfh wk dufBuD;rsm;jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmrnfh wk dufBuD;rsm;jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmrnfh wk dufBuD;rsm;jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmrnfh wk dufBuD;rsm;jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmrnfh wk dufBuD;rsm;

\ yH koP²mef\ yH koP²mef\ yH koP²mef\ yH koP²mef\ yH koP²mef

rMumao;rDumvtwGif; urÇmajrtay:

vTm vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;u uREkfyfwdkY\urÇmBuD;tm;

vIyfcwfapcJhonfukd pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ aemif

ESpfaygif; 25 oef;rS oef; 50 twGif; rnfokdY

jzpfysufrnfukd uREkfyfwdkY arQmfrSef;xm;onfrsm;

ukd þae&mwGif azmfjyvdkufonf/ vuf&Sd

rsufarSmufumvwGif urÇmhtBuD;qHk;aom

ypdzdwfurÇmhajrvTmcsyfBuD;onf rD;pufuGif;

atmufok d Y 0i fa&mufoGm;onf htwGuf

wjznf;jznf;csif; t&G,ftpm; usKHUvmayvdrfh

rnf/ xkdpOfwGif tmz&duwdkufESifh tEÅmwdu

wdkufwdkYonf wjznf;jznf; BuD;xGm;vmayrnf/

MopaMw;vswdkufESifh e,l;*DeDuRef;wdkYonf

zdvpfykdifuRef;pkukd jzwfoef;um tm&Swkduf

BuD;ukd 0ifhaqmifhayvdrfhrnf/ okdYjzifh aemufay:

vmrnfh plygwdkufBuD;jzpfay:vm&ef tpjyKvkduf

ayvdrfhrnf/ awmifwef;topfBuD;wpfckonf

BuD;rm;vSaom [dr0EÅmawmifwef;BuD;ESif h

tNyKdif ta&SUawmiftm&Sü ay:vmayvdrfhrnf/

tmz&duwdkufonf Oa&mywdkufatmuf

okd Y xkd;0ifjcif; NyD;qH k;oGm;ayrnf/ ajrxJ

yifv,fonfvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;ayvdrfh

rnf/ tJvfawmifwef;rsm;onf NyD;jynfhpHkoGm;

ayvdrfhrnf/ yifv,feDonfvnf; aysmufuG,f

oGm;ayrnf/ avmhpftdef*svdpf ? pef;' D* k d ?

wD;*sL;em;ESifh uDvdkrDwm 1ç300 &Snfvsm;aom

bm*smuRef;qG,ftygt0ifjzpfaom pef;

tif'&D,mpf tufaMumif; (San Andreas Fault)

ESifh u,fvDzkd;eD;,m;jynfe,f taemufjcrf;

tm;vHk;onf ajrmufbufpl;pl;okd Y a&GUvsm;

oGm;um aemufqHk;wGif qefz&efppöukdNrKdUukd

ausmfjzwfNyD; uae'gEdkifiHtaemufbufjcrf;ukd

0ifwdkufayvdrfhrnf/ tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh ,ckrS

aemif ESpfoef; 50 twGif; þjzpfpOfonf

tvmpumyifv,fauGU (Gulf of Alaska) ü

tqHk;owfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/

vIyf&Sm;aeaom ajrvTmcsyf BuD;rsm;vIyf&Sm;aeaom ajrvTmcsyf BuD;rsm;vIyf&Sm;aeaom ajrvTmcsyf BuD;rsm;vIyf&Sm;aeaom ajrvTmcsyf BuD;rsm;vIyf&Sm;aeaom ajrvTmcsyf BuD;rsm;

ork'´&mukef;½kd;wef; ajryHkwpfcktay:

wGif ajrivsifESifh rD;awmifajryHkwpfyHkukd xyfí

50

azmfjyvkdufonf/ ,if;onf trSm;t,Gif; vHk;0

&Sdrnf r[kwfacs/ taMumif;rSm wu,f tppf

trSef pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yfrsm;onf urÇmajr

tay:,HvTmvIyf&Sm;rI\ e,fedrdwftpyfwGif

jzpfay:avh&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

ajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;onf wpfckESifhwpfck

xdyfcsif;qdkif aqmifhrdMuonfhtcg jzpf&yfESpf

rsKd; jzpfay:Edkifonf/ þokdY wdkufrdMu&mwGif

ajrvTmcsyfESpfckvHk;onf ajrom;xk BuD;rm;pGm

&Sdaeygu tdE´d,EdkifiHwGif ajrvTmcsyfonf

tm&Swkdufukd wdkufrdNyD; [dr0EÅmawmifBuD;

jzpfay:vmouJhokdY ajrom;rsm; pkyHkjrifhwuf

vmrnf jzpfonf/ okd Y&mwGif wdkufrdonfh

ajrvTmwpfckonf ork'&mMurf;jyifjzpfaeonfh

tcg y k dr d kxkxnf BuD;rm;onf h wd kuf BuD;

atmufokdY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ okdYr[kwfygu

usOf;ajrmif; &Snfvsm;onfh ajrmif;BuD;rsm;

tjzpf edrfhqif;oGm;onf/ ajrvTmatmufwGif

ausmufwHk;ESifh ausmuftykdif;tpwdkY\ BuD;rm;

aomtyl&Sdefonf acsmf&nfrsm;pkpnf;&m ae&m

wpfckjzpfvmNyD; rD;awmifwpfcktoGif zGJUpnf;

um tiftm;jzifh wdk;xGufvmonf/ ]]urÇm

ajrBuD;[m tNrJajymif;vJaeygw,f}} [k blrd

aA'ygarmu© vufpvDaqmwm;u ajymonf/

ajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;onf ESpfyk dif;uG J NyD;

wpfykdif;pDcGJí jzefYxGufoGm;ygu jzpfay:vm

onfh tusKd;qufonf tvGeftHhMozG,f aumif;

ayonf/ tkdufpvefuRef;ukd pOf;pm;Munfhyg/

uRef;\wpf0ufukd ajrmuftar&duykdifí usef

wpfykdif;rSm Oa&myu ykdifonf/ uGJxGufrI

us,fjyefYoGm;ygu ,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf aemuf

qHk;wGif tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/

tjcm;aomae&mrsm;wGif ajrvTmcsyfBuD;

r sm;onf wpfc kE Si f hwp fc k y Gw fwk du f Ny D ;

vGefcJhaom Zlvkdifvu jyif;tm; 7 'or 8 &Sd

ivsifvIyfcJhonfh ae&mjzpfaom u,fvDzkd;

e D ;,m; jynfe,fwGi f pe fte f ;'& D,y fp f

tufaMumif;ESifh e,l;ZDvefEdkifiH\ awmifbuf

uRef;ay:wGif t,fvffykdif;tufaMumif; (Alpine

Fault) wkdYukd jzpfay:apcJhonf/

&JxufaZmf& JxufaZmf& JxufaZmf& JxufaZmf& JxufaZmf

Ref: Ectonic ForceBy Christopher DavisDiscovery Channel Magazine,October, 2009.

51

urÇmwpfcGif&Sd vlrsm;onf tdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;cspfuRrf;0ifMuolrsm; jzpfMuonf/

tcsKdUqdkvQif tdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;ukd vlemrnfrsm; ay;xm;wwfMuonfhtjyif rdrd\rdom;pk0if

tjzpfyif oabmxm;qufqHwwfMuonf/

tdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;onf vlwdk Y\usef;rma&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufrItdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;onf vlwdk Y\usef;rma&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufrItdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;onf vlwdk Y\usef;rma&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufrItdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;onf vlwdk Y\usef;rma&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufrItdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;onf vlwdk Y\usef;rma&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufrI

rsm;pGm&S daMumif;E Si f h vlESi f hwd&pämefrsm;tMum; pdwfcHpm;rI qufpyfrsm;pGm&S daMumif;E Si f h vlESi f hwd&pämefrsm;tMum; pdwfcHpm;rI qufpyfrsm;pGm&S daMumif;E Si f h vlESi f hwd&pämefrsm;tMum; pdwfcHpm;rI qufpyfrsm;pGm&S daMumif;E Si f h vlESi f hwd&pämefrsm;tMum; pdwfcHpm;rI qufpyfrsm;pGm&S daMumif;E Si f h vlESi f hwd&pämefrsm;tMum; pdwfcHpm;rI qufpyf

aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/

52

,cktcg okawoejyKolrsm;u ]]tdrfarG;

wd&pämefrsm;onf vlYusef;rma&;ukd aumif;rGef

aponf}} [laom tcsufukd twnfjyKvm

Muonf/

MuNyD; tcsKdUrSm a>rrsm;? ,kefrsm;? jrif;rsm;ESifh

i Sufrsm;uk dyi f ac:aqmifoGm; Muonf/

tcsKdUaom wd&pämefrsm;onf vlESifh tpOfojzifh

aeavh&SdMuonf/

jrpf0uRef;ay:tzGJUtpnf;\ tBuD;tuJ

jzpfol vif'g[if;pfu wd&pämefrsm;onf zsm;em

aeaom vlemrsm;ukd usef;rmvmatmif tul

tnDay;Edkifovkd vlwdkYtay: pdwfwnfNidrfrI

tusKd;w&m;ukdvnf; ay;Edkifonf[k qkdonf/

tdrfarG;wd&pämefwpfaumifonf vlwpfa,muf

\ aoG;wdk;a&m*gESifh ESvHk;ckefEIef;ukd avsmhus

aponf[k q&m0efrsm;u awGU&Sdxm;Muonf/

0g&Sifwefjynfe,f taemufajrmufykdif;

wGif okawoejyKaeaom jrpf0uRef;ay:

tzGJUtpnf; (Delta Society) u wd&pämefrsm;

onf vlYusef;rma&;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufrI

&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh zsm;emaeaomolrsm;ESifh

txD;usefaeaomolrsm;twGuf ykdítusKd;

oufa&mufrI &Sdonf[k qdkonf/

vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;pGmu jrpf0uRef;ay:

a'o zGHUNzKd;a&;tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd ]]tdrfarG;

wd&pämefukxHk;}} [k ac:cJhMuonf/ þtdrfarG;

wd&pämefukxH k; tpDtpOfwGif yg0ifaom

tenf;qHk; vl 2ç500 a,mufonf EdkifiHt0ef;

tvkyf vkyfuk di fvsuf&S d\/ xk dolwd k Yonf

tdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;ESif htwl aq;½Hk&S dvlem

rsm;xH tvnftywf oGm;Muonf/ xkdYjyif

tusOf;axmifrsm;? wpfoD;yk*¾v tdrfrsm;qDokdY

vnf; ac:aqmifvnfywfMuonf/ xkdtxJwGif

acG;ESifh aMumifrsm;ukd trsm;qHk; ac:aqmifoGm;

vif;ykdifrsm;onfvnf; vlwdkYtay: tusKd;xl;

oufa&mufaponf/ zavmf&D'g&Sd vif;ykdif

okawoetzGJUu aysmf&TifjrL;xl;wwfMuaom

vif;yk di frsm;ESi f h zsm;emaeaom vlwd k Yuk d

awGUxday;cJhonf/ vlrsm;u vif;ykdifwdkYtm;

tpmauR;Muonf/ xdawGU ukdifwG,fMuonf/

vif;ykdifausmukef;ay: wufpD;Muonf/

vif;ykdifESifhywfoufaom tpDtpOfukd

BuD;rSL;aqmif&Gufol a';Apfeufoefqif qdkol

u pdwfESifh ½kyfykdif;qdkif&mjyóem cHpm;ae&

53

aom vlBuD;rsm;? uav;rsm;ESifh vif;ykdif 15

aumifwdkYukd awGUxdapvsuf jyóemajz&Sif;ay;

aeonf/

q&m0efeufoefqifu vlemrsm;ESif h

vif;ykdifwdkYMum;wGif &Sif;rjyEdkifaom txl;cHpm;

qufoG,frIyHkpH &SdaeNyD; vif;ykdifrsm;u vlem

rsm;\ cHpm;rIukd ykdí oufomvmaponf[k

qkdonf/

vlrsm;onf wd&pämefrsm;udk ,k,jcif;jzifh

rdrdukd,frdrdvnf; ulnD,k,&m a&mufonf/

e,l;a,muf&Sd pdwfykdif;qdkif&m 'ku©a&mufae

aom uav;rsm;ud k v,f,majrwpfckok d Y

ac:aqmifoGm;NyD; zsm;emaeMuaom? 'Pf&m

temw&jzpfaeMuaom okd;rsm;? jrif;rsm;ESifh

EGm;rrsm;udk uav;rsm;u *½kpkduf MuifemapcJh

onf/ þokdY uav;rsm;u wd&pämefrsm;tay:

*½kwpdkuf MuifempGmulnDMu&mrS wd&pämefrsm;

ydkrk d usef;rmvmaomtcg uav;rsm;onf

rdrdwdk Y\ toHk;0ifrIrsm;ukd cHpm;od&SdvmMu

onf[k ñTefMum;a&;rSL; qefa&mhpfu qdkonf/

wd&pämefwdkYukd ulnDay;jcif;jzifh uav;rsm;onf

rdrdwdk Y cHpm;ae&aom aomujyóemrsm;

arhaysmufoGm;onf[kvnf; qdkonf/

þokd Yaom tpDtpOfwGif vlwdk Yonf

wd&pämefwdk Y\ cspfjcif;arwåmukd &Ed kiforQ

rsm;rsm;&zkd Y vkdtyfouJhokdY wd&pämefwdkYonf

vnf; vlwdk Y\ cspfjcif;arwåmukd &EdkiforQ

rsm;rsm;&zk d Y vdktyfonf[laom tcsufukd

azmfjyaejcif;yif jzpfonf/

Ed ki faomif;xG#fEd ki faomif;xG#fEd ki faomif;xG#fEd ki faomif;xG#fEd ki faomif;xG#f

Ref: Pat TherapyAmerican Mosaic, July, 1995.

pmayAdrmef jynfolUpmMunfhwdkufpmayAdrmef jynfolUpmMunfhwdkufpmayAdrmef jynfolUpmMunfhwdkufpmayAdrmef jynfolUpmMunfhwdkufpmayAdrmef jynfolUpmMunfhwdkuf

toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:

&efukefNrd K Yawmf pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwD e,fedrdwftwGif;

aexdkifMuaom pmayjrwfEdk;olrsm;taejzifU pmayAdrmef jynfolY pmMunfUwdkuf

toif;0ifvd kygu trSwf 529^531? ukefonfvrf;? pmayAdrmef

pmMunfUwdkufESifU zkef;eHygwf 381447 okdh qufoG,fEdkifygonf/

54

'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u [D½kd&SD;rm;NrKdUESifh em*gqmuDNrKdUESpfNrKdUonf tPkjrLAHk;'PfcHcJh&

ojzifh urÇmwGif *syefEkdifiHonf tPkjrLAHk;'Pfukd yxrqHk; ukd,fawGUcHpm;cJh&onfh EkdifiHjzpf

onf/ AHk;BuJcJholrSm tar&duefEdkifiH jzpfonf/ urÇmhtjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u EsLuvD;,m;AHk;\

aMumufrufzG,f qkd;0g;rIukd rsufjrifcHpm;cJhMu&ojzifh wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;cJh&onf/ okdYjzifh

tar&duefESifh w½kwfEkdifiHonf tPkjrLppfukd a&Smif&Sm;Mu&ef uwdu0wf jyKcJhMuonf/

,aeY urÇmwGif pkd;&drfp&mjzpfaeonfh tar&duefESif h ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiH,aeY urÇmwGif pkd;&drfp&mjzpfaeonfh tar&duefESif h ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiH,aeY urÇmwGif pkd;&drfp&mjzpfaeonfh tar&duefESif h ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiH,aeY urÇmwGif pkd;&drfp&mjzpfaeonfh tar&duefESif h ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiH,aeY urÇmwGif pkd;&drfp&mjzpfaeonfh tar&duefESif h ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiH

wd k Y\ jyif;xefonfh EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrIrsm;? ppfa&;wkH Y jyefrIrsm;ESif hwd k Y\ jyif;xefonfh EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrIrsm;? ppfa&;wkH Y jyefrIrsm;ESif hwd k Y\ jyif;xefonfh EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrIrsm;? ppfa&;wkH Y jyefrIrsm;ESif hwd k Y\ jyif;xefonfh EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrIrsm;? ppfa&;wkH Y jyefrIrsm;ESif hwd k Y\ jyif;xefonfh EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrIrsm;? ppfa&;wkH Y jyefrIrsm;ESif h

ESpfEd kifiHtBuD;tuJwdk Y\ oabmxm;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/ESpfEd kifiHtBuD;tuJwdk Y\ oabmxm;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/ESpfEd kifiHtBuD;tuJwdk Y\ oabmxm;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/ESpfEd kifiHtBuD;tuJwdk Y\ oabmxm;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/ESpfEd kifiHtBuD;tuJwdk Y\ oabmxm;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/

55

ppf&dy fppfaiGUrsm;ppf& dy fppfaiGUrsm;ppf& dy fppfaiGUrsm;ppf& dy fppfaiGUrsm;ppf& dy fppfaiGUrsm;

,cktcsdefwGif tm&Sta&SUajrmufa'o

jzpfaom ukd&D;,m;uRef;qG,fwpf0k dufwGif

tiftm;BuD;ESpfEdkifiHu ppf&dyfppfaiGUrsm;orf;í

ppfyGJwpfyGJjzpf&ef jyifqifvsuf &SdaeMuNyD jzpf

onf/ xkdtiftm;BuD;ESpfEdkifiHrSm w½kwfEdkifiH

ESifh tar&duefEdkifiHwdkY jzpfMuonf/ xkdESpfEdkifiH

onf tm&Swdkuf\ ppfa&;rkd;wdrfrsm; jzpfonf/

w½kwfESifh ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiHwdkYtay:wGif

ppf&dyfppfaiGUrsm; orf;vsuf&SdNyD; ppfjzpf&ef

ra0;awmhaom tcsdefokd Y a&mufaeNyD jzpf

onf/

ppfa&;uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh ppforkdif;ynm&Sif

rsm;u yx0DEdkifiHa&;jzpfonfh tm&Sta&;

tcif;rsm;ukd tao;pdwfavhvmMunfh½I oHk;oyf

vsuf&Sdonf/ ajrmufukd&D;,m;acgif;aqmif

tmPm&Sif uif*sK Htefonf urÇmay:wGif

tiftm;tjyif;xefqHk; EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf

jzifhvnf;aumif;? qdkufbmwdkufckdufrIjzifhvnf;

aumif; tar&duefukd Ncdrf;ajcmuf &efpvsuf&Sd

onf/ ppfyGJukd vlwdkif;u tvkdr&SdMuyg/ txl;

ojzifh vltrsm;tjym; aoqHk;Muonfh EsLuvD;

,m;ppfyGJudk urÇmhjynfolrsm;u vHk;0t<uif;rJh

qefYusifuefYuGufoGm;Murnfom jzpfonf/

b,fawmh Ny D;rvJb,fawmh Ny D;rvJb,fawmh Ny D;rvJb,fawmh Ny D;rvJb,fawmh Ny D;rvJ

,cktcg acgif;aqmifESpfOD;wdkYonf tm&S

wGif ppfa&;vIYHaqmfrIrsm;ESihff ppfa&;cif;usif;

rIrsm;ukd jyovsuf&Sdonf/ ppfa&;r[mAsL[m

ajrmuf tcif;tusif;rsm;ukd ESpfzufwyfrsm;

u jyifqifxm;NyD;jzpfum xdef;csKyfxm;Mu

onfh tajctaerSmyif &Sdaeonf/ rdrdwdkYonf

ppfyGJp&efom jyifqifaeMuonf/ rdrdwdkYonf

ppfrjzpfzkdYtwGuf awGUqHknd§EIdif;rIrsm; jyKvkyfNyD;

MuNyDvm;? jyKvkyfNyD;NyD;qkdvQif tBudrfrnfrQ

aqG;aEG;NyD;NyDvJ [laom ar;cGef;ay:aygufvm

onf/

NyD;cJhonfh {NyDvtwGif;u tar&duef

onf tBuD;qHk; AHk;BuD;wpfvHk;ukd tmz*efepöwef

tMurf;zufolrsm; ckdvIHaeonfh ae&mokdY ypfcs

azmufcG Jc J honf/ xk dAH k ;onf EsLuvD;,m;

AH k;r[kwfay/ xkdumvtwGif; tar&duef

onf awmifukd&D;,m;ü omh'f (Thaad) ac:

'H k;cGif; 'H k;vufeufuk d jzef Y Muufcsxm;NyD;

jzpfonf/ omh'fac: 'Hk;cGif; 'Hk;vufeufrSm

&efolu rdrdxH ypfrSwfxm;í ypfcwfwdkufcwf

onfh 'H k ;usnfonf rdrdxH a&mufrvmrD

aumif;uif,HwGif&Sdaeckduf rdrdxHrS ypfvTwf

vkdufaom 'Hk;usnfu &efolY'Hk;usnfukd xdrSef

zsufqD;vkdufEdkifonfh tzsuf'Hk;jzpfonf/ &efolY

'Hk;usnfukd NzKdcGif;zsufqD;rnfh 'Hk;cGif;'Hk;jzpfonf/

xkdokdY rvGJracsmfapbJ wduspGm &efolY'Hk;ukd ypfcs

Edkifap&ef rdrd'Hk;usnfwGif txl;wnfae&mjy

GPS pepfESif h txl;tpGrf;xufjrufonfh

tm½H kc Hud& d,m wyfqifxm;onf/ ,if;

56

vufeufonf ajrmufukd&D;,m;\ Ncdrf;ajcmuf

rIukd wefjyef&ef jzpfonf/

oef;ESif hcs Dí aoqHk; Murnfoef;ESif hcs Dí aoqHk; Murnfoef;ESif hcs Dí aoqHk; Murnfoef;ESif hcs Dí aoqHk; Murnfoef;ESif hcs Dí aoqHk; Murnf

tar&duefEkdifiHu ajrmufukd&D;,m;EkdifiH

tm; EsLuvD;,m; 'Hk;vufeufjzifh pwifwdkufcdkuf

vQif rdrduvnf; tar&duef\ r[mrdwfrsm;

jzpfMuonfh awmifukd&D;,m;ESifh *syefEdkifiHwkdY

u d k E s LuvD;,m;vufeuf jzi f h jye fvnf

wdkufckdufrnf[k Ncdrf;ajcmufonf/ tu,fí

ajrmufukd&D;,m;ESifh tar&duefEdkifiHwdkY trSef

wu,f ppf jzpfvQif awmifuk d& D;,m;ESi f h

*syefjynfolrsm;onf ta&twGuf odef;oef;

csDí aoqHk;ysufpD;Murnf jzpfonf/

okd Yjzpfí awmifukd&D;,m;jynfolrsm;u

rdrdEdkifiHwGif jzefYMuufcsxm;&ef pDpOfxm;onfh

omh'f 'Hk;cGif; 'Hk;vufeufukd qefYusifqE´jyMu

onf/ tar&duefor®w a':e,fx&efYu

awmifukd&D;,m;wGif omh'fvufeufrsm;ESifhtwl

tar&duef\pGr f ;tm; BuD; av,mOfwif

oabFmBuD; oHk;pif;ukdvnf; ukd&D;,m;uRef;qG,f

okd Y apvTwfvkdufonf/ xkd Yjyif tar&duef

a&wyf\ EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf wyfqifxm;

onfh aemufqHk;xkwf rsK d;qufopf a&ikyf

oabFmay:rSvnf; owif;rsm; xkwfjyefonf/

rD;vQHESif h a'gorD;vQHESif h a'gorD;vQHESif h a'gorD;vQHESif h a'gorD;vQHESif h a'go

ajrmufukd&D;,m;EkdifiHonf wpfurÇmvHk;

u wm;qD;uefYuGufaeMuonfh Mum;rSmyif

¤if;\yJhxdef;ygaom 'Hk;usnfrsm;ukd trsKd;rsKd;

xkwfazm fpr f;oyf jyc J honf/ txl;ojzif h

tar&duefEdkifiHokdY a&muf&Sdatmifyif ypfcwf

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vkdufonfESifhwpfNyKdifeuf yifv,fxJokdY ysufus

cJhonf/ okdY&mwGif wjznf;jznf; wdk;wufrIrsm;

&vmcJhonf/

a jrmufuk d& D ;,m; ody Ü Hynm& Si fr sm;

onf wkdufcsif;ypf yJhxdef;ygaom 'Hk;usnfukd

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NrKdUBuD;rsm;ukd wdkufcdkufEdkifawmhrnf[k xkwf

azmfajymMum;aMumif; tifwmeufowif;

wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ x&efYu ,if;ukd vufwkHY

jyefonfhtaejzif h rD;vQHESif h trsufa'go

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EdkifiHukd ypfcwfwdkufcdkufvmvQif rdrdwdkYonf

a'gotdk; aygufuGJum rD;vQHrsm;jzifh ajrmuf

ukd&D;,m;ukd acsrIef;ypfrnf[laom oabmjzpf

onf/

uif\½l;oGy fr Iuif\½l;oGy fr Iuif\½l;oGy fr Iuif\½l;oGy fr Iuif\½l;oGy fr I

urÇmhacgif;aqmifrsm;u x&efY\BuKH;0g;rI

ukd tjypfwifa0zef uefYuGufMuonf/ ta&;

tcif;ukd oHwrefenf;jzifh nd§EIdif;ajz&Sif;oifh

aMumif; 0kdif;0ef;tBuHjyKMuonf/ uif*sKHtef

onf urÇmhqif;&Jom;EdkifiHi,frS EsLuvD;,m;

ykdif EdkifiHtqifhokdY a&muf&Sdatmif BuKd;yrf;ae

57

onf/ uif*sKHtefu olYukd jzKwfcsrnfh vlrsm;

tm; jzKwfrcsEdkifatmif Ncdrf;ajcmufjyonf/

uifu urÇmhEsLuvD;,m;tkyfpk0if Ed ki fi H

wpfEdkifiH jzpfvmap&ef qE´&Sdonf/ xkdokd Y

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tkyfpk tajymif;tvJ &S dawmhrnfr[kwf[k

wGufqonf/ ok d Y&mwGi f ,if;tpDtpOf

onf uif*sKHtef\ ½l;oGyfrIom jzpfaMumif;

tar&duefEkdifiHu oHk;oyfonf/

tar&duefor®w a':e,fx&efYtae

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vTwfawmfu axmufcHaMumif; tqHk;tjzwf

&&SdNyD;rSom tar&duefwyfzGJUrsm;u tjcm;

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awmifukd&D;,m;EdkifiHtwGif;ü tar&duef

wdkufcdkufa&; wyfom;aygif; 25ç000 cefYukd

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wGif ppftajcpdkufpcef;rsm;tjzpf tar&duef

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58

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Ref: Internet

59

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60

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61

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62

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63

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Munfrif;Munfrif;Munfrif;Munfrif;Munfrif;

Ref: The 24 Hour Turn-AroundBy Jim Hartness and Neil Eskelin

64

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66

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67

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68

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69

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70

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73

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Ref: (1) Why these whales are standing in theOcean.National Geographic August 5, 2017.

(2) How do fish sleep?by Wyken SeagraveBig Question March 4,2008

(3) Sleep in Fish, Wikipedia.

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77

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Ref: Against the Rising TideBy Brent LewinR.D,Aug, , 2011

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80

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82

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Ref: I've come to Clean Your Shoes.By Madge HarrawR.D, September, 2017

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ud k awGUjrif&onf/ zdeyfrsm;ud k vufqG J

83

urÇmwGif zGHUNzdK;NyD;Ek difiHrsm;ESif h zG HUNzdK;qJEk difiHrsm;[lí ESpfrsK d;&S d\/ wpfenf;qdkaomf

csrf;omaomEkdifiHrsm;ESifh qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm; [lí jzpfonf/

Ek difiH\ zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifoGm;Ek difrnfh uav;Ek difiH\ zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifoGm;Ek difrnfh uav;Ek difiH\ zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifoGm;Ek difrnfh uav;Ek difiH\ zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifoGm;Ek difrnfh uav;Ek difiH\ zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifoGm;Ek difrnfh uav;

oli,frsm;\ ½kyfyd kif;? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmfoli,frsm;\ ½kyfyd kif;? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmfoli,frsm;\ ½kyfyd kif;? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmfoli,frsm;\ ½kyfyd kif;? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmfoli,frsm;\ ½kyfyd kif;? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmf

tpdk;&ESif h tkyfxdef;ol vlBuD;rdbrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&rnftpdk;&ESif h tkyfxdef;ol vlBuD;rdbrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&rnftpdk;&ESif h tkyfxdef;ol vlBuD;rdbrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&rnftpdk;&ESif h tkyfxdef;ol vlBuD;rdbrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&rnftpdk;&ESif h tkyfxdef;ol vlBuD;rdbrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&rnf

jzpfaMumif;ESi f h pifumylEk di fi Htpd k ;&\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: *½kwpd kufjzpfaMumif;ESi f h pifumylEk di fi Htpd k ;&\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: *½kwpd kufjzpfaMumif;ESi f h pifumylEk di fi Htpd k ;&\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: *½kwpd kufjzpfaMumif;ESi f h pifumylEk di fi Htpd k ;&\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: *½kwpd kufjzpfaMumif;ESi f h pifumylEk di fi Htpd k ;&\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: *½kwpd kuf

aqmif&GufaeonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/aqmif&GufaeonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/aqmif&GufaeonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/aqmif&GufaeonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/aqmif&GufaeonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/

84

csrf;omaomEkdifiHrsm;rSm pufrIzGHUNzdK;aom

EkdifiHrsm;jzpfNyD; qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm;rSm v,f,m

vkyfief;rsm;udkom t"duxm;aeMu&onfh

EkdifiHrsm;jzpfonf/

a&S;OD;yxrt&G,f uav;b0zGHUNzdK;a&;

at*si fp Donf ausmi f ;z Gi f h&ufr sm ;ü

ausmif;om;i,frsm;tm; wpfaeYvQif tenf;qHk;

wpfem&D usef;rma&; avhusifhcef;rsm;udk jyKvkyf

ap&rnf[k owfrSwfxm;\/ tqdkyg wpfem&D

wGif em&D0uf (rdepf 30) udk pmoifcef;

odk Yr[kwf ausmif;cef;rtwGif;ü r[kwfbJ?

ausmif;0ef;twGif;&Sd upm;uGif; odk Yr[kwf

opfyifrsm;atmuf&S d ajruGufvyfrsm;wGif

udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;upm;jcif; avhusifhcef;rsm;udk

jyKvkyfay;&rnfjzpf\/

aiGaMu;jynfhpHkaom csrf;omonfhEkdifiHrsm;

onf EkdifiHom;rsm;\ ynma&;? usef;rma&;?

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opfuav;oli,frsm; ÓPf&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;udk *½k

wpdkuf aqmif&GufMu\/ odkYrSom tem*wfwGif

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EkdifiH\ zGHUNzdK;aerIudk vufqifhurf;o,faqmif

oGm;Ekdifrnf/

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av;jzpfonfh pifumylEkdifiHonf uav;oli,f

rsm;\ ynma&;? usef;rma&; ponfwdk Yudk

tav;xm;aqmif&Gufay;vsuf&Sd\/

ausmif;rsm;wGif uav;oli,frsm;udk

rlBudKausmif;aecsdefrSpí udk,fvufusef;rma&;

avhusifhcef;rsm; aqmif&Gufay;&ef ynma&;

XmerS tav;xm;Muyfrwfvsuf&Sd\/

rlvwef;txuf ausmif;om;rsm;tm;

ausmif;qif;csdefrsm;ESifh ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;wGif

tm;upm;rIudk jyKvkyfEkdif&ef tm;upm;ypönf;

rsm;udk tvG,fwul&&SdEk dif&ef (iSm;&rf;&ef)

pDpOfay;xm;\/

q&mrsm;onf ausmif;om;rdbrsm;ESifh twl

ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;ü tkyfpkvdkuf udk,fvuf

vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk jyKvkyfMujcif;jzifh ausmif;om;

rsm; tNrJpdwf0ifwpm;&Sd&ef yHhydk;ay;\/

ausmif;rsm;wGif um,q&m? q&mrrsm;

udk cefYxm;NyD; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; usef;rmpGm

85

aexdkifoGm;vm&ef vrf;nTefrIrsm;udk jyKvkyf

ay;\/

ynma&;Xmeonf usef;rma&;XmeESifh

yl;aygif;í ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSef tdyf?

tcs de fr Se fr Se fpm;onf h tavhtusif hr sm;

&&SdoGm;&ef a[majymyGJrsm; rMumrMum jyKvkyf

ay;\/

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30 ESifhatmufom tdyfMuonf[k usef;rma&;

Xme\ pp fwrf ;r sm;t& od&S dxm;onf/

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tdyfzdkYvdkonf[k usef;rma&; okawoDrsm;u

owfrSwfxm;onf/

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tdyfa&;00rtdyfygu MumvQif rSwfÓPf

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rnfjzpfonf/ pdwfusjcif;? pdwfylyifaomujzpf

jcif;? pdwfwdkjcif; tjzpfrsKd;odkY a&mufoGm;wwfNyD;

tdyfa&;r0aom uav;tcsKdUrSm tpm;udkzdpm;

aomaMumifh t0vGefvmonf/

,cktcg ody Ü Hynm&yfonf tvGef

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vnf; rsm;pGm ay:aygufvsuf&Sd\/ uav;rsm;

tm; tDvufx&Gefepfqdkif&m wDxGifrIypönf;

rsm;jzifh ntdyf&mr0ifrD aqmhupm;apjcif;

onf tdyfysufjcif;udk jzpfap\/ uav;rsm;

*drf;aqmhupm;jcif; rvGefuJ&ef rdbtkyfxdef;

olrsm;u Muyfrwf&rnf[k ynma&;XmerS

tBuHjyKxm;onf/

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twk,lwwfMu\/twk,lwwfMu\/twk,lwwfMu\/twk,lwwfMu\/twk,lwwfMu\/

xdk YaMumif hxd k YaMumif hxd k YaMumif hxd k YaMumif hxd k YaMumif h

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usef;rma&;okawoDrsm;u uav;rsm;

usef;rma&;aumif;&ef tdyfcsdefudk wpfzufyg

twdkif; owfrSwfxm;onf-

86

(u) ajcmufESpfatmufuav;rsm;onf

10 em&DrS 13 em&Dtxd tdyfzdkYvdk\/

(c) ajcmufESpfrS 13 ESpfuav;rsm;

onf 9 em&DrS 12 em&Dtxd tdyfzdkY

vdk\/

(*) 13 ESpfausmfvmvQif 8 em&DrS 10

em&Dtxd tdyfzdkYvdk\/

uav;oli,frsm; usef;rma&;zGHUNzdK;&ef

pm;aom tpm;tpmrsm;onfvnf; ta&;BuD;

\/ usef;rma&;aumif;jcif;udk taxmuftul

jyKonfh tpm;tpmrsm;udk i,fpOfuwnf;u

tavhtusifhjyKvkyfay;ygu vlBuD;jzpfvmonf

txd xdktusifhonf raysmufawmhay/

qdkif&m usef;rma&;vnf; aumif;zdkYta&;BuD;\/

tcs K d Uvl BuD;r dbrsm;onf uav;rsm;ud k

Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; ud kifwG,fwwfMu\/

uav;\ ÓPf&nfÓPfaoG;udk rdbtkyfxdef;

olrsm;onf q&mrsm;ESifhvufwGJí tNrJ tuJ

cwf&rnf/ tcsKdUuav;rsm;onf ÓPfav;\/

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EdIif;,SOfNyD; wGef;tm;ay;vQif xdkuav;onf

pdwfydkif;qdkif&m xdcdkufoGm;rnf/ uav;pdwfudk

em;vnfMu&rnf/

uav;oli,frsm;onf taygif;toif;udk

cifrifwwfMu\/ rdrdcifrifaom taygif;toif;

\ tajymtqdk? tjyKtrlrsm;ud k twk,l

wwfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh rdbtkyfxdef;olrsm;onf

uav;\ taygif;toif;rsm;udk avhvmNyD;

vrf;rSm;ra&muf&ef jyKjyifay;&rnf/ uav;

rsm;udk tMurf;enf;jzifh qHk;rjcif;onf qdk;usKd;

udkom jzpfap\/

pifumyltpdk;&onf uav;oli,frsm;\

pdwfydkif;usef;rma&;udk tav;xm;um aiGaMu;

rsm;pGm oHk;pGJí tultnDay;vsuf&Sd\/

,aeYvlaerIb0ü opfvGifqef;jym;rIrsm;

onf tvGe fr sm; jym;av&m vl Bu D ;r db

tkyfxdef;olrsm;taejzifh i,f&G,fEke,faom

uav;oli,frsm;udk rSefuefaomenf;jzif h

aexd ki fpm;aomufEd ki fa&; tav;xm;&ef

txl;vdktyfygonf/

jrodef;jrodef;jrodef;jrodef;jrodef;

Ref: Eat, Sleep and be HealthyBy Salma KhalikStrait Times, 14, Feb, 2017.

rlBudKt&G,frwdkifrDuwnf;u uav;rsm;

udk oMum;"mwfrsm;onfh tcsKd&nfrsm; odkYr[kwf

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tom;? ig;? MuufO? EGm;EkdY ponfwdkYudk rQrQww

auR;oihf\/

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&ef ½kyfydkif;wpfckwnf; aumif;írjzpf? pdwfydkif;

87

cifyGef;jzpfolonf BuHK&musyef;tvkyform;jzpfí 0ifaiGu rrSefaomfvnf; &onfhaiGxJu

yif tcsKdUudk rl;,pfaq;0,foHk;vdkufjyefao;onf/ tdrfrSm&Sdaom vlrrnf uav;rsm;onf

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pifumylEk difiHwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifhpifumylEk difiHwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifhpifumylEk difiHwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifhpifumylEk difiHwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifhpifumylEk difiHwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifh

rl;,pfaq;0g;udk tvG,fwul 0,f,loHk;pG JaeonfhtaMumif;ESif h pifumylrl;,pfaq;0g;udk tvG,fwul 0,f,loHk;pG JaeonfhtaMumif;ESif h pifumylrl;,pfaq;0g;udk tvG,fwul 0,f,loHk;pG JaeonfhtaMumif;ESif h pifumylrl;,pfaq;0g;udk tvG,fwul 0,f,loHk;pG JaeonfhtaMumif;ESif h pifumylrl;,pfaq;0g;udk tvG,fwul 0,f,loHk;pG JaeonfhtaMumif;ESif h pifumyl

Ek difiHtpdk;&\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&GufaeEkdifiHtpdk;&\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&GufaeEkdifiHtpdk;&\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&GufaeEkdifiHtpdk;&\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&GufaeEkdifiHtpdk;&\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&Gufae

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88

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touf 18 E Sp ft& G,f pufr Io dy Ü H

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rl;,pfaq;oH k;pG JaerIonf tvGefrsm;jym;

aeonf/

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jzpfonf/

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pifumylEd ki fiHonf urÇmhavaMumif;

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89

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vuf&Sd rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&; Oya'udk

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pifumylEdkifiHwGif tGefvdkif;rS rl;,pfaq;0g;

arSmifcd ktvkyfvkyfudkifol 2015 ckESpfwGif

trI 30 om&SdcJh&mrSm 2016 ckESpfwGif 201 rI

txd &SdvmNyD; rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;ol trsm;pkrSm

touf 30 ESpfatmuf vli,f? vlvwfrsm;

pifumylEdkifiHtpdk;&onf rl;,pfaq;0g;

ta&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í urÇmhEkdifiHtcsKdUü rnfodkY

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zifvefEkdifiHESifh tdkufpvefEkdifiHwGif rl;,pfaq;

90

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ay:ü rwnf&SdbJ tjcm;EkdifiHom;rsm; tvGef

ta&mufenf;onf/ xdk Y jyif rl;,pfaq;0g;

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ta&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í &wufrat;jzpfaevsuf

&Sd&m tem*wfumvü rnfodkYaqmif&Gufrnfudk

jynfolvlxku apmifhMunfhaeMuavonf/

OD;OD;odef;OD;OD;odef;OD;OD;odef;OD;OD;odef;OD;OD;odef;

Ref: (1) New anti-drug strategy to meetrising challenges

(2) MPs outline ways to strengthenSingapore's fight against drugsThe Straits Times, 5, April, 2017


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92

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wGifvnf; trsKd;tpm;rsm;pGm &Sdygao;onf/

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&onfh wm0efESifh a&jyifwdkufyGJwGif yg0if&onfh

tcef;u@tay: rlwnfí ppfoabFm

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94

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av,mO fy s Hr Sm yxrurÇmpp fumvod k Y

a&mufaomtcg tawmifESpfxyf av,mOfysH

rsm;acwfodkY a&muf&SdaeNyD jzpfonf/ 1910

jynfhESpf? Edk0ifbmv 14 &ufwGif tar&duef

ydkif;avmhwpfOD;jzpfol ,l*sif; t,fvD (Eugene

Ely) u ¤if;\ tawmifESpfxyfav,mOfjzifh

96

&yfwefYxm;aom c½lZm ppfoabFm ,ltufpf

bmrif*rf (USS Birmingham) \ OD;yd ki f;

ukef;ywfay:rS atmifjrifpGm ysHwufjyEk dif

cJhonf/ xkdYaemuf NAdwdoQa&wyfrS uGefref'g

csm;vfqifrqrf (Cdr. Charles Samaon) uvnf;

ckwfarmif;aeaom ppfoabFm [pfbef;eD;,m;

(HMS Hibernia) ay:rS atmifjrifpGm ysHwuf

jyoEkdifcJhonf/

xd k YaemufwGifum; NAdwdoQ awmf0if

avwyfonf urÇmhyxrOD;qHk;aom av,mOfwif

oabFmjzpfonfh tmh&d Gif&,fvf (HMS Ark

Royal) udk atmifjrifpGm wnfaqmuf toHk;jyK

c J havonf/ oabFmay:wGi f a&qif ;

av,mOfys H (Seaplane) ig;p D ;E Si f h ½ d k ;½ d k ;

av,mOfysHESpfpD; yHkrSefwifaqmifum wdkufyGJ

0ifEk difaom tmh&G dif&,fvf av,mOfysHwif

oabFmBuD;onf yxrurÇmppfwpfavQmufvHk;

ta&;ygaomae&mrS yg0ifxrf;aqmif wdkufyGJ

0ifcJ honf/ txl;ojzifh wl&uDatmfwdkrif

(Ottoman) tifyg,m\ NrdKUawmfjzpfonfh

uGefpwef wDEdky,fvf (Constantinople) ,ck

tufpwefblvf (Istanbul) udk odrf;ydkufonfh

wdkufyGJjzpfaom *,fvDydkvD (Gallipoli) wkdufyGJ

wGif tmh&Gdif&,fvf av,mOfwifoabFm\

tcef;u@rSm ydkrdkí xif&Sm;cJhavonf/

ppfoabFmrsm;\ppfyG JppfoabFmrsm;\ppfyG JppfoabFmrsm;\ppfyG JppfoabFmrsm;\ppfyG JppfoabFmrsm;\ppfyG J

yxrurÇmppfNyD;oGm;aomtcg urÇm

wpf0ef;&Sd tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\

a&wyfrsm;udk tNydKiftqdkif wnfaqmufMujyef

&mrS 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfyGm;vmonf/

xdktcsdefwGifum; urÇmhtiftm;tBuD;rm;qHk;

a&wyfudk ydkifqdkifolrSm NAdwdoQwdkYr[kwfawmh

bJ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk jzpfvmcJhonf/

xdktcsdefxd ppfoabFmBuD;rsm;onf a&,mOf

tkyfpkwpfckwGif t"duusaom a&,mOftjzpf

qufvufwnf&SdqJyif jzpfonf/

"etiftm;awmifhwif;aom EkdifiHrsm;

onfvnf; BuD;rm;onfxuf BuD;rm;Ny D ;

tp Gr f ;xufaom pp foabFm Bu D ;r sm;ud k

tNydKiftqdkif wnfaqmufMuqJyif jzpfonf/

Oyrm *syefEkdifiH a&wyfrawmfqdkvQif ,cifu

97

wpfcgrQ rwnfaqmufcJhzl;aom t&G,ftpm;

jzpfonfh ppfoabFmBuD; ,mrmwdkESifh rlqm&SD

wdkYESpfpif;udk wnfaqmufcJhonf/ ,mrmwdk

pp foabFmBuD;r Sm *sye fa&wyfrawmf\

tvHaqmifoabFm (Flag Ship) jzpfvmcJhonf/

rlqm&SD ppfoabFmBuD;rSm 1944 ckESpfwGif

zdvpfydkif uRef;pkteD; jzpfyGm;aom av;wD;

yifv,fauGU (Leyte Gulf) wkdufyGJwGif ¤if;udk

av,mOfAHk; 17 vHk;ESifh awmfyD'dk tvkH; 20 wdkY

xdrSefjcif;jzifh ppfonfwpfaxmifausmfESifhtwl

epfjrKyfoGm;cJhonf/ ,if;tay:rS touf&Sif

use f&p fol oabFmom; 1ç300 O D ;ud kr l

tapmifhvdkufygvmaom zsufoabFmrsm;u

u,fwifEkdifcJhonf/ ppfoabFmBuD; ,mrmwdk

rSmvnf; ,if;wkdufyGJrS vGwfvmcJhaomfvnf;

tdkuDem0guRef;wdkufyGJ- wef*dkppfqifa&;wGif

av,mOfAHk; &SpfvHk;ESifh awmfyD'dk 10 vHk; xdrSefrI

aMumifh epfjrKyfoGm;cJhonf/

'kwd,urÇmppfwGif; tjcm;xif&Sm;aom

ppfoabFmBuD;wpfpD;rSm *smrefa&wyfrawmf

\ tvHaqmifoabFmjzpfonfh bpfprwf (Bis-

marck) ppfoabFmBuD; jzpfonf/ *smreftifyg,m

BuD;udk xlaxmifNyD;aemuf yxrqHk;eef;&if;0ef

tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol atmfwdkAifbpf

prwf (Otto Van Bismarck) udk *kPfjyKí trnf

ay;xm;aom oabFmjzpfonf/ 'kwd,urÇm

ppftpwGif bpfprwfppfoabFmBuD;u NAdwdoQ

c½lZm wdkufoabFm [k'f (HMS Hood) udk

ypfcwfepfjr§KyfvdkufEkdifjcif;aMumifh bpfprwf\

trnfrSm ydkíxif&Sm;oGm;onf/ odkYaomfvnf;

rsm;rMumrDwGifyif r[mrdwfwdkYvufcsufjzifh

bwfprwf ppfoabFmBuD;ESifhwuG ¤if;tay:yg

ppfonf 2ç000 OD;wdkYtm; a&atmufodkY jr§KyfESH

EkdifcJhavonf/

*syefwdkYu [m0dkiftD&Sd ykvJqdyfurf;udk

wdkufcdkuf&mwGif av,mOfwifoabFmay:rS

av,mOfrsm;jzifh atmifjrifpGm wkdufcdkufEkdifcJh

ojzifh av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;\ ta&;ygrI

rSm yd kí xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/ av,mOfwif

oabFm rydkifqdkifbJ tiftm;BuD;a&wyf rnfodkY

rQ rjzpfEkdifacs/ av,mOfwifoabFmr&SdbJ

yifv,fudkvTrf;rdk;Ekdifaom a&wyf (Blue Sea

Navy) tqifhodkY rnfodkYrQ ra&muf&SdEdkifay/

,aeYurÇmay:wGif av,mOfwifoabFm

ydkifqkdifonfh EkdifiH udk;EkdifiHom&Sdonfhteuf

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkr Sm av,mOfwif

oabFmta&twGuf trsm;qHk;ydkifqkdifonfh

EkdifiHjzpfonf/

' kw d,ur Çmpp fumvtwGi f ;uyi f

av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;\ pGr f ;&nfE Si f h

ta&;ygyHkrSm xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/ enf;ynm

pGrf;&nf jrifhrm;vmonfESifhtrQ t&G,ftpm;

ydkí BuD;rm;NyD; pGrf;&nfydkí xufjrufaom

av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;udk wnfaqmufvm

Muonf/ &efolYa&wyfpcef;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;

ESifh a&,mOfwef; uGefAdGKifrsm;udk tumtuG,f

ay;&mwGif av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;u ydkí

pGrf;aqmifEdkifaMumif; *syefwdkYqifETJcJhaom ykvJ

qdyfurf;wdkufyGJu oufaojycJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf av,mOfwif

oabFmrsm;\ ta&twGufESif hpGrf;&nfud k

jr§i f hwif jci f ;tm; jzi f h a&wyfp Gr f ;tm;ud k

BuD;rm;atmif wnfaqmufvmcJhonf/ þonf

uyif ' kwd,urÇmpp f\wd kufy G Jr sm;wGi f

98

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk atmifyGJodkY ydkYaqmif

cJhavonf/

csJUxGifcJ honf/ *syefEk difiHtaejzif h ¤if;\

tifyg,mcsJUxGifrIudk taESmifht,Sufray;Ekdif

apjcif;iSm tar&duefa&wyf\ [m0dkiftDuRef;

ykvJqdyfurf;&Sd a&wyfzGJUBuD;udk 1941 ckESpf?

'DZifbmv 7 &ufwGif tvpftidkuf 0ifa&muf

wdkufcdkufum ypdzdwfppfyGJBuD;udk t&Sdefjr§ifhcJh

onf/ aemufwpfaeYwGif tar&duefEkdifiHu

*syefudk ppfaMunmonf/

ykvJqdyfurf;wd kufyG JwGif tar&duef

a&wyf\ ysufpD;qHk;½H I;rIrSm aMumufcref;

vdvdyif jzpfonf/ od k Y&mwGif tqdk;xJrS

taumif;tjzpf ajymEkdifonfum; tar&duef

wdkY\ av,mOfwifoabFmBuD;rsm;rSm qdyfurf;

wGif&S draeojzif h wpfpD;rQ zsufqD;cH&jcif;

r&SdcJ hay/ xdk Yjyif *syefwdk Yu ppfoabFmBuD;

rsm;ESifh ppfav,mOfuGif;rsm;? av,mOfrsm;

udkom t"duxm;í wdkufcdkufcJhojzifh a&wyf

oabFmusif;rsm;tm;vHk;rSm zsufqD;cH&jcif;

r&SdbJ taumif;yuwd usef&SdcJhonf/ ykvJ

qdyfurf;wd kufyG JwGif tar&duefa&wyf\

emrnfausmf t&DZd k ;em;ppfoabFmBuD;rSm

oabFmom; 1ç100 ausmfwdkYESifhtwl qdyfurf;

wGifyif wdkufcdkufepfjr§Kyfjcif; cHvdkuf&onf/

þjzpfpOfaMumifh tar&duefa&wyfonf jyefí

emvefxlEkdifatmif ajcmufvrQ tjyif;txef

BudK;yrf;cJh&ayonf/

1942 ckESpf? arvwGif ypdzdwfppfyGJudk

tvSnfhtajymif;jzpfaprnfh aumf&JvfqD; (Coral

Sea) wdkufyGJwGif tar&duefESifh *syef ESpfzuf

pvHk;u av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;udk toHk;jyKí

wdkufcdkufcJhMuonf/ þwkdufyGJ\ tusKd;quf

onf aemufrMumrD qufvufjzpfyGm;onfh

qdyfurf;wdkufyG JwGifqdyfurf;wdkufyG JwGifqdyfurf;wdkufyG JwGifqdyfurf;wdkufyG JwGifqdyfurf;wdkufyG JwGif

tar&duefa&wyf\tar&duefa&wyf\tar&duefa&wyf\tar&duefa&wyf\tar&duefa&wyf\

emrnfausmf t&DZd k;em;emrnfausmf t&DZd k;em;emrnfausmf t&DZd k;em;emrnfausmf t&DZd k;em;emrnfausmf t&DZd k;em;

ppfoabFmBuD;rSmppfoabFmBuD;rSmppfoabFmBuD;rSmppfoabFmBuD;rSmppfoabFmBuD;rSm

oabFmom;oabFmom;oabFmom;oabFmom;oabFmom;

1ç100 ausmfwdk YESif htwl1ç100 ausmfwdk YESif htwl1ç100 ausmfwdk YESif htwl1ç100 ausmfwdk YESif htwl1ç100 ausmfwdk YESif htwl

qdyfurf;wGifyifqdyfurf;wGifyifqdyfurf;wGifyifqdyfurf;wGifyifqdyfurf;wGifyif

wdkufcd kufepfjr§Kyfjcif;wdkufcd kufepfjr§Kyfjcif;wdkufcd kufepfjr§Kyfjcif;wdkufcd kufepfjr§Kyfjcif;wdkufcd kufepfjr§Kyfjcif;

cHvdkuf&onf/cHvdkuf&onf/cHvdkuf&onf/cHvdkuf&onf/cHvdkuf&onf/

ypdz dwfppfy G Jypdz dwfppfy G Jypdz dwfppfy G Jypdz dwfppfy G Jypdz dwfppfy G J

ypdzdwfppfyGJrsm;rSm 1937 ckESpfESifh 1945

ckESpftMum; ypdzdwfuRef;rsm;ESifh ta&SUawmif

tm&SwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom ppfyGJrsm;jzpfonf/

t"dutm;jzifh 'kwd,urÇmppfumvtwGif;

a&wyftiftm;BuD;EkdifiH ESpfckjzpfaom tar&duef

jynfaxmifpkESifh *syefEdkifiHwdkYtMum; jzpfyGm;aom

wkdufyGJpOfrsm;yif jzpfonf/ 1930 jynfhvGef

ESpfrsm;wGif *syefEkdifiHonf a&wyftultnD

jzifh ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;odkY tifyg,m

99

rpf'fa0; (Midway) a&aMumif;wdkufyGJBuD;tay:

odkY oufa&mufcJhonf/ rpf'fa0;wdkufyGJwGif

*syefwdkYu tar&duefav,mOfwif oabFm

rsm;udk zsufqD;&ef arQmfrSef;tm;xkwfcJhaomf

vnf; ratmi f jri fc J hay/ þwk du fy G J\

tqHk;tjzwfay;aom atmifjrifrIaMumif h

tar&duefa&wyfonf *syefa&wyfrawmfudk

vHk;0 emvefrxlEkdifatmif acsrIef;zsufqD;

EkdifcJhonf/ aumf&JvfqD;ESifh rpf'fa0;wdkufyGJBuD;

ESpfckpvHk;wGif tar&duef av,mOfwifoabFm

a,mhawmif; (Yorktown) onf t"duta&;yg

aom tcef;u@rS yg0ifcJhonf/

aqGZifñGef YaqGZifñGef YaqGZifñGef YaqGZifñGef YaqGZifñGef Y

Ref: Fighting ShipsRobert Fredericl Ltd, U.K,2016


apmif harQm favOD;apmif harQm favOD;apmif harQm favOD;apmif harQm favOD;apmif harQm favOD;

bk&ifhom;awmfwpfyg;u tjyKpm;cH&um

wpfESpfvQif pum;wpfvHk;om ajymEdkifonf/

olu ESpfESpfwm pum;rajymbJaevQif

aemufESpfwGif pum;ESpfvHk;ajymEkdifrnf/

wpfaeYwGif olu vSyacsmarmaom

rdef;rysKdwpfOD;udk cspfBudKufrd\/ xdkYaMumifh olu

ESpfESpfrQ pum;rajymbJaeum ]]tcspf}} [k

ajymEkdif&ef xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ xdkYaemuf olu

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m

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rdef;rysKdudk cspfaMumif;ajymEkdif&ef aemufxyfoHk;ESpfrQ apmifhqdkif;cJhonf/

ig;ESpfukefqHk;NyD;aomf olu olYudk vufxyf&efajymzdkY av;ESpfxyfrHapmifhcJh&onf/

aemufqHk;wGif pum;rajymbJaecJhaomumv udk;ESpfjynfhNyD;aomtcg xD;eef;twGif;&Sd

tvGefw&m cspftm½Hkzrf;pm;rnfhae&modkY trsKd;orD;udk ac:aqmifum-

]]tcspf? rif;udk cspfw,f? vufxyfyg}} [k pum;udk;vHk;udk ajymvdkufonf/

trsKd;orD;u ajymonfrSm -

]][if ...bmajymw,f}}

100

MopaMw;vsEkdifiH taemufydkif; um*lvDNrdKU&Sd [dkw,f Exchange \ {nfhawGUcef;wGif

aupDa0gavhpf (Kasey Wallace) wpfa,muf olY vdar®mfa&mif owåKwGif;0wfpHkyif rvJao;bJ

nDtpfudk0rf;uGJ Blake Morgan ESifh aysmfyg;pm;aomufaeonf/ touf 18 ESpfom &Sdao;aom

pD;yGm;a&; zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufvmjcif;aMumif h vlrsm;\tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfpD;yGm;a&; zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufvmjcif;aMumif h vlrsm;\tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfpD;yGm;a&; zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufvmjcif;aMumif h vlrsm;\tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfpD;yGm;a&; zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufvmjcif;aMumif h vlrsm;\tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfpD;yGm;a&; zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufvmjcif;aMumif h vlrsm;\tdyfrufudk taumiftxnf

azmfEk difjcif;? vpmaiG jrifhrm;jcif;? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0jcif; ponfazmfEk difjcif;? vpmaiG jrifhrm;jcif;? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0jcif; ponfazmfEk difjcif;? vpmaiG jrifhrm;jcif;? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0jcif; ponfazmfEk difjcif;? vpmaiG jrifhrm;jcif;? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0jcif; ponfazmfEk difjcif;? vpmaiG jrifhrm;jcif;? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0jcif; ponf

wdk Ytjyif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESif h 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;jzifhyg ausmfMum;onfhwdk Ytjyif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESif h 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;jzifhyg ausmfMum;onfhwdk Ytjyif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESif h 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;jzifhyg ausmfMum;onfhwdk Ytjyif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESif h 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;jzifhyg ausmfMum;onfhwdk Ytjyif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESif h 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;jzifhyg ausmfMum;onfh

MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd NrdKUav;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd NrdKUav;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd NrdKUav;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd NrdKUav;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd NrdKUav;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/

101

Wallace rSm oHowåK½dkif;wGif;&Sd&m ajrmufbuf

uDvdkrDwm 730 udk toGm;tjyef um;armif;

&ojzifh vrf;wGif aMumuf&GHUp&m? owdxm;p&m

rsm;u tawGUtBuHK&aeNyDjzpfonf/ ]]rif;

uRrf;uRrf;usifusifarmif;Ed kifwmyJ? 'gayrJh

aemufqd k&i f av,mOfe J Yo Gm;z d k YpO f ;pm; ?

wcs K d Utvky form;awGqd k av,mOfe J Yvm

av,mOfeJ Yy J jyef Muw,f}}[k Morgan u

ajymonf/

nDtpfudkESpfa,muf olwdkYiSm;xm;aom

tdrfopftwGufvnf; aysmf&TifaeMuonf/

um*lvDNrdKUwGif vlOD;a& 35,000 OD;&Sdaomfvnf;

tdrfiSm;conf a':vm 1ç440 ay;&onf/

rnfhonfhae&muyJvmvm þae&ma&mufzdkY

qdkvQifrl ajcmufem&DcefY um;apmifh&wwfonf/

a':vm 210,000 ukefcJhw,f/ c&D;tqHk;txd

ra&mufcJhbl;/ vrf;qHk;atmif armif;oGm;zdk Y

qdkwmvnf; vlYt½dk;awGu vrf;rSm trsm;BuD;?

vlawGu t&ufawG trsm;BuD;aomufMuwJY

tjyif rl;,pfaq;awGvnf; oHk;Muw,f}} [k

Morgan u qdkonf/ olonf tcsdefvnf;&

aiGvnf;&S dojzif h wjcm;tvkyf wpfckud k

ajymif;vJcsifaeonf/

vlwd ki f ; 0i fai Gtjri f hq H k ;&aeaom

taemufydkif; MopaMw;vsjynfe,fonf touf

i,f&G,fol? aiGaMu;"ejynfhpHkolrsm;twGuf

udk,fhudk,fwdkif oef;<u,folaX;tjzpf zef;wD;

Ekdifonfh urÇmay:wGif wpfckwnf;aoma'o

jzpfonf/ vli,frsm;onf bmvDuRef;oGm;um

aysmf&TifpGm vdIif;pD;jcif;? Las Vegas oGm;NyD;

upm;0dkif;rsm;wGif taysmfupm;jcif;rsm;jzifh

tyef;ajzEdkifonf/ rnfonhfae&mrqdk olwdkY

taejzif h vpOf0ifaiG\ oHk;yH kwpfyH kcef Yud k

& SmE k di fovd k o H k ;vnf;oH k ;yp fE k di fonf/

odkYaomfvnf; taemufydkif; MopaMw;vs\

tvkyform; vdktyfcsufrSm pdppfa&G;cs,fjcif;

r&SdbJ &ovdkac:aeaomaMumifh tvkyform;

rsm;onf olwdkYvdkcsifaom aiG (vkyftm;c) udk

awmif;Edkifonf/

tajymus,fvSonfh teDa&mif oJuEÅm&

jyifus,fBuD;jzpfaom taemufydkif;MopaMw;vs

onf urÇmay:wGifaexdkif&ef roifhonfht&yf

vnf; jzpfonf/ tylcsdefu tNrJ 49 'D*&D

qJvfpD;,yfem;rSm&Sdaeonfhtjyif a'owpfck

vHk; touftEÅ&m,fay;Ekdifonfh owå0grsm;

jzifh jynfhESufaeonf/ a>r? uif;NrD;aumuf?

yifhulrsm; aygonf/ a&'D,dkrSvnf; aEG&moDwGif

Morgan wpfa,muf uGefu&pfazsmfpyfcif;

onfhtvkyfu aeYwpf0uf tem;,lvmol

jzpfonf/ touf 21 ESpfom &Sdao;aomfvnf;

vH kavmufaomaiGaMu; pkaqmif;xm;NyD;

jzpfonf/ olYtaejzifh oJuEÅm&jzwfausmfonfh

Motocross tm;upm;wGif tawGUtBuHKaumif;

wpfck &csifaeonf/ Texas jynfe,f {&d,m\

70 &mcdkifEIef;rSm oJuEÅm&rsm;om&Sdonf/

]]vGefcJ hwJhESpfu Motocross tm;upm;wGif

102

touftEÅ&m,fay;wwfaom yif hulrsm;

aomif;usef;wwfaomaMumifh a&Smifwdrf;&ef

tNrJvdkvdk owday;aMunmae&onf/ xdkYjyif

oD;ES Hcif;ESif h oD;yifrSeforQudk tkyfpkvdkuf

usa&muf zsufqD;wwfaom usKdif;aumif&efrsm;

tjyif awmrD;avmifuRr f ;r Ivnf; tNr J

jzpfay:aeonf/ ajrjyifwpfcGifvHk; qm;rsm;

aygufaeaomaMumi f h or k' ´&ma&xuf

ajcmufqcef Y yd kíiefum a&0yfcJ hz l;aom

ae&mrsm;wGif BuD;rm;aomtjzLuGuf? tjzL

pufBuD;rsm; usefcJhonf/

uka#cs DwefaomtaMumif;w&m;rsm;

vnf; &Sdonf/ ajreDatmufwGif <u,f0vSaom

obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; &S daeonf/ 2012

ckESpfrS 2013 ckESpftwGif; taemufyd kif;

MopaMw;vsonf a':vmoef;aygif; 55,000?

a&eHpdrf; a':vm 6,000? obm0"mwfaiGU&nf

oef; 12ç000 ESifh a&T oef; 8,700 zdk; &&Sd

cJhonf/ tm;vHk;NcHKMunfhvdkufvQif xdkjynfe,f

onf MopaMw;vswpfEkdifiHvHk; jynfyydkYukef\

40 &mckdifEIef;zdk; xkwfvkyfwifydk YEk difcJhonf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ukrÜPDrsm;onf

e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI a':vm

82,000 ru xnfh0ifvmcJhonf/ urÇmwGif

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ yk*¾vdu &if;ES D;

jr§KyfESHrIudk trsm;qHk; vufcHaom EkdifiH? jynfe,f

jzpfvmcJ honf/ w½kwfjynf\ 0,fvdktm;

awmif;qdkrIaMumifh MopaMw;vsEdkifiHtaejzifh

obm0&if;jrpf xkwf,lrIudk &mpkESpf wpfpdwfvHk;

qufwdkufwdk;jr§ifhvmcJhonf/

taemufydkif; MopaMw;vsonf tvm

puma&TodkufuJhodkY jzpfaeonf/ tvm;wlyif

Texas a&eH tvQHy,fxGuf&SdrIaMumifh Michi-

gan oHacwfuJhodkY jzpfvmonf/ qdkifu,fpD;ol

rsm;vnf; oef;<u,folaX;rsm; jzpfvmonf/

taemufydkif; MopaMw;vswGif tvkyfvkyfaeol

rsm;\ wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGudk GDP-per-capita t&

wGufcsufMunfh&m vlZifbwfESifh umwmEkdifiHwdkY

NyD;vQif wpfOD;csif;0ifaiG trsm;qHk; jzpfonf/

vGefcJhaom 10 ESpfwmumvtwGif; jynfyrS

vlrsm; 800,000 ausmf 0ifa&mufvmcJhonfh

wdkif taemufydkif; MopaMw;vs\ tvkyfvufrJh

EIef;rSm 5 'or 1 &mckdifEIef;om &Sdavonf/

tvGefjrifhaom vkyfcvkyfpmaMumifh bmbmvD

awmifukef;\ olaX;rsm; odkYr[kwf aiGaMu;

<u,f0olrsm;[k taemuf MopaMw;vs

jynfe,f? NrdKUawmf Perth rS jynfolrsm;u

ajymqd k Muonf/ q,fpkESpftwGif; Perth

NrdKUawmfonf csrf;om<u,f0rIudk toHk;cs&m

ae&mtjzpf ajymif;vJcJhonf/

urÇm hoHvd kuf BuD;urÇm hoHvd kuf BuD;urÇm hoHvd kuf BuD;urÇm hoHvd kuf BuD;urÇm hoHvd kuf BuD;

obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; rnfrQMumatmif

&SmazG&&S daernfenf;/ owåKwGif;vkyfief;

vkyfolwdkif; odxm;ouJhodkY obm0t&if;tjrpf

qdkonfrSm twkdif;twm tuefYtowf&Sdaom

103

ypönf;jzpfonf/ taemufydkif; MopaMw;vs

onf a&S;ESpfrsm;pGmuyif <u,f0jynfhpHkrIESifh

aygufuGJqHk;½HI;rI ordkif;rsm; &SdcJhonfhjynfe,f

jzpfonf/ þa'owGif 1848 ckESpfu a&T

pwifawGU&SdcJhonf/ 1960 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif

a&eHESif h obm0"mwfaiGUudk urf;vGefwGif

vnf;aumif;? BuD;rm;aom owåKaMumudk

vnf;aumif; awGU&S dcJ honf/ jynfe,fonf

urÇmhtBuD;qHk;aom aiG? eDu,fvf? ,la&eD,H?

&Sm;yg;owåK? o,HZmw? ovif;ausmuf?

*&if;Edkufrsm; <u,f0pGm&Sdonf[k <um;0gcJhzl;

onf/ odkYaomfvnf; 1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif

a&TESifh eDu,fvf 0,fvdktm; usqif;oGm;aom

tcg Perth NrdKUawmfonf urÇmwGif txD;usef

tjzpfqHk;aomNrdKUawmf jzpfcJhzl;onf/ ]]uRefawmf

wdkYtaejzifh ta&SUbufurf;ajcrS N*dK[fwk&yf0ef;

tjzpf cHpm;&onf}} [k Scaffidi u ajymonf/

Perth NrdKUawmfonf ESpfem&DtwGif; urÇmh

vlOD;a&\ 60 &mckdifEIef;aom vlom;rsm;

aexdkif&mae&m jzpfvmonf/ tb,faMumifh

qdkaomf tv,ftvwfwef;pm; vlom;rsm;

tjzpf aexdkifEkdifjcif;? vlrsm;\ tdyfrufudk

taumiftxnfazm fE k di f jci f ;r sm;aMumif h

jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; jynfhpHkvHkavmufaom

tajccHtaqmuftOD wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf

vkyfom;rsm;pGm vdktyfaeao;onf/ xdktajccH

taqmuftODrsm;onf obm0t&if;tjrpf

rsm; wl;azmf&efESif h jynfyokd Y yd k Yaqmif&ef

trSefyifvdktyfvSayonf/

xdkYaMumifh MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwpfvTm;ESifh

e,l;Z DvefE k di fi Hwd k Yr S a&&Snfvky fE k di frnf h

tvkyform;rsm;udk ac:onf/ vkyftm;crsm;

wdk;jr§ifhay;onf/ ukefpnfypönf;rsm;udkvnf;

aygrsm;atmif ? aps;E Ie f ;oufomatmif

jyKvkyfay;onfhtjyif MopaMw;vs a':vmudk

vnf; wd k ;x kwfay;onf/ qpf'e D Nr d K U& S d

wuúpD'½d ki fbmwpfa,muf wpfE Sp fvH k ;ü

a':vm 40,000 om vkyftm;c&onfh tcsdef

wGif taemufydkif; MopaMw;vsrdkif;wGif;rSm

x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD; wpfESpfvQif a':vm

200,000 &aeonf/ xdk Y jyif rJvfbkef;rSm

104

qpf'eDNrdKU&S dqpf'eDNrdKU&S dqpf'eDNrdKU&S dqpf'eDNrdKU&S dqpf'eDNrdKU&S d

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wpfESpfvHk;üwpfESpfvHk;üwpfESpfvHk;üwpfESpfvHk;üwpfESpfvHk;ü

a':vm 40a':vm 40a':vm 40a':vm 40a':vm 40,000 om000 om000 om000 om000 om

vkyftm;c&onfhtcsdefvkyftm;c&onfhtcsdefvkyftm;c&onfhtcsdefvkyftm;c&onfhtcsdefvkyftm;c&onfhtcsdef

taemufyd kif;taemufyd kif;taemufyd kif;taemufyd kif;taemufyd kif;

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x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD;x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD;x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD;x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD;x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD;

wpfESpfvQifwpfESpfvQifwpfESpfvQifwpfESpfvQifwpfESpfvQif

a':vm 200a':vm 200a':vm 200a':vm 200a':vm 200,000000000000000

&aeonf/&aeonf/&aeonf/&aeonf/&aeonf/

oefYpifcef;ydkufrsm; jyif&ol wpfESpfvHk;wGif

a':vm 45,000 &aecsdef taemufyd kif;ü

a&ydkufESifh vufarmif;auG; ydkufqufjyifay;ol

taejzifh wpfESpfvHk;twGuf rJvfbkef;ydkufjyif

orm;xuf oH k ;q 0i fai Gy d k&aeonf/

aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief; ? [d kw,fvkyfief;?

a&xkwfuGefu&pfydkufayguf vkyfief;rsm;u

ta&twGufrsm;vmonf/ a'o\ vlOD;a&

onfvnf; q,fpkESpftwGif; 30 &mckdifEIef;

eD;yg; wdk;vmcJhonf/ tvkyform;rsm;onf

av,mOfjzifhyif tvkyfoGm;? tvkyfjyefMuonf/

a':vm 53 'or 5 oef;wef aps;tBuD;qHk;

tdrfonf Perth NrdKUqifajczH k;wGif &S donf/

pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;vmrIonf owåKwGif; NrdKUi,f

uav;rsm;&S d yH krSefaetdrfrsm;\ aps;udkyg

jrifhwufvmaponf/ NrdKUi,frsm;onf oJuEÅm&

'Pfud k wGe f ;vSe fE k di fonf h taetxm;

jzpfaomaMumifh Kalgoorlie &dS aetdrfrsm;yif

a':vmwpfoef; aps;ac:onf/

ukrÜPDrsm;u aemufxyft&if;tES D;

rjr§KyfESHawmhbJ tjrwfa0pkom cGJa0ay;ae

onfrSm ajcmufvMumcJhNyD jzpfonf/ ,cktxd

wef;pDxm;NyD;aom pDrHudef;rsm;udk cGifhjyKNyD;onfh

wefzdk;rSm a':vmoef; 240,000 (240 bil-

lion) &SdNyD; aemufxyf 316 bDvD,Hzdk; cGifhjyK

&eftwGufvnf; pOf;pm;xm;NyD;jzpfonf[k

MopaMw;vs owåKwGif;ESifh owåKvkyfief;toif;

trIaqmift&m&Sd Steve Knott u ajymonf/

,cktcgwGif taemufydkif; MopaMw;vs\

t0ga&miftkyfcif;vrf;rBuD;onf a&mifjyef

[yfaeaom oJuEÅm&BuD;twGif;bufqDodkY

wjznf;jznf; c&D;qefYaeayonf/

ausmf&Sif;ausmf&Sif;ausmf&Sif;ausmf&Sif;ausmf&Sif;

Ref: This remote Australia Town has moreself-made millionaires per capita,than New York City.By Jay Newton smallTime, 10, March, 2014.

Perth NrdKUawmf\ ajrmufbufqifajczHk;&Sd

Osborne Park yef;NcHvrf;wGif vlcsrf;omrsm;

om 0,f,lEkdifonfh aps;0,fpifwm&Sd aps;qdkif

rsm;? a&yl? a&at; a&ul;uefrsm;? Rolls-Royce

um;rsm;? uyGJ½Hkrsm;tm;vHk; pHkvifpGm &Sdonf/

Nr d K Uv,fwGi fvnf; aps;qd ki fr sm; ? urÇm h

tqifhtwef;rD umpDEdkupm;0dkif;ESifh w&m;0if

tEdSyfcef;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ MopaMw;vswGif

owåKwGif;olaX;BuD; Chris Ellison ydkifaom

105

106

avoGif;tokH;jyK&onfh a&mfbmwrHrsm;rSm 'kvkH;&Snf okdYr[kwf qvif'gykHpH&Sd a&mfbmjzifh

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a&ukd wm;ay;xm;Ekdifonfh wrHtrsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfonf/

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ab;tEÅ&m,fwcsKdUukd umuG,fEkdifaMumif;? avESifh a& ESpfrsKd;pvkH; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKab;tEÅ&m,fwcsKdUukd umuG,fEkdifaMumif;? avESifh a& ESpfrsKd;pvkH; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKab;tEÅ&m,fwcsKdUukd umuG,fEkdifaMumif;? avESifh a& ESpfrsKd;pvkH; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKab;tEÅ&m,fwcsKdUukd umuG,fEkdifaMumif;? avESifh a& ESpfrsKd;pvkH; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKab;tEÅ&m,fwcsKdUukd umuG,fEkdifaMumif;? avESifh a& ESpfrsKd;pvkH; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyK

EkdifaomaMumifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdaMumif;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifaomEkdifaomaMumifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdaMumif;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifaomEkdifaomaMumifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdaMumif;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifaomEkdifaomaMumifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdaMumif;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifaomEkdifaomaMumifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdaMumif;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifaom

xkda&mfbmwrH\ tm;om;csufrsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/xkda&mfbmwrH\ tm;om;csufrsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/xkda&mfbmwrH\ tm;om;csufrsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/xkda&mfbmwrH\ tm;om;csufrsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/xkda&mfbmwrH\ tm;om;csufrsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/

107

xkda&mfbmwrHrsm;rSm avukdomru a&ukd

vnf; a&mfbmom;twGif; xkd;oGif;um wrH

tjzpf tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ okdYr[kwf ESpfrsKd;pvkH;ukd

a&mpyfívnf; tokH;jyKEkdifaMumif; od&onf/

a&mfbmom;ukd ykdrkdckdifcHhap&ef EkdifvGefa&mpyf

um tvTmtxyfxyf jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzif h

tMurf;twrf;ESifh xdckdufrI'Pfukdomru a&pD;

ESifhtwl arsmygvmonfh 0w¬Kypönf;rsm;\

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csKyfvkyfay;xm;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ ynm&Sif

rsm;u avoGif;tokH;jyK&onfh a&mfbmwrHrsm;ukd

Inflatable flexible membrane dams or rubberdams(IFMD) [k okH;EIef;Muonf/

xkdrQomruao; ajratmufa&ukd t0Dpd

wGif;rsm;jzifh tvGeftuRH xkwf,lokH;pGJrdaom

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tokH;jyKMuonf/

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a&mfbmwrHtrsKd;tpm;rsm;ukd 1950 jynfhESpf

tapmyk di f ;upwifí tok H; jyKc J h Muonf/

uGefu&pfom; atmufajcay:wGif a&mfbmwrH

rsm;ukd trmcHrsm;ESifh wGJpyfum a&wm;tjzpf

vnf;aumif;? a&vTJwrHtjzpfvnf;aumif;?

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108

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a&mfbmom;jzifh wpfqufwnf; jyKvkyfxm;

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onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ygupöwefEkdifiHwGifvnf;

a&mfbmwrHukd yef*sufjynfe,fwGif wnfaqmuf

109

tokH;jyK&ef pDpOfvsuf&SdaMumif; 2017 ckESpf?

ZGef 19 &uf? a'oxkwf a'gif; (Dawn)

owif;pmu azmfjyxm;onf/

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onf/

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Ref: Inflatable rubber dams- pakstanDawn, Wikipedia, Rubberdam,Voa (dawn. com)

112

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114

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116

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117

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&onf/ xkdYaMumifh ajymif;vJaeaomjzpfpOfxJ

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ukdrsKd; (jynf)ukdrsKd; (jynf)ukdrsKd; (jynf)ukdrsKd; (jynf)ukdrsKd; (jynf)

Ref: (1) Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave,(NY, Bantam Books, 1980)

(2) Alvin Toffler, Power Shift,(NY, Bantam Books, 1991)

118

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119

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120

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Ref: (1) New Atlas, 13, July,2017(2) Medicina Net, 17, July, 2017(3) New Atlas, 28, June, 2017

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EkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGif

'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f

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EkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGif

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128

owif;tcsuftvufudk &,lydkifcGifhESifhvnf;

oufqdkifonf/ OECD (The Organization for

Economic Co-operation) u EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHwGif

'pf*spfw,f uGm[csuf (Digital Divide) rsm;&

jcif;udk vlwpfOD;csif;tvdkuf? tdrfaxmifpk

tvdkuf? vkyfief;tvdkuf? a'otvdkuf -

(u) tdkifpDwDudk &,loHk;pGJEkdifonfh tcGifh

ta&;?

(c) tifwmeufudk &,loHk;pG JEk difonfh

tcGifhta&;wdkYjzifh wdkif;wmEkdifonf[k

qdkygonf/

1/ w,fvDzke f; oH k;p G JE d ki fonf h OD;a&

(teledensity)

2/ uGefysLwm xda&mufpGm oHk;pGJEdkifonfh

OD;a&?

3/ tifwmeuf oHk;pGJonfhOD;a&wdkYonf

t"duusonfh pHrsm; jzpfonf/

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(q,fvlvm^ rdkbdkif;zkef;) oHk;pGJrIEIef;u ydkrsm;

onf/

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uGefysLwmxuf zkef;rsm;u r&SdrjzpftoGif

ydkaqmifvmonf/

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enf;ynmudk vHkavmufaygrsm;pGm oHk;Ekdifonfh

EkdifiHrsm;wGif 'pf*spfw,f uGm[csufenf;NyD;

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EkdifrI enf;yg;&jcif;onf -

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129

130

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131

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132

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133

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Ref: One Breath AwayBy Helen SignyR.D, August, 2017

144

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146

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147

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Ref: The Art of Crisis From The Art of LivingBy W. Peterson,American essayist.

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149

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151

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rmwdddumum - Ministry of Information Nov 2017.pdfrmwdddumum EdkifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ (rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;) tusKd;&v'f - EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh Oya'tjrif