Solar Jet Bauhaus Luftfahrt - Germany - Andreas Sizemann.pdf

8/10/2019 Solar Jet Bauhaus Luftfahrt - Germany - Andreas Sizemann.pdf

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EU FP7-AERONAUTICS and AI

Collaborative Proje

The SOLAR-JET Project



ILA BERLIN – M

Key drivers for alternative fuels

Situation: Key drivers of change

Task: Solar kerosene: production, performance, econom

Approach: Inter-disciplinary team, integration of entire fuel c

Results: - World record of efficiency by material developm

- First-ever demonstration of the entire productio

- Identification of an alternative fuel path with pot

unlimited long-term technical production volume

- Economic drivers and impact results



ILA BERLIN – M

Key drivers for alternative fuels

Limited fossil resources

Climate changeGrowing mobility demand

Key question:

Which alternative fuel strategy

offers the best solution forsuitability,

sustainability and

scalability?



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Today: No alternative fuel meets all three criteria.

Situation today

Energy carrier Suitability Sustainability Scalab

GTL, CTLDrop-in capable blend

Fossil carbon release Commercial scale im

BTL Potentially low carbon

emission

Feedstock developm

competition foHEFA

New bio-fuels Drop-in capable blendPotentially low carbon

emission

Feedstock developm

competition fo

LNGNon-drop-in solution

LH2

Electric powerNon-fuel energy carrier, low

specific energy


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Future perspectives

Energy carrier Suitability Sustainability Scalab

GTL, CTL

Drop-in capable blend

Fossil carbon release Commercial scale im

BTL

Potentially low carbon

emission

Feedstock developm

competition foHEFA

New bio-fuels

SOLAR-JET (STL)Large-scale production

for biofu

LNGNon-drop-in solution

Fossil carbon release Existing infras

LH2

Potentially zero carbon

emission

Distribution an

Electric powerNon-fuel energy carrier, low

specific energy

Potentially scalable thr

large-scale



Solar resource & land requirement

Area required for 100% substitution

of European jet fuel demand

High yield production

High energy conversion efficiency

beyond photosynthetic limits

Utilization of production areas with

large solar resource

Large substitution potential

100% substitution at moderate land

requirement!

Mitigates land-use conflicts

8 %

0.7 %

1.7 Mha required area for

100 % jet fuel substitution1

STL (DNI 2000 kWh/m2 )

20 M

100 %

BTL (

Europ

(2005

1 EIA (2008), International Energy Annual 2006, 2 FAO (2010), R3 BHL (2010), The Bauhaus Inventory of Energy Crops; Mha: M



Solar resource & land requirement

Solar fuel production area (left) complementary to BTL fuels (righ

No arable land required, high yields from formerly marginal landLittle overlap with areas of rich bio-diversity

Sources: Trieb, F. et al, Global Potential of Concentrating Solar Power, SolarPaces 2009Riegel, F. and J. Steinsdörfer, Bioenergy in Aviation: The Question of Land Availability, Yields and True Sustainability, Proceedings of the 3rd CEAS Air&Space Con



Process overview

Most process steps already proven on an industrial scale

Lowest technology readiness level for thermochemical conversio

capture from air

FT

CO2/H2O

capt./storage

Concen-

tration

Thermo-

chemistry

Gas

storage FT

Com-

bustion

Heat

WorkSyngas CxHy

H2O CO2

O2

Sunlight

H2O/CO2



Feedstock provision

Seawater desalination

Flash distillation:

Evaporation from salt water

Energy requirement ~ 35 kWh m-3

Reverse osmosis:

Applied pressure inverts osmotic diffusion process

Energy requirement ~ 2-3 kWh m-3

Carbon capture

Capture technologies based on chemical and

physical absorption, physical adsorption,

membrane technology and cryogenic separation

http://bmet.wik

www.climeworks.com/capture_process/

articles/capture_process.html



ILA BERLIN – M

Concentration of solar energy

Upper process temperature (≈1800 K during

reduction) defines required power input and

concentration ratio

Adequate concentration systems

Solar towers

Solar dishes

http://www.dlr.de/sf/de/Portaldata/73/Resources/imag

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~wang30y/csp/ParabolicDis



ILA BERLIN – M

Solar thermochemical syngas production

Two-step solar thermochemical

process to produce syngas

Reduction with oxygen depleted purge

gas at high temperatures (≈1800 K):

CeO2 → CeO2-δ + δ/2∙O2

Reoxidation with steam and/or carbon

dioxide at lower temperatures (≈1000 K):

CeO2-δ + δ ∙H2O → CeO2 + δ ∙H2

CeO2-δ + δ ∙CO2 → CeO2 + δ ∙CO

Syngas is a precursor for solar

kerosene

C

C

Reduction

≈1800 K



ILA BERLIN – M

Solar thermochemical syngas production

Two-step solar thermochemical

process to produce syngas

Reduction with oxygen depleted purge

gas at high temperatures (≈1800 K):

CeO2 → CeO2-δ + δ/2∙O2

Reoxidation with steam and/or carbon

dioxide at lower temperatures (≈1000 K):

CeO2-δ + δ ∙H2O → CeO2 + δ ∙H2

CeO2-δ + δ ∙CO2 → CeO2 + δ ∙CO

Syngas is a precursor for solar

kerosene

H2 and

Chueh et al., High-Flux Solar-Driven ThermocUsingNonstoichiometric Ceria, Science 330,



ILA BERLIN – M

Impressions from the lab at ETH Zurich

By courtesy of Prof. Steinfeld, ETH Z



ILA BERLIN – M

Fischer-Tropsch conversion

Gas-to-liquid plants already in large-

scale operation today (e.g. Pearl GTL

in Qatar)

Modular setup of long tubes filled

with catalyst

Jet fuel production: Co-based

catalyst operating at ~200°C

Conversion of syngas tohydrocarbons

Main reaction:

Side reactions produce alkenes,

alcohols, carbon dioxide, hydrogen

2n +1H2 + nCO ↔

CnH2n+2 + nH2O



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Impressions from the lab at Shell, Amsterdam



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Fischer-Tropsch products

Heavy product (waxes)

Light product (hydro- carbon

Hyd(inc



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Next steps towards implementation

Demonstrate SOLAR-JET fuel production with real sunlight

Scale-up of SOLAR-JET reactor technology

Further improve solar-thermochemical energy conversion efficie

Design of pre-commercial pilot plant



ILA BERLIN – M

Acknowledgement SOLAR-JET team

Christoph Falter

Oliver Boegler

Dr. Christoph Jeßberger

Dr. Valentin Batteiger

Dr. Andreas Sizmann

Parthasarathy Pandi

Dr. Patrick Le Clercq

Justine Cu

Dr. Martin

Daniel MarxerPhilipp Haueter

Dr. Philipp Furler

Dr. Jonathan Scheffe

Prof. Dr. Aldo Steinfeld

Dr. Joanna Bauldreay

Prof. Dr. Donald Reinalda

Prof. Dr. Hans Geerlings



ILA BERLIN – M

SOLAR-JET team



ILA BERLIN – M

SOLAR-JET team



ILA BERLIN – M

Contact and acknowledgment

Dr. Andreas SizmannHead of Future Technologies and

Ecology of AviationBauhaus Luftfahrt e.V.

Lyonel-Feininger-Straße 28

80807 Munich

GERMANY

Tel.: +49 (0)89 307 4849-38

Fax: +49 (0)89 307 [email protected]

www.bauhaus-luftfahrt.net

www.solar- jet.aero

The research leading to thes

received funding from the E

Seventh Framework Program2013) under grant agreeme

Project SOLAR-JET.

Bitte besuchen Sie uns am DLR

please visit us at DLR booth:

Halle 4, Stand 4301, E

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.bauhaus-luftfahrt.net/

http://www.solar-jet.aero/



http://www.bauhaus-luftfahrt.net/

mailto:[email protected]



ILA BERLIN – M

Appendix



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Solar fuel pathways

Different solar fuels paths are

technically feasible

Potential economic advantages of

solar-thermal fuel production:

Utilizes the full solar spectrum

Mirrors collect sunlight

Potentially high conversion efficiencyHigh process temperature

Fast reaction kinetics

No catalysts required for syngas

production

Syngas (H2/CO

Electrochemical Photochemica

Photovoltaic orConcentratedSolar Power

Electrolysis

H2O

C

CO

H2

Fischer-Tropsc

Photosynthe

Artificialphotosynthe



ILA BERLIN – M

Syngas production

Syngas production at arbitrary H2-to-CO ratio

P. Furler et al., Energy Environ. S



C i ETH



ILA BERLIN – M

Compressor station at ETH

Collect gases from solar reactor

CO2, CO, H2, Ar

Compress gases in two stages to 150

bar

Ship gas bottle to Shell in

Amsterdam

Dedicated compressor station withsecurity precautions due to

flammable and toxic gases

Fi h T h d t di t ib ti



ILA BERLIN – M

Fischer-Tropsch product distribution

Probability of chain growth can be

adjusted through temperature,

syngas composition, catalystcomposition, pressure

For the production of jet fuel:

α ≥ 0.9, i.e. longer-chained

hydrocarbons are produced

Products are treated to increase the

share of jet fuelwiki.gekgasifier.com

2n + 1H2 + nCO ↔

CnH

F d t k i i W t



ILA BERLIN – M

Feedstock provision: Water

Water demand: 3-4 litres for 1 litre liquid fuel

Seawater desalination & pipeline transport:

State-of-the-art desalination: 2-3 kWh/m3

Pipeline transport: 3,3 kWh/m3 (500 km, 500 m altitude, 75 c

Comparison: Energy content of 1 litre fuel 10 kWh

Moderate amounts of water

Cheap & feasible both in terms of cost & energy required for

F d t k i i CO



ILA BERLIN – M

Feedstock provision CO2

Near future:

CO2

is frequently used in many industries

Sources: By-product e.g. from Ammonia, Methanol, Ethanol

Mid-term future:

Utilize CO2 from flue gas capture

Long term future:

Develop truly sustainable CO2 supply

Sources: Biomass, Water bodies, Carbon air capture

SOLAR JET fuel economics



ILA BERLIN – M

SOLAR-JET fuel economics




ILA BERLIN – M





ILA BERLIN – M


Economics dominated by large

investment cost

Mainly for heliostat field (mirrors)

Energy conversion efficiency decisive

A total path efficiency of ~10% is

required for economic viability

Production cost estimates:

1.85 $/l (Kim 2012)

SOLAR-JET estimate: 1.3 – 3.1 $/l (2035) Source: Kim, J. e

7 $/gge correspond to 1

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Solar Jet Bauhaus Luftfahrt - Germany - Andreas Sizemann.pdf