22

arCil qiqoZe

momavali mogzauri 1914 wels daibada norvegiis samxreTiT, zRvis piras mdebare arafriT gamorCeul daba lavrikSi, ludis mwarmoeblis ojaxSi. bavSvobidan itacebda zoologia da saxlSi patara zooparkic hqonda, romlis yvelaze gamorCeuli binadari Sxamiani gvelgesla iyo.

am adamianis saxeli icis yvelam, visac mogzauroba da Tavgadasavali itacebs. Tur heierdalis wignebi msoflios mraval enazea naTargmni, maT Soris, qarTulad. kaci, romelic namdvili meocnebe iyo, adamiani romelmac teqnologiur XX saukuneSi moaxerxa da yvelaze araordinaluri cxovrebiT icxovra. misi mecnieruli mignebebis umetesoba dRes ugulebelyo-filia, marTalia, maT Tavis drozec eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen, magram yvelaze did skeptikoseb-sac ki misi udidesi pativiscema hqondaT, radgan heierdali riskis da Tavgadasavlis kaci iyo, adamiani, romelmac Tavad gamoWeda sakuTari bedi, romelsac axalgazrdobaSi wylis panikuri SiSi hqonda da imdeni qna, rom martivi xis tiviT uzarmazari okeane gadacura. Tur heierdali iyo kaci, romelmac sakuTar patara qveyanas kidev ufro gauTqva saxeli, rogorc mogzaurTa samSoblos. dabolos, Tanamemamuleebma Tur heierdali XX saukunis yvelaze gamoCenil norve-gielad aRiares!

mogzauroba

Tur heierdalimousvenrobis kaci

Tur heierdali meuRlesTan erTad kunZul fatu-hivaze

23

momavalma mogzaurma oslos universi-tetis sabunebismetyvelo fakultetze Caa-bara da swored iq Sexvda gamoCenil norve-giel mecniers bior krepelins, romelsac taitisa da wynari okeanis sxva kunZulebze mravali weli hqonda gatarebuli. masTan sa-ubrebi da misi mdidari biblioTekis gacno-ba heierdalis cxovrebaSi gadamwyveti aR-moCnda. universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg axladmoyvanil colTan erTad heierdali taitize gaemgzavra, iqidan ki – kunZul fa-tu-hivaze, sadac arc erTi TeTrkaniani ada-miani ar cxovrobda. heierdalis mizani iyo civilizaciisgan Sors ecxovra, pirvelyo-fil samoTxeSi, Tavad moepovebina sarCo-sa-badebeli da daufleboda pirvelyofil pi-robebSi gadarCenis xelovnebas. faqtobri-vad, is da misi meuRle pirveli hipebi iyvnen, magram maTi hipuri cxovreba sul ar iyo ad-vili da uxifaTo. kunZulze jer kidev arse-bobda kanibalizmi, garda amisa, maT win mra-vali saxifaTo Tavgadasavali da manamde maTTvis ucxo daavadebebi elodaT. erT-er-Tma avadobam kinaRam misi meuRlis, livis, sicocxle Seiwira, xolo bolos, roca adgi-lobrivebTanac gaufuWdaT urTierToba, wyvils saswrafod mouwia kunZulis datove-ba. Tumca manamde, fatu-hivaze gatarebuli erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, heierdali marTla iqca tropikebSi gadarCenis specialistad, bevri ram Seityo adgilobrivTa wes-Cveule-bebze, xolo tomis beladisgan moismina le-genda uxsovar droSi didi kunZulidan nave-biT mosuli adamianebis Sesaxeb. heierdalma maSinve CaTvala, rom didi kunZuli samxreT amerikis kontinenti unda yofiliyo. swo-red maSin gauCnda Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom wynari okeanis kunZulebi SeiZleba samxreT amerikidan navebiT mosuli adamianebiT iyo

bior krepelini

dasaxlebuli da am Teoriis damtkicebac ga-dawyvita, risTvisac karga didi dro das-Wirda, radgan win msoflio istoriis yvela-ze sisxlismRvreli omi iyo.

meore msoflio omma Tur heierdals ka-nadaSi mouswro, sadac adgilobrivi indie-lebis yofas swavlobda. 1940 wlis aprilSi germaniam norvegiis okupacia moaxdina da samSoblodan Sors myof patriot axalgazr-das erTi suli hqonda, rodis Caebmeboda brZolaSi, Tumca amisTvis didxans mouwia lodini, inglisSi samxedro kursebi gaiara da norvegiaSi diversiuli jgufis Semadgen-lobiT gadavida. manamde gemi, romliTac norvegiisken miemarTeboda, germanulma wyalqveSa navma kinaRam CaZira.

daba lavriki

bior krepelini (1890-1966) – komersanti bergenidan, romelic gatacebuli iyo polineziiT. cnobilia polineziuri kulturis Sesaxeb Tavisi unikaluri biblioTekiT.

Tur heierdali

rodesac evropasa da msoflioSi mSvi-dobam daisadgura, heierdalma Tavis cxov-rebis proeqtisTvis moicala. 1947 wels, xuT TanamemamulesTan erTad, mogzauri pe-ruSi Cavida sruliad fantastikuri ganz-raxviT – xisagan agebuli martivi tiviT wynari okeane gadaecura da samxreT ameri-kis napirebidan polineziis kunZulebamde Casuliyo. polinezielTa miTologiaze da-yrdnobiT, heierdali varaudobda, rom es kunZulebi samxreT amerikidan zRviT misu-li inkebis STamomavlebiT iyo dasaxlebu-li. dRes, rodesac genetikuri analizis sa-SualebiT mecnierebs SeuZliaT msoflioSi adamianis gansaxlebis sakmaod mkafio sura-Ti Seqmnan, norvegielis Teoria uaryofi-lia. am Teorias mecnieruli wreebi arc ma-Sin eTanxmebodnen, xolo tiviT okeanis ga-dacurva mezRvaurebs gaugonar sigiJed mi-aCndaT.

perus mTavari portidan – kaliaodan – norvegiul eqspedicias ise acilebdnen, ro-gorc ueWvel sikvdilze mimaval gunds, mag-ram heierdalma da misma Tanamoazreebma ic-odnen, ras akeTebdnen.

rodesac XV saukunis bolodan espane-lebma samxreT amerikis nawili daipyres da sisxlis zRva daatriales, maT sakmaod kar-gad aRweres adgilobrivTa wes-Cveulebebi. swored espanel konkistadorTa wignebSi aRmoaCina heierdalma xseneba balsis xis

radgan mogzaurebis mizani iyo, yvela-ferSi Zveli inkebis msgavsad moqceuliyv-nen, tivis agebis dros ar gamouyenebiaT rki-nis arc erTi lursmani. tivis Ziri erTma-neTze TokebiT gadabmuli balsis xis cxra sqeli morisgan Sedgeboda, am Zirze zevidan perpendikularulad iyo gadakruli cxra ufro mcire zomis mori, xolo maTze damag-rebuli iyo bambukisgan gakeTebuli iataki. tivis centrSi idga bambukisganve awyobili

msubuqi merqnisgan damzadebuli tivebisa, romlebiTac indielebi karga Rrmad Sedi-odnen okeaneSi. imave wignebSi ipova am tive-bis suraTebi. oRond problema is iyo, rom Zvirfasi xeebi didi xnis win gaeCexaT okea-nis sanapiroze da maT mosapoveblad norve-gielebs kontinentis SigniT mouwiaT SeRwe-va. ekvadorSi moWres cxra xe da maTi Zvirfa-si merqani peruSi Caitanes.

axalgazrda Tur heierdali

Tur heierdali kanadaSi

balsis tivi

24

mogzauroba

mzadeba `kon-tikiT~ mogzaurobisTvis `kon-tikis~ marSruti

qoxi, romelSic mogzaurebi dRisiT Takara mzisgan afarebdnen Tavs, RamiT ki eZinaT. tivs hqonda saWe da ialqnebi. es ucnauri konstruqcia, romelsac heierdalma inkebis RmerTis saxeli „kon-tiki“ uwoda, 1947 wlis 28 aprils wyalSi CauSves da daiwyo jer ar-naxuli mogzauroba, romlis Sedegsac mTe-li msoflio interesiT eloda.

ra Tqma unda, heierdals Tavgadasavali brmad ar wamouwyia, mas Seswavlili hqonda okeanis dinebebi da qaris mimarTuleba, ro-melic perus sanapirodan mudmivad dasav-leTisken uberavda. am qaris da dinebis wya-lobiT ̀ kon-tikim~ maSinve iseTi tempi aiRo, rom pirvelive cdaze, rodesac jgufis ope-ratori rezinis navSi gadajda, raTa „kon-tiki“ gverdidan gadaeRo, aRmoCnda, rom niCbebis mosmiTac ki ver daeweoda tivs. ma-Sin, ukanasknel wams, jgufis sxva wevrma

welze Toki moiba, wyalSi gadaeSva da ase mo-axerxa navamde miRweva da operatoris tivze dabruneba. am SemTxvevis mere eqspediciis wevrebi mxolod TokiT dabmulebi Tu to-vebdnen tivs da isic Sors verc micuravd-nen, radgan wynari okeane zvigenebiT iyo sav-se. norvegielebs dabmulebsve eZinaT, rom morig talRas zRvaSi ar gadaeyara.

mogzaurebs Tan hqondaT erTi tona mtknari wyali, romelsac ekonomiis mizniT okeanis wyalTan azavebdnen da ise svamdnen. erTi-erTze gazavebuli mariliani da mtkna-ri wyali sasmelad vargisi iyo da wyurvil-sac klavda. norvegielebi svamdnen daWeri-li Tevzis limfur siTxesac, risTvisac Tevzs xvretdnen da naxvretidan naJur siT-xes agrovebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom am gziTac SeiZleboda wyurvilis mokvla.

ekvatorigalapagosi

peru

taiti

aRdgomis kunZulebi

30 ivnisi

7 agvisto

wynari okeane

`kon-tikis~ ekipaJi. marcxnidan: knut hauglandi, bengt danielsoni, Tur heierdali, erik heselbergi, torsten rebi, herman vacingeri

25

Tur heierdali

zvigenze nadiroba

mogzaurTa sakveb racionSi mTavari maT mier primitiuli meTodebiT mopovebuli Tevzi iyo. norvegielebi Zalian advilad iWerdnen gaumaZRar zvigenebsac. sakmarisi iyo kauWiT daboloe-buli joxis wyalSi Cayofa, rom mtacebeli maSinve datakeboda kauWze wamocmul xorcis naWers. mTavari samuSao maSin iwyeboda, rodesac zvigens tivze aaTrevdnen da iq misi mokvla Subebis da xelketebis saSualebiT uwevdaT.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom zvigenebi, romlebzec isini nadirobdnen, patara zomisa iyvnen, magram heierdalis eqspediciis wevrebma kameriT gadaiRes scena, rodesac maT tivs uzarmazari vefx-visebri zvigeni mosdevda. es unikaluri kadrebia, pirdafCenili zRvis urCxuli lamis tivze am-oxtes, barjebmomarjvebuli norvegielebi ki daZabulebi ucqeren mis yovel moZraobas. bolos erT-erTs nervebi umtyunebs da barjs mTeli ZaliT Caasobs zvigens. mtacebelma dayvinTa, To-

ki, romliTac barji mobmuli hqonda tivs, daiWima da gawyda, magram zvigeni meti aR-ar gamoCenila.

„kon-tiki“ dReSi saSualod 80 kilometrs gadioda, rekordi ki dReSi 120 kilometri iyo. mTlianobaSi norvegielebs amindSi gau-marTlaT, mxolod orjer moxvdnen saSinel qariSxalSi, romlis merec tivs seriozuli SekeTeba dasWirda, oRond saremonto sa-muSaoebic gzadagza tardeboda, radgan gaCerebis saSualeba ub-ralod ar iyo.

mogzaurebisTvis usiamovno iyo veSapebis gundTan Sexvedrac. okeanis golia-Tebma TiTqos alya Semoartyes tivs, romlis gadabruneba kudis erTi dartymiT

SeeZloT, mis qveS curavdnen, ise axlos iyvnen, rom amoyvinTvisas maT-gan gaSvebuli wylis Wavli mogzaurebs wuwavda, magram yvelaferma mSvidobiT Caiara.

mogzaurobis 99-e dRes atexilma qariSxalma Seiwira peru-dan wamoyvanili yvelasTvis sayvareli TuTiyuSis sicocxle. es molaparake frTosani Zalian axalisebda ekipaJis yofas. marTalia, TuTiyuSma espanuri sityvebi icoda, magram Tavis wignSi heierdali werda, rom sul male frinveli norvegiu-

Turi `kon-tikis~ anZaze

26

mogzauroba

li aqcentiT alaparakda. im didi Stormis dros ki TuTiyuSi ubralod gaqra, etyoba, talRam zRvaSi gadaagdo.

sabednierod, TuTiyuSi maSin erTader-Ti danakargi aRmoCnda. ramdenime dReSi mogzaurebma jer wylis Tavze frinveli Se-niSnes, rac miwis siaxlovis utyuari niSani iyo da mere – polineziis erT-erTi kunZu-li, romliskenac tivis mibruneba ver SeZ-les, radgan qari maT win miaqanebda. kidev ramdenime kunZuls gascdnen da bolos erT-erTisken moaxerxes tivis mitrialeba, mag-ram xmeleTamde ramdenime aseuli metriT dacilebuli `kon-tiki~ marjnis rifze Sej-da. im momentSi, rodesac marjnis rifTan Se-jaxeba gardauvali gaxda, eqspediciis ra-disti morzes anbaniT elaparakeboda ra-diomoyvaruls axali zelandiidan, romlis signalis daWerac SemTxveviT SeZlo. mogza-urebma axalzelandiels sTxoves, rom 35 sa-aTi moecada da Tuki maTgan aranairi signa-li aRar iqneboda, msoflio gangaSi aetexa. rifTan Sejaxeba mogzaurobis finaluri da yvelaze dramatuli momenti iyo. tivi ga-darCa, ubralod, rifze SerCa da gaiWeda. mi-si iqidan daZvra SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, napi-ramde ki sul orasiode metri iyo darCeni-li. male daiwyo okeanis miqceva. wylis do-

torsten rebi TuTiyuSTan erTad

xolo rodesac heierdalma atlantis okeanis gadacurva ganizraxa, transportad ki lerwmisgan agebuli navi airCia, iseTi, rogoriTac nilosze dacuravdnen Zveli eg-viptelebi, man norvegiuli ekipaJis nacv-lad, navze msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan sxvadasxva aRmsareblobisa da rasis xalxi miiwvia. amiT heierdals undoda eCvne-bina, rom msoflio yvelasia.

nem daiwia da muxlamde wyalSi mogzaurebi fexiT mividnen kunZulamde. es moxda mogza-urobis dawyebidan 103-e dRes. xis tivi, ro-melmac Ria zRvaSi 8 000 kilometri gaiara, rifze darCa. norvegielebma ki amdeni xnis manZilze pirvelad gaiares xmeleTze, gada-itanes gadarCenili bargi, gaaSres da aawy-ves dasvelebuli da dazianebuli racia da im dros auwyes msoflios eqspediciis war-matebiT dasruleba, rodesac daTqmuli 35 saaTidan, mxolod 5 iyo darCenili.

„kon-tikis“ mogzaurobis mere Tur hei-erdali msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze popu-larul adamianad iqca. ra Tqma unda, igi miR-weuls ar dasjerda da Cveuli cxovreba ga-agrZela – qmnida absoluturad aramecnie-rul, magram popularul Teoriebs da mere piradi magaliTiT cdilobda maT damtkice-bas. mas arasodes ainteresebda profesiona-li mecnierebis azri, misi wignebi samecnie-ro wreebze metad farTo mkiTxvelisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, magram es kaci, romelic arafrad agdebda dabrkolebebs da faTe-raks, Tavisebur msoflio keTili nebis el-Cad iqca.

navs egvipturi RmerTis saxeli „ra“ uwodes. amje-rad mousvenar norvegi-els undoda sakuTari magaliTiT eCvenebina,

`kon-tikis~ bortzemibmuli mezRvaurebi

27

Tur heierdali

„ras“ ekipaJis Svidive wevri sxvadasxva qveynidan iyo. heierdalma eqimad rusi mog-zauri iuri senkeviCi miiwvia, rac im drois-Tvis sakmaod uCveulo ram iyo, radgan sab-WoTa kavSiri dasavluri samyaros dauZine-bel mtrad ganixileboda, magram norvegie-li mogzauri am yvelaferze maRla idga. eqs-pediciis operatori da fotografi iyo ga-moCenili italieli mTamsvleli da mogzau-ri karlo mouri, romelic msoflios ara-erT urTules mwvervalze iyo asuli da fe-xiT hqonda gavlili marko polos gza ita-liidan CineTamde. im dros ukve dawyebuli iyo jerac dausrulebeli konfliqti isra-elsa da arabul samyaros Soris, heierdal-ma isic moaxerxa, rom ekipaJSi erTi arabi da erTic ebraeli wevri hyoloda. saerTodac, eqspediciis arc erTi wevri ar iyo ubralo adamiani, yvelaze saintereso ki isaa, rom erTaderTi profesionali mezRvauri navze iyo mesaWe – amerikeli norman beikeri.

aqve vityviT, rom pirveli cdiT atlan-tis okeanis gadacurva ver moxerxda, radgan „ras“ konstruqcia ar aRmoCnda srulyofi-li – navi cal mxares ixreboda da wyals xa-pavda. heierdali da misi xalxi warmoudge-neli Seupovrobis da sijiutis xarjze ga-nagrZobda gzas. yoveli morigi qariSxali CaZirviT emuqreboda sifrifana navs, rome-lic mogzaurobis 51-e dRes ubralod Suaze gadatyda da ekipaJs misi mitoveba mouwia. heierdalma Semdeg wels imave masaliT aago

rom amgvari transportiT Zvel egvipte-lebs SeeZloT mieRwiaT amerikis napirebam-de da egvipturi da samxreTamerikuli pira-midebis msgavseba mxolod imis niSani iyo, rom isini erTma da imave xalxma aago. dRes misi es Teoriac ugulebelyofilia, magram Tavgadasavali dResac yvelas aRafrTova-nebs.

xomaldi `ra~

xomaldi `ra-2~

afrika

marokosafi

kanaris kunZulebi

barbadosi

`ra-2~

`ra~ 18 ivl. 1969

12 ivl. 1970

samxreTi amerika

ekvatori

atlantis okeane

`ras~ da `ra-2-is~ marSrutebi

28

mogzauroba

1994 wels msaxiob liv ulmanTan erTad swored 70 wlis Tur heierdals ergo pativi lilehameris zamTris olimpiuri TamaSebi gaexsna. mogzaurs arasodes hyolia amxela auditoria, im dRes is miliardze meti te-lemayureblis winaSe wardga.

87 wlis Tur heierdali 2002 wlis 18 ap-rils ojaxis wevrebis garemocvaSi, italiis patara qalaq alasioSi gardaicvala.

ukeTesi navi – „ra-2“ da imave ekipaJiT maro-kodan wasulma, mSvidobiT CaaRwia barbado-samde. wynari okeanis kvaldakval boboqari atlantis okeanec damorCilda jiuti nor-vegielis nebas.

„kon-tikis“ da „ras“ mogzaurobebs So-ris 22 welia. am xnis ganmavlobaSi heierdali wamiT ar gaCerebula, awarmoebda arqeolo-giur gaTxrebs aRdgomis kunZulze, qmnida axal-axal Teoriebs da werda wignebs. misi erT-erTi Teoriis mixedviT, dRevandeli skandinavielebis istoriuli samSoblo dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze mdebareobda, xolo uZvelesi kavkasieli xalxis – udebis saxeli vikingebis warmarT-uli RmerTis saxels, odins, daukavSira. he-ierdalma ramdenjerme imogzaura azerbai-janSi da baqos samxreTiT, gobustanSi, ked-lebze amotvifruli Zveli naxatebi Zvel skandinaviur simboloebTan daakavSira.

Tur heierdali imiT aris unikaluri, rom misi arseboba ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre misi sruliad fantastikuri da da-umtkicebeli Teoriebi. es unikaluri adami-ani uyvardaT yvelgan, sadac ar unda Casu-liyo. albaT, iSviaTad moiZebneba vinme sxva, romelic amdeni sxvadasxva saxelmwifos jildoebis mflobeli iyos. ra Tqma unda, is gansakuTrebiT mSobliur norvegiaSi uy-varT, radgan patara, xuTmilioniani erisT-vis TiToeuli saxelganTqmuli Svili gansa-kuTrebiT Zvirfasia.

1977 wels heierdalma kidev erTi lerw-mis navi aago, man mdinare tigrosiT, erayi-dan, sparseTis yuris gavliT indoeTis okea-neSi Secura, Semdeg arabeTis naxevarkun-Zuls Semouara, magram wiTel zRvaSi aRar Sesula. aRmosavleT afrikis patara qveynis, jibutis, sanapirosTan mogzaurebma navi dawves, riTac regionSi warmoebuli omebis winaaRmdeg protesti gamoxates.

xomald `ras~ ekipaJi

Tur heierdali aRdgomis kunZulebze

29

Tur heierdali