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NEW SHARED MOBILITY REPORT RELEASESAdam Cohen, MCRP
Research Associate
Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC)
University of California, Berkeley
Available at: www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop16022/index.htm
Available at: www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop16023/index.htm
Available at: https://www.planning.org/publications/book/9107556/
SHARED MOBILITY“the shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, or other
mode is an innovative transportation strategy that enables users to gain short-term access to transportation modes on an as-needed basis.”
Overview of Shared Mobility Services
Evaluating the Impacts of Shared Mobility Shared mobility is commonly associated with numerous transportation, environmental, social, and financial impacts. These can include:
• Reduction vehicle ownership• Increased vehicle occupancy • Reduction in VMT/VKT• Lower GHG emissions • Supports active lifestyles by encouraging cycling and walking• Cost savings• Increased convenience • Increased access to new transportation modes
Shared Mobility Impacts
Not all modes have been extensively studied
Shared Mobility Primer and APA Report feature impacts summary of key shared modes
• Carsharing• Bikesharing• Ridesharing• Ridesourcing
Role of Public AgenciesDiscusses role of public agencies impacting shared modes and smartphone apps
Key topics discussed include: • Health, Safety, and Consumer Protection• Taxation, Insurance• Parking and Access to Rights-of-Way• Multimodal Integration• Accessibility and Equity Issues• Data Sharing, Privacy, and Standardization • AND MORE!!!
Shared Mobility in PlansIncorporating shared mobility into planning processes is crucial
Comprehensive (also known as General or Master Plans):
• Document shared mobility in the circulation element
Community or Subarea Plans:
• Address the mobility needs of a particular community (e.g., first-and-last mile connections to public transit, special accessibility needs, etc.)
Specific or Functional Plans:
• Demonstrate how shared mobility can be incorporated into specific development sites/parcels and urban design
Shared Mobility in Plans: Seattle, WASeattle's Transportation Strategic Plan:
• Provision to encourage carsharing
Seattle's Draft Comprehensive Plan:
• T2.1 Designate space to accommodate multiple travel modes, including public transit, freight movement, pedestrians, bicycles, general purpose traffic, and shared mobility
• T3.11 Develop programs and facilities, such as bikesharing, which encourage short trips to be made by walking or biking.
1. Parking-Specific Policies Parking Reduction: (e.g., Indianapolis, IN)
Downgrading the required number of spaces in a new development Parking Substitution:
Substituting general use parking for shared modes in either new or existing developments
2. Policies Allowing Increased Density Greater Floor-to-Area Ratios More Dwelling Units Greater Height Restrictions (e.g., Santa Monica, CA)
Incentive Zoning for the Inclusion of Shared Mobility
Shared Mobility and Zoning Policy
Indianapolis' Consolidated Zoning and Subdivisions Ordinance• Permits cumulative parking reduction
of up to 35% for the inclusion of shared mobility and other TDM measures:
• Shared vehicle, carpool, or vanpool parking
• EV charging stations
• Bicycle parking
• Proximity to public transportation
• Shared parking spaces
Santa Monica’s 2010 General Plan Shared Mobility Strategy“A developer who seeks to develop projects above the base height shall also be required to provide additional Transportation Demand Management (TDM) trip reduction measures to address congestion and GHG emission reduction. TDM incentive programs could include: bicycle facilities, shower facilities, dedicated shuttles, flex cars, transit passes, parking cash-out programs, car-sharing programs, on-site transportation information, and shared parking programs”
Shared Mobility and Public Rights-of-Way
Shared Mobility and Public Rights-of-WayThings to Consider:
Process for allocating public space Limits on the amount of space allocated (e.g., curb feet,
number of parking spaces, and/or square footage) Fees or permits for use Special signage/enforcement Public processes for public involvement/environmental justice Documentation of program impacts
Santa Monica’s Curb Space ConsiderationsWhen considering allocating curb space in-lieu of parking, Santa Monica city staff have considered whether the space:
• Contributes towards sustainability goals• Reduces vehicle trips• Green / “low impact” transportation mode• Serves a non-recreational use • Provides another benefit or meets an additional need (e.g., commercial
loading)
Based on Staff Recommendations to the Santa Monica City Council, March 2015
Shared Mobility and Public Rights-of-Way
Portland’s Carsharing Parking Auctions
• PBOT creates a list of on-street metered spaces for lease
• PBOT manages a bidding process • Minimum bid calculated by adding
lost meter revenue, and installation, maintenance, and administrative costs
• Parking outside the meter district allocated after approval from adjacent property owners
Seattle's Free Floating Carsharing Parking Policy
• Car2go pays city per vehicle ($1,703 in 2015), per year for administrative, permit, and meter costs
• Operator is required to reconcile and pay additional fees if usage exceeds meter allocation
Shared Mobility and Public Rights-of-Way
San Francisco's Taxi/Paratransit Loading PolicyTaxi drivers and paratransit vehicles with an approved permit (bumper sticker) may block bicycle lanes while actively loading/unloading
Cambridge’s Microtransit Pilot MOU
Bridj/Cambridge, MA established a six month pilot and memorandum of understanding to identify service goals, routing and stop conditions, and criteria for program evaluation (October 2014 – April 2015)
Shared Mobility and Public Rights-of-Way
San Francisco's Shuttle Policy
18-month pilot announced in January 2014. Shuttles must: • Pay a daily fee based on the number of
stops per day • Use specified bus stops• Display an enforcement placard • Share data with SFMTA to assist with
enforcement compliance • Shuttle operators must use newer
vehicles to reduce GHG emissions
San Francisco/San Jose Airport Ridesourcing/TNC Geofence
Pay-Per Use Policy
• Ridesourcing/TNCs permitted at both airports
• Pickups/Dropoffs tracked through electronic tags
• Companies are invoiced for airport fees each time a vehicle crosses into the geo-fence
Rights-of-Way Best Practices1) Designate Rights-of-Way to Accommodate Multiple Modes
• Public transit
• Goods Movement
• Pedestrians
• Bicycles
• Shared Mobility
• General Purpose Traffic
Rights-of-Way Best Practices2) Resolve Potential Conflicts
• Shared space among modes/uses
• Allocate modes across a corridor (several streets/alleys) if modes cannot fit on a single street
• Give priority to shared/shorter duration uses
• Develop policies to encourage off-street siting for non-mobility uses (e.g., parking, transit layovers, etc.)
• Implement parking and TDM strategies to improve efficiency of existing rights-of-way
Rights-of-Way Best Practices3) Encourage Short Trips Made by Walking and Cycling
• Develop programs (e.g., bikesharing RFP)
• Build/modify facilities (e.g., carsharing parking, bike lanes, etc.)
• Implement supportive urban design standards (e.g., walkable/complete streets)
4) Develop policies facilitating ADA access
Santa Barbara, CA
Source: (Xiongbing Jin, Planetizen)
Smartphone Apps and Shared Mobility
Pew Research Center Study (April 2015):
• 64% of American adults had a smartphone
• 74% of adults used their phones to get directions or other location-based services
• 65% of smartphone users received turn-by-turn navigation or directions while driving from their phones (15% regularly)
• 10% of mobile users accessed public transit information from their devices regularly
Smartphone Apps and Shared MobilityApps with a primary function to assist users in planning or understanding their transportation choices, which could enhance access to alternative modes
Business-to-Consumer Sharing Apps
MobilityTrackers
Peer-to-PeerSharing Apps
PublicTransit Apps
Real-TimeInformation Apps
Ridesourcing/TNC Apps
Taxi e-Hail Apps
Trip Aggregator Apps
Future Trends
Shared Mobility
Automation
Electrification
SAVs
Mobile Technologies
Adam Cohen, Research Associate
Email: [email protected]: AskAdamCohen
http://tsrc.berkeley.eduhttp://innovativemobility.org