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Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Technology Education Chapter 1A Introducing Computer Systems

Intro ch 01_a

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Page 1: Intro ch 01_a

Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

McGraw-Hill Technology Education

Chapter 1A

Introducing Computer Systems

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Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

McGraw-Hill Technology Education

ComputersTools for an information Age

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Question 1Question 1

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Index• What is a computer?• The beginning of Computer

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What is a computer?• In a dictionary before 1940,

– Compute + er– computer : a person who performs

calculations.

• The modern definition– emerged in 1940s, when the first electronic

computing devices were developed

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The Computer Defined• Electronic device• Converts data into information• Modern computers are digital

– Two digits combine to make data• Older computers were analog

– A range of values made data

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The beginning of Computer• ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)

– 1942, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry - 1st Electronic digital computer

• MARK-1– 1944, Howard Aiken

• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)– 1946, John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr. - 1st Large scale electronic digital computer

• EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)– Maurice Wilkes

• UNIVAC-I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer)– John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr.

• EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

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ABC(Atanasoff Berry Computer)ABC(Atanasoff Berry Computer)

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ENIAC computer

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EDVAC• When : in 1952• Where : in the United States• Who : a team of engineers on a secret military project• Why : as a response to World War II military needs. (to process

complex calculation automatically)

• How : – 2000 multiplication in one second – addition or subtraction 100,000 times in the same period– Its memory : 1,024 numbers of 12 decimal places each

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Plans for EDVAC

• Described in a report by the famous mathematician John von Neumann.

• “The most influential paper in the history of computer science”

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What is a computer?• Von Neumann’s report

– define the components of a computer and describe their functions

– used the term “automatic computing system”

• Today, just “computer”, or “computer system.

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A computer is…

• Based on the concepts presented in von Neumann’s paper

• Computer : a device that 1) accepts input, 2) processes data, 3) stores data, 4) and produces output.

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1) A computer accepts input• Computer input : whatever is put into a computer

system.• Examples

– words and symbols in a document– numbers for a calculation, – pictures, temperatures, audio signals

• Main input device : keyboard

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2) A computer processes data• Data : symbols that represent facts and ideas.

– processing : data manipulation of computer

• Process : a systematic series of actions that a computer uses to manipulate data

• Some of the ways : – performing calculations, – sorting lists of words or numbers, – modifying documents and pictures – drawing graphs.

• A device : central processing unit (CPU)

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3) A computer stores data• A computer stores data for processing• Places for storing data

– Memory : an area of a computer that holds data that is waiting to be processed

Ex) RAM, ROM– Storage : the area where data can be left on a permanent basis

while it is not needed for processing ex) diskette, CD-ROM,HDD

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4) A computer produces output• Computer output : the results produced by a computer ex) reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures

• Output device : the device that displays, prints, or transmits the results of processing.

ex) monitor, printer

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Example

• Fundamental computer function: 7+2=9– Input : 7, +, 2– Memory : 7, +, 2– Processing : Add 2 to 7– Memory : 9– Output : 9– Storage : 9

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Fundamental characteristics• Speed

– Provide the processing speed essential to our fast-paced society for quick service

• Reliability– Extremely reliable, compute correctly– Most computer error : by human errors

• Storage Capability– Store tremendous amounts data, which can be located and retrieved

efficiently

• By-products characteristics by above three– Productivity, decision making, cost reduction

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Classification of Computer

• By processing capabilities –Microcomputers–Minicomputers–Mainframe computers–Supercomputers

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MicrocomputersUsing the Microprocessor. A small computer that

contains a microprocessor as its central processor.• Personal Computers (PC)• In home and small businesses

– Desktop computer– Portable Computer

• Palmtop, Notebook(Laptop)• PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

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PalmtopPalmtop

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Computers For Organizations• Minicomputers

– Called midrange computers– Power between mainframe and desktop– Handle hundreds of users– Used in smaller organizations– Users access through a terminal

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Minicomputer• More powerful than microcomputer. A

computer of medium power, more than a microcomputer but less than a mainframe.

• Stores data for all users in one centralized location

• Used in school or small company • Ex) VAX, MV 4000, MV 8000, SSM 032

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Computers For Organizations• Mainframes

– Used in large organizations

– Handle thousands of users

– Users access through a terminal

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Mainframes

• Large, fast and fairly expensive computers

• Used by business or government to provide centralized storage

• EX) IBM 4381, 9300, 3090, Cyber 180

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Computers For Organizations• Supercomputers

– The most powerful computers made

– Handle large and complex calculations

– Process trillions of operations per second

– Found in research organizations

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Supercomputers• The fastest and most expensive type of

computer• Used for code breaking, weather

prediction and molecular modeling• The first : CRAY-1• Intel’s ASCI Red, SGI’s ASCI Blue

Mountain, IBM’s ASCI Blue Pacific

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Computers For Individual Use• Desktop computers

– The most common type of computer– Sits on the desk or floor– Performs a variety of tasks

• Workstations– Specialized computers– Optimized for science or graphics– More powerful than a desktop

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Computers For Individual Use• Notebook computers

– Small portable computers– Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds– About 8 ½ by 11 inches– Typically as powerful as a desktop– Can include a docking station

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Computers For Individual Use• Tablet computers

– Newest development in portable computers

– Input is through a pen

– Run specialized versions of office products

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• Handheld computers– Very small computers– Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)– Note taking or contact management– Data can synchronize with a desktop

• Smart phones– Hybrid of cell phone and PDA– Web surfing, e-mail access

Computers For Individual Use

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Computers For Organizations• Network servers

– Centralized computer– All other computers connect– Provides access to network resources– Multiple servers are called server farms– Often simply a powerful desktop

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Computers In Society• More impact than any other invention

– Changed work and leisure activities– Used by all demographic groups

• Computers are important because:– Provide information to users– Information is critical to our society– Managing information is difficult

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Computers In Society• Computers at home

– Many homes have multiple computers– Most American homes have Internet– Computers are used for

• Business• Entertainment• Communication• Education

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Computers In Society• Computers in education

– Computer literacy required at all levels• Computers in small business

– Makes businesses more profitable– Allows owners to manage

• Computers in industry– Computers are used to design products– Assembly lines are automated

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Computers In Society• Computers in government

– Necessary to track data for population• Police officers• Tax calculation and collection

– Governments were the first computer users

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Computers In Society• Computers in health care

– Revolutionized health care– New treatments possible– Scheduling of patients has improved– Delivery of medicine is safer

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Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

McGraw-Hill Technology Education

Chapter 1A

End of Chapter