BIS2C: Lecture 34 Fungi

Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 1


Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016

Lecture 34:

Fungi

BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life

Spring 2016

Prof. Jonathan Eisen

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Where we are going and where we have been…

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•Previous lecture: •33: Deuterostomes III: Chordates II

•Current Lecture: •34: Fungi

•Next Lecture: •35: Fungi, Wrap Up

Lecture 34 Outline

• Fungal Evolution

• Absorptive heterotrophy

• Diversity of Form

• Reproduction

• Life Styles

• Uses of Fungi

!5Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016

Clicker


Clicker

• Which of the following groups is least closely related to fungi?

• A: Animals

• B: Choanoflagellates

• C: Protostomes

• D. Oomycetes

• E. Deuterostomes


Clicker

• Which of the following groups is least closely related to fungi?

• A: Animals

• B: Choanoflagellates

• C: Protostomes

• D. Oomycetes

• E. Deuterostomes



Fungi in Evolutionary Context

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Fungal Major Groups and Phylogeny

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Some ambiguity

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Absorptive heterotrophy:

• digest food outside bodies by secreting digestive enzymes to break down large food molecules

• then absorb the breakdown products.

• many are saprobic living off dead or decaying organic matter(e.g., leaves, dead organisms)

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Fungal Key Feature - Absorptive Heterotrophy


Fungal Decomposition

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Fungal Diversity I: Form

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Many fungi live as single cells

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Yeasts

Microsporidia

Chytrids


Multicellular Fungi: Mycelia Made Up of Hyphae

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Hyphae

• Hyphae cell walls have chitin. • Some hyphae have incomplete cross walls or septa, and

are called septate. • Hyphae without septa are called coenocytic. • Hyphae allow high surface area to volume ratio. Aids in

absorption but susceptible to drying.


Multicellular Fungi: Mycelia Made Up of Hyphae

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Hyphae

• Hyphae cell walls have chitin. • Hyphae allow high surface area to volume ratio. Aids in

absorption but susceptible to drying. • Hyphae with incomplete cross walls are septate. • Hyphae without septa are coenocytic. • Collections of hyphae = mycelia


Multicellular Fungi: Hyphae

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Fruiting Body

Vegetative mycelia


Mushroom growth

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Convergent Evolution

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Phytophthora

Potato Late Blight

21Sudden Oak Death


Stramenopiles: Oomcyetes

Phytophthora

Potato Late Blight

• Non-photosynthetic. • Are absorptive heterotrophs • Once were classed as fungi, but

are unrelated.

22Sudden Oak Death



High-GC Gram Positives (Actinobacteria)

• High G+C/A+T ratio in DNA

• Elaborate branching • Some reproduce by forming chains of spores at tips of filaments

• Most antibiotics are from this group

• Causative agents of many diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy

• Many originally misclassified as fungi

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Amoebozoans: Plasmodial Slime Molds

• Individual motile cells can form single, multinucleate cell (plasmodium)

• Ingest food by endocytosis

• Form spores on stalks called fruiting bodies.

• Found in cool, moist habitats

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Fungal reproduction

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Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus

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Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus

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Figure 30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Zygospore Fungi

30Fusion of nuclei

Fusion of cells


Puffballs

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Fungal Spores

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Fungal Life Styles

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Parasitic Fungi

Organism

Class of symbiosis A B

Mutualism + +

Commensalism + 0

Parasitism + -

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Parasitic Fungi Example I: Plant Pathogens

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Parasitic Fungi Example II: Microsporidia

• Obligate intracellular parasites of animals; 1,500 species.

• Infect many diverse hosts

• Among the smallest eukaryotes known.

• Misclassified as protists for many years.

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Parasitic Fungi Example III: Amphibian Die Off from Chytrids

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Chytrids: Only Fungi with Swimming Spores

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Parasitic Fungi Example IV: Zombie Ants

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Clicker

Which of the following best describes ant development?

A. Triploblastic

B. Diploblastic

C. Monoblastic

D. All of a-c

E. None of a-c

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Clicker


A. Triploblastic

B. Diploblastic

C. Monoblastic

D. All of a-c

E. None of a-c

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Arthropods

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Ecdysozoans

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Animals

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Diploblasts

Triploblasts

Monoblasts


Predatory Fungi

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Clicker


A. Triploblastic

B. Diploblastic

C. Monoblastic

D. All of a-c

E. None of a-c

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Clicker


A. Triploblastic

B. Diploblastic

C. Monoblastic

D. All of a-c

E. None of a-c

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Nematodes

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Ecdysozoans

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Mutualistic Fungi

Organism


Mutualism + +

Commensalism + 0

Parasitism + -

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Mutualistic Fungi I - Mycorrhizae

• Fungi associated with the roots of plants • Glucose from plant partner is primary energy source for

fungus. • Provide plants w/ increased water and mineral uptake via

massive increase in surface area

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Ectomycorrhizae Arbuscular Mycorrhizae



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Mutualistic Fungi II - Lichens

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• Composed of a fungus and photosynthetic microorganism(s)

• Survive harsh environments • ~ 30,000 species


Lichen Anatomy

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Classes of symbiosis

Organism


Mutualism + +

Commensalism + 0

Parasitism + -

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Fungal Microbiome

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Fungi in Our Homes

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Uses of Fungi I: Food

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Penicillium camemberti

• Penicillium camemberti

• Used in production of Brie and Camembert cheeses


Penicillium roqueforti

• Penicillium roqueforti

• Used in production of blue cheeses


Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• Ascomycota

• Grows naturally on many fruits (e.g., grapes)

• Also known as Brewer’s yeast and budding yeast

!62Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 Sugars ---> Acetaldehyde + CO2 --> Ethanol

Other fungi used in food/ food production?


Figure 30.20 Some Lichens Are Edible




Uses of Fungi II: Industry and Society

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Composting

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Biopulping

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Biofuels

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Industrial Mycology- enzymes, alcohol, citric acid

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UC Davis Phaff Yeast Collection

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Kyria Boundy-Mills


Novozymes in Davis

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Lichens for dyes

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Human uses of lichens: dyes


Uses of Fungi III: Pharmaceuticals

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Penicillium

• Ascomycota

• Ubiquitous in soil


Alexander Fleming

Penicillin


Staphylococcus “lawn”

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin


Staphylococcus “lawn”

Vacation Time: took off August 1928

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin


Staphylococcus “lawn” with mold growing on it.

Bacteria around mold dead.

Returned to lab September 3, 1928

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin


Penicillium notatum

Alexander Fleming

Penicillin


Mould juice aka

Penicillin

Acremonium strictum: Cephalosporin


Coming Soon …


We’re in deep trouble

Science

BIS2C: Lecture 34 Fungi