†Kvm© †KvW-BBA 1301 · 2014. 2. 24. · evsjv fvlv-1 : mvwnZ¨ BBA-1301 weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq cÖewZ©Z weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖv‡gi cvV¨cy¯—K

evsjv fvlv-1 : mvwnZ¨

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg

†Kvm© †KvW-BBA 1301

mvgvwRK weÁvb, gvbweK I fvlv ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

MvRxcyi-1705


weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg

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fx®§‡è †PŠayix

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m¤úv`K

†gvnv¤§` gwbi“¾vgvb

Aveyj Kvjvg gbRyi †gvi‡k`

iPbv‰kjx m¤úv`K

gvneye Avnmvb Lvb

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G eBwU †idvix KZ©„K wbix¶‡Yi ci evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Gm.Gm.GBP.Gj-Gi wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ gyw`ªZ n‡q‡Q|


(mKj ^Z¡ evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi KZ©„K msiw¶Z|) cÖ_g cÖKvk: Rvbyqvwi 2000 ms‡kvwaZ gy ªY: gvP© 2003 cyb: gy ªY: A‡±vei 2003 cyb: gy ªY: GwcÖj 2004 cyb: gy ªY: wW‡m¤î 2004 cyb: gy ªY: †m‡Þ¤î 2005 cyb: gy ªY: †g 2009 cyb: gy ªY: 2011 cÖ”Q` cwiKíbv, wWRvBb gvmy gvngy gwj−K

Kfvi MÖvwd· †gvt Avãyj gv‡jK

Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR †gvt evnvi DwÏb gRyg`vi †gvnv¤§v` RvwKi“j Bmjvg miKvi

cÖKvkbvq cÖKvkbv, gy ªY I weZiY wefvM evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq MvRxcyi-1705, †dvb: 9291118 wcGweG· : 9291101-4 G·-284, 282

gy ªY gbgq~ix Ad‡mU †cÖm GÊ cvewj‡KkÝ 38/2/2 wc.†K. ivq †ivW evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100|

ISBN-984-34-1007-6

m~wPcÎ

c„ôv BDwbU 1 : mvwn‡Zï ¯îƒc I †kªYxwefvM 1

cvV - 1 : mwn‡Zï †kªYxwefvM 3 cvV - 2 : mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im 7 cvV - 3 : KweZv \ Aj¼vi \ Q›` 11 cvV - 4 : †QvUMí 19 cvV - 5 : Dcb¨vm 26 cvV - 6 : bvUK 35 cvV - 7 : cÖeÜ 40

BDwbU 2 : KweZv 44 cvV - 1 : e½fvlv 45

cvV - 2 : ejvKv 49

cvV - 3 : evZvqb cv‡k ¸evK Zi“i mvwi 58

cvV - 4 : ebjZv †mb 65

cvV - 5 : Agi GKz‡k 72

BDwbU 3 : †QvUMí 80 cvV - 1 : GK ivwÎ 81

cvV - 2 : cÖv‰MwZnvwmK 96

cvV - 3 : bqbPviv 108

cvV - 4 : `yB gymvwdi 119

cvV - 5 : AcNvZ 131

BDwbU 4 : cÖeÜ 155 cvV - 1:1 : ev½vjv fvlv 156

cvV - 1:2 : ev½vjv fvlv 161

cvV - 2:1 : mf¨Zvi msKU 168

cvV - 2:2 : mf¨Zvi msKU 174

cvV - 3:1 : †hŠe‡b `vI ivRwUKv 179

cvV - 3:2 : †hŠe‡b `vI ivRwUKv 185

cvV - 4:1 : ms¯‹…wZ K_v 191

cvV - 4:2 : ms¯‹…wZ K_v 196

cvV - 5:1 : evsjv M`ïxwZ 203

cvV - 5:2 : evsjv M`ïxwZ 208


BBA-1301

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq cÖewZ©Z weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖv‡gi cvV¨cy —K iƒ‡c Ôevsjv fvlv-1: mvwnZ¨Õ eBwU iwPZ| eBwU G †cÖvMÖv‡gi wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ Avewk¨K wn‡m‡e Aš—fz©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK ch©v‡q AaxZ I AwR©Z Ávb‡K Av‡iv mymsnZ I DbœZ Kiv Ges cvkvcvwk wk¶v_x©i fvlv`¶Zv e„w× Kiv eBwU cÖYq‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨|

AvaywbKZvi m~PbvjMœ †_‡KB evsjv mvwnZ¨ wewPÎ Avw½KixwZ‡Z weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| GB eBwU‡Z mvwn‡Zï wewPÎ Avw½K Ges Zvi h_v_© D`vniY mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq, eBwU wk¶v_x©‡ì gvZ…fvlvi Hk¦h©, êwPÎ¨ Ges evsjv fvlvi wewkó †jLK‡ì iPbv‰kjx m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x©‡ì aviYv cÖ v‡b m¶g n‡e|

eBwU‡Z g~jcvV e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ As‡k evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖewZ©Z evbvbixwZ AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†Kvm©-†KvAwW©‡bUi

ISBN-984-34-1007-6

mvgvwRK weÁvb, gvbweK I fvlv ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

MvRxcyi-1705

cvV wb‡`©kbv

wcÖq wk¶v_x©

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cÖwZwU cv‡Vi ïi“‡Z GK ev GKvwaK D‡Ï‡kï K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| cvV †k‡l Avcwb wK wkL‡Z, ej‡Z ev eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Zv D‡Ï‡k¨ D‡j −L Kiv n‡q‡Q| gWz jvi c×wZ‡Z GwU GKwU AZ¨vek¨K Ask hv Avcbv‡K gvbwmKfv‡e ˆZwi K‡i Zzj‡e|

cÖwZwU cv‡V †`L‡eb cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb| GwU Avcbv‡K ^g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM †`‡e| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb hw` m‡š—vlRbK nq Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e cvVwU Avcbvi Avq‡Ë G‡m‡Q| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡b cv‡eb ˆbe© w³K cÖkœ, msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœ| †k‡l Av‡Q DËigvjv|

cÖkœ ‡jv fvj K‡i c‡o †`L‡eb DËi wK nIqv DwPZ| Avcbvi fvebvi m‡½ DËi bv wgj‡j cvV¸‡jv Avevi Aa¨qb Ki“b| †h¸‡jvi DËi †jLv †bB, †m¸‡jv eBwUi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡RB ˆZwi Ki“b| wb‡Ri gZ K‡i mwVK DËi ˆZwi Kiv †gv‡UB KwVb KvR bq| hw` †Kvb welq eyS‡Z Amyweav nq, †m‡¶‡Î Avcbvi wbKU¯’ wUD‡Uvwiqvj †K‡›`ªi wk¶K‡ì mvnvh¨ wbb| mncvVx‡ì m‡½ Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡gI mgm¨vi mgvavb †c‡Z †Póv Ki“b|

gvby‡li cv‡Vi mxgvbv wbw`©ó bq| mgq †c‡j Rvbvi Rb¨ Av‡iv wKQy mnvqK eB c‡o †`L‡Z cv‡ib| eB‡qi wb‡`©k Abyhvqx cvV MÖnY Ki“b| Avkv Kwi Avcwb cv‡V K…ZKvh© n‡eb|

Avgiv Avcbvi my›ì I D¾¡j fwel¨r Kvgbv KiwQ|

†Kvm© †Kv-AwW©‡bUi

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

evsjv fvlv-1: mvwnZ¨ c„ôv : 1

mvwn‡Zï ¯îƒc I †kªYxwefvM

gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi iƒc I cÖK…wZ wewPÎ| mf¨Zvi Avw`Kvj †_‡K GB wewPÎ-iƒcx Rxeb Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨gvbyl †Kej e¯‘MZ Dcv`v‡bi IciB wbf©i K‡iwb| m„wó K‡i‡Q Abyf‚wZ cÖKv‡ki wewPÎ Avw½K| Avw` gvbecvi¯úwiK fve Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_g †h aŸwbwU D”PviY K‡iwQ‡jv, ZvB mf¨Zvi Avw` wkí| aŸwb>kã>fvlv GB weeZ©b ci¤úivi ga¨ w`‡q m½xZ mvwnZ¨ I Ab¨vb¨ wkíiƒ‡ci Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| mf¨Zvi G‡KKwU ch©v‡qG‡KKwU mvwnZ¨ iƒ‡ci (Literary Form) Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi cÖK…wZ, fve I fvebv, wPš—v IcÖKvk¶gZvi êwkó¨B wewfbœ hy‡M mvwn‡Zï iƒc I kvLv¸‡jvi Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| KweZv, bvUK, Dcb¨vm, †QvUMí IcÖeÜ mvwn‡Zï cÖavb K‡qKwU Avw½K | welqfvebv I web¨v‡mi w`K †_‡K cÖwZwU mvwnZïƒcB ¯^Zš¿|

mvwnZ¨ cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKwU wbe©¯‘K aviYv| e¯‘i ¯^fve I cÖK…wZ w`‡q Gi wePvi m¤¢e bq| Av‡eM, Abyf‚wZ, Kíbv,ms‡e`bkxjZv cÖf…wZ †h mKj aviYv Avgiv mvwnZ¨wePv‡ii †¶‡Î eënvi Kwi Gi †Kv‡bvUvB e¯‘¯^fve‡K cÖKvkK‡i bv| wKš‘ gvby‡li ev —e RxebB mvwnZ¨m„wói Drm| mvwn‡Zï îƒc I †kªYxwefvR‡bi †¶‡Î G-K_v¸‡jvAvgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e| e¨w³gvbyl †hgb Avcbv-Avcwb m„wó nqbv, †Zgwb gvby‡li m„ó mvwnZ¨ k~b¨ †_‡KAvwef‚©Z nqbv|

mvwnZ¨-wkí †h Rxeb †_‡K D™¢~Z GB aviYv cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB cÖPwjZ| MÖxK `vk©wbK I ZvwË¡K †c‡Uv (wLª.c~. 3q-4_© kZK) Zvui Republic Mª‡š’ wkí-mvwnZ¨m„wói †ek KÕwU m~Î wb‡ ©k K‡i‡Qb:

1. wkím„wó n‡jv AbyKiY| gvby‡li AwfÁZvi RMrB wkímvwn‡Zï Aej¤b| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb Kwei m„wóAbyKi‡Yi AbyKiY Ges Zv wg_¨v|

2. wk‡íi m‡½ bxwZi m¤úK© myMfxi| wk‡íi †kªôZ¡ ˆbwZK ¸Yvejxi Dci wbf©ikxj|

3. mvwnZ¨wkí fv‡ei welq, Áv‡bi welq bq|

4. `k©‡bi mZ¨ wk‡íi ga¨ w`‡q cÖKvk cvq| GB aviYvi d‡j mvwn‡Zï mZ¨ I `k©‡bi m‡Zï g‡a¨ wZwb†Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb|

5. Kv‡e¨ iƒ‡ci †P‡q fveB †ewk ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|

GB m~Î¸‡jv †_‡K †evSv hvq †c‡Uv AbyKiY ej‡Z AweKj cÖwZiƒc †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

wKš‘ †c‡Uvi QvÎ A¨vwi÷Uj (wLª.c~. 4_© kZK) AbyKi‡Yi we‡kl j¶Y wn‡m‡e AbyKiY‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡jb| Zvuig‡Z wkí Ges mvwn‡Zï cv_©‡Kï gva¨g n‡jv fvlv| wZwb AbyKiY kãwU‡K MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb e¨vcK A‡_©| Zvuig‡Z mvwnZ¨ Rxe‡bi AbyKiY †h Rxe‡b NUbv, Abyf‚wZ, wPš—v, Kg©, ev¯—e A‡c¶v mZ¨ n‡q aiv †`q| GBAbyKiY-ZË¡wU `xN©Kvj mvwnZ¨wePv‡ii †¶‡Î GKwU cÖavb gvb`Ê wn‡m‡e M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|

mf¨Zvi Elvj‡Mœ gvbyl wQ‡jv fvlvnxb, wbtkã| ZLb gvby‡li fve Av`vb-cÖ v‡bi gva¨g wQ‡jv wewPÎ A½fw½|cwievifz³, h~_e× gvbyl Zv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM i¶vi cÖ‡qvR‡bB m„wó K‡i fvlv| †mBcÖ‡qvRb wQ‡jv GKvš—fv‡eB e¯‘MZ| wKš‘ mg‡qi weeZ©‡b gvby‡li wPš—v, Kg© I Abyf‚wZi eûgyLx we¯—vi N‡U|gvby‡li m¤úK© †hgb ¯’‚j, e¯‘me©¯^ _v‡Kbv, †Zgwb Zvi Rxebhvcb I Rxeb Dc‡fv‡Mi †¶‡ÎI ms‡e`bkxjZvI m~²Zvi cÖKvk NU‡Z _v‡K| Avw` gvbe Zvi fve cÖ_g cÖKvk K‡i wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖvPxb ¸nvMv‡Î GLbI

1

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-3 c„ôv : 2

Zvi wb`k©b we`¨gvb| fvlv Avwe®‹vi nevi ci gvbyl µgvš^‡q Zvi wewPÎ fve‡K Avw½‡Ki Avkª‡q cÖKvk Ki‡Z_v‡K| Gfv‡eB gvby‡li Avw` kãwkí KweZvi m„wó| bvU‡Ki Avwefv©e n‡q‡Q gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b RxebhvcbDc‡hvMx wkígva¨g ˆZwii cÖ‡qvRb‡eva †_‡K| mgvR I mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi avivq Gfv‡eB gvbyl µgvš^‡q ZviRxebhvcb, Rxeb Dc‡fvM I Zvi m~²Zi cÖKv‡ki cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ mvwnZ¨ Avw½‡Ki m„wó K‡i‡Q| G-fv‡eBµgvš^‡q gvbyl Zvi cÖ‡qvR‡b m„wó K‡i‡Q Dcb¨vm, †QvUMí I cÖeÜ|

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi øvZK cvVµ‡g mvwn‡Zï DwjwLZ kvLv¸‡jv Aš—fy©³ n‡q‡Q| GB kvLv ev †kªYxi¯îƒc Abyave‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_x©iB wKQy cÖv_wgK †gŠwjK aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| G-cÖm‡½ cÖ_‡gB Avm‡e†kªYxwefvR‡bi cÖkœ| Avevi †kªYx êwk‡óï w`K †_‡K wewfbœ iƒ‡c wef³ mvwnZïƒc ev dg© (†hgb, KweZv,bvUK, Dcb¨vm, Mí I cÖeÜ) eyS‡Z n‡j Zvi fve ev welqe¯‘ (Content) Ges MVb‡KŠkj (Structure)m¤ú‡K©I my¯úó aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| G-cÖ‡qvR‡bi w`‡K j¶ †i‡LB Avgiv Ômvwn‡Zï ¯îƒc I †kªYxwefvMÕ ce©cvV¨m~wPi ïi“‡Z Aš—fy©³ K‡iwQ Ges wb‡æv³ µgvbymv‡i †m¸‡jv Dc¯’vc‡bi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡iwQ:

D‡Ïk¨, Dcwi-D³ welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK cÖ‡qvRbxq aviYv jvf Ges mvwn‡Zï ¯iƒc, im I wewfbœkvLv¸‡jv‡K wePvi Kivi `¶Zv AR©b| GKRb ¯vej¤x wk¶v_x© n‡q DV‡Z mK‡jiB hv Kvg¨|

u cvV-1. mvwn‡Zï †kªYxwefvMu cvV-2. mvwn‡Zï iƒc I imu cvV-3. KweZv \ Aj¼vi \ Q›ù cvV-4. †QvUMíu cvV-5. Dcb¨vmu cvV-6. bvUKu cvV-7. cÖeÜ



mvwn‡Zï †kªYxwefvMD‡Ïk¨GB cvV †k‡l Avcwbu mvwn‡Zï msÁv_© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|u mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ †kªYx m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ †kªYxi ¯Zš¿ êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u mvwn‡Zï fve I iƒ‡ci mvaviY êwkó¨¸‡jvi ¯îƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msÁv_©Bs†iwR Literature-Gi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e Avgiv mvwnZ¨ kãwUi eënvi K‡i _vwK| fvlvi †mŠ›`h© I Av‡e‡MiwµqvkxjZv hLb k‡ãi Avkª‡q iƒc jvf K‡i ZLbB cÖK…Z mvwn‡Zï Rb¥| c„w_exi wewfbœ fvlvi †jLKivmvwnZ¨‡K wfbœ wfbœ „wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Zvu‡ì e¨vL¨v GKwU wel‡q Awfbœ; Zvn‡jv, mvwnZ¨ n‡”Qgvby‡li m„ó wkí| gvbeRxe‡b msNwUZ wewPÎ NUbv Ges e ‘RM‡Zi DcKiY mvwn‡Zï Aej¤b n‡jIˆ`bw›`bZv I ¯’‚jZv‡K AwZµg K‡i wPiš—b n‡q I‡V| †hgb BwZnv‡m gvbeRxe‡bi NUbvi mgv‡ek Av‡Q, wKš‘Zv NUbvi e¨Äbv ev mZ¨ A‡c¶v weeiY‡KB cÖvavb¨ †`q| e¯‘MZ DcKiY w`‡q Avgiv ˆZwi Kwi AÆvwjKv,hvbevnb, M„‡ni AvmevecÎ cÖf…wZ| NUbvi weeiY ˆZwi ev M‡o †Zvjvq mªóvi †Kv‡bv K…wZZ¡ †bB| wKš‘ mvwn‡Z¨G-me welqB †jL‡Ki Kíbv, m„RbkxjZv, Abyf‚wZi m~²Zv cÖf…wZi Avkª‡q m„ó nq, hv GKB cvVK‡K evi eviZ…ß Ki‡Z m¶g| wKš‘ NUbvi weeiY I e¯‘MZ cÖ‡qvR‡b gvby‡li MfxiZg Av‡eM, Abyf‚wZ I Kíbvkw³D‡ØvwaZ nq bv| mvwnZ¨ n‡q-IVv m¤ú` Zvi MÖnb‡hvM¨Zv wkíMZ (Art) †mŠ›`‡h©i Ici wbf©ikxj|

mvwnZ¨ e¨vcK I wewPÎ GKwU aviYv| iƒ‡ci eûgywLZv Gi êwkó¨ wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î RwUjZvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| cÖwZwUgvbyl gv_v MYbvqB †Kej ¯^Zš¿ bq, Abyf‚wZ, wPš—v I Kíbvkw³i wePv‡iI c„_K êwk‡ó¨ wPwýZ| mvwnZ¨mªóvIGKRb gvbyl| Abyf‚wZ, ms‡e`b, wPš—vkw³ I KíbvPvwiZvq mvaviY gvbyl A‡c¶v A‡bK AMÖmi| GR‡b¨mvwnwZ¨K‡ì ejv nq, mgv‡Ri AMÖmi †PZbvi cÖwZf‚| AZxZ ¯§„wZ, AaxZ Ávb, ev¯—e-AwfÁZv GesmgKvjxb Rxeb †_‡K DcKiY AvüZ n‡jI GKRb mvwnwZ¨‡Ki j¶¨ fwel¨Z‡K ¯úk© Kiv|

AvÍcÖKvk-AvKvs¶v gvby‡li †gŠwjK cÖeYZv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| GB cªeYZv gvbyl‡K mvgvwRK n‡Z mnvqZvK‡i| GKRb mvwnZ¨-mªóv Zvui AvÍcÖKv‡ki B”Qv‡KB mvwn‡Zï gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡ib| Kwe Zvui Abyf‚wZ, Av‡eMI Kíbv‡K Awbevh© kãmgev‡q Dc¯’vcb K‡ib KweZvq| Avgiv ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b AmsL¨ k‡ãi gva¨‡g g‡bifve cÖKvk Kwi| Awfav‡bi †fZ‡iI _‡i _‡i mvRv‡bv _v‡K ARmª k‡ãi KsKvj| Kwei Kíbv I m„Rbxkw³ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b eëüZ AmsL¨ k‡ãi ga¨ †_‡K †e‡Q †bq Awbevh© wKQy kã| Avi Awfav‡bi g„Z k‡ãi ¯Z‚‚c†_‡K KweZvi kix‡i ¯’vcb K‡i k‡ãi g‡a¨ cÖvYmÂvi K‡ib GKRb Kwe| Gfv‡eB gvby‡li e¯‘gq Rxe‡biAš—iv‡j gb I Kíbvi GK fvegq RMr m„wó K‡ib Kwe| KweZvq Kwe Ges cvV‡Ki g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡iwKQy Awbevh©, cÖvYgq kã|

bvU‡Ki Dcv`v‡bi cwimi KweZvi Zzjbvq e¨vcK| bvU¨Kvi, PwiÎ ev Awf‡bZv, gÂ Ges `k©K ev †kªvZvimgev‡q bvU‡Ki m„wó| mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi g‡Zv bvU‡Ki Dcv`vbI Rxeb †_‡K M„nxZ nq| gvby‡li Rxeb,Zvi ¯fve, cwicvk¦©, mgvR GgbwK ivRbxwZ cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB bvU‡Ki Dcv`vb wKsev bvUKxqZv we`¨gvb|bvU¨Kvi †m-me †¶Î †_‡KB AvniY K‡ib bvU‡Ki Dcv`vb| wKš‘ g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e bvUKxq Dcv`vb †Kv‡bvbvU‡Ki mv_©KZvi gvb`Ê bq| bvU‡Ki Avw½K ev ixwZi Abykvmb mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ iƒc ev Avw½K A‡c¶vA‡bK †ewk wbqš¿YcÖeY| Mí, KweZv, wKsev Dcb¨vm gvbyl GKv wKsev mw¤§wjZfv‡e cvV I Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z

cvV-1

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-3 c„ôv : 4

cv‡i| wKš‘ bvUK Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ wbw`©ó ¯’vb, mgq Ges mgwóMZ Dcw¯’wZi cÖ‡qvRb| G-Kvi‡Y bvU‡KiMVb‡KŠkj mywbiƒwcZ, K‡Vvi I mZK©| bvUK wbq‡gi Abymvix hvi m‡½ i‡q‡Q gÂ Ges Awfb‡qi m¤úK©|Performing Art ev cÖ‡qvM-mv‡c¶ wkí wn‡m‡e bvUK GKUv ¯^Zš¿ iƒc I ixwZi Abymvix|

eZ©gvb Kv‡j mvwn‡Zï me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Avw½K n‡jv Dcb¨vm| Gi KviY †Kej Dcb¨v‡mi MVb êwP‡Îï g‡a¨B•wbwnZ bq, mvwn‡Zï Ab¨ me kvLvi †Kv‡bv-bv-†Kv‡bv êwk‡óï GKÎ wgjbI G-‡¶‡Î ¸i”Z¡c~Y© f wgKv

†i‡L‡Q| M‡íi eY©bvaw©g©Zv †hgb Dcb¨v‡m we`¨gvb, †Zgwb i‡q‡Q KweZvi Aš—g©qZv| bvU‡Ki AvKw¯§KZv,msjvc, Rxe‡bi AvKl©Yxq gyn~‡Z©i bvUKxq Dc¯’vcbI Dcb¨v‡mi wkí¯^fv‡ei Ask| Avevi gbbkxj cÖe‡Üiwe‡klY-awg©Zv I RwUj gvbe-Aw¯—Z¡I Zvi ¯îƒc D‡b¥vP‡bi Rb¨ cÖvmw½K n‡q I‡V| ev¯—e c„w_exi NUbv,PwiÎ, Rxe‡bi wewPÎ iƒ‡ci web¨vm Jcb¨vwm‡Ki `„wófw½ Abyhvqx iƒcvwqZ nq Dcb¨v‡m| Dcb¨v‡mi D™¢eAvaywbK bvMwiK mf¨Zvi D™¢e I weKv‡ki m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| AvaywbK Rxe‡bi RwUj, Ø›Øgq I eûgyLx mZïƒc`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb‡PZbv †_‡K Dcb¨v‡mi m„wó| †h Kvi‡Y Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv wbY©q h‡_ó KwVb| cÖwZwU Dcb¨vmBwelqe¯‘ I wkí¯^vZ‡š¿¨ Ab¨ Dcb¨vm †_‡K c„_K| ZeyI NUbvsk ev Plot wbev©Pb, PwiÎm„wói †KŠkj,Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Rxeb „wói †gŠwjKZ¡, Rxeb m¤ú‡K© GKwU `k©b mÜv‡bi HKvwš—K AvMÖn Dcb¨vm‡K êwkó¨gwÊZK‡i‡Q|

Mí ejv Ges †kvbv gvby‡li wPiKvjxb cÖeYZv nIqv m‡Ë¡I †QvUM‡íi m„wó mvwn‡Zï Ab¨vb¨ kvLv A‡c¶v †ekc‡i| Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z Dcb¨v‡m Avgiv Rxe‡bi †h we¯Z……Z iƒ‡ci cÖwZdjb †`wL, Avw½K-êwk‡óï Kvi‡YB†QvUM‡í Zv m¤¢e bq| Rxe‡bi eûgyLx mZ¨ Dcb¨v‡mi DcRxe¨| Avi †QvUM‡í wea„Z nq Rxe‡bi GKvš— Mfxi†Kv‡bv GKwU Awbevh© cÖm½| wKš‘ Gi A_© GB bq †h, †QvUM‡íi Rxeb LwÊZ, Ac~Y©| Dcb¨vm‡K Avgiv ZzjbvKi‡Z cvwi gvby‡li mgMÖ Rxe‡bi mv‡_, †hLv‡b AmsL¨ NUbv, AwfÁZv, msNvZ I msMÖv‡gi mgv‡ek| Avi†QvUMí †mB wekvj Rxe‡bi GKwU Ask hviI c~Y©Zv Av‡Q, hvi ga¨w`‡qI Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv GKwU m‡ZïmgMÖZv Abyaveb Kiv hvq| GR‡b¨B ejv nq , Dcb¨v‡m Avgiv mÜvb Kwi Rxe‡bi m¤ú~Y©Zv (Entirety) Avi†QvUM‡í mgMÖZv (Totality)|cÖeÜ ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ eywS †Kv‡bv msw¶ß M`¨-iPbv, hv wbw`©ó welqe¯‘‡K Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcbK‡i _v‡K| KL‡bv KL‡bv we‡kl `„wófw½‡K cÖKvk K‡i Avevi KL‡bv-ev wel‡qi Aš—M©Z e³e¨ we‡kl‡Yigva¨‡g cvVK‡K †Kv‡bv wm×v‡š— DcbxZ n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| KweZv, bvUK, Mí, wKsev Dcb¨vm‡K ejv nqm„Rbkxj mvwnZïƒc| Avi cÖe‡Üi DcKiY I cÖKi‡Yi êwkó¨ m„RbkxjZvi ¯^fveag© †_‡K `~ieZx©| cÖe‡Üiwelq n‡Z cv‡i mvwnZ¨, mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ wKsev ivRbxwZ| Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡K Avgiv Essay ewj cÖeÜ A‡bKUv Zvimgagx©| cÖeÜ mvwn‡Zï D™¢‡ei hy‡M gbbkxj M`¨Kvi GK ai‡bi e¨vL¨vbg~jK, weZK©g~jK I eY©bvg~jK iPbvim~ÎcvZ K‡ib, hv‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔcÖ¯—veÕ| ivg‡gvnb ivq, we`¨vmvMi, A¶qKzgvi `Ë cÖgyL gbxlx Zvu‡ì ÔcÖ¯—veÕmg~‡n mgvRRxe‡bi wewPÎ cÖm‡½i e¨vL¨v I eY©bv Dc ’vcb K‡i‡Qb| fvlv I mvwn‡Zï BwZnvm-we‡klYIivgMwZ b¨vqiZœ ÔcÖ¯—veÕ-Gi iƒc ev Form †KB MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|

cÖeÜKvi Av‡jvP¨ wel‡qi Ici wbivm³ KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZôv K‡i hyw³k„•Ljvq welq we‡klY K‡ib| d‡j, AvaywbKwPš—vkxj we‡k¦ cÖe‡Üi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q| cÖeÜKvi mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ iƒc‡K †hgb we‡klY K‡ib,†Zgwb wkí I Rxe‡bi wewPÎ cÖm½‡K Aš—‡f©`x `„wó‡Z we‡klY K‡ib|

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GKwU welq my úó| Zv n‡jv mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU Avw½‡KiB welqe ‘ gvby‡li eûav-we¯Z…Z Rxeb | wKš‘ cÖKi‡Yi ag© †mB gvbeRxeb-mZ¨‡KB ¯^Zš¿ iƒcvw½‡K web¨¯— K‡i| KweZv g~jZ Aš—g©q gvby‡li Av‡eM-Kíbv-Abyf‚wZi m~²Zi web¨vm Zvi Awš^ó| bvU‡K †`L‡ev bvU¨Kvi, Awf‡bZv, gÂ I `k©KGKUv mvgevwqK wkí‡¶Î iPbv K‡i‡Q| Mí Ges Dcb¨vm mvwn‡Zï mKj Avw½‡Ki ^fve AvÍ ’ K‡i Rxe‡bie¨vcK I Mfxi iƒ‡ci D‡b¥vPb-cÖqvmx|

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi we.G/we.Gm.Gm. †cÖvMÖv‡gi evsjv fvlv (mvaviY wk¶v †Kvm©) cvVµ‡g mvwn‡ZïcÖwZwU Avw½K Aš—f©z³ n‡q‡Q| evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖavb cÖavb †jL‡Ki iwPZ KvjRqx KweZv, bvUK, †QvUMí,



Dcb¨vm I cÖe‡Üi wbe©vwPZ cvV †_‡K wk¶v_x©‡ì mvgwMÖK aviYv †ÌqvB GB cvVµg cÖYq‡bi D‡Ïk¨|•¯wk¶‡Y-AvMÖnx wk¶v_x©iv wbe©vwPZ g~jcvV, Zvi D‡Ïk¨, cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb, P‚ovš g~j¨vqb, cÖ‡kœvË‡ii bgybv,

UxKv cÖf…wZ †_‡K cÖwZwU mvwnZ¨kvLv cwic~Y©fv‡e Abyave‡bi w`Kwb‡`©kbv cv‡eb|

mvwn‡Zï †h †Kv‡bv iƒc ev Avw½K wePv‡ii †¶‡Î Avgiv mvaviYZ `ywU gvb`Ê a‡i AMÖmi nB:

GK : welqe ‘`yB : wkíiƒc ev cÖKiY

cÖm½ ywU ^Zš¿fv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡jI G- y‡qi m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨| wkíx ev mvwnwZ¨K Rxe‡bi wewPÎ Drm †_‡KZvui Awš^ó mvwnZïƒ‡ci (Literary Form) DcKiY AvniY K‡ib| e¨w³i Aw¯—Z¡MZ Ae¯’v, mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb,Avkv-AvKv•¶v-e¨_©Zv I hš¿Yvi eû‡KŠwYK mZ¨‡KB g~jZ †jL‡Ki Aejw¤^Z mvwnZïƒ‡c ’vb †Ìqv nq| G-†¶‡Î †jLK Rxeb‡K wKfv‡e †`‡Lb Ges Dc¯’vcb K‡ib †mUvB cÖavb we‡eP¨| Awfbœ DcKiY wb‡q GKvwaK†jLK mvwnZ¨ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ welq‡PZbv I wkíiƒ‡ci wfbœZv cÖ‡Z¨K †jL‡Ki m„wó‡KB ¯^Zš¿ K‡i†Zv‡j| †hgb 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi fvlv Av‡›`vjb Ges 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi gyw³hy× Aej¤^‡b Avgv‡ì mvwnwZ¨KivAmsL¨ KweZv, bvUK, Mí, Dcb¨vm wKsev cÖeÜ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| DcKiY Awfbœ n‡jI †jL‡Ki †PZbv, `„wófw½,Dc¯’vcbixwZ cÖ‡Z¨K m„wó‡KB ¯^Zš¿ êwkó¨ `vb K‡i‡Q| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi i³øvZ AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K iwPZnvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ (eZ©gvb cvV¨µ‡gi Aš—f©y³) G-welqK AmsL¨ KweZvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg†kªô iPbv| Kwei †`k‡cÖg, fvlv-knx`‡ì cÖwZ Mfxi kª×v, ZrKvjxb ˆ¯îkvm‡Ki cÖwZ Zxeª N„Yv KweZvwUiwelqe ‘‡K AmvavibZ¡ `vb K‡i‡Q| KweZvwUi fvlv, kãeënvi I wPÎiPbvq welqe ‘ cÖKv‡ki Dc‡hvMxAwbevh©Zv m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b †µva I msMÖvgx †PZbv cÖKvwkZ , †mLvbKvi fvlv wbiv‡eM, Zrmg kãeûjGes Zx²| Avevi ^Rb nviv‡bvi †e`bvgq fvivµvš— AkÖ“wm³ †PZbvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q mij-mnR kãmgev‡q,gvZ…-ggZvi Dc‡hvMx mnRvZ fvlvi web¨v‡m| t

gybxi †PŠayix iwPZ Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ bvU‡Ki Dcv`vb ev DcKiY cvwbc‡_i Z…Zxq hy×| GB HwZnvwmK NUbv wb‡qGKvwaK iPbv evsjv fvlvq cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ gybxi †PŠayixi bvUKwUi AwfbeZ¡ Gi welq‡PZbv| hy‡×iNUbv‡K bvU¨Kvi gvbexq †cÖg I hy×we‡ivax kvwš—Kvgx AvKv¶vi welqe ‘‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb| iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡iiÔ†k‡li KweZvÕi DcKiY bi-bvixi †cÖgm¤úK©| Dcb¨v‡m eûj eëüZ GB m¤úK©‡K iex› ªbv_ gvbe †cÖ‡giGK wPiš—b welqe¯‘‡Z cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb| †h †cÖg cÖvwßi mxgvq ew›`, Zv ¶wYK I f½yi msKxY© PvIqv-cvIqvi mxgvhy³ †cÖg gvbweK †PZbv‡K K‡i †Zv‡j Abš—gyLx| mg‡qi PjgvbZvq †m-†cÖg wPiKv‡ji gvbe-gvbexi|

mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ Avw½‡K wea„Z welqe¯‘‡K Awbevh© I MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡j , †jLK‡K mÜvb Ki‡Z nqh_v_© cÖKiY ev wkíiƒc | Zv bv n‡j mvwnZ¨ †Kej wel‡qi eY©bvq cwiYZ n‡e| BwZnv‡mi NUbv eY©bv-cÖavbe‡jB Zvi Av‡e`b `xN©¯’vqx nq bv | Ô Agi GKz‡kÕ KweZv n‡q-IVvi KviY BwZnv‡mi NUbvi Aš—tmvi‡K KweAwbevh© wkícÖKi‡Y DbœxZ K‡i‡Qb| Ôi³v³ cÖvš—iÕ bvU‡Ki †¶‡ÎI G-K_v cÖ‡hvR¨|

mvwn‡Zï welqe ‘ (Content) I Avw½K (Form) A½v½x m¤úK©hy³| †h-Kvi‡Y welqe ‘ cÖKvk-Dc‡hvMx Avw½Km„wó‡Z e¨_© n‡j †m-mvwnZ¨ `xN© ’vqx nqbv | iex› ªbv‡_i ÔejvKvÕ KweZvq †h Pjgvb Rxebm‡Zï web¨vmN‡U‡Q, Gi kãeënvi I Q‡›` †mB MwZ ev cÖengvbZv‡KB Awbevh©Zv `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q | gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡ËiÔe½fvlvÕ KweZvq welqe¯‘ fvlv‡cÖg I †`k†cÖg| wKš‘ m‡b‡Ui Avw½K m„wó‡Z Kwei mvgwMÖK mdjZv KweZvwUiAv‡e`b‡K `xN© ’vqx K‡i‡Q| GR‡b¨B ejv hvq, welqe ‘ hZ Mfxi I e¨vcK †nvK bv †Kb Avw½K, cÖKiY evwkíiƒ‡ci m¤úbœZv Qvov †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨ m„wóB mv_©KZv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

eØëmsá∂c

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-3 c„ôv : 6

mvwnZ® náPQ gvbyáli mÑÛ wkÌ| mvwnZ® e®vcK I wewPŒ GKwU aviYv| mvwnáZ®i Üh ÜKvb iÉc ev AvwΩK wePváiiÜ∂áŒ mvaviYZ welqeØë Ges wkÌiÉc ev c÷KiYG ywU gvbÊ weáeP®| mvwnáZ®i welqeØë (Content) IAvwΩK (Form) AΩvΩx m§˙K©hy≥| GB KviáY welqeØë c÷Kvák DcáhvMx AvwΩK mÑwÛáZ e®_© náj Üm mvwnZ®`xN©Øívqx nq bv| mvwnáZ®i c÷wZwU AvwΩáKiB welqeØë gvbyáli e avweØèÖZ Rxeb| wKöë c÷KiáYi ag© ÜmBgvbeRxeb-mZ®áKB ØZöê iÉcvwΩáK web®Øè Kái| Ühgb, KweZvq gvbyáli AváeM-KÌbv-AbyfÇwZi mÅ≤Ziweb®vm wbwnZ _váK| bvUáK Ü`Lv hvq, bvU®Kvi, AwfábZv, g¬ I `k©K GKUv mvgevwqK wkÌá∂Œ iPbvKáiáQ| MÌ Ges Dcb®vm mvwnáZ®i mKj AwΩáKi Ø^fve AvÕØí Kái Rxeábi e®vcK I MfxiiÉáci Dáb•vPbc÷qvmx|

cváVvÀi g~j®vqbàbe©®w≥K c÷kúmwVK DÀáii cvák (√) wUK wP˝ w`b|1. mvwnáZ®i iÉc wePváii Ü∂áŒ KqwU gvb`Ê aiv nq?

K. GKwU L. wZbwU M. `yBwU N. PviwU

2. i≥v≥ c÷vöèi wK?K. bvUK L. ÜQvUMÌ M. Dcb®vm N. c÷e‹

3. Dcb®vám g~jZ m‹vb Kiv nq?K. Rxeábi mgM÷Zv L. Rxeábi m§ûÅY©Zv M. Rxeábi LwÊZ wPŒ N. Rxeábi bvbvwea wPŒ

DÀi: 1. M 2. K 3. L

msw∂fl-DÀig~jK c÷kú1. mvwnZ® ejáZ Avgiv wK eywS?2. mvwnZ®iÉc k„e‹wU wK Aá_© e®envi Kiv náqáQ?3. mvwnZ® wePváii Ü∂áŒ DcKiY, welqeØë I AvwΩKáK Avgiv ÜKb ØZöê Kái Ü`wL?4. mvwnáZ®i wewfbú Ük™Yxi iÉcMZ àewkÛ® m§˙áK© AvájvKcvZ KiÄb|5. mvwnáZ®i welqeØë (Content) KváK eáj?

iPbvg~jK c÷kú1. mvwnáZ®i Ük™YxwefvM m§˙áK© hv Rvább wbáRi fvlvq wjLyb|

2 bs msw∂fl DÀig~jK c÷ákúi bgybv DÀiwelqeØë I MVb-àewkáÛ®i KviáY mvwnáZ®i wewfbú iÉáci mÑwÛ náqáQ| KweZv, bvUK, Dcb®vm, ÜQvUMÌ I c÷e‹mvwnáZ®i GáKKwU iÉc ev Form| GB iÉc ev MVbMZ ØvZáöê®i KviáYB c÷wZwU mvwnZ®-AvwΩK ØZöê àewkáÛ®wPw Z| Ühgb KweZvi iÉc Máo IáV Zvi fvewbÛ Aög©q welqeØëi wfwÀáZ| c÷eá‹i AeØívb Zvi wecixZÜgiÄáZ| c÷e‹ eØëwbÛ I weák≠lYagx©|



mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im

D‡Ïk¨GB cvV †k‡l Avcwbu mvwn‡Zï iƒc ev MVb‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u mvwn‡Zï im ej‡Z wK †evSvq †m m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|u mvwn‡Zï ÷vB‡ji cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv wb‡Z cvi‡eb|u iƒc I i‡mi ¯^Zš¿ cÖK…wZ wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|

cÖvKK_bc~e©eZx© cv‡V (cvV-1) Avgiv mvwn‡Zï iƒc ej‡Z Zvi Avw½K ev wewfbœ kvLv (Form) eywS‡qwQ| eZ©gvb cv‡Viƒc ej‡Z mvwn‡Zï Aeqea‡g©i mvaviY êwkó¨ Av‡jvwPZ n‡e| im ej‡Z mvwn‡Zï welqe ‘i cÖwZ ¸i”Z¡Av‡ivc Kiv n‡e| G-†¶‡Î cÖvP¨ I cvðv‡Zï mvwnZ¨ Avw½‡Ki aviYv I gZev‡ì we‡klY ¯’vb cv‡e|Avgv‡ì Pvi cv‡ki †`Lv RMr cÖavbZ `„k¨gq I wPÎgq| A_v©r wek¦RMr Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q aiv †`q Zvi iƒcwb‡q| gvbyl, cªK…wZ-b`x-e„¶-mgy ª mewKQyB Avgv‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y K‡i ¯^-iƒ‡c| †mB iƒc cÖZ¨¶Kivi ci wewPÎ Abyf‚wZ, Kíbv I ¯^‡cœi Rb¥ nq gvby‡li g‡b| evB‡ii RMr I Rxe‡bi †h me Dcv`vb mvwnZ¨mªóvi gvbm-†jv‡K mwÂZ n‡Z _v‡K, †m¸‡jv m„wói GK AbyK‚j cwi‡ek iPbv K‡i| GB m„wóB mvwnZ¨|mvwnZ¨ Dc‡fvM I wePv‡ii †¶‡Î fve I iƒc kã `ywU Avgiv cÖvqk eënvi Kwi| GB fve I iƒ‡ci cig IAwbevh© wgjbB n‡jv mvwnZ¨| Avgiv mvwnwZ¨‡Ki †h-m„wó Dcjwä Kwi, im Av ^v`b Kwi Zv cÖK…Zc‡¶ fveI iƒ‡ci ALÊ GK m„wó| †Kv‡bvwU‡KB Avjv`v K‡i wePvi Kiv hvq bv| `vk©wbK †µv‡Pi g‡Z wk‡íi cÖ_gcÖKvk N‡U, wkíxi g‡bv‡jv‡K| Avi GB cÖKvk Kíbvi mvnv‡h¨ evB‡ii RMr †_‡K cÖvß AwfÁZv evcÖZ¨qmg~‡ni AvK…wZ ev Aeqe jvf| fve I iƒc Gfv‡eB n‡q I‡V Awe‡”Q`¨| wKš‘ Av‡jvPbvi myweavi RbÄvgiv fve I iƒ‡ci g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Kwi| fve I iƒ‡ci Awbevh© wgj‡b †h Avb›`gq Dc‡fv‡Mi Abyf‚wZm„wó nq, Zv‡KB ejv nq im| fv‡ei g‡Zv iƒc ev cÖKvkfw½I mvwn‡Zï DcKiY| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi m‡½m¤úwK©Z †h-†Kv‡bv welq fve-iƒ‡ci Dcv`vb n‡Z cv‡i| GB fve ev —e RM‡Zi m‡½ mvwnwZ¨K ev wkíxims¯úk© †_‡K m„wó n‡Z cv‡i, ev BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I cyivY †_‡K Avm‡Z cv‡i A_ev c~e© AwfÁZvi wfwË‡ZKíbvq Dw`Z n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB fve wewPÎ| KL‡bv wPš—v, KL‡bv Abyfe, KL‡bv ev ¯§„wZ n‡q GB me DcKiYmvwnwZ¨‡Ki gb‡K AwaKvi K‡i| RMr I Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv mvwnwZ¨‡Ki gvbmm¤ú` n‡jI iƒ‡ci gva¨‡gBZv‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| GKRb cvðvZ¨ mgv‡jvPK DBwjqvg †nbwi nvWmb mvwn‡Zï iƒcixwZ‡K Ab¨Zg cÖavbDcv`vb wn‡m‡e ^xK…wZ Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z cÖwZwU mvwnZ¨ iƒ‡ci web¨vm, mvgÄm¨, †mŠ›`h© Ges Kvh©KvwiZvwba©vwiZ bxwZ ev Av`k© Abymv‡i m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| GB bxwZi wfwË‡ZB mvwn‡Zï cÖhyw³MZ wKsev ˆkjxMZDcv`vb ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i|G-cÖm‡½ iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii we‡ePbvi kiY †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| mvwnZ¨, mvwn‡Zï mvgMªx, mvwn‡Zï Zvrch© cÖf…wZwel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z wM‡q iex›`ªbv_ mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im‰ewP‡Îï cÖeYZvmg~n kbv³ K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z,mvwn‡Zï cÖavb Aej¤^b Áv‡bi welq bq, fv‡ei welq| Avi GB fveRMr M‡o I‡V Ôgvbe ü`qÕ ÔgvbePwiÎÕ IÔewntcÖK…wZÕ †K Avkªq K‡i| evB‡ii Gme Dcv`vb wkíxi g‡b Ôü`qfveÕ RvMÖZ K‡i| wKš‘ GB ü`qfv‡eimv_©KZv cÖKv‡ki g‡a¨, A‡bï ü`‡q mÂvwiZ Kivi g‡a¨| A‡bï ü`‡q mÂvi Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi iƒc‡mŠ›`h© IKjv‡KŠk‡j cwic~Y©Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡Z ÔKjv‡KŠkjc~Y©Õ iPbv fv‡ei †`‡ni g‡Zv| GB †`‡nig‡a¨ fv‡ei cÖwZôvq mvwnwZ¨‡Ki cwiPq|

cvV-2

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-3 c„ôv : 8

c~e©eZx© cv‡V (cvV-1) Avgiv mvwn‡Zï †h-me Avw½‡Ki K_v e‡jwQ, cÖ‡Z¨KwU Avw½K‡K mv_©K n‡Z n‡jKjv‡KŠk‡ji Awbevh© eënvi _vK‡Z n‡e| mvwnZ¨-m„wó ej‡Z Avgiv fve I fvecÖKv‡ki Dcvq ev c×wZDfqB eywS| GB DcvqwU n‡”Qiƒc, fve n‡”Qi‡mi Drm| fve‡K h_v_© iƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡j cÖvmw½K i‡miIcÖ‡qvM NUv‡Z n‡e|mvwn‡Zï iƒc ev cÖKvkfw½i Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ mvwn‡Zï ˆkjx ev Style -Gi K_vI G‡m c‡o Awbevh©fv‡e|fviZxq Aj¼vi kv‡¯¿ Bs‡iwR ÷vBj-Gi Abyiƒc †h-kãwU Avw`Kvj †_‡KB eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q, †m kãwUn‡”QÔixwZÕ| Aj¼vi kv¯¿we` AvPvh© evgb e‡j‡Qb, ÔixwZÕ n‡jv ÔcìPbvi wewkó fw½Õ Ges ixwZB n‡”QKv‡eïAvÍv ÔixwZivÍv Kve¨m¨Õ| Zvui g‡Z gvayh©, IRt, cÖmv` cÖf…wZ ¸‡Y Kve¨ wewkóZv cvq| Kv‡eï AvÍv n‡jvixwZ Avi ixwZi AvÍv ¸Y| AvPvh© Kzš—K e‡j Avi GK fviZxq Kve¨ZvwË¡K ixwZ‡K †Kej mvRm¾v g‡bK‡ibwb| Zvui g‡Z ixwZ ev cÖKvkfw½ GKRb Kwei Avš—i-¯^fve‡KB cÖKvk K‡i|cvðv‡Zï mvwnZ¨fvebvq ÷vBj-‡K wewPÎfv‡e †`Lv n‡q‡Q| †c‡Uv Ges Zuvi Abymvixiv fve I iƒ‡ci cigwgjb‡KB ÷vB‡ji Drm wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| †h-fvewU †Kv‡bv ÷vB‡ji ga¨ w`‡q ÔAwbevh©ZvÕ cvq, †mUvB÷vB‡ji mv_©KZv| `„óvš—¯îƒc ejv hvq, gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvwUi fvee¯‘i m‡½ Zuvi÷vB‡ji m¤úK© Awbevh©| G-KweZvi ÷vBj AbïKg n‡j Gi fve ev welq cwic~Y©Zv †c‡Zv bv| A¨vwi÷Uj IZuvi Abymvix‡ì g‡Z ÷vBj †Kv‡bv ¸Y bq A‡bK¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi dj| GB aviYv cieZx©Kv‡j AviI wewPÎiƒ‡c cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

÷vBj‡K mvZwU cÖavb †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1. †jL‡Ki bvg-Abyhvqx ÷vBj| †hgb:†k·cxq‡ii ÷vBjiex›`ªbv‡_i ÷vBj

2. Kv‡ji w`K †_‡K| †hgb:ga¨hyMxq ÷vBjAvaywbK ÷vBj

3. fvlvi êwk‡óï w`K †_‡K| †hgb:Rvg©vb ÷vBje½xq ÷vBj

4. AÂjwfwËK ÷vBj| †hgb:MÖxK ÷vBjGkxq ÷vBj

5. Rbmvavi‡Yi i“wP Abyhvqx| †hgb:RbwcÖq ÷vBj

6. welq Abyhvqx ÷vBj| †hgb:êÁvwbK ÷vBjHwZnvwmK ÷vBjbxwZg~jK ÷vBj

7. D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx ÷vBj| †hgb: fvecÖeb ÷vBj e¨½vÍK ÷vBj

Gfv‡e ÷vBj ev cÖKvkfw½ mvwnZ¨wePv‡ii †¶‡Î e¨vcKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q| K¬vwmK¨vj ev †ivgvw›UK ÷vB‡jiaviYvbxwZI G-RvZxq gvbwmKZv †_‡K D™¢yZ| †hgb †nvgv‡ii ÔBwjqvWÕ I gaym~`b `‡Ëi Ô†gNbv`-ea Kve¨Õ-†K K¬vwmK ÷vB‡ji Kve¨ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| Avevi Rb KxUm&-Gi ÔGwÊwgqbÕ wKsev ÔnvB‡cwiqbÕ Gesiex›`ªbv‡_i ÔgvbmxÕ, Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ, ÔejvKvÕ wKsev Ab¨vb¨ Kve¨¸‡jv †ivgvw›UK ÷vB‡ji ¯^fveag© jvjb K‡i|K¬vwmK ÷vBj ej‡Z eywS my úóZv (Objectivity) Avi †ivgvw›UK ÷vBj n‡jv e¨w³i fvegq (Subjective)Rxebvbyf‡ei iƒcvqY|



fviZxq Kve¨wePv‡i imev‡ì g~j¨ Acwimxg| GB aviYv Kv‡eï kixi ev iƒc A‡c¶v im‡KB Kv‡eï AvÍvwn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q| eyrcwËMZ w`K †_‡K im k‡ãi A_© n‡jv Av¯^v`b | Kv‡eï welqe¯‘ Abymv‡i cvV‡Kig‡b wewPÎ ai‡bi Abyf‚wZi Rb¥ nq| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b e¯‘RMr †_‡K Avgiv †h im Av¯^v`b Kwi Zv evn¨

•Bw›`ª‡qi imbvi dj| mvwn‡Zï im Av¯v`b Ki‡Z n‡e Aš ‡iw›`ªq gb w`‡q|

i‡mi Dcv`vb PviwU:1. ¯’vwqfve2. wefve3. Abyfve4. mÂvixfve

GB Dcv`vb¸‡jvi ¯îƒc fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡jB i‡mi cÖKvk ev Awfe¨w³ Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e| gvby‡li evmbv‡jv‡Kme©`vB AmsL¨ fve M~pfv‡e eZ©gvb| Avgv‡ì wPËRM‡Zi GB me fv‡ei MwZwewa wewPÎ| GB fve¸‡jv GKwUAv‡iKwU †_‡K ^Zš¿| wePv‡ii myweavi Rb¨ Aj¼vikv ¿weìv bqwU fve‡K ^xKvi K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| G¸‡jvi bvg iwZ, nvm, †kvK, †µva, Drmvn, fq, Ry áv, we¯§q Ges kg| Kve¨ ev mvwnZ¨ cv‡Vi d‡j wel‡qiAbyavebm~‡Î G‡KKmgq G‡KKiƒc fv‡ei m„wó nq| GB fve¸‡jvi im-cwiYvg wbæiƒc:

iwZfvek„½viimnvm-fvenvmïm†kvKfveKi“Yim†µvafve†iŠ`ªimDrmvnfveexiimfqfvefqvbKimRy ávfveexfrmimwe¯§qfveA™¢yZimkgfvekvš—im

•†Kej Kve¨cv‡Vi d‡j bq, †h-‡Kvb mvwnZïƒc cv‡Vi cwiYv‡g Avgv‡ì wP‡Ë GKUv imvbyf wZi D™¢e nq|Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvq AvÍwb‡e`‡bi †h kvš—wø» iƒc cwijw¶Z nq, Zv‡K kvš—i‡mi KweZv ejvB hyw³hy³|iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔejvKvÕ KweZvq GKvwaK fv‡ei wgkªY Av‡Q | wKš‘ †gŠjfve we¯§q Ges cwiYv‡g cvB A™¢yZ i‡miMfxi Av¯^v`b| ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvq †µva Ges Drmvn GB `ywU fv‡ei ¯ú›`b Avgiv Abyfe Kwi| †Kv_vI†Kv_vI †iŠ`ªi‡mi cÖKvk NU‡jI cwiYv‡g †c‡q hvB exiim|DcwiD³ ’vwqfve‡K †h-wZbwU Dcv`vb Kv‡h© cwiYZ K‡i, †m¸‡jv n‡jv wefve, Abyfve Ges e¨wfPvix evmÂvixfve|ewnR©M‡Zi welq‡K Avgiv Abyfe Kwi evB‡ii Bw›`ªq w`‡q| `yN©Ubv †`L‡j Avgiv †kvKvwff~Z nB| mKv‡jimy›ì m~‡hv©`‡qi `„‡k¨ Avbw›`Z nB, DÏvg wgwQ‡ji AvnŸv‡b Drmvn †eva Kwi G¸‡jviB imcwiYvg Ki“Y,kvš— wKsev exiim|wefve `y cÖKv‡ii:K) Avj¤b wefve : gyL¨fv‡e †h e ‘‡K Aej¤^b ( Avj¤^b ) K‡i im Drcbœ nq, ZvB Avj¤^b wefve|L) DÏxcb wefve : †h e¯‘ ev cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v im‡K DÏxwcZ K‡i A_v©r im m„wói AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó

K‡i ZvB DÏxcb wefve| †hgb my›ì †Rvrøv ivZ, wgwQj cÖKw¤úZ bMix, yN©Ubvq wech© — Rbc`,cyÎ †kvKvZziv Rbbxi nvnvKvi cÖf…wZ DÏxcb wefve|

wewPÎ fv‡ei cÖKvkiƒcB n‡jv Abyfve| †hgb µ× n‡j Avgv‡ì Awfe¨w³i iƒc cvj‡U hvq| Avevi †e`bvicÖwZwµqv Avgv‡ì‡K K‡i AkÖ“mRj, A_v©r ü`‡qi fve-weKv‡ii ewncÖ©KvkB n‡jv Abyfve|e¨wfPvix ev mÂvixfv‡ei ¯’vqx †Kv‡bv ¯^xK…wZ ev Aw¯—Z¡ †bB| wKš‘ wefve I Abyfv‡ei mswgkª‡Y i‡mi m„wóK‡i| †hgb Av‡eM, ¯^cœ, j¾v, Mvwb, welYœZv cÖf…wZ mswkó ¯’vwqfv‡ei ¯ú‡k© GKwU imcwiYv‡gi m„wó K‡i|Av‡eM †_‡K exiimI n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Ki“Y i‡miI Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i|

GmGmGBPGj

BDwbU-3 c„ôv : 10

Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, i‡mi aviYvwU cÖvPxb| wKš‘ mvwn‡Zï iƒ‡ci aviYv cwieZ©bkxj | KweZv‡K Av`k© evg‡Wj wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i imkv‡¯¿i Rb¥| Gici mg‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡bK¸‡jv mvwnZïƒ‡ci m„wó n‡q‡Q|Dcb¨vm, bvUK, Mí, cÖeÜ cv‡V Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv im‡ev‡ai m„wó nq| iex›`ªv‡_i ÔGKivwÎÕ M‡íimcwiYvg wbtm‡›`‡n Ki“Y, gybxi †PŠayixi Ôi³v³ cÖvš—‡iÕi imcwiYwZI Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ Ki“Yi‡mi e¨Äbv m„wóK‡i| gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨v‡qi ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwm‡KÕi imcwiYvg exfrm i‡mi Mfx‡i wb‡¶c K‡i cvVK‡K|

Gfv‡eB Avgiv †`L‡ev, mvwn‡Zï iƒc I im ci¯úi Awew”Qbœ| G-`y‡qi h_v_© wgj‡bB mvwn‡Zï mv_©KZv|

eØëmsá∂c: fve nj mvwnáZ®i c÷avb Aej§b| fveRMr Máo IáV gvbe¸`q, gvbePwiŒ I ewntc÷KÖwZáK Avk™qKái| evBáii Gme Dcv`vb wkÌxáì gáb ¸`qfve RvM÷Z Kái| wKöë GB ¸`qfváei mv_©KZv wbf©i KáiAáb®i ¸`áq Zv m¬vwiZ Kivi gva®ág| Aáb®i ¸`áq m¬vi KiáZ náj Zvi iÉcámäõ`h© I KjváKäkájcwic~Y©Zv _vKáZ nq| GKvwaK mvwnZ®iÉáci mÑwÛ j∂Yxq| Dcb®vm, bvUK, MÌ, c÷e‹ cváV Avgváì gáa® ÜKvbbv ÜKvb imáeváai mÑwÛ nq| iámi aviYvwU c÷vPxb| mvwnáZ®i iÉc I im ciØûi AwewQbú| G `yáqi h_v_©wgjábB mvwnáZ®i mv_©KZv|

cváVvÀi g~j®vqbàbe©®w≥K c÷kúmwVK DÀáii cvák (√) wUK wP˝ w`b|1. wefve Kq c÷Kvi?

K. `yB c ÷Kvi L. Pvi c÷Kvi M. GK c÷Kvi N. cuvP c ÷Kvi|2. iámi Dcv`vb KqwU?

K. wZbwU L. cuvPwU M. PviwU N. cuvPwU|3. weØßqfve nj-

K. Üiä`™ im L. Aô¢yZ im M. nvm® im N. exi im|

DÀigvjv: 1. K 2. M 3. L

msw∂fl DÀig~jK c÷kú1. mvwnáZ®i iÉc ejáZ Avgiv wK eywS?2. mvwnáZ®i ˜vBj ev c÷KvkfwΩ KváK eáj?3. mvwnáZ®i iÉc I im ÜKb AweáéQ`®?4. eZ©gvbKváj mvwnáZ® imwePváii DcáhvwMZv wK?

iPbvg~jK c÷kú1. mvwnáZ®i iÉc I im ejáZ wK ÜeváSb? iámi Dcv`vb m§˙áK© hv Rvább wjLyb|

4 bs msw∂fl-DÀig~jK c÷ákúi bgybv-DÀi:

imkvØê c÷vPxb fviZxq AvjsKvwiKáì mÑwÛ| mgáqi weeZ©áb gvbyáli `ÑwÛfwΩi AábK cwieZ©b náqáQ| cvvZ®¡vb-we¡vábi Avájv AvgváìáK wewPŒ fváe c÷fvweZ KáiáQ| wKöë c÷vPxb M÷xK Kve®ZáÀ° Avgiv welq AbymváiKve® wKsev bvUáKi wewfbú imcwiYwZ m§˙áK© RvbáZ cvwi| Ühgb M÷xK U™®váRwW∏ájvi imcwiYvg KiÄY|gvbyáli Rxeb-aiábi cwieZ©b nájI ÜgäwjK Øívqxfve∏ájv GLábv wµqvkxj| c÷KvkixwZi c÷fÅZ cwieZ©b nájImvwnZ® cváVi ci Avgváì gáa® ÜKvábv bv ÜKvb imváe`ábi mÑwÛ nq| Ges GB imváe`ábi cwiác÷w∂áZB Hme mvwnZ® cvVáKi gáb Øívqx Avmb jvf Kái| myZivs mvwnZ® hZw`b _vKáe imI ZZKvj _vKáe|

cvV-3



KweZv \ Aj¼vi \ Q›`

D‡Ïk¨GB cvV †k‡l Avcwbu KweZvi msÁv_© m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u KweZvi fve I iƒ‡ci mvaviY êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u KweZvi wewPÎ iƒc-ixwZ m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|u cÖavb cÖavb Aj¼vi m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|u Q›` Kv‡K e‡j †m-m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

KweZvKweZv wb‡q K_v ejv h‡Zv mnR Gi msÁv_© wbY©q Kiv Z‡ZvUv mnR KvR bq| KweZv cQ›` K‡ibv c„w_ex‡ZGiKg †jv‡Ki msL¨v LyeB Kg| KweZv m¤ú‡K© h‡Zv Av‡jvPbv I †jLv‡jwL n‡q‡Q, mvwn‡Zï Ab¨ †Kvb iƒcm¤ú‡K© Zv nqwb| cÖ‡Z¨K m‡PZb ms‡e`bkxj gvby‡li g‡a¨B KweZvi cÖwZ AvKl©Y i‡q‡Q| gvby‡li we¯§q,¯§„wZ, ¯^cœ, Kíbvi GK Aciƒc wgkª‡Y KweZvi m„wó| e¨w³i Abyf~wZ, Av‡eM, inm¨vbyf~wZ cÖwZdjb NUvqcÖwZwU h_v_© KweZvB GK ¯^Zš— m„wó| h_v_© ejvi KviY, A‡bK AbyKvix KweZv Av‡Q †hLv‡b †gŠwjK Abyf‡eicwie‡Z© Ab¨ †Kvb Kwei AbyfywZ, Av‡eM I m„wókxj Kíbvi cÖwZaŸwbB gyL¨ n‡q I‡V|

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Abygvb Kiv m¤¢e †h, KweZvi msÁv_© wbY©q mnR KvR bq| ZeyI mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwUkvLviB GKwU †gŠwjK gvb`Ê Av‡Q| †m gvb`Ê wePvi K‡i KweZv m¤ú‡K©I GKUv †gvUvgywU aviYv AR©b Kiv†h‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl Abyf‚wZ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ kã¸‡”Qi Zvrch©gq web¨vm †_‡K KweZvi m„wó| wKš‘ G-aviYvIc~Y©v½ bq| Av‡iv my¯úó K‡i ejv hvq Av‡eM, Abyf‚wZ, ¯^cœ, Kíbv cÖf„wZ e¨w³gvb‡mi mvaviY cÖeYZvi Ask;G¸‡jvi m‡½ hLb m„wókxjZv hy³ nq, Awbevh© k‡ãi Zvrch©gq web¨vm Zv‡K K‡i †Zv‡j e¨Äbvgq| ZLbBGKwU KweZvi Rb¥ m¤¢e nq| G MÖ‡š’ Aš—fz©³ cvuPwU KweZvi welqe¯‘ I Avw½‡Ki we‡klY †_‡K Avgiv GKUvwm×v‡š— †cuŠQvi †Póv Ki‡Z cvwi|

gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi welqe¯‘ n‡”Q gvZ…fvlv‡cÖg I Mfxi †`kvÍ‡eva| Kwe m‡b‡UiAvw½‡K wb‡Ri Rxe‡bwZnvm chv©‡jvPbv I AvÍwe‡klY †_‡K gvZ…fvlvi Uv‡b ^‡`k †cÖ‡g D¾xweZ n‡q‡Qb|†PŠÏ gvÎvi †PŠÏ Pi‡Yi msw¶ß cwim‡i Awbevh© wKQy k‡ãi web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g Kwe wbR Abyf‚wZ, Av‡eM, ¯§„wZ,¯^cœ I ev¯—e cÖvwßi cwic~Y© Qwe Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb GB KweZvq| ÔejvKvÕ KweZvq iex›`ªbv_ Av‡e‡Mi †eM‡K¯§„wóRM‡Zi Aš—wb©wnZ Aweivg MwZi Q‡›` Abyfe K‡i‡Qb| G-KweZvq kã-eënvi I Q›`-cwiKíbv KweiAbyf‚Z wel‡qi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi ÔevZvqb cv‡k ¸evK-Zi“i mvwiÕ KweZvq †cªg‡PZbv IcÖK…wZ‡PZbvi Abycg †gjeÜb N‡U‡Q| ÔebjZv †mbÕ m¤¢eZ evsjv mvwn‡Zï eûj cwVZ KweZv¸‡jvi g‡aÄb¨Zg| e¨w³‡cÖg wKsev †`k‡cÖg hvB-B e¨³ †nvKbv †Kb, nvRvi eQ‡ii c_Pjvi K¬vš— cwieªvRK hLbD”PviY K‡i e‡j‡Q †m, ÔÔGZw`b †Kv_vq wQ‡jb?/ cvwLi bx‡oi gZ †PvL Zz‡j bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mb|ÕÕ ZLb †`kKv‡ji mxgv jyß n‡q gvby‡li wPiKvw¶Z ïkÖ“lvi ggZvwø» bvixi gvZ…gywZ©B cÖavb n‡q I‡V|nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K iwPZ KweZv| G-KweZvqgvZ…fvlv‡cÖg I †`k‡cÖ‡gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q †kvl‡Yi wei“‡× N„Yv Ges msMÖv‡gi `„p-cÖwZÁv|

cvuPwU KweZvi welqe¯‘i g‡Zv Avw½KixwZI ¯^Zš—| kãPqb I eënv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K Kwei i“wP Avjv`v| wKš‘ cÖwZwUKweZvB Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ ¯’vqx Av‡e`b m„wó‡Z m¶g| myZivs mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq, Kwei ¯^Zù‚Z© Abyf‚wZ kã IQ‡›ì Awbevh© web¨v‡m Rxe‡bi Aš—g©q Ges ¯’vqx Av‡e`b m„wói Dc‡hvMx †h kã‡mŠa m„wó K‡i ZvB-B KweZv|

KweZvi †kªYxKiY

GmGmGBPGj


cÖwZwU mvwnZ¨ Avw½‡KiB Dcv`vb gvby‡li Rxeb, cvwicvwk©¦K mgvR A_v©r gvby‡li wPš—v I K‡g©i m‡½ mswkómKj cÖm½| Rxeb‡K †`Lvi Ges Dc¯’vcb Kivi êwkó¨B mvwn‡Zï cÖwZwU Avw½K‡K ¯^Zš¿ K‡i †`q| AveviGBme mvwnZïƒ‡ci g‡a¨ welqe ‘, Avw½Kweb¨vm I fvlvixwZi Kvi‡Y †kªYxKiY Awbevh© n‡q c‡o| KweZviAvw½K-êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j, Zvi wewfbœ †kªYxi ¯Zš¿-MVbixwZ, fvlvweb¨vm, Q›ìxwZ cÖf…wZwel‡q Rvb‡Z n‡e|

cÖ_‡g GKwU Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv KweZvi wewfbœ †kªYxi Ae¯’vb wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvwi:

KweZv

Kve¨bvU¨ gnvKve¨ MxwZKweZv

cÖv_©bvm½xZ (Hymn ) IW& (Ode) †kvKKweZv (Elegy) PZz`©kc`x (Sonet) e¨vjvW (Ballad)

Kve¨bvUÄvw`hy‡M Kve¨fvlvB wQ‡jv mvwn‡Zï cÖavb Aej¤^b| d‡j, bvU‡Ki cÖv_wgK iƒc Kve¨bvU‡KI KweZvi fvlv IQ›ìxwZ Abym„Z n‡Zv| MÖxK ev †ivgvb mvwn‡Zï ¯Y©hy‡M bvUK‡K ejv n‡Zv Rxe‡bi AbyKiY, Nwbó cÖwZdjb|GwjRv‡e_vb hy‡Mi KvjRqx bvU¨Kvi †k·cxq‡ii bvUK¸‡jv Rxe‡bi eûgyLx êwkó¨‡K aviY Ki‡jI KweZviiƒcixwZB wQ‡jv Zuvi cÖavb Aej¤b| mvaviY `k©K-†kªvZvi wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ I AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨bvU¨msjv‡ci fvlv‡K †jŠwKK fvlvi KvQvKvwQ wb‡q Av‡mb bvU¨Kviiv| †gŠwLK fvlvi ¯ú›`b bvU‡KiKve¨¸Y‡K wKQyUv LwÊZ Ki‡jI cieZx©Kv‡j bvU‡K M`¨fvlvi cÖ‡qvM Awbevh© K‡i †Zv‡j| wKš‘ Kve¨bv‡Uïaviv mvwn‡Zï gvbwPÎ †_‡K wbwðý nqwb| Dwbk kZ‡K wMwikP› ª †Nvl, c‡i iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, ey×‡è emyKve¨bvU‡Ki iƒcixwZ , fvlv I Q›`‡K gvby‡li cwieZ©bkxj mvwnZï“wPi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z cÖf‚Zcix¶v-wbix¶v K‡i‡Qb| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ RM‡Z ˆmq` kvgmyj nK Kve¨bvUK iPbvi †¶‡ÎMfxi wbôv, Avš—wiKZv I wkímvd‡jï cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb|

gnvKve¨KweZvi cÖvPxbZg kvLv †h gnvKve¨, G-wel‡q †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| MÖxK Epos k‡ãi Bs‡iwR iƒcvš—i EpicgnvKv‡eï Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã| Epos-Gi cÖvPxb A_© wQ‡jv kã| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b GB k‡ãi Ici wewfbœ A_©Av‡ivwcZ n‡q KL‡bv weeiY ev Kvwnbx, KL‡bv MxwZ ev exiZ¡e¨ÄK Kve¨| Gfv‡eB A‡_©i iƒcvš—i NU‡Z NU‡ZGK mgq Epic-Gi A_© `vuwo‡q hvq AvL¨vbg~jK ev exiZ¡e¨ÄK KweZv|

MÖxK mvwnZ¨ZvwË¡K A¨vwi÷Uj Zuvi KvjRqx MÖš’ Ô†cv‡qwUK&mÕ-G Uª v‡RwWi Ici we¯Z…Z Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡qgnvKv‡eï j¶Y I ¯îƒc m¤ú‡K©I gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb| Kvwnbxi we¯—vi-awg©Zv, I‡Rv¸Y-m¤úbœ kãcÖ‡qvM I†nKUvwgUvi Q›` gnvKv‡eï MVbixwZi we‡klZ¡ I ¯^vZš¿¨| A¨vwi÷Uj Avi †h `ywU j¶‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb, ZvAZ¨š— ¸i”Z¡c~Y©|

cÖ_g j¶Y: e ‘wbôv ev Objectivity Kwei wbwj©ßZv, wbivmw³| NUbv ev Kvwnbxi Aš—iv‡j Kwei wbi‡c¶Ae¯’vb ev AvÍ‡Mvcb Kivi ¶gZv|

wØZxq j¶Y: • A‡jŠwKK welqe¯‘‡K Kve¨m¤§Zfv‡e iƒc`vb Kiv| G m¤ú‡K© A¨vwi÷U‡ji GKwU gš e¨g~jëvb ÔAwek¦vm¨ m¤¢‡ei †P‡q wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Am¤¢e A‡bK †ewk Kvg¨Õ|

gnvKv‡eï welqweb¨vm I MVb‡KŠk‡j êwPÎ¨, e¨vcKZv I AwfbeZ¡ my¯úó| Gi NUbv ev cU MÖš’‡b Avw`-ga¨-A‡š¿ i HK¨ _vK‡Z n‡e, bvqK exh©eËv I `¶Zvq eû¸‡Y ¸YvwšZ| Gi e ‘-Dcv`vb RvZxq Rxe‡bi HwZnvwmK



ev †cŠivwYK Z_¨ I NUbv, Gi Aby‡cÖiYv-Drm AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Hkxkw³| gnvKv‡e¨ gvbe-`vbe, †è-†èxPwi‡Îi mgv‡ek NUvq A‡jŠwKKZvi cÖ‡qvM N‡U _v‡K|

gnvKve¨ yB cÖKvi:1. RvZ gnvKve¨ (Epic of Growth): G‡Z GKwU mgvR ev iv‡óªi h~_e× RxebcÖYvjx, gvbe-gvbexi AvPvi-AvPiY-wek¦vm, †cÖg-msMÖvg web¨¯— nq| wbw`©ó mgqL‡Êi cwie‡Z© GKwU mgv‡Ri AZxZ eZ©gv‡bi `xN© mgq-mxgv RvZ gnvKv‡e¨ Abym„Z nq| e¨w³we‡kl iPbv Ki‡jI RvZ gnvKv‡e¨ mvgvwRK NUbv-cwiµgv I Rxe‡bimgvwMÖK iƒcvqY N‡U| evj¥xwK iwPZ ÔivgvqYÕ I K…ò‰Øcvqb e¨vmK…Z Ôgnvfvi‡ZÕi NUbv, welqe¯‘ I Pwi‡ÎiêwPÎ¨ fviZe‡l©i Aw`Kv‡ji †MvUv mgvR eë¯’v‡KB D‡b¥vPb K‡i‡Q|

†nvgvi iwPZ BwjqW I I‡Wwm cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi †hŠ_ mgvReë¯’vi gnvKvwe¨K iƒc| BwjqW-G Uªqhy‡×i †klch©v‡qi Kvwnbx Aejw¤^Z n‡jI `k eQi e¨vß hy‡×i mgMÖ QweB Kwei MÖš’Y-ˆbcy‡Y¨ G‡Z wea„Z n‡q‡Q|I‡Wwm‡Z Uªq hy‡×i NUbvcÖev‡ni m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q B_vKv iv‡Rï RbRxeb, bvqK I‡Wwmqy‡mi Awek¦vm¨ ågYI msMªvg Ges †cwb‡jvwci weow¤^Z-fvM¨ Rxeb| †nvgvi NUbvfvivµvš¿ gnvKv‡e¨ Pwi‡Îi wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvK‡i‡Qb|

2. mvwnwZ¨K gnvKve¨ (Literary epic ): G RvZxq gnvKve¨ †cŠivwYK NUbv wKsev †Kvb RvZ gnvKv‡eïNUbvm~Î Aej¤^‡b Kwei hyMgvbm, mgvRgvbm I „wófw½i mgev‡q GK AvaywbK m„wó| GB †kªYxi gnvKv‡eïg‡a¨ fvwR©‡ji ÔCwb`Õ (Eneid) Zv‡mvi Ô†Ri“Rv‡jg †WwjfvW©Õ (Jerusalum Delivered), `v‡š—i ÔwWfvBbK‡gwWÕ (Divine Commiedia), Rb wgë‡bi Ôc¨vivWvBm j÷Õ (Paradise Last) Ges gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡ËiÔ†gNbvèaÕ Kve¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨| cyivZ‡bi Avkª‡q bZzb hy‡Mi RxebmZ¨ cÖwZwU mvwnwZ¨K gnvKv‡eïB welqe¯‘|

MxwZKweZve¨w³-Abyf‚wZi ¯Z:ù‚Z© cÖKvk MxwZKweZvi cÖavb j¶Y| mvejxjZv I mnRZvq GB Kve¨-Avw½K me©v‡c¶vêwPÎ¨gq I cÖfvekvjx| cÖvPxb MÖx‡m exYvhš¿ mn‡hv‡M †h m½xZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡Zv , Zv‡K ejv n‡Zv Lyric | G†_‡K †evSv hv‡”Q Lyric ev MxwZKweZvi m‡½ m½xZ a‡g©i m¤úK© mywbweo| iex› ªbv_ VvKzi Ges KvRx bRi“jBmjv‡gi A‡bK KweZv GKB m‡½ KweZv I Mvb| ZeyI g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e m½xZ A‡c¶v MxwZKweZvi †¶ÎeûwewPÎ| gvbexq Abyf‚wZi eûgyLx mZ¨ MxwZKweZvq iƒc cvq| m½x‡Z _v‡K my‡ii cÖvavb¨ I wbqš¿Y, AviMxwZKweZvq K_v I my‡ii mgš^q| d‡j, m½xZ A‡c¶v MxwZKweZvi †¶Î eû¸‡Y we¯Z…Z| e¨w³ Abyf‚wZim~²Zi cÖKvk Awbevh© kã, aŸwb Ges Q‡›`vweb¨v‡m MxwZKweZvq iƒc cvq e‡j Avw`Kvj †_‡KB KweZvi GBixwZ mev©waK PwP©Z mvwnZäviv| G-cÖm‡½ gnvKv‡eï m‡½ MxwZKweZvi welqe¯‘ I Avw½KMZ cv_©‡Kï ¯îƒcwb‡`©k Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| gnvKv‡eï welq Avw½K I c~e©wbiƒwcZ Avi MxwZKweZvi welq, ixwZ I mgq, mgvR Ii“wPi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| gnvKve¨ e¯‘wbô (Objective) Avi MxwZKweZv fvewbô (Subjective)KweZv|

MxwZKweZvi wewPÎ iƒc-ixwZwjwiK ev MxwZKweZvi RbwcÖqZvi I avivevwnKZv Drm Gi iƒcMZ êwPÎ¨ †_‡KB Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e|

—em½xZ ev Hymnm„wóKZ©v ev †èZvi D‡Ï‡k iwPZ cÖv_©bvg~jK KweZv‡K ejv nq wng& ev —e m½xZ| G ai‡bi KweZvRbmvavi‡Yi mvg‡b MvIqv n‡Zv Avevi Ave„wËI Kiv n‡Zv| A_v©r m½xZag© ev Kve¨¸Y DfqB —em½x‡Ziêwkó¨| Ava¨vwÍKZv I fw³fve G-KweZvi cÖvY| †kªvZvmvavi‡Yi g‡b gnr fvebv RvMÖZ Kivi j‡¶¨ —em½xZiwPZ n‡Zv| cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨ G-ai‡bi m½xZag©cÖavb KweZv n‡q‡Q cÖPzi| êòe c`vejx,k¨vgvm½xZ I evDj Mv‡b ¯—em½x‡Zi êwkó¨ my¯žU| iex›`ªvbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔMxZvÄwjÕ ÔMxwZgvj¨Õ, I Ôˆb‡e`¨ÕKve¨MÖ‡š’i AwaKvsk KweZvq —emx½Z ev Hymn Gi êwkó¨ j¶ Kiv hvq|

† ¿vÎKweZv ev IW& (Ode)

GmGmGBPGj


evsjv fvlvq IW&-Gi †Kvb cÖwZkã †bB| welqe ‘ I MVb‰ewkó¨ Abymv‡i G‡K †¯úvÎKweZv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|Kwe †Kv‡bv gnr fvebvq DÏxß n‡q e¨w³ ev e ‘i D‡Ï‡k mwgj ev Awgj Q‡›` †h KweZv iPbv K‡ib ZvB-B

•IW& e †¯ vÎ KweZv | cÖvPxb MÖxK Kwe wcÊvi IW& iPbvi †¶‡Î cw_K…Z| †ivgvb Kwe †nv‡imI †ek wKQy IW&iPbv K‡i‡Qb | evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ m‡PZbfv‡e IW& iPbvi m~ÎcvZ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi ÔeªRv½bvÕ Kve¨ †_‡K|iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔemyÜivÕ, Ômgy‡`ªi cÖwZÕ wKsev ÔDe©kxÕ IW&-Gi AvaywbK iƒcvqY| IW&-Gi j¶Yhy³D‡jL‡hvM¨ msL¨K KweZv AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q|

†kvKKweZv ev GwjwR (Elegy)g~j MÖxK kã Elegia-Gi A_© n‡jv †e`bvi AvwZ©| GB kã †_‡K Elegy k‡ãi DrcwË| Elegia ev Elegos†Kej †kvK A_© †evSv‡Z eëüZ n‡Zv bv| cÖvPxb MÖxK Ges j¨vwUb mvwn‡Z¨ GwjwRqvK (Elegiac) bv‡g 6+5gvÎvq ( cÖ_‡g Qq c‡i cvuP) iwPZ GK ai‡bi KweZv cÖPwjZ wQ‡jv| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b GwjwR ej‡Z GLb †Kej†kvK KweZv‡KB †evSvq| G-ixwZi KweZvq Kwei e¨w³MZ †kvK wKsev RvZxq †kvK iƒcvwqZ nq| wcÖqR‡big„Zz RwbZ we‡”Q`-†e`bv, †Kv‡bv RvZxq e¨w³‡Z¡i g„Zz RwbZ Dcjwä †_‡K †kvKKweZvi m„wó| MÖxK Kwe weqbiwPZ Lament for Adonis we‡kl ai‡bi †kvKKweZv Pastal Elegy-i Avw` `„óvš—| Rb wgë‡bi LicidusGes †kwji Adonis GB avivi Av‡iv AMÖmi chv©‡qi KweZv| weq‡bi KweZv †kv‡KB ïi“ Ges mgvwß| wKš‘wgëb Ges †kwj Zvu‡ì †kv‡Ki g‡a¨ cÖZ¨vkv I Avb‡›ì e¨Äbv m„wó K‡i‡Qb| Ugvm †MÖi Elegy written incountry churchyard mev©waK cwVZ †kvK KweZv| wcÖqRb wKsev †Kv‡bv e¨w³we‡kl bq, bvg bv-Rvbv †Kv‡bvMÖv‡gi g„Z K…wlRxex‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ DrmM© Kiv n‡q‡Q KweZvwU| †Uwbm‡bi GwjwR¸‡”Qi bvg In Memorium|

evsjv fvlvq †kvKKweZv iwPZ n‡q‡Q cÖPzi| wKš— †m-Zzjbvq Kv‡jvËxY© KweZvi msL¨v Kg| cÖvq mKj KweB†kvK‡K fvlviƒc w`‡q‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g„Z ¯úxi D‡Ï‡k iwPZ KweZv ¸”Q Ô¯§iYÕ †kvKKweZviB AvaywbKiƒcvqb| iex›`ªbv‡_i g„Zz¨‡Z hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸‡ßi Ô22†k kªveY-1348Õ, gnvÍv MvÜxi g„Zz¨‡Z †cÖ‡g›`ª wg‡Îi†jLv ÔwZbwU ¸wjÕ, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi g„Zz¨ Dcj‡¶ myfvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq iwPZ Ô cv_‡ii dzjÕ, kw³P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔgvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq mv_©K GwjwRi „óvš—| †`keÜz wPËiÄb `v‡mi AKvj cÖqv‡Y KvRx bRi“jBmjvg wj‡LwQ‡jb ÔwPËbvgvÕ | RmxgD`&`x‡bi ÔKeiÕ cvwievwiK †kvKKweZvi Abb¨ `„óvš—|

m‡bU ev PZz`©kc`xm‡bU kãwUi DrcwË BUvwjqvb Soneto (A_©: g„`yaŸwb) kã †_‡K| BUvjxq Kwe `v‡š— I †cÎvK© m‡b‡Ui AvwìwPqZv| GKwU ALÊ Abyf‚wZ hLb 14 gvÎvi (KL‡bv KL‡bv 18 gvÎvI nq) 14 csw³‡Z ( KL‡bv KL‡bv 18csw³i eënviI †`Lv hvq) web¨¯— n‡q Av‡e‡Mi wkLi ¯úk© K‡i, ZLbB GKwU mv_©K m‡bU Rb¥ †bq| evsjvmvwn‡Zï Avw` Ges mv_©K m‡bU iwPqZv gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë m‡b‡Ui Avw½K‡K ÔPZz`©kc`xÕ wn‡m‡e wbw`©óK‡i‡Qb| cieZx© Kv‡ji mv_©K m‡bU iwPqZvMY GB ixwZB g~jZ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| m‡b‡Ui cÖ_g AvUcsw³‡K ejv nq AóK (Octave)| GB cÖ_g As‡k Kwei fve ev Kíbv Cw½Zgq iƒc jvf K‡i| †kl QqPiY‡K ejv nq lUK (Sestet) G-As‡k c~e©eZx© fv‡ei we¯Z…wZmvab ev e¨vL¨v `vb Kiv nq| m‡b‡Ui e³e¨web¨v‡mi GB ixwZ gaym~`b `Ë AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Zvui Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvwU we‡klY Ki‡j G-gš—‡eï h_v_©ZvcÖgvwYZ n‡e|Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvi cÖ_g AvU Pi‡Y (cvVµgfz³ KweZvwU mvg‡b wb‡q emyb) Kwe wb‡Ri AvÍiƒcvš—‡ii Cw½Zw`‡q e‡j‡Qb, e½fvÊv‡i wewPÎ iZœm¤¢vi _vKv m‡Ë¡I wZwb gË †_‡K‡Qb ci-m¤ú` †jv‡f| ci‡`‡k (we‡`‡k)ågY K‡i Rxebhvc‡bi g‡a¨ wf¶ve„wËi g‡Zv wbK…ó Awfi€wPB dz‡U I‡V| e¨_© mvabvq Zvui Rxe‡b mvd‡jïcwie‡Z© G‡m‡Q nZvkv| gvZ…f~wg iƒc cÙKvbb cwiZ¨vM K‡i ˆkev‡ji Av‡eóbx‡Z Ave× †_‡K bó K‡i‡QbRxe‡bi mKj m¤¢vebvi c_| GB As‡k Kwei AvÍwe‡klY cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| cieZ©x Qq Pi‡Y Kwe Kzjj²x Z_v†`kgvZ…Kvi c_wb‡`©kbv †c‡q hvb ¯^‡cœ| Ôcvwjjvg AvÁv my‡L ; cvBjvg Kv‡j/ gvZ…fvlv-iƒc Lwb, c~Y©gwYRv‡j\Õ AZ¨š— wbôv I mZK©Zvq gaym~ b m‡bU ev PZz ©kc`x KweZvi Avw½K wbgv©Y K‡iwQ‡jb|

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G‡Z e¨w³ wKsev mvgwóK Rxe‡bi †e`bvKi“Y KvwnbxiB cÖvavb¨ j¶ Kiv hvq| AvaywbK †ivgvw›UK hy‡Mi Kweive¨vjv‡Wi Abymi‡Y wj‡L‡Qb cÖPzi KweZv| IqvW©mIqv_©, nvwW©, †KvjwiR, KxU&m, †gwiwW_, myBbevb© cÖgyL Kwee¨vjv‡Wi Abymi‡Y cÖPzi KweZv wj‡L‡Qb|evsjv fvlvi e¨vjvW RvZxq Avw` iPbv ˆggbwmsn MxwZKv| iex› ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÔK_v I KvwnbxÕ Kv‡eï †ek wKQyKweZvq gvivVx e¨vjv‡Wi AbyiYb Av‡Q| iex› ªbv_B e¨vjv‡Wi AvaywbK wkím¤§Z iƒcKvi| RmxgD & x‡biÔbKmxKvu_vi gvVÕ I Ô†mvRb evw`qvi NvUÕ e¨vjv‡Wi wb`k©b wn‡m‡e AZyjbxq|evsjv KweZvevsjv KweZvi Avw` wb`k©b ÔPh©vc`Õ| 750 †_‡K 1050 wLªóv‡ãi g‡a¨ †eŠ× mnwRqviv ÔPh©vc`Õ iPbvK‡iwQ‡jb| a‡g©i M~p inm¨ Gi welq n‡jI mgKv‡ji mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ w`K G‡Z cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|Phv©c‡ì ci `xN©Kvj mvgvwRK-ivwóªK Aw¯’iZvi Kvi‡Y KweZv iwPZ nqwb A_ev iwPZ n‡q _vK‡j Kv‡ji M‡f©nvwi‡q †M‡Q|evsjv mvwnZ¨ ga¨hy‡M cÖ‡ek K‡i eo~ PÊx`v‡mi ÔkªxK…òKxË©bÕ Kv‡eï gva¨‡g| ga¨hy‡M evsjv KweZvi mg„w×N‡U wewPÎavivq| bv_mvwnZ¨, ag©g½j, g½jKve¨, êòe c`vejx, Rxebx Kve¨, Abyev`Kve¨, †ivgvÝg~jKcÖYqK_v (Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z †ivgvw›UK cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb) cÖf…wZ welqfebv I iƒc‰ewP‡Î¨ evsjv KweZvi weKvk IDËi‡Y f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~ÎcvZ 1800 wLª÷v‡ã| 1757 wLª÷v‡ã Bs‡iR ¶gZvq AwawôZ nIqvi ciBD‡ivcxq wk¶v- ms¯‹…wZ I mvwn‡Zï cÖfv‡e evOvwj Rxe‡b AvaywbKZvi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U| †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR(1800), wn› y K‡jR (1817), KwjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq (1857) cÖf…wZ wk¶v-cÖwZôvb G‡`‡k AvaywbK „wófw½ IwPš—vfvebv m„wó‡Z ¸i”Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb ‡i‡L‡Q|Ck¦iP›`ª ¸‡ßi KweZvq cÖ_g AvaywbK Rxe‡bi j¶Ymg~n cÖKvk †c‡Z _v‡K | gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë evsjvmvwn‡Zï cÖ_g me©v½xb AvaywbK Kwe | wenvixjvj PµeZx©, iex› ªbv_ VvKzi, KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg I Rxebvb›``v‡ki nv‡Z AvaywbK evsjv KweZv Avš—Rv©wZK gvb ¯ú‡k© m¶g nq| KweZvi welq I iƒc-ixwZ D™¢ve‡b evOvwjKweiv wbôv I Avš—wiKZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb|evsjv KweZvi GK ¯Zš¿ aviv evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv| Awfbœ fvlvq iwPZ n‡jI mvgvwRK ivR‰bwZK I ivóªxqKvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv cwðgevsjvi KweZv †_‡K welqe¯‘ I Avw½‡K ¯^Zš¿| 1947-Gi †`kwefv‡Mi ci1948 †_‡K m~wPZ fvlv Av‡›`vjb‡K †K›`ª K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki KweZv bZzb êwkó¨ AR©b K‡i| 1952 wLª÷v‡ãiGKz‡k †deyªqvwi evsjv fvlvi Rb¨ i³`v‡bi AwfÁZvq Avgv‡ì KweZvq †h †PZbv Rb¥ †bq c„w_exi †Kv‡bv†`‡ki mvwn‡Z¨ Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hv‡e bv| 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi gyw³hy× †_‡K GB mgvR I Zvi KweZv GK Abb¨êwk‡óï `vwe`vi n‡q I‡V|

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satisfaction), Avb›` `vb Kiv|2. †QvUMí GKwU gvbweK wkíiƒc wkíxi Rxebweb¨v‡mi e¨vL¨v Ges AwfÁZvi HKë× msnZ iƒc|3. •NUbvsk, PwiÎ, cwi‡ek, NUbvš M©Z fvem~Î G¸‡jvi mgš^‡q †QvUMí GK HK¨gq wkíiƒc|

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mgq I gvbweK i“wPi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ †QvUM‡íi iƒcixwZiI cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ GWMvi G¨vjvb †cv-imsÁv_© wbY©qK m~Î¸‡jv GLv‡b cÖvmw½K| eªvÊvi g¨vw_DR Zvui ÔPhilosophy of the short storyÕ (1884)cÖe‡Ü †QvUM‡íi ¯îƒc wb‡`©k Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb: A short-story deals with a single character, a singleevent, a single emotion, or the series of emotions cotted forth by a single situation.‘Single Ô k‡ãi †cŠbtcywbK eënv‡ii ga¨ w`‡q g¨vw_DR †cv D”PvwiZ H‡Kï aviYv‡KB ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡jb|Gici wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gva©e¨vcx †QvUM‡íi iƒcixwZi †¶‡Î e¨vcK cix¶v-wbix¶v n‡q‡Q| Zvi welq IAvw½‡Ki aviYviI G‡m‡Q hyMvš—Kvix cwieZ©b| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgv‡jvPK †QvUMí‡K Rxe‡bi Sketch ev Lmovwn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wPÎKjvi Ô†¯‹PÕ Ges †QvUMí †h GK wRwbm bq, G mZ¨wU my¯úófv‡e e¨vL¨vZn‡jv nv‡k©j weª‡Kj iwPZ ÔWhat happend to the short story, (1951) cÖe‡Ü| wZwb m½Z Kvi‡YB ej‡jb†¯‹‡Pi êwkó¨ w ’wZkxjZv Avi †QvUM‡íi êwkó¨ MwZkxj| AvqZb ev AvK…wZi †Qv‡Uv-eo w`‡q bq, wel‡qig‡a¨ eo †Kvb e¨Äbv Ges mgMÖZv m„wó n‡jv wK-bv †mUvB mv_©K †QvUM‡íi ^fveag©| G-cÖm‡½ cvVµg-fz³ÔGKivwÎÕ MíwUi D‡jL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zvui cÖ_g ch©v‡qi GB †QvUM‡í NUbv, PwiÎ, cwi‡ekGes NUbvš—M©Z fvem~Î‡K wbweo msnZ iƒc w`‡q‡Qb| †bvqvLvwji cÖZ¨š— AÂ‡ji GKwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi†m‡KÊ gvóv‡ii ¯§„wZK_‡b M‡íi welqe ‘ D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q| myievjv bv¤§x GK evwjKvi m‡½ Zvi ˆkke-‰K‡kv‡ii m¤úK©, c‡i gvUwkbx-MvwievjwW nIqvi ¯cœ wb‡q KjKvZvq Mgb, mgvR I †`‡kv×v‡ii cÖZ¨vkvq†hŠe‡bi D¾¡j m„wókxj gyn~Z© ‡jvi AcPq Ges †k‡l GKwU mvaviY we`¨vj‡qi †m‡KÊ gvóvi nIqvi NUbvµg

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•mvwnZïƒc, hv wbw`©ó NUbvsk‡K Avkªq K‡i PwiÎ, cwi‡ek I fvem ‡Îi g‡a¨ wbweo HK¨ cÖwZôv K‡i| GB•fvem~Î KL‡bv Mfxi Kvwe¨K e¨Äbvq, KL‡bv ev bvUKxq gyn ‡Z©i D¾¡jZvq Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv gvbe-

•gb¯ Ë¡ we‡kl‡Yi MfxiZvq wbweo imiƒc jvf K‡i|†QvUM‡íi DcKiY Rxe‡bi †h-†Kv‡bv †¶Î †_‡K M„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Rxe‡bi †h Ask †jL‡Ki Awš^ô,

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•iƒc †c‡Z n‡j DwjwLZ Avw½K-Dcv v‡bi eënvi Avewk¨K| gvby‡li ewnRx©eb wKsev Aš Rx©e‡bi †h-‡Kvb†¶Î †_‡K †QvUM‡íi DcKiY AvüZ n‡Z cv‡i| wbg©g KwVb ev¯—e RMr, gvbeg‡bi RwUj inm¨, msKU ImsMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q engvb Rxe‡bi †h-‡Kvb cÖm½‡K MíKvi M‡íi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|„wó‡KvY n‡”QRxeb‡K †`Lv Ges Dc ’vcb Kivi we‡kl fw½| †QvUM‡í wea„Z NUbv, PwiÎ I Avbylw½K cÖm½

hLb MíKvi wbivm³fv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡ib, ZLb cÖ‡qvM N‡U me©Á `„wó‡Kv‡Yi (AuthorÕs omniscient pointof view) | bvqK, †K› ªxq PwiÎ wKsev Míwea„Z †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi K_KZvq M‡íi NUbv ewY©Z n‡j, Zv ejv nqDËg cyi€‡li `„wó‡KvY (First person’s point of view)| G‡¶‡Î mgMÖ Mí ÔAvwgÕ bvgK e³vi `„wó‡KvY†_‡K Dc¯’vwcZ nq| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î †`Lv hvq †jLK wKsev †K›`ªxq PwiÎ (bvqK A_ev K_KPwiÎ-(Teller character) •QvovI NUbvi cÖv‡š Ae¯’vbKvix †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K M‡íi Kvwnbx

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cª‡qvMB h_v_©|cU (Plot) ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ Dcb¨vm, bvUK ev Míwea„Z NUbv‡K eywS| BwZnv‡mI †Zv NUbv _v‡K| Zv‡K†Zv cU ewj bv, Mí wn‡m‡eI wPwýZ Kwibv| Gi KviY BwZnvm n‡jv N‡U hvIqvi Kvwnbxi weeiYgvÎ| Avi Mí-

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•ÔÔZLb cÖjqKvj, ZLb AvKv‡k Zvivi Av‡jv wQ‡jv bv Ges c„w_exi mg¯ cÖ`xc wbweqv †M‡Q ZLb GKwUK_v ewj‡jI ¶wZ wQjbv wKš‘ GKUv K_vI ejv †Mj bv| †Kn Kvnv‡KI GKUv Kzkj cÖkœI Kwij bv|†Kej `yBR‡b AÜKv‡ii w`‡K Pvwnqv iwnjvg| c`Z‡j Mvp K…òeY© Db¥Ë g„Zz¨‡mªvZ MR©b Kwiqv QywUqv Pwjj|ÕÕD×…Z AskwU †Kej eY©bv (Narrative) ev wPÎ (Picture) bq, GK Mfxi Kve¨gqZv GLv‡b my úó| myZivs G-As‡ki Treatment ev cwiPh©v‡K ej‡Z n‡e Kve¨vbyM ev Poetic |

ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&Õi ÔbqbPvivÕ M‡íi ïi”wU GiKg:• • • •ÔÔNbvqgvb Kv‡jv iv‡Z Rbk b¨ cÖk¯ iv¯ vwU‡K gq iv¶x b`x e‡j Kíbv Ki‡Z †ek jv‡M| wKš‘ g‡bi P‡i

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Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv_© wbY©‡q, Zvi welq I Avw½‡Ki ¯îƒc wba©vi‡Y Av‡jvPbvi †kl †bB| cvðvZ¨ I cÖv‡Pï•mgv‡jvPKMY `xN©Kvj a‡i weZK© I we‡kl‡Y AvÍwb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb, wKš‘ †Kv‡bv gxgvswmZ wm×v‡š Zvuiv DcbxZ

n‡Z cv‡ib wb| ZeyI ¯^fvej¶Y Ges welq I Avw½‡Ki êwkó¨ wePvi K‡i Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv_© wba©viY Kivm¤¢e| G-cÖm‡½ ¯§iYxq †h, Dcb¨v‡mi msÁv_© wbY©q I welq-Avw½K wePvi mgq I mgv‡Ri PwiÎ I i€wPAbymvix| †hgb AvqZb, PwiÎ Ges NUbv-‰ewkó¨ wePv‡i Av‡b©÷ †nwgsI‡qi ÔIìg¨vb GÊ `¨ mxÕ Ges wjD

•Zj¯ ‡qi ÔIqvi GÊ cxmÕ `yB wfbœ ¯fv‡ei m„wó nIqv m‡Ë¡I Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e ¯xK…Z| nvigvb †gjvwf‡jiÔgwewWKÕ Ges †Rgm& R‡q‡mi ÔBDwjwmmÕ, wKsev ew¼gP‡›`ªi ÔKcvjKzÊjvÕ Ges iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†MvivÕ, ˆmqÌqvjxDjvn&i ÔPuv‡ì Agvem¨vÕ, Ges knx`yjv Kvqmv‡ii ÔmskßKÕ AvqZb, PwiÎvqb Ges welqwePv‡i wfbœag©xm„wó| wKš‘ me¸‡jvB Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e wPwýZ I we‡kwlZ| ZeyI D³ MÖš’¸‡jv‡Z †gvŠwjK wKQy j¶Y we`¨gvb,hvi wfwË‡Z Hme MÖš’ Dcb¨v‡mi ch©vqfz³|

Dch©y³ aviYvi Av‡jv‡K Dcb¨v‡mi GKwU mvaviY msÁv_© Avgiv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi| Zvn‡jv, †h eY©bvÍK iPbvqgvby‡li ev —e RxebK_v †jL‡Ki Rxebm¤úwK©Z „wófw½i mgš^‡q Awfe¨³ nq, Zv‡KB Dcb¨vm e‡j|

•NUbvg~jK I eY©bvag©x nIqvq M ¨fvlvB Dcb¨v‡mi cÖKvkevnb| gvby‡li Rxeb RwUj, m ² Ges wewPÎ|Rxeb‰ewk‡óï eûgyLx iƒ‡ci cÖwZdjb NUvq cÖwZwU Dcb¨v‡mi AvqZb wfbœag©x| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†MvivÕ GesÔ†k‡li KweZvÕ wePvi Ki‡jB Gi cÖgvY cvIqv hv‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Dcb¨vm †Kej Kvwnbx wKsev NUbvgvÎ

•bq| gvby‡li Rxe‡b AmsL¨ NUbv N‡U| †Kv‡bv NUbv †hŠw³K k„ Ljvhy³ Avevi †Kv‡bvUvi g‡a¨ Zv _v‡Kbv|•GR‡b¨B Dcb¨vmwea„Z NUbvs‡ki g‡a¨ †hŠw³K k„ Ljv _vK‡Z n‡e| †jL‡Ki `„wófw½, PwiÎ I NUbvi mgš‡q

GKwU Dcb¨vm n‡q DV‡e h_v_©|

Dcb¨v‡mi Dcv`vb I MVb‡KŠkjDcb¨v‡mi Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v 7| Gi g‡a¨ kixix Dcv`v‡bi (Concrete elements) msL¨v-6| †hgb, cU(plot), PwiÎ (Character), „wó‡KvY (Point of view), cðvrcU (Back ground), mgq (Time), Ges fvlv(Language)| Dcb¨vm we‡kl‡Y Akixix Dcv`vb (Abstruct elements) wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q †jL‡KiRxeb m¤úwK©Z `k©b‡K|

cvV-5



cUBs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Dcb¨vm iPbvi cÖ_g w`‡K MÖxK mvwnZ¨ZvwË¡K I mgv‡jvPK A¨vwi÷U‡ji cUm¤úwK©Z aviYvicÖfveB wQ‡jv mev©waK| A¨vwi÷Uj Zvui Poetics MÖ‡š’ c‡Ui Av‡jvPbvq e‡j‡Qb GKwU gvÎ K‡g©i mgMÖiƒc AbyK…Z nq c‡U| wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ MVbMZ HK¨ Ggbfv‡e A¶zYœ ivLvi †Póv Kiv nq, hvi d‡j GKwU

•Ask‡K Zvi †fZi †_‡K ’vbvš wiZ Ki‡j c‡Ui mgMÖ MVbwUB †f‡O co‡e (So the plot being animitation of an action, must imitate one action and that a whole, the structural vision of the partsbeing such that, if any one of them in displaced or removed, the whole will be disjoined anddisturbed)| A¨vwi÷U‡ji g‡Z cU GKwU mgMÖ I m¤úK© ÔKg©©Õ (Action), Ab¨Î wZwb e‡j‡Qb, cUn‡”QNUbvejxi web¨vm (Arrangement of incidents •) Ges GB NUbvweb¨v‡m Avw`, ga¨ Ges A‡š i g‡a¨_vK‡e HK¨| wZwb cU‡K mij (Simple) I RwUj (Complex) GB yB †kªYx‡Z fvM K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui RwUj

• •c‡Ui aviYv cUfvebvi cieZx© iƒcvš ‡ii m¤¢vebvi c_ cÖk¯ K‡iwQ‡jv|

•AvR‡Ki wePv‡i nq‡Zv A¨vwi÷U‡ji aviYvi g‡a¨ Ac Y©Zv j¶ Kiv hv‡e, wKš‘ Ebwesk kZvãxi †klva© ch©š—GB aviYv‡KB Dcb¨v‡mi ZvwË¡K Ges ZË¡‡PZb JcbvwmKiv eûjvs‡k MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_ghy‡Mi Jcb¨vwmKiv †hgb, wiPvW©mb Ges †nbwi wdjwWs Plot Ges Story (Kvwnbx)-†K Awfbœ A‡_© MÖnYK‡iwQ‡jb| Zvuiv Kvwnbx‡K GKwU HKë× iƒc †`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ mg‡qi weeZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ cUaviYviI cwieZ©b N‡U| Dcb¨vmwea„Z Kg© ev Action †h gvbe Pwi‡Îi iƒcvqY G-mZ¨wU my¯úó n‡Z _v‡K|NUbv, PwiÎ, Pwi‡Îi wPš—v, Abyf‚wZ, Zvi Rxebm¤úwK©Z ZË¡ ev `k©bI ¸i”Z¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| †nbwi †Rgm ZvuiThe Art of Fiction (1884) cÖe‡Ü cU Ges Kvwnbxi m‡½ Dcb¨v‡mi welqe ‘i mv „k¨ mÜvb K‡i‡Qb| weskkZvãx‡Z G‡m Dcb¨v‡mi cUfvebvq mg‡qi ¸i”Z¡ ¯^xK…Z n‡jv| gvbeRxe‡b msNwUZ NUbv †h Avm‡j mg‡qiBewntcÖKvk • GB †eva †_‡K cU‡K ejv n‡jv Kvh©KviY k„ Ljvhy³ mgq| GB mg‡qi engvbZv evwn¨K `„wó‡ZGK iKg Avi wPš—v, Abyf‚wZ, ¯§„wZ-¯^cœ-Kíbvi gvb`‡Ê GK iKg| evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K Jcb¨vwmKew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq cU‡K NUbvi cvi¤žh© wn‡m‡eB MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui ÔKcvjKzÊjvÕ Dcb¨vm cUweb¨v‡mi

•wbfy©j `„óvš | HwZnvwmK NUbvi iƒcvq‡bI ÔivRwmsnÕ wKsev ÔAvb›`gVÕ-G cUweb¨v‡mi cÖPwjZ ixwZiAbymvix| iex›`ªbv_ VvKziB cÖ_g cU‡K mgq I †PZbvi H‡K¨ myMÖw_Z Ki‡jb| Zvui Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ Dcb¨v‡micU Kvwnbx (Story) wKsev ÔNUbvÕi (Events) ž •cvi¤ h© k„ Ljvhy³ web¨vmgvÎ bq, AvaywbK wkw¶Z gvbe-gvbexi†PZbv, Abyf‚wZ, Kíbv I `k©‡bi AvÍcÖKv‡ki gva¨gI N‡U|

PwiÎ•Dcb¨v‡mi kixix Dcv vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Pwi‡Îi ¸i”Z¡ me©vwaK| †Kbbv, Dcb¨vm gvby‡li m„wó Ges Aš i-evwni

m‡gZ gvbe-gvbexi mgMÖ Rxe‡bi iƒcvq‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb‡evaB Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¥‡K m¤¢e K‡i Zz‡jwQ‡jv| A¨vwi÷UjPwiÎ A‡c¶v cU‡K AwaK ¸i”Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb| Uª¨v‡RwWi MVb‰ewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb QqwU AskcÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, cU, PwiÎ , fvlv, fvebv (Thought), `„k¨ Ges m½xZ| cÖ_‡g wZwb c‡Ui Av‡jvPbvK‡i‡Qb| AZtci Pwi‡Îi | wKš‘ cU †h Rxe‡bi Kv‡Ri AbyKiY, Zv wbtm‡›`‡n gvby‡li| AwfÁZv Ges

•`„óv‡š i mxgve×Zv m‡Ë¡I A¨vwi÷Uj Pwi‡Îi cÖK…Z †¶ÎwU wb‡`©k Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb|

• •Ebwesk kZvãxi Jcb¨vwmKiv cy ¶vbycy L eY©bv‡K (Narration) AwaK ¸i”Z¡ w`‡Zb| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gw`‡Ki A‡bK Dcb¨v‡mI eY©bvevûj¨ †Pv‡L c‡o| wKš‘ eY©bvi ga¨ w`‡q Pwi‡Îi evB‡ii Aeqe, MwZwewa,ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi NUbvewjB Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| Pwi‡Îi ¯îƒc D‡b¥vP‡bi R‡b¨ eY©bvi AwZwi³ Av‡iv wKQycÖ‡qvRb| RR© †gwiwW_ GB fvebv †_‡KB m¤¢eZ e‡jwQ‡jb: Ô†Kej †Pv‡Li cvZvq iO w`‡jB Pj‡e bv, †Pv‡Li

•g‡a¨ Aš `„©wóI †dvUv‡Z n‡e|Õ divwm wece I wkí-wec‡evËi Kv‡j gvby‡li e¨w³mËvi ¸i”Z¡ e„w×i m‡½ m‡½Dcb¨v‡mI Pwi‡Îi Ae¯’vb `„pZi n‡Z _v‡K| ew¼gP‡›`ªi Dcb¨v‡m Pwi‡Îi iƒcvqY g~jZ eY©bvag©x| Pwi‡ÎiwµqvkxjZv mgvR, Dcb¨vmwea„Z NUbv Ges Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Av`k©‡ev‡ai Kv‡Q `vqe×| Ô y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ Dcb¨v‡mAv‡qlv PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© †jL‡Ki Dw³: Ô†hgb D`¨vb g‡a¨ cÙdzj, G AvL¨vwqKv g‡a¨ †Zgwb Av‡qlv|Õ A_©vrcy‡iv Dcb¨v‡m Av‡qlv NUbvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Dc¯’vwcZ| Avcb e¨w³Ë¡ I Kg©avivq †m ¯^vej¤^x bq| B.Gg. di÷vi

GmGmGBPGj


G-ai‡bi PwiÎ‡K e‡j‡Qb Flat Character • ev mgZj PwiÎ| G-ai‡bi PwiÎ Dcb¨v‡mi NUbv‡K wbqš Y K‡ibv| NUbvavivi m‡½ Awµq (Passive) Ae¯’vb K‡i gvÎ| wKš‘ †h PwiÎ Dcb¨v‡mi ïi” †_‡KB AvK…wZ-cÖK…wZmn Dc ’vwcZ nq Ges Zvi fwel¨r MwZwewa, cÖvavb¨, g‡bvRvMwZK cwieZ©b I weeZ©‡bi my úó Bw½Zmnwµqvkxj _v‡K, Zv‡K ejv nq Round Character ev wb‡Uvj PwiÎ| Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ Dcb¨v‡m iex› ªbv_we‡bvw`bx PwiÎ‡K †Mvov †_‡KB Zvi AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi m¤¢vebv wPwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| d‡j, PwiÎwU n‡q

•D‡V‡Q mgMÖ| ÔPZzi½Õ Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎvqb‡K G-cÖm‡½ `„óvš wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| kPxk, RM‡gvnb,`vwgbx Ges kªxwejvm GB PviwU Pwi‡Îi iƒcvq‡Y iex›`ªbv‡_i `„wófw½ Awfbœ| kªxwejvm mgZj PwiÎ (FlatCharacter)| Zvi Pwi‡Îi weeZ©‡bi †Kv‡bv Bw½Z Dcb¨v‡m †bB AvMv‡Mvov GKB iKg| Zvi gvbwmKcwieZ©‡bi †Kv‡bv Bw½Z ev cÖvmw½KZv Dcb¨v‡m †bB| kPxk Ges `vwgbxi ¯^fveag© I weeZ©‡bi Bw½Z †Mvov†_‡KB my¯úó| iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖvq cÖwZwU Dcb¨v‡mi PwiÎvq‡b GB c×wZ Aejw¤^Z n‡q‡Q| Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕi

•we‡bvw`bx, Ô†MvivÕ Dcb¨v‡mi †Mviv, Ô†hvMv‡hv‡MÕi Kzgyw`bx, Ô†k‡li KweZvÕi AwgZ I jveY¨ Zx¶ †iLvqwPwÎZ Ges e¨ÄbvMf©| ÔPZzi‡½Õ kPxk m¤ú‡K© iex›`ªbv‡_i fvl¨ PwiÎwUi mgMÖ ¯îƒc D‡b¥vPb K‡i| †hgb,

ÔkPxk †`wL‡j g‡b nq †hb GKUv †R¨vwZ®‹ Zvi †Pv‡L R¡wj‡Z‡Q| Zvi mi€ mi€ j¤v AvOyj¸wj †hb•Av¸‡bi wkLv, Zvi Mv‡qi is †hb is b‡n, Zv Avfv| kPxk‡K hLb †`wLjvg Agwb †hb Zvi Aš ivÍv‡K

†`wLjvg|Õ

`vwgbx m¤ú‡K© †jL‡Ki `„wófw½ Awfbœ| †hgb,

• •Ô`vwgbx †hb kªveY †g‡Ni wfZiKvi KvwgbxÕ| evwn‡i †m cyÄ cyÄ †hŠe‡b c Y©, Aš ‡i PÂj Av¸b wSK-wgK Kwiqv DwV‡Z‡Q|Õ

•kPxk Ges `vwgbxi ewniveq‡ei m‡½ Zv‡ì Aš iRMrI Gfv‡e D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q| Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ Dcb¨v‡m•AwgZ ivq Ges jveY¨ Pwi‡Îi iƒc, ¯iƒc Ges cwiYwZ m ² Bw½‡Z †iLvwqZ K‡i‡Qb iex›`ªbv_|

1. AwgZi †bkvB nj ÷vB‡j| †Kej mvwnZ¨-evQvB Kv‡R bq, †e‡k f‚lvq eënv‡i| Ii †Pnviv‡ZB GKUvwe‡kl Qvu Av‡Q| cvuPR‡bi g‡a¨ G †h-†Kv‡bv GKRb gvÎ bq, I nj G‡Kev‡i cÂg| ... `vuwo‡Mvd-Kvgv‡bv PvuPv gvRv wPKb k¨vgeY© cwicyó gyL, ù‚wZ© fiv fveUv, †PvL PÂj, nvwm PÂj, bovPov Pjv‡divPÂj, K_vi Reve w`‡Z GKUzI †`wi nq bv; gbUv Ggb GK iK‡gi PKgwK †h Vzb K‡i GKUz VzK‡jBùzwj½ wQU‡K c‡o|

2. ž• ev‡ci GKgvÎ kL wQj we`¨vq, †g‡qwUi g‡a¨ Zvui †mB kLwUi m¤ Y© cwiZ…wß n‡qwQj| wb‡RijvB‡eªwii †P‡qI Zv‡K fv‡jvevm‡Zb| Zvui wek¦vm wQj, Áv‡bi PP©vq hvi gbUv wb‡iU n‡q I‡V †mLv‡b

•D‡ov fvebvi M¨vm wb‡P †_‡K †V‡j IVvi g‡Zv mg¯ dvUj g‡i hvq| †m gvby‡li c‡¶ we‡q KieviìKvi nq bv| Zvui `„p wek¦vm †h Zvui †g‡qi g‡b ¯^vgx‡mev-Avev‡ì †hvM¨ †h big RwgUzKz evwK _vK‡ZcviZ †mUv MwY‡Z BwZnv‡m wm‡g›U K‡i Mvu_v n‡q‡Q Lye gReyZ cvKv gb hv‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i evB‡i †_‡K AuvPi jvM‡j `vM c‡o bv|

Dcb¨v‡m PwiÎvq‡Yi †¶‡Î `„wófw½i eûj cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| wKš‘ Rxe‡bi †h †Kv‡bv m‡Zï D‡b¥vP‡b Pwi‡ÎiAwbevh©Zv A¶zYœB i‡q †M‡Q|

Dcb¨v‡mi „wó‡KvY (Point of view)wesk kZvãxi cvðvZ¨ Dcb¨vmZvwË¡K‡ì g‡Z „wó‡KvYB n‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi me©v‡c¶v Kvh©Ki Dcv`vb| NUbvsk,PwiÎ wKsev Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi Dc¯’vcb †KŠkj wbf©i K‡i `„wó‡Kv‡Yi Ici| Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Rxeb‡K †`Lv Ges†`Lv‡bvi c×wZ `„wó‡KvYB wba©viY K‡i †`q| Dcb¨vm iPbvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q NUbvi †h eY©bvÍK (Narrative)

•Dc¯’vcb j¶ Kwi, †mLv‡b mg¯ NUbv, Pwi‡Îi MwZcÖK…wZ I Avbylw½K cÖm½ †jLK ¯qs wea„Z Ki‡Zb|AZtci Dcb¨v‡m gvbePwi‡Îi cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôvi ci cÖavbZ †K›`ªxq Pwi‡Îi `„wó‡Kv‡Yi cª‡qvM NU‡Z _v‡K|¯§„wZg~jK wKsev AvÍRxebxg~jK Dcb¨v‡m gyL¨-PwiÎ wb‡RB wb‡Ri K_v wea„Z K‡i| mgMÖ NUbvi Ici

•†jL‡Ki `„wói GKK wbqš Y wKsev gyL¨ Pwi‡Îi `„wó‡KvY QvovI Z…Zxq †Kvb PwiÎI NUbv eY©bv Ki‡Z cv‡iDcb¨v‡m|



Dcb¨vmwea„Z NUbv hLb †jLK wbivm³fv‡e cÖZ¨¶ K‡i wee„Z K‡ib, ZLb ejv nq †jL‡Ki me©Á `„wó‡KvY(Author`s Omnscient point of view)| gyL¨ PwiÎ wKsev bvq‡Ki Revwb‡Z hLb NUbv wee„Z nq, ZLb Zv‡KAwfwnZ Kiv nq DËg cyi€‡li `„wó‡KvY wn‡m‡e (First person`s point of view •)| NUbvi cÖv‡š

•Ae¯’vbKvix †Kv‡bv Pwi‡Îi `„wó‡KvY eëüZ n‡j ejv nq, cÖvwš K Pwi‡Îi `„wó‡KvY (Peripheridcharacter)| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a©i GKRb cÖL¨vZ Dcb¨vmZË¡we` cvwm© jyeK Zvui Craft of Fiction(1921) MÖ‡š’ `„wó‡Kv‡Yi Awbevh©Zv cÖ_g my¯úófv‡e e¨³ Ki‡jb| Zvui g‡Z, Dcb¨vmwk‡íi hvÎv †mw`b

•†_‡KB Kvh©Kifv‡e m wPZ n‡jv, †hw`b Jcb¨vwmK fve‡Z Avi¤¢ Ki‡jb †h, ÔZvui Mí Ggb GKwU welq hv‡KNUgvb Ae¯’vq †`Lv‡Z n‡e Ges Ggbfv‡e †`Lv‡Z n‡e †hb MíwU wb‡RB wb‡Ri K_v ej‡Q| A_v©r Jcb¨vwmKwb‡R MíwUi weeiY w`‡j †mUv Dcb¨v‡mi mv_©K wkíKjv nj bv| NUbvewj Ges PwiÎ¸jv †hb Avgv‡ì mvg‡bDcw ’Z n‡q wb‡R‡ì K_v e‡j I KvRI K‡i MíwU‡K dzwU‡q Zzj‡e| ejv (Telling) bq, †`Lv‡bvB(Showing) n‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi wbR¯ wkíixwZ|Õ jye‡Ki g‡Z „wó‡KvYB n‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi wkíixwZi me‡P‡qRwUj welq| cvwm© jye‡Ki c‡i B.Gg.di÷vi, †R. WweD. exP, gvK© †¯‹vivi, big¨vb dªvqvWg¨vb cÖgyLDcb¨vmZË¡we` `„wó‡Kv‡Yi Zvrch©‡K Dcb¨vmwePv‡ii †K‡›`ª ¯’vcb Ki‡jb|†Kv‡bv Dcb¨vm Mfxifv‡e Abyaveb Ki‡Z †M‡j †jL‡Ki `„wó‡Kv‡Yi ¯îƒc eyS‡Z n‡e| ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qiGKgvÎ ÔiRbxÕ Qvov mKj Dcb¨vmB me©Á †jL‡Ki `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wea„Z n‡q‡Q| iRbxÕ†Z gyL¨-Pwi‡Îi

•`„wó‡Kv‡Yi cÖ‡qvM N‡U‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ „wó‡KvY eënv‡ii †¶‡Î hyMvš Kvix cwieZ©b Av‡bb| Zvui Ô†Pv‡LievwjÕ Ges Ô†MvivÕ me©Á †jL‡Ki `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Dc¯’vwcZ| ÔPZzi½Õ Dcb¨v‡m GKvwaK Pwi‡Îi `„wó‡KvYeëüZ n‡q‡Q| ÔN‡i-evB‡iÕ Dcb¨v‡m wbwL‡jk, m›`xc Ges wegjvi `„wó‡KvY eënv‡ii d‡j Dcb¨vmwk‡íbZzb gvÎv ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| Ô†k‡li KweZvÕq †jL‡Ki me©Á „wó‡KvY eëüZ n‡jI PwiÎmg~‡ni (we‡kl K‡i

•AwgZ I jveY¨) Aš ‡jv©K D‡b¥vP‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡ì `„wó‡KvY‡KI ¸i”Z¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|iex›`ª cieZ©xKv‡j `„wó‡KvY eënv‡ii †¶‡Î e¨vcK cix¶v-wbix¶v n‡q‡Q| `„wó‡KvY cÖ‡qv‡Mi †KŠkj Dcb¨vmwePv‡i Ab¨Zg cÖavb gvb`‡Ê cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

cðvrcU (Background)Dcb¨vmwea„Z cÖwZwU NUbv Ges Pwi‡Îi wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi GKwU ¯’vb ev cUf‚wgMZ wfwË _v‡K| †Kv‡bv NUbv

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•wesk kZvãx‡Z GB aviYvwUi e¨vcK cÖwZôv †c‡q‡Q| †KD †KD cðvrcU‡K ¯Zš fv‡e g~j¨ w ‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|wKš‘ Dcb¨v‡mi Ab¨ me Dcv`v‡bi m‡½ mgwš^Z n‡qB cðvrcU ev ¯’v‡bi mv_©KZv| Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ Dcb¨v‡mi

• •¯’vb ev cðvrcU bvMwiK †Kvjvnj †_‡K ` ieZ©x| Dcb¨v‡mi welqe¯‘ I PwiÎ¸‡jvi Aš R©M‡Zi wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi Dc¯’vc‡b wkjs cvnv‡oi wbR©b cwi‡e‡ki f‚wgKv‡K iex›`ªbv_ `¶Zvi m‡½ eënvi K‡i‡Qb|

mgqA¨vwi÷Uj Zvui Poetics MÖ‡š’ Uª v‡RwWi êwkó¨ e¨vL¨vq †h wÎ-HK¨bxwZi K_v e‡jwQ‡jb, Zvi g‡a¨ Kv‡ji evmg‡qi H‡Kï K_vI wQ‡jv| Z‡e Zvui Kv‡Q wµqvMZ HK¨B (Unity of action) me©vwaK ¸i”Z¡ †c‡qwQ‡jv|Zvi c‡i G‡m‡Q ¯’vb (Unity of place) I KvjMZ H‡Kï (Unity of time) cÖm½| Dcb¨vm iPbvi cÖ_g hyM†_‡KB mg‡qi Zvrch© †jL‡Ki Kv‡Q ¸i”Z¡ †c‡q‡Q| m¨vgy‡qj wiPvW©mb ÔK¬vwimvÕ Dcb¨v‡m cÎwjLb c×wZcÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z wM‡q mg‡qi µgaviv‡K mZK©Zvi m‡½ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| †nbwi wdwìs-Gi ÔUg †RvbmÕDcb¨v‡mI mg‡qi µg Abym„Z n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Guiv mgq‡K Dcb¨v‡mi ¸i”Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb g‡b K‡ibwb| NUbvµgi¶vi †¶‡Î mgq‡K AbymiY K‡i‡Qb gvÎ| Ebwesk kZvãxi cÖ_gva©e¨vcx Dcb¨v‡m mg‡qi Zvrch©m‡PZbfv‡e ¯^xK…Z nqwb| †nbwi †RgmB cÖ_g mgq‡K Dcb¨v‡mi MVbMZ H‡Kï w`K †_‡K ¸i”Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vbwn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| evjRv‡Ki Dcb¨vm Av‡jvPbvq wZwb mgq in‡mï îƒc mÜvb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb ywU cÖm‡½mg‡qi ¸i”Z¡ Abyave‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb :1. PwiÎ I NUbvewji ms‡¶cxKi‡Yi inm¨ ;2. Dcb¨v‡mi welqe¯‘i w¯’wZKvj I Aw •Zµvš mg‡qi cÖKvk|Dcb¨v‡m mgq bvgK Dcv`vb‡K h_vh_fv‡e eënvi K‡i mg‡qi wµqvkxjZv‡K Awbevh©Zv `vb Kiv Zvui g‡Z

• •AZ¨š Zvrch©c Y©| wZwb mgqiƒc Dcv vb‡K Dcb¨v‡mi mvsMVwbK HK¨m„wói (Organic Unity) Kv‡ReëüZ †`L‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wesk kZvãx‡ZB cÖK…Zc‡¶ mg‡qi cÖvmw½KZv Dcb¨v‡m ¸i€‡Z¡i m‡½ M„nxZ nq|

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€ •cÖ ¯ , W‡ivw_ wiPvW©mb I †Rgm R‡q‡mi g‡Zv Jcb¨vwmKiv mgqaviYv‡K Dcb¨vmZ‡Ë¡i †K‡›`ª ¯’vcb•Ki‡jb| gvbeg‡bi RwUj mZ¨, Zvi ¯cœ‡jvK, †PZb-A‡PZ‡bi RwUj cÖvš mg~n mg‡qi g‡bv‰eÁvwbK

cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vwcZ n‡jv Ges `yB wek¦hy‡×i ci mgq wewPÎ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Dcb¨v‡m eëüZ n‡Z _v‡K| cvVK, †jLK, welqe¯‘, eY©bvc×wZ, `„wó‡KvY cÖf…wZi †¶‡Î mg‡qi cÖ‡qvMMZ êwkó¨ mv¤žÖwZKDcb¨vmwePv‡ii Ab¨Zg ¸i”Z¡cyY© cÖm½|

Dcb¨v‡mi fvlv I cwiPh©vixwZ•Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB †h Dcv v‡bi Kvi‡Y Dcb¨vm Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZïƒc †_‡K ¯Zš n‡q DV‡jv, †m n‡jv Zvi fvlv|

Kvwnbx, Mí, PwiÎ cÖf…wZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv Uª v‡RwW wKsev gnvKv‡eï g‡a¨ we`¨gvb wQ‡jv| wKš‘ Rxe‡bi ev —egyLx,K…wÎg, RwUj I eû‡KŠwYK iƒc A¼‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b M`¨fvlv n‡jv Dcb¨v‡mi cÖKvkgva¨g| †jL‡Ki Rxeb`„wó IRxebm„wói m‡½ fvlv IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| Dcb¨v‡mi eY©bv (Narration), cwiPh©v (Treatment), ’vb evcðvrcU Dc¯’vcb, Pwi‡Îi iƒc I ¯îƒc wbY©‡q Awbevh© fvlvixwZi cÖ‡qvM †h †Kv‡bv Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Kvg¨|Dcb¨vmwea„Z wel‡qi m‡½ fvlvi mvgÄm¨ i¶vi gva¨‡gB †Kv‡bv Dcb¨vm h_v_© I mgMÖ n‡q I‡V| GB fvlvBGKwU Dcb¨vm †_‡K Av‡iKwU Dcb¨vm‡K, GKRb †jLK †_‡K Av‡iKRb †jLK‡K c„_K K‡i †`q| Aš—g©qRxeba‡g© cwicyó KwecÖvY iex› ªbv_ Ges ey×‡è emyB †h Dcb¨vm-Kvwnbxi †kªô K_K Zv ejv hv‡ebv| Zvivk¼ie‡›`¨vcva¨vq, gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i i“¶ K‡Vvi M`Ï Dcb¨v‡mi Dchy³ fvlv| GB fvlveënv‡ii cix¶v-wbix¶v I MwZkxjZvi cÖgvY wewPÎ cwiPh©vixwZi D™¢veb| Dcb¨v‡mi welq, PwiÎ I ¯’vb Imgq¯^fve‡K h_v_©fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †eva †_‡KB wewPÎ cwiPh©vixwZi D™¢veb n‡q‡Q| GB mecwiPh©v‡K eY©bvÍK (Narrative), Kve¨vbyM (Poetic), bvwU¨K (Dramatic ), wPÎgq (Pictorial), cÖZxKx(Symbolic), we‡klYvÍK (Analytical) cÖf…wZ Awfavq wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|†KejgvÎ eY©bv †h Dcb¨v‡mi AvKl©Y‡K †MŠY K‡i †d‡j Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g hy‡Mi Dcb¨vmmg~n Gesc¨vixPvu` wg‡Îi ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ (1858) Zvi cÖgvY| ew¼gP›`ª BwZnv‡mi †ivgvÝ m„wói cÖ‡qvR‡bKve¨vbyM cwiPh©vi mgvš—iv‡j bvwU¨K cwiPh©v eënvi K‡i‡Qb| cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZi ¯îƒc D‡b¥vP‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡bGKwU Dcb¨v‡m me¸‡jv cwiPh©vixwZ eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Dcb¨v‡mi wel‡qi ^fve GKwU cÖavbcwiPh©vixwZ‡K GKvš—fv‡e MÖnY K‡i| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ wel‡qi Aš—g©qZvi Kvi‡YB cÖavbZwe‡klYag©x (Analytical), Ô†MvivÕi gnvKvwe¨K iƒcKí eY©bvÍK Ges Ô†k‡li KweZvÕi fvegyL¨ welq Kve¨vbyMcwiPh©vq Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|

Rxeb`k©b, Rxebv_© ev RxebaviYvDcb¨v‡mi Akixix Dcv`vb (Abstract Elements) wn‡m‡e Rxeb`k©‡bi Zvrch© we‡klY Ki‡j Ab¨ me kixixDcv`vb‡KI Zv Qvwo‡q hvq| †jL‡Ki e¨w³mËv, e¨w³ Abyf‚wZ Ges Rxeb, mgq I mgvRm¤úwK©Z „wófw½i Aš—tmvi‡K AvÍ ’ K‡i M‡o I‡V †jL‡Ki Rxeb`k©b ev Rxebv_©| Jcb¨vwmK hLb Dcb¨vm iPbvq g‡bvwb‡ekK‡ib, ZLb wZwb †h †Kej mvaviYfv‡e GKwU Av`k© ˆbe© w³K gvbyl iPbv K‡ib Zv bq, wZwb Avcb mËviBGKwU fvl¨ (Implied Version) iPbv K‡ib| mËvi Aš—wb©wnZ GB fvl¨ Ab¨ mvwnZïƒc ¸‡jv‡Z _vK‡jIDcb¨v‡mi †¶‡Î Zvi g~j¨ ¯^Zš¿| Jcb¨vwm‡Ki Aš—wb©wnZ GB †jLKmËv‡K ÔwØZxq mËvÕ wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ Kivn‡q‡Q| GKRb †jL‡Ki cÖwZwU Dcb¨v‡m GB †jLK-mËvi cÖKvk ¯Zš¿fv‡e cÖKvk cvq| kixix Dcv`vb¸‡jvi†hŠ_ eënv‡ii Awbevh©Zvi ga¨ w`‡q Jcb¨vwmK g~jZ Zvui Rxebm¤úwK©Z ZË¡ ev `k©b‡KB cÖKvk K‡ib|Dcb¨vm iPbvi cÖ_ghy‡M eY©bvi (Narration) cÖwZ AwZ g‡bv‡hv‡Mi d‡j Ab¨vb¨ kixix Dcv`v‡bi g‡ZvRxeb`k©‡bi cÖkœwUI AbyPvwiZ †_‡K †hZ| wKš‘ Ebwesk kZvãxi wØZxqva© †_‡K c„w_exi me fvlvi Dcb¨v‡m†jL‡Ki Rxeb`k©‡bi cÖKvk ZxeªZi n‡Z _v‡K| †KD BwZnvm, †KD mgKvjxb mgq I mgvR, Avevi †KD †KDe¨w³i Kg© I wPš—vi ga¨ w`‡q GB `k©b‡K cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi cÖvq Dcb¨v‡mBRxebm¤úwK©Z GKUv e³e¨ Av‡Q| wKš‘ y-GKwU Dcb¨vm ev‡` Ab¨ me Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q Zv h_v_© n‡q I‡Vwb| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ô†MvivÕ Dcb¨v‡mi wek¦RbxbZvi ZË¡wU Avgv‡ì Rvbv| G Dcb¨v‡m NUbv, Acivci PwiÎ GesmgvRRxe‡bi we¯Z…Z cwimi‡K †K›`ª K‡i †Mviv Pwi‡Îi gvbm‰ewPÎ¨ I DËiY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †Mvivi DËiYev gxgvsmvq DbœxZ nIqvi gva¨‡gB iex› ªbv_ Zvui Rxebm¤úwK©Z `k©b cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ ixwZiw`K †_‡K Kveäg©x n‡jI †cÖ‡gi wPiš—bZvi †h ZË¡ G-Dcb¨v‡mi †k‡l D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q, Zv Avm‡jiex› ªbv‡_iB Rxeb`k©b| G-fv‡eB AvaywbK Dcb¨v‡m Rxeb`k©‡bi Awbevh©Zv ¯xK…Z n‡q‡Q|



Dcb¨v‡mi †kªYxKiYkixix Dcv`vbmg~‡ni cÖvav‡bï wfwË‡Z Dcb¨vm‡K NUbv cÖavb, fvebvcÖavb, eY©bv cÖavb, PwiÎ cÖavb cÖf…wZAwfavq wPwýZ Kiv hvq| Z‡e Dcb¨v‡m NUbv ev I Pwi‡Îi f‚wgKvB gyL¨|

NUbvcÖavb Dcb¨vm‡K cÖavbZ cvuPwU †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq :

1. mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm2. HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm3. †cŠivwYK Dcb¨vm4. AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm5. AvÍRxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm

1. mvgvwRK Dcb¨vmmgvR-Rxe‡bi NUbv wb‡q iwPZ Dcb¨vm‡K e‡j mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm| gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe Avevi e¨w³I e‡U|Zvi mvgvwRK wµqvKg©‡K cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq mvgvwRK Dcb¨v‡m| cwievi, †`k, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, BwZnvm, ag©,`k©b cÖf…wZ mgvR Rxe‡bi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z| mvgvwRK Dcb¨v‡m G mKj welq cÖvavb¨ cvq| ew¼gP› ªP‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔK…òKv‡š—i DBjÕ I Ôwele„¶Õ, iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô‡hvMv‡hvMÕ, kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qiÔcjxmgvRÕ, ey×‡è emyi ÔwZw_‡WviÕ, ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i ÔjvjmvjyÕ mvgvwRK Dcb¨v‡mi „óvš—|

2. HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vmBwZnv‡mi NUbv I PwiÎ wb‡q iwPZ Dcb¨vm‡K ejv nq HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm| BwZnvm MÖ‡š’i m‡½ Gi cv_©K¨n‡jv BwZnv‡m †Kej msNwUZ NUbvi weeiY I g~j¨vqb _v‡K Avi HwZnvwmK Dcb¨v‡m BwZnv‡mi NUbv I PwiÎAej¤b K‡i Jcb¨vwmK Zvui Rxeb‡eva‡K cÖKvk K‡ib| Z‡e Kíbvi we —v‡ii †¶‡Î Jcb¨vwmK‡K mZK©_vK‡Z nq hv‡Z BwZnv‡mi weK…wZ bv N‡U| RvZxq BwZnv‡mi †MŠie, Rq-civRq, Avb›`-‡e`bv, HwZ‡nï

•Drm bZzb Zvrch© wb‡q HwZnvwmK Dcb¨v‡m Dc ’vwcZ nq| wjI Zj¯ ‡qi ÔIqvi GÊ cxmÕ, ew¼gP› ªP‡Ævcva¨v‡qi ÔivRwmsnÕ HwZnvwmK Dcb¨v‡mi „óvš—|

3. †cŠivwYK Dcb¨vmcyiv‡Yi welqe¯‘ Aej¤^b K‡i iwPZ Dcb¨vm‡K †cŠivwYK Dcb¨vm e‡j| cÖvPxb Kv‡ji gvby‡li ag©, wek¦vm Gesms¯‹vi‡KB Avgiv cyivY-e‡j Rvwb| cÖvPxb gvby‡li Rxe‡b cyiv‡Yi cÖfve wQj Acwimxg| AvaywbK Jcb¨vwmKcyivY Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡ib wb‡Ri †`k, mgvR I Kv‡ji cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z| m‡Zï †m‡bi ÔAwfkß

•bMixÕ †cŠivwYK Dcb¨v‡mi `„óš |

4. AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm†h Dcb¨v‡m we‡kl †Kvb AÂ‡ji †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡k gvby‡li b„ZvwË¡K cwiPq, ms¯‹…wZi êwkó¨ Ges Rxeb

•hvc‡bi ¯vZš ¨-iƒc cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡KB e‡j AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm| †kªô AvÂwjK Dcb¨vm we‡kl AÂ‡ji Kvwnbxn‡qI gvbweK ¸Yvejx cÖKv‡k me©RbxbZv jvf K‡i| wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi ÔAviY¨KÕ, Zvivk¼ie‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ônvumyjx euv‡Ki DcK_vÕ, A‰ØZ gjeg©‡Yi ÔwZZvm GKwU b`xi bvgÕ mv_©K AvÂwjK Dcb¨v‡mi

•`„óvš |

5. AvÍRxebxg~jK Dcb¨vmMVb‡KŠk‡ji w`K †_‡K AvÍRxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm Kvwnbx cÖavb bq, PwiÎcÖavb| wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi NUbv‡K hLbwe‡kl mgvR I †`k Kv‡ji cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Jcb¨vwmK Dc ’vcb K‡ib ZLb Rb¥ †bq AvÍRxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm|Gw`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j cÖwZwU gnr Dcb¨v‡mB Jcb¨vwm‡Ki e¨w³-Rxeb I e¨w³wPš—vi cÖwZdjb N‡U|wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Ôc‡_i cuPvjxÕ†K Avgiv AvÍRxebxg~jK mvgvwRK Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡Zcvwi|

GmGmGBPGj


GQvovI MVb‡KŠkj I Rxebweb¨v‡mi wfbœ wfbœ êwk‡óï Av‡jv‡K Dcb¨vm Av‡iv wewPÎ †kªYxi n‡Z cv‡i|†hgb K. Kveäg©x Dcb¨vm L. ågY Dcb¨vm M. c‡Îvcb¨vm N. gb —vwË¡K Dcb¨vm O. †PZbvcÖevnixwZi Dcb¨vmP. inm¨ Dcb¨vm Q. cÖZxKx Dcb¨vm R. gnvKvwe¨K Dcb¨vm BZ¨vw`|Rxebweb¨v‡mi êwkóï w`K †_‡K iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ Kveäg©x Dcb¨v‡mi ch©v‡q c‡o| GDcb¨vm‡K fvebvcÖavb Dcb¨vmI (Novel of thought) ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Dcb¨v‡mi BwZnvmBD‡iv‡c we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Dcb¨vm-hy‡Mi m~Pbv `vwb‡qj wW‡dvÕi Ô iwebmb µz‡kvÕi (1719) Kvj†_‡K | AwaKvsk mgv‡jvP‡Ki g‡Z Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Dcb¨vm m¨vgy‡qj wiPvW©m‡bi Ôcv‡gjvÕ (1740)|Ôiwebmb µz‡kvÕ g~jZ ågYKvwnbx Avi Ôcv‡gjvÕ e¨w³Rxe‡bi m‡½ cwievi I mgv‡Ri cwiPq Dc¯’vwcZn‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g hy‡Mi K‡qKRb Jcb¨vwmK n‡jb †nbwi wdj&wWs (1707-1754), m¨vgy‡qjwiPvW©mb (1689-1761) Ges Iqvëvi ¯‹U (1781-1832)| Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z mgMÖ BD‡iv‡c I Av‡gwiKvqDcb¨v‡mi e¨vcK we —vi N‡U| RR© GwjqU (1819-1880), Pvj©m wW‡Kb&m (1822-1870), †nbwi †Rgm

•(1843-1916) Dcb¨v‡mi cÖ_g hy‡Mi K‡qKRb †kªô Jcb¨vwmK| i“k mvwn‡Zï wjI Zj¯ ‡qi bvgI GcÖm‡½ ¯§iY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|Bs‡iR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g hy‡Mi K‡qKwU †kªô Dcb¨vm n‡jv †nbwi wdj&wWs-Gi ÔUg †Rvbm&Õ, †Rb A‡÷‡bi ÔcÖvBWGÊ †cÖRywWmÕ, Pvj©m wW‡Kbm&-Gi Ô†WwfW KcviwdìÕ Ges Ggwj eªw›Ui ÔDB`vwis nvBUm&Õ| divwm mvwn‡Z¨

€• •¸¯ vr K¬‡eqv‡ii Ôgv vg †evfvwiÕ, i k mvwn‡Z¨ wdIì `¯—‡qfw¯‹i Ôw eªv`vm© Kvigv‡RvfÕ, wjI Zj¯ ‡qiÔIqvi GÊ cxmÕ Ges ÔAvbv Kv‡iwbbvÕ, Av‡gwiKvb mvwn‡Z¨ †nbwi †Rgm-Gi Ôw` †cv‡U©U Ae G †jwWÕ c„w_exi†kªô Dcb¨v‡mi `„óvš—|wek kZvãx‡Z Dcb¨v‡mi welq I MVb-‡KŠkj wb‡q wewPÎ cix¶v-wbix¶v j¶¨ Kiv hvq| mgvi-†mU gg,wW.GBP. j‡iÝ, fvwR©wbqv Djd, †Rgm R‡qm, R¨vu cj mv‡Z©, m¨vgy‡qj †e‡KU cÖgyL Jcb¨vwmK bZzb bZzbavivq Dcb¨vm m„wó K‡i‡Qb| gvby‡li Rxeb-hvcb, a¨vb-aviYv I „wófw½i cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ Dcb¨v‡miwelhe¯‘i †hgb cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q, †Zgwb Dc¯’vcb fw½‡ZI bZzb bZzb ixwZ cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|

evsjv Dcb¨vmAvaywbK Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖfv‡e Ebwesk kZvãxi wØZxqv‡a© evsjv Dcb¨vm iPbvi m~ÎcvZ| 1858 wLª÷v‡ãcÖKvwkZ c¨vixPvu` wg‡Îi ÔAvjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvjÕ evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Dcb¨vm| ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qiÔ`y‡M©kbw›`bxÕ (1865) cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm| Gici ew¼gP›`ª ÔKcvjKzÊjvÕ (1866), Ôwele„¶Õ (1873),ÔP›`ª‡kLiÕ (1875), ÔK…òKv‡š—i DBjÕ (1878), ÔivRwmsnÕ (1882) cÖf…wZ Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡i evsjv mvwnZ¨‡KêwPÎ¨ I mg„w× `vb K‡ib| ew¼gP‡›`ªi mgKv‡j Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡i L¨vwZ jvf K‡ib gxi gkviid †nv‡mb|Zvui Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕ (1885-Õ91) evsjv mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg †kªô Dcb¨vm|iex› ªbv‡_i mvabvq evsjv mvwn‡Zï wewfbœ kvLvi g‡Zv Dcb¨vmI mg„× n‡q‡Q| NUbv,MVb-‡KŠkj, Rxeb`k©bI fvlvi Hk¦‡h© iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖwZwU Dcb¨vmB wewkó| Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ (1903) Ô†MvivÕ (1910),ÔPZzi½Õ (1916),ÔN‡i evB‡iÕ (1916), Ô†hvMv‡hvMÕ (1929), Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ (1929), ÔPvi Aa¨vqÕ (1930) iex›`ªbv‡_i †kªôDcb¨vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|iex› ª-cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Jcb¨vwmK kirP› ª P‡Ævcva¨vq| Zuvi Dcb¨vm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ÔP›`ªbv_Õ (1916), cjxmgvRÕ (1916), ÔkªxKvš—Õ (1917-33),ÔPwiÎnxbÕ (1917), Ô†è`vmÕ (1917), ÔM„n`vnÕ(1920), Ô†`bvcvIbvÕ (1923), Ôc‡_i `vexÕ (1926) cÖf…wZ D‡jL‡hvM¨|iex›`ªbv_ I kirP‡›`ªi ci evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi êwPÎ¨ eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| welqe¯‘, MVb‡KŠkj, Rxeb‡K †`LvGes †`Lv‡bvi fw½ cÖf…wZ w`K †_‡K G mg‡qi cÖZ¨K Jcb¨vwmKB wewkó| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨ n‡jb :b‡ikP› ª †mb¸ß (1882-1964), RM`xk ¸ß (1866-1956), wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1894-1950),

•Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1898-1971), AwPš ¨Kzgvi †mb¸ß (1903-1976), †cÖ‡g› ª wgÎ (1904-1988),gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (1908-1956), ey×‡è emy (1908-1988), ˆkjRvb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1899-1979),



cÖ‡evaKzgvi mvb¨vj (1905-1983), mZxbv_ fv yox (1906-1965), my‡eva †Nvl (1909-80) KgjKzgvigRyg`vi (1915-1979) m‡š—vlKzgvi †Nvl (1920-1985) Ges mg‡ik emy (1924-1988)|

evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨vmA_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨vm KjKvZv‡Kw› ªK evsjv Dcb¨v‡mimnPi n‡qI ¯Zš¿ avivq weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| Gi KviY evsjv‡`‡ki b`xgvZ…K, K…wlwbf©i Rxeb Ges wkí-i“wPI `„wófw½i cv_©K¨| 1947 wLª÷v‡ã †`k wefv‡Mi mgq evsjv‡`k cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi Aš—©fz³ nq| 1971 wLª÷v‡ã

•bq gv‡mi i³¶qx hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯vaxb ivóª evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`q N‡U| Z‡e GB AÂ‡ji Rb‡Mvwôi ¯ZšRxebavivi g‡Zv Dcb¨v‡mi †¶‡ÎI wewkóZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq| GB avivi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm †gvnv¤§` bwReiingv‡bi (1860-1923) ÔAv‡bvqvivÕ (1914)| KvRx Avãyj I`y‡ì Ôb`xe‡¶Õ (1919), †eMg †iv‡KqviÔAe‡ivaevwmbxÕ (1928), KvRx Bg`v`yj n‡Ki ÔAvãyjvnÕ (1933), ûgvqyb Kwe‡ii Ôb`x I bvixÕ (1945)evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi cUfzwg m„wó‡Z ¸i”Z¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|evsjv‡`‡k iwPZ Dcb¨vm welqe ‘ I MVb-‡KŠk‡ji bZzb bZzb cix¶vi ga¨ w`‡q weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| cÖavbZMÖvgxY K…wlRxeb, bvMwiK ga¨weË Rxeb, AvÂwjK Dcv`vb mg„× Rxeb evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi cÖavb welq|GQvov †`‡ki gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjbmg~n evsjv‡`‡ki Dcb¨v‡mi Kvwnbx iƒ‡c M„nxZ n‡”Q| we‡klZ fvlvAv‡›`vjb I Avgv‡ì gnvb gyw³hy× wKQy Dcb¨v‡m welq iƒ‡c M„nxZ nIqvq RvZxq †MŠi‡ei ¯§viK wn‡m‡e †m-me Dcb¨vm Avgv‡ì mvwn‡Zï AnsKvi|evsjv‡`‡ki Jcb¨vwmK‡ì g‡a¨ hvuiv K…wZZ¡ AR©b K‡i‡Qb Zvu‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨ n‡jb: Aveyj gbmyiAvn‡g` (1897-1997), Aveyj dRj (1903-1983), m‡Z¨b †mb (1907-1981), KvRx Avdmvi DwÏb(1921 ), Avey Rvdi kvgmywÏb (1911-1988), kIKZ Imgvb (1921 1998 ), Avey i“k` (1919 ), ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& (1922-1971), Ave yi iv¾vK (1926-1981), mi`vi R‡qb D & xb (1923-1986) ,ikx` Kwig (1925 ), kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg (1926 ), Avey BmnvK 1926 ), A‰ØZ gjeg©Y(1914-1951), wgiRv Ave yj nvB (1919-1984), knx yjv Kvqmvi (1927-1971),AvjvDÏxb Avj AvRv`(1932 ), Rwni ivqnvb (1933-1972), ˆmq` kvgmyj nK (1935 ), kIKZ Avjx (1936 ),ûgvqyb Kvwì (1935-1977), Avey eKi wmwÏK (1936 ), wiwRqv ingvb (1943 ), gvngy`yj nK(1940 ), ivnvZ Lvb (1940 ), ikx` nvq`vi (1941 ), AvLZvi“¾vgvb Bwjqvm (1943-1997),†mwjbv †nv‡mb (1947 ), ûgvqb Avn‡g` (1948 ), Kv‡qm Avn‡g` (1948-1992), myKvš—P‡Ævcva¨vq, nwic` `Ë, Bg`v`yj nK wgjb (1954 ), gCbyj Avnmvb mv‡ei (1958 )|

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evsjvá`áki bvUKAb®vb® mvwnZ®-AvwΩáKi gáZv evsjvá`áki bvUáKiI ØZöê hvŒvc_ wPw Z nq 1921 wL™˜vá„ XvKvwek¶we`®vjq c÷wZÙvi ga® w`áq| G-fÇLáÊi ØZöê RxebiÄwP, ÑwÛfwΩ I ÜPZbv-iÉcvqáY Ü`kwefvM-c~e©KvjÜ_áKB huviv bvUK iPbvq gábvwbáek Káib, Zuváì gáa® kvnv`vr Ünvámb (1893-195) Be™vnxg Luv (1894-1979), AvKeiDœxb (1895-1978), Aveyj dRj (1903-1983), kIKZ Imgvb (1918-1998) c÷gyLDáj≠LáhvM®| Guáì nváZB evsjvá`áki bvUáKi ØZöê wfwÀ àZwi nq|1947-Gi Ü`kwefváMi ci huviv bvUK iPbvq gábvwbáek Káib Zuváì gáa® bÅiÄj Ügvágb (1908-1989),àmq` IqvjxDj≠vn& (1922-1971), gybxi ÜPäayix (1925-1971), AvmKvi Beáb mvBL (Rb•-1925)Dáj≠LáhvM®| byiÄj Ügvágábi ‘Übágwmm’ (1948) I ‘bqvLvõ`vb’ (1962), àmq` IqvjxDj≠vn&i ‘ewncxi’(1960) I ‘ZiΩfΩ’ (1964); gybxi ÜPäayixi ‘i≥v≥ c÷vöèi’ (1962), ‘wewa’ (1966), I ‘Kei’ (1966)evsjv bvU®mvwnáZ®i Ü∂áŒ KvjRqx msáhvRb wnámáe wewkÛ| GQvov RmxgD``xb, AvwRgDœxb Avng`, ivwRqvLvb, Ave yj nK, àmq` gKmy` Avjx, diiÄL Avng`, Avwbm ÜPäayix, AvjvDwœb Avj AvRv`, ggZvRDwœbAvng` welqeØë I AvwΩK-wbix∂vi evsjvá`áki bvUKáK e˚∏áY mgÑ◊ KáiáQb|ØvaxbZv-DÀiKváj (1971-1999) cix∂v-wbix∂vi w`K Ü_áK bvUK Üh mvdj® AR©b KáiáQ, ∏Y I gvbwePváiZv Ab®vb® mvwnZ®-kvLv∏ájváK Qvwoáq hváe| Ø^vaxbZvi Ae®ewnZ-cÅáe© huviv bvUK iPbv Ôi Káib, ØvaxbZvici Zuváì nváZB evsjvá`áki bvUK mgÑw◊ jvf Kái| bvUáKi welqfvebv c≠Uweb®vm Ges PwiŒwPŒáYi Ü∂áŒGB me bvU®KviMY bZzb ÑwÛfwΩ c÷áqvM Káib| ggZvRDwœb Avng` Ges mvC` Avng` G-Ü∂áŒ ØßiYxq



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DÀigvjv: 1. L 2. N 3. L

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mvwnZ¨ RM‡Zi cÖavb wkíiƒc n‡”QKweZv| gvbyl Zvi †PZbvi D‡b¥lKvj †_‡KB Kíbvkw³ I fvlvi mvnv‡h¨KweZv iPbvi ¶gZv AR©b K‡iwQj| evsjv fvlvi Avw` wb`k©b Phv©c` KweZvq iwPZ| Kv‡ji avivq evsjvKweZv weKwkZ n‡q‡Q gvbegb, mgvRRxeb I cÖK…wZi iƒcim Aej¤^b K‡i; cÖvPxb I ga¨hyM AwZµg K‡ieZ©gvb mgq ch©š— Gi wewPÎ aviv cÖmvwiZ| Dwbk kZ‡K Jcwb‡ewkK Rxeb-cÖwZ‡e‡k m~wPZ nq cvðvZ¨mvwnZ¨v`‡k©i Aby‡cÖiYv-F× GKwU AvaywbK aviv, Z‡e ¯^‡`‡ki Rxeb I wbmM©B wQj GB KweZvi fve Iiƒc‰ewP‡Îï g~j Dcv`vb|

BDwbU-2 G Avcwb KweZvi GB AvaywbK avivi µgweewZ©Z iƒ‡ci m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡eb, welqe¯‘ I Kve¨‰kjxiêwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb| GLv‡b evsjv KweZvi cvuPRb cÖavb Kwei cuvPwU wewkó KweZv wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q,hv Dwbk I wek kZ‡Ki aviv-wb‡ ©kK| wb‡b¥v³ web¨vmµ‡g KweZvmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

® cvV-1. e½fvlv® cvV-2. ejvKv® cvV-3. evZvqb cv‡k ¸evK-Zi€i mvwi® cvV-4. ebjZv †mb® cvV-5. Agi GKz‡k

2



e½fvlvgvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë

(1824-1873)

D‡Ïk¨GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwbu KweZvwUi welqe ‘ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u KweZvq AjsKvi, Q›` I fvlv wKfv‡e eëüZ nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u KweZvwUi Kve¨g~j¨ KZUzKz, Zv we‡klY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†jLK-cwiwPwZgvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë [1824-1873] evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AvaywbK avivi cÖeZ©K| AmvaviY †gav, myMfxi cvwÊZ¨ IcÖwZfv wb‡q wZwb KweZvi ga¨hyMxq cÖ_ve× iƒcixwZ †f‡O AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡ib| evsjv bvU¨mvwn‡ZÏi‡q‡Q Zuvi Uª vwRwW I cÖnmb iPbvi Amvgvb¨ K…wZZ¡| wZwb h‡kvni †Rjvi K‡cvZv¶ b‡ì Zx‡ii mvMi`vuwoMÖv‡g 1824 wLªóv‡ã 28 Rvbyqvwi Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv ivRbvivqY `Ë I gvZv Rvýex †èx| ivRbvivqY `ËwQ‡jb mdj DwKj, DbœwZkxj weËevb ga¨weË| evj¨Kv‡j gaym~ b cvwievwiK †ønggZv I cÖvPz‡h©i g‡a¨cÖwZcvwjZ nb| cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vi cvkvcvwk wZwb gv‡qi Kv‡Q cvV K‡ib K…wËev‡mi ivgvqY, Kvkxivg `v‡mignvfviZ, PÊxg½j, Abœ`vg½j cÖf…wZ evsjv Kve¨| Gi d‡j †`kR mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© Zvui cwiwPwZ N‡U,cieZx©Kv‡j GB cwiPqB Zuvi m„wókxj iPbv‡K K‡i †Zv‡j ¯^‡`‡ki gg©g~‡j †cÖvw_Z Ges HwZn¨jMœ|

Zvui wk¶vRxeb AwZevwnZ nq Dcwb‡ek-KjKvZvi eY©vX¨ bMi cÖwZ‡e‡k| ZrKvjxb e½xq †i‡bmvu‡mi cxV ’vbKjKvZvi wPš—v‡PZbvi Av‡jvK, cvðvZ¨ wk¶v-mvwn‡Zï ms¯úk© I wejvm-êfe Zvui wPË‡K K‡i cÖfvweZ|MÖxK, j¨vwUb, wneª“, Bs‡iwR, divwm, Rvg©vb cÖf…wZ cÖvq †Zi †PŠÏwU fvlv AvqË K‡i gaym~`b n‡q I‡Vb cvwÊZÏ imÁv‡b cÖvYeš—| cÖ_‡g Bs‡iwR fvlvq KveïPbvi cÖqvm wQj, Bsj¨v‡Ê wM‡q Bs‡iwR fvlvi eo Kwe nIqvievmbvq wZwb wLªóvb ag©I MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui Bs‡iwR fvlvq Kve¨PP©vi wb`k©b Captive Ladie, Visions of thePast cÖf…wZ [1848-49]| wKš‘ 1858-62 mgqc‡e© gaym~`b evsjv fvlvq iPbv K‡ib Zvui weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ IbvUKmg~n| 1865 wLªóv‡ã d«v‡Ýi cÖevmRxe‡b m„wó K‡ib ÔPZz ©kc`x KweZvejxÕ| Zvui weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’n‡”QwZ‡jvËgvm¤¢e Kve¨ [1860], †gNbvèa Kve¨ [1861], eªRv½bv Kve¨ [1860], exiv½bvKve¨ [1861] BZ¨vw`Ges bvUKmg~n kwg©ôv [1859], G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv, ey‡ov kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †ivu [cÖnmb RvZxq iPbv 1959],cÙveZx [1960], K…òKzgvix [1961], gvqvKvbb BZ¨vw`| gnvKv‡eï K¬¨vwmKixwZ, AwgÎv¶i Q›`, m‡bU,Uª¨v‡RwW, cÖnmb BZ¨vw` wewPÎ Avw½K cÖeZ©‡b gaym~`b hyMÜi-cÖwZfv, Gme †¶‡Î wZwb cw_K…s|

wewPÎ Rxebhvcb I wech©‡qi g‡a¨ AwZevwnZ n‡q‡Q Zvui RxebKvj| ag©vš—‡ii d‡j wcZv Zvu‡K cwiZ¨vMK‡ib| gaym~`b cÖ_‡g GK Bs‡iR bxjK‡ii Kb¨v †i‡eKv g¨vKUvwfm‡K weevn K‡ib| cieZx© mg‡q Gwgwjqv†nbwiGUv †mvwdqv bv‡gi divwm hyeZx‡K cZœx wn‡m‡e eiY K‡ib| gv ªv‡R Ae ’vbKv‡jB [ 1848-1856]wk¶K, mvsevw`K I Kwe wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| cieZx©Kv‡j Bsj¨vÊ †_‡K e¨vwi÷vix cvk K‡iKjKvZv nvB‡Kv‡U© †hvM`vb K‡ib, wKš‘ A_©-DcvR©‡b Lye mdj nbwb| Av‡qi †P‡q e¨q †ewk nIqvi d‡j wZwbcwievimn `y‡fv©‡Mi m¤§yLxb nb| Rxe‡bi †kl cÖv‡š— iPbv K‡ib †n±iea Kve¨ [1871]; fMœ¯^v¯’¨, †ivMvµvš—gaym~ ‡bi †klRxeb wQj ytmn I yf©vM¨RbK| 1873 wLªóv‡ã 29 Ryb wZwb ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| EbweskkZvãxi GB wewPÎ cÖwZfv I cÖ_g AvaywbK Kwei c~Yv©½ Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Avcbviv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb †hvMx› ªbv_ emyiwPZ ÔgvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi RxebPwiZÕ, Ges my‡ikP›`ª ˆgÎ cÖYxZ ÔgvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, ÔRxeb I mvwnZ¨ÕMª‡š’|

cvV-1

GmGmGBPGj


cvV- cwiwPwZgaym~`b `Ë iwPZ Ôe½fvlvÕ KweZvwU ÔPZzÏ©kc`x-KweZvejxÕ MÖš’ †_‡K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| d«v‡Ýi fvm©vB bM‡iAe¯’vbKv‡j 1865 wLªóv‡ã wZwb m‡bU iPbvq eªZx nb, GB iPbvmg~n ÔPZzÏ©kc`x-KweZvejxÕ MÖ‡š’ msKwjZn‡q 1866 wLªóv‡ã cÖKvwkZ nq| Z‡e Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU cÖ_‡g 1860 wLªóv‡ãi †mÞ¤î-A‡±vei gv‡m ÔKwe-gvZ…fvlvÕ bv‡g wjwLZ n‡qwQj, GwU cyYwj©wLZ n‡q Ôe½fvlvÕ bv‡g D³ MÖš’fz³ nq|

g~jcvV†n e½, fvÊv‡i Ze wewea iZb;-Zv m‡e, (A‡eva Avwg!) Ae‡njv Kwi,ci-ab †jv‡f gË, Kwiby fªgYci‡`‡k, wf¶ve„wË Kz¶‡Y AvPwi|KvUvBby eûw`b myL cwinwi!Awb ªvq, wbivnv‡i muwc Kvq, gbt,gwRby wedj Z‡c Ae‡i‡Y¨ ewi;-†Kwjby ˆkev‡j; fzwj Kgj-Kvbb!¯^‡cœ Ze Kzjj¶x K‡q w`jv c‡i-ÔÔI‡i evQv gvZ…-‡Kv‡l iZ‡bi ivwR,G wfLvwi-`kv Z‡e †Kb †Zvi AvwR?hv wdwi, AÁvb ZzB, hv †i wdwi N‡i|ÕÕcvwjjvg AvÁv my‡L; cvBjvg Kv‡jgvZ…-fvlv-iƒ‡c Lwb, c~Y© gwYRv‡j\

®®

e¯‘ms‡¶cevsjv fvlvi mvwnZ¨fvÊvi wewPÎ m¤ú‡` cwic~Y©, wKš‘ Kwe †mme êfe‡K Ae‡njv K‡i wb‡e©v‡ai gZ c‡iim¤ú` Avni‡Y cÖe„Ë n‡qwQ‡jb; A_©vr cvðvZ¨ mvwnZ¨PP©vi RM‡Z cwiåg‡Yi wf¶ve„wË MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| G wQjKwei Rxe‡bi GK Abwf‡cÖZ mgq, wedj mvabvq gMœ _vKvi gixwPKv gvÎ| KviY cifvlvq eo Kwe nIqvicÖqvm e¨_©ZvB e‡q Av‡b| cÙe‡bi †mŠ›`h© I êwPÎ¨ cwiZ¨vM K‡i wZwb k¨vIjv wb‡q µxovgË n‡qwQ‡jb|

wKš‘ gvZ…fvlvi AwaôvÎx †èx ¯^cœv‡`‡k Kwei †PZbv RvMÖZ K‡ib, A_©vr Kve¨PP©vi †cÖiYv Abyfe K‡i wZwbevsjvfvlvq cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| GB fvlv Kwei gvZ…fvlv ARmª gwYgvwY‡K¨ cwic~Y©, AZGe cifvlvi Øv‡iwf¶v cÖv_©bvi †Kvb hyw³ †bB| Kve¨j²xi AvnŸv‡b Kwe myLvbyf‡e I AvÍgh©v`vq F× n‡q gvZ…fvlvq Lyu‡R cvbAbš— iZœm¤ú‡ì AvKi Ges evsjv mvwnZ¨‡K wbR cÖwZfvi ¯ú‡k© mg„× K‡ib|



cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbàbe©®w≥K c÷kúmwVK DÀáii cvák (√) wUK wP˝ w`b|1. ‘KÖÚKzgvix’ iPbv Káib-K. gvBáKj gaym~ b `ÀL. ewºgPõ`™ Pá∆vcva®vqM. Ck¶iPõ`™ ∏flN. wÿáRõ`™bv_ VvKzi|2. ‘kwg©Ùv’ wK?K. Dcb®vm L. ÜQvUMÌ M. bvUK N. c÷nmb RvZxq iPbv3. mwVK DÀiwU wjLyb|K. ‘eΩfvlv’ KweZvwU gvŒveÑÀ Qáõ` iwPZL. ‘eΩfvlv’ KweZvwU ØîeÑÀ Qáõ` iwPZM. ‘eΩfvlv’ KweZvwU A∂ieÑÀ Qáõ` iwPZDÀigvjv: 1. K 2. M 3. Mmsw∂fl-DÀig~jK c÷kú1. ‘ci-ab Üjváf gÀ’ ejáZ Kwe wK eywSáqáQb?DÀi : ‘eΩfvlv’ KweZvi D◊ÖZ evK®vsák ciab A_©vr BsáiwR mvwnZ®-Dcv`vábi K_v ejv náqáQ| gaymÅ ábiAvKvç∂v wQj BsáiwR fvlvq eo Kwe náeb, Zuvi mvwnZ® mvabvi Avi§¢I nq BsáiwR fvlváZB|Dwbk kZáK JcwbáewkK fviZeál© BsáiwR fvlv I mvwnZ® wQj evOvwj wkw∂Z ga®weÀ ZiÄYáì KváQ Aviva®|KjKvZvi be®wkw∂Z hyeKáì wPöváPZbvq BsáiR mf®Zv-msØãÖwZi Üh c÷ej c÷fve cáowQj ZváZ àZwináqwQj GK civbyKvix A_P AvájvwKZ hyemgvR, BwZnvám hviv Bqs ÜeΩj bvág AwfwnZ| gvZÖfvlvi c÷wZGáì wQj Aeánjv| Kwe wbáRI BsáiwR KweZv iPbvi Âvöè c_vbymvix náqwQájb|2. ‘eΩfvlv’ ÜKvb RvZxq KweZv?DÀi : ‘eΩfvlv’ evsjv mvwnáZ®i c÷_g mábU RvZxq KweZv| Kwe gaym~ b Gi c÷eZ©K| mábU iwPZ nq ÜPäœcsw≥áZ, AvU I Qq csw≥i wefvRáb fvebveØëi c™Øèvebv I m§û÷mviY NáU GKwU mywbw ©Û ixwZáZ| AvUcsw≥áK ejv nq AÛK (Octave) Ges Qq csw≥i bvg lÛK (Sestet)| mábáU c÷avbZ ywU ixwZ AbymÑZ náq_váKÜcŒvKx©q I Ük∑cxqixq| eΩfvlvq MÑnxZ náqáQ Dfq ixwZi wgk™Y| c÷_g Pvi I Ükl `yB csw≥Ük∑cxqixq ixwZáZ, c¬g Ü_áK AÛg PiY ch©ö AwbqwgZ Ük∑cxqixq ixwZáZ Ges beg Ü_áK ÿv`k PiYch©ö ÜcŒvKx©q MVáb web®Øè náqáQ| AvájvP® KweZvi AÛáK ewY©Z náqáQ gvZÖfvlváK Dác∂v Kivigábváe`bv, lÛáK e®≥ náqáQ Kve®ác÷iYvi mwVK wbá`©kbv jvf, Øfvlvq mvwnZ®PP©vi Üc÷iYv I wmw◊jváfic÷mΩ|3. ‘eΩfvlv’i Qõ` wK ?DÀi : ‘eΩfvlv’ KweZvwU A∂ieÑÀ Qáõ` iwPZ| Avcbviv wbqB BDwbU- 1 G KweZvi Qõ` weláq cwiwPZnáqáQb| A∂ieÑÀ, gvŒveÑÀ I ØîeÑÀ GB wZbwU QõìÉáci gáa® A∂ieÑÀ c÷avb Qõ`| M§¢xi fve, IRØ^x k„I axijq m§wjZ GB Qõ`wUi weKvk I àewPŒ® evsjv Kve®RMáZi weákl m§˙`| GLváb c÷wZ PiáY 14 gvŒvi`ywU ce© iáqáQ, c÷_g cáe© 8 gvŒv Ges wÿZxq cáe© 6 gvŒv| ÜhánZz GwU mábU, ZvB Gi Aöèwgj nj KLKL, LK LK, MN NM,OO|Drm I c÷mΩ wbá`©k Kái e®vL®v wjLyb1. ÜKwjby àkeváj, fzwj Kgj-Kvbb ?DÀi : AvájvP® PiYwU gvBáKj gaym~`b `À iwPZ ‘eΩfvlv’ bvgK mábU Ü_áK MÑnxZ náqáQ| GLváb Kweâkevj I cŸKvbábi máΩ BsáiwR I evsjv fvlváK DcgvwqZ KáiáQb|

GmGmGBPGj


evsjv fvlvi Hk¶h© I kw≥ Aeánjv Kái Kwe BsáiwR fvlvq Kve®PP©vq e™Zx náqwQájb| Zvui c÷Z®vkv wQj wZwb Hfvlvq eo Kwe náeb| wKöë GUv wQj e®_© c÷qvm, ciaábi c÷wZ Üjvf wf∂veÑwÀZzj®| Kwei GB gvbwmKZvÂgvÕK I M≠vwbgq| Üh wbR gvZÖfvlváK Dác∂v Kái wbáRi mÑwÛ∂gZváK Ab®fvlvq c÷Kvák wbáqvwRZ _váK, ÜmAek®B e®_© náZ eva®| ÜKbbv wbR fvlv ARm™ m§ûá` cwic~Y©, weáklZ evsjvfvlvi HwZn®, k„m§˙` IQõìxwZ Abb®| wKöë JcwbáewkK wk∂v I AvÕ¡vábi AfveekZ wZwb BsáiwRáKB Ük™q¡vb KáiwQájb; A_PBsáiwR fvlv àkeváji gZ cyÆûnxb, wecixáZ evsjvfvlvq mÑÛ Kve®wb`k©bmg~n Ühb cŸeábi Ükvfv| Kwe GBÜkvfv weØßÑZ náq k®vIjv wbáq ÜLjv KáiáQb|Kwei Mfxi AvÕM≠vwb I gvZÖfvlvi Ük™ÙZ° m§˙áK© aviYv D≥ Kve®vsák iÉcvwqZ náqáQ| e≥e® DcØívcáb Kwec÷KÖwZRMáZi àkevj I cŸeábi c÷wZZzjbv e®envi KáiáQb|

2. gvZÖfvlv-iÉc Lwb, cÅY© gwYRváj|DÀi : [msáKZ] DcwiD≥ c◊wZáZ e®vL®vwU wbáR c÷ØëZ KiÄb| GLváb evsjv fvlvi Kve®m§ûáì K_v ejv náqáQ| cÅY©gwYRváj A_©vr wewPŒ KweZvMváb evsjv mvwnZ®Lwb cwic~Y©| gaymÅ ábi c~e©eZx©Kváj iwPZ Kve®m§ûáì c÷mΩBGLváb DÃvwcZ; Ühgb, KweKºábi PÊxgΩj, fviZPáõ`™i Abú vgΩj, Kvkxivg `vámi gnvfviZ, KÖwÀevámiivgvqY c÷fÖwZ|

iPbvg~jK c÷kú1. ‘‘eΩfvlv’’ KweZv Kwe gaymÅ ábi AvÕ AvweÆãváii wkÌfvl® göèe®wU AvájvPbv KiÄb|2. mábU wnámáe ‘eΩfvlv’ KweZvi ØîÉc I mv_ ©KZv wbiÉcY KiÄb|3. ‘eΩfvlv’ KweZvi fveeØë I wkÌg~j® weáePbv KiÄb|

1 bs iPbvg~jK c÷ákúi DÀi:‘eΩfvlv’ KweZvq c÷KvwkZ náqáQ gvZÖfvlvi gwngvwöZ ÜMäiáei c÷wZ Kwei myMfxi ¸`qváeM| GáZ e®≥náqáQ Kwei AvÕRxeábi Âvwöè, KweZv iPbvi mwVK w`Kwbá`©kbvi Z_® Ges evsjv fvlvi Hk¶h©gwÊZ iÉácifvewPŒ|AvaywbK evsjv KweZvi m~PbvjáMú gaym~`b AwgŒv∂i QõìxwZ I e®w≥gvbyáli Aöèáe© bv c÷Kvák gábváhvMxwQájb | mábU iÉcKáÌi ÜcŒvKx©q-Ük∑cxqixq ixwZi mw§ßjb NwUáq wZwb iPbv Káib AvájvP® KweZvwU|e˚fvlvwe` gaymÅ ábi c÷Z®vkv wQj BsáiwR fvlvq Kve®PP©v Kái hkØx náeb| wKöë GB cöív wf∂veÑwÀ ev Aáb®im§˙` niáYi gZB bxPKvR, GáZ c÷KÖZ myL I AvÕgh©v`v _áK bv| Ab® fvlvq Kve®PP©vi c÷qvm náq IáVKÖwŒgZvi bvgvöèi, hv GK mgq KweáK Kái wedjZvq höêYvwe◊ Ges e®_©| Kwe GáK AwfwnZ KáiáQb cŸeábicwieáZ© àkevj wbáq gMú náq _vKvi A_©nxb wµqv wnámáe| DéPvwfjvál ÜgvnM÷Øè Kwe AvÕM≠vwbáZ cxwoZ náqØfvlvq c÷Z®veZ©b Káib I wbáRi mgM÷ Rxebavivi cwieZ©b NUvb| KweZv iPbvi Aöèác™©iYvB ZuváK GB máZ®ic_ Ü`Lvq| gvZÖfvlvi Máf©B iáqáQ Zuvi c÷wZfvi ÜhvM® Ü∂Œ I KweZv mÑwÛi Drm-Dcv`vb| gvbyáli c÷KÖZØîÉc gvZÖfvlváZ c÷Kvk∂g I ØZt ÇZ© nq, GB wPiöèb mZ® Dcjw‰ Kái KwewPÀ náq IáV beRvM÷Z IAváeMgq| ‘eΩfvlv’ KweZvq weaÑZ náqáQ GB AvÕØv∂wiZ I máPZb Aöèájv©áKi Dô¢vm| evsjvfvlvi Hk¶áh©ic÷wZ wc÷q m§¢vlY I k™◊váeváa KweZvwU Abb®| GLváb Aváiv Dáb•vwPZ náqáQ wfbúfvlv I msØãÖwZáZ wjfl _vKviÂvwöè Ü_áK gyw≥i Avbõ`| KwewPáÀ ÜRáMáQ gvZÖfvlv-c÷xwZ I máPZbZv, wbRØ^ msØãÖwZi c÷wZ Aöèwb©wnZ AváeMGes mvwnZ®PP©vi Ü∂áŒ Mfxi AvÕwek¶vm| GáK ejv hvq A‹Kvi wPÀ∏nvq mÅh©vájváKi Ø˙k©jvf Ges gvZÖfvlvqHwZn®iÉc wekvj iZúLwbi AvweÆãvi| Kwei GB AvweÆãvi I c÷Z®veZ©bB cieZx©Kváj ZuváK Awfwl≥ KáiáQevsjv mvwnáZ®i eicyŒ wnámáe| ‘eΩfvlv’ KweZvwU gaymÅ ábi KwemÀvi e‹bágvPb I weKváki msnZ wkÌfvl®|GáZ e®ƒbvgq náq DáVáQ evsjv fvlv welqK AbyfÇwZi wPivqZ c÷Kvk, cieZ©xKváji AviI AábK fvlv welqKKweZvi ggZvNb I msKÌ-Ô◊ iÉáci c~e©vfvm| Avgváì 21 Üde™Äqvwii i≥vc≠yZ msM÷vg I AváeM-AvwZ©i ÜhgnÀg BwZnvm iáqáQ, KweZvwU Ühb ZviB exRvºzi|



ejvKviexõ`™bv_ VvKzi(1861-1941)

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mÀiZg Rb•w`ábi m§a©bvq iexõ`™bv_ eájb, ‘GKwUgvŒ cwiPq Avgvi AváQ| Üm Avi wKQy bq, Avwg KwegvŒ’|VvKzi evwoi AbyKÇj-cwiáeák àkkáeB Zuvi Kwe-c÷wZfvi yiY NáU| gvŒ cábáiv eQi eqámB c÷KvwkZ nq Zuvic÷_g Kve®M÷öí ‘ebdzj’ (1876)| Gici gÑZz®i c~e© ch©ö wZwb bvbv cix∂v-wbix∂vi gva®ág µgvMZ evsjvKweZváK F◊ Kái ÜMáQb| Zuvi c÷wZwU Kve®B ØZöê-àewkáÛ®i Dæ°j|1941 wL™ vá„i 7 AvM˜ ZvwiáL (1348 eΩvá„i 22 k™veY) evsjv mvwnáZ®i Ük™Ù c÷wZfv iexõ`™bv_ VvKzi-GiRxebvemvb nq|

iexõ`™bv_ VvKzi-Gi Dáj≠LáhvM® iPbvKweZv: gvbmx (1890), Ümvbvi Zix (1893), wPŒv (1896), ∂wYKv (1900), MxZvƒwj (1911), ejvKv

(1916), cyb (1932), Rb•w`áb (1941), AváivM® (1941), Ükl ÜjLv (1941)|Dcb®vm: ivRwl© (1889), ÜPváLi evwj (1903), ÜMviv (1910), PZziΩ (1916), Nái evBái (1916),

ÜhvMváhvM (1929), Ükáli KweZv (1929)|M`® iPbv: qyáivc-hvŒxi Wvqvwi (1891), wewPŒ c÷e‹ (1907), RxebØßÑwZ (1912) wQbúcŒ (1912),c÷e‹: Kvjvöèi (1937), wek¶ cwiPq (1937)|bvUK: wemR©b (1890), APjvqZb (1911), gy≥aviv (1922), i≥Kiex (1926)|Mvb: MxwZweZvb|ÜQvUMÌ: MÌ∏PQ (1g LÊ-1926, 2q LÊ-1926, 3q LÊ-1927), Üm (1937), wZbmΩx (1941), MÌmÌ

(1941)|

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cváVvÀi g~j®vqbàbe©®w≥K c÷kúmwVK DÀáii cvák (√) wUK wP˝ w`b|1. ‘Ükáli KweZv’ wK?K. KweZv M÷öí L. KweZv ∏éQ M. Dcb®vm N. ÜQvUMÌ

2. iexõ`™bv_ Rb•M÷nY Káib-K. 1268 eΩvá„ L. 1266 eΩvá„ M. 1367 eΩvá„ N. 1267 eΩvá„

3. iexõ`™bv_ Übváej cyiØãvi cvb-K. 1911 wL™ vá„ L. 1901 wL™ vá„ M. 1913 wL™ vá„ N. 1912 wL™ vá„|

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3. ejvKvi c∂aüwb c÷KÖwZáK Kxfváe AvájvwoZ Kij?

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Drm I c÷mΩ wbá`©k Kái e®vL®v wjLyb1. gáb nj mÑwÛ Ühb Øácú Pvq K_v Kwnevái,

ewjáZ bv cvái ØûÛ Kwi, Ae®≥ aüwbi cyƒ A‹Kvái DwVáQ ∏gwi|

DÀi: D◊ÖZ csw≥mg~n iexõ`™bv_ VvKzi iwPZ ‘ejvKv’ KweZv Ü_áK MÑnxZ náqáQ| GLváb Kwe mÑwÛRMáZiÜgäbZvi Aöèiváj Ae®≥ aüwbgq µõ`ábi K_v e®≥ KáiáQb|m‹®viváM AbyiwƒZ wSjági ewºg Üm™vZivwk ivwŒi AvMgáb A‹Kvái AveÑZ náZ hváéQ| AvKváki b∂ŒivwRic÷wZwe§ eyáK wbáq µág b`xi Ráj Ühb ivwŒi ÜRvqvi RvMj| Øè‰ ce©Z cv`á`ák Üè`viÄ eÑá∂i mvwi,A‹Kvái ÜXáK ÜMj| mÑwÛi c÷éQá` ivwŒi GB A‹Kvi Ühb bv-ejv-K_vi, A zU aüwbcyáƒi wgwjZ µõ`b|A‹Kvi ivwŒi c÷nái mÑwÛ Zvi fvlv LuyáR Üdái Ø^cúRMáZ| wKö‘ AØûÛZv I Øè‰Zvi Rb® Zvi Ká… k„DéPvwiZ nq bv| c÷KÖwZi cáU mÑwÛRMáZi Üe`bvwenüj aüwbnxb wbe©vK iÉcwU GLváb Kvwe®K e®ƒbvq iÉcvwqZnáqáQ| Kwe fveKÌbvi Ü∂áŒ e®envi KáiáQb wPŒKÌ Z_v BágR|wek¶RMáZi fvlvnxb Aöèáii Üe`bvNb-ØîÉc Kwei Aöè`©ÑwÛáZ aiv w`áqáQ| gvbe¸`áqi c÷KvwkZ evYxi gZBÜhb mÑwÛ wbáRáK e®≥ KiáZ bv cvivi A∂gZvq Amnvq|

2. gáb nj, G cvLvi evYxw`j AvwbÔay cjáKi ZáicyjwKZ wbáji Aöèái AöèáiÜeáMi AváeM|

DÀi: csw≥ PZzÛq iexõ`™bv_ VvKzi iwPZ ‘ejvKv’ KweZvi AöM©Z| Kwe GLváb ejvKvi c∂aüwbáZ Øè‰ZviRvMiYáK Zzáj aáiáQb|wSjg b`xi c÷wZáeák Kwe Avmbú ivwŒi A‹Kvi c÷wZéQvqvq wek¶c÷KÖwZi ØîÉcwU c÷Z®∂ KiwQájb| AKØßvr GKSuvK nsm ÅZ k„SsKvái wbØè‰Zv ÜfáO w`áq AvKvák Dáo ÜMj| aüwbnxb, wbe©vK eÑ∂-b`x-ce©Z ejvKvi cvLviká„ wknwiZ nj| G Ñk®vbyfÇwZáZ Kwei AöèiRMáZ Dáb•vwPZ nj GKwU Mfxi `k©bfvebv| wek¶RMáZi wbjI k„nxb AwØèáZ°i gáa® nsmc∂aüwb GK gynÅáZ©i Rb® Ühb Pjvi AváeM RvwMáq w`áq ÜMj| iexõ`™bv_me©vwØèev`x A_©vr mewKQyi AwØèáZ° wek¶vmx, Avevi KweKÌbvq Abyfe Káib eØëi iÉc I ØîÉc `yáUváKB|iÉác Üh eØë APj I wbtk„, ØîÉác ÜmB eØëB Pv¬áj® MwZkxj| A_©vr wek¶RMr AL MwZgvbZvq AvewZ©Z Im§ßyáL c÷mvwiZ|

GB MwZc÷eváni c÷Z®∂ `Ñák®i Aöèiváj A`Ñk® Pjvi Db•yL AváeMB GLváb e®≥ Kiv náqáQ|

3. Ôwbjvg gvbáei KZ evYx `áj `ájAjw∂Z cá_ Dáo Páj



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iPbvg~jK c÷kú1. ‘ejvKv’ KweZvi MwZev` m§˙áK© AvájvPbv KiÄb|2. ‘ejvKv’ KweZvi wkÌiÉc I Kve®im m§˙áK© AvájvPbv KiÄb|3. ejvKvi Dáo-Pjv I gvbeRxeábi Pjvi gáa® Kwe ÜKvb HK® Ü`LáZ ÜcáqáQb?

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2 bs c÷ákúi bgybv-DÀi:‘ejvKv’ Kwei wbweo Dcjw‰i wkÌiÉc, we¡vb-`k©b-BwZnvámi ZÀ° KwewPáÀi imvqáb GKxfÇZ náqáQ|weØßqRvZ Avbõìm KweZvwUi c÷avb Aej§b| AváeáMi AwZDéQ°vmáK mshZ KáiáQ wPŒKÌ, MwZi Aevac÷KvkáK msnZiÉác e◊ KáiáQ gy≥K mwgjixwZi Qõ`| AvKwØßK AvájvK-Dô¢vám RvM÷Z KwewPÀ I ZuviAvÕfvlY Ühgb MxwZKweZvi gwngv jvf KáiáQ, ÜZgwb Rxeb`k©ábi welq wnámáe àbe©®w≥KZvI ÜcáqáQ|Kwei AvÕag© c÷Kvk Ücáj KweZv MxwZKvwe®K nq, Avi wbáRáK Avováj ÜiáL mve©Rbxb A_ev e®w≥wbiác∂welq, `ÑwÛ I fváei c÷Kvk NUáj àbe©®w≥KZv A∂zYú _váK| ‘ejvKv’q ywU àewkÛ®B mgwö^Z náqáQ| Avevi ÜKvbZÀ°I Üh KweZv náZ cvái ZviI wb`k©b GB KweZvwU|ZÀ° I AváeáM ‘ejvKv’i c÷KvkiÉc ØZt ÇZ©| AvKvk, gÑwÀKv GgbwK Kwei gábvRMr ch©ö KÌbv c÷áekKáiáQ, mewKQyB Avevi GKwU Abyfáei AvájváK Ave◊ náqáQ, ÜmwU nj MwZc÷evn| AbyfeRMr, Bwõ`™qáevaGes wek¶c÷KÖwZi GKxfÇZ iÉcwUB ‘ejvKv’i KÌbváK KáiáQ wkwÌZ|Øíwei wbmM©áK GLváb `Ñk®wPáŒi gáa® Pjgvb-iÉác AvuKv náqáQ| wbmM©wPŒ, Bwõ`™áqi c÷ej e®envi Ges AvÕiÉcwbg©váY Kwe Dcgv-Drác÷∂v-iÉcáKi c÷áqvM NwUáqáQb| wbmM©wPŒ: ‘m‹®viváM wSwjwgwj wSjági Üm™vZLvwbeuvKv/Avuavái gwjb nj Ühb Lvác-XvKv/euvKv Zájvqvi’, A_ev ‘ZiÄák™Yx Pván, cvLv Ügwj/ gvwUi e‹b Üdwj/IB k„áiLv aái PwKáZ nBáZ w`kvnviv’ BZ®vw`| Bwõ`™áqi Ü∂áŒ `ÑwÛ I k™ÄwZi c÷ej e®envi NáUáQ, Ühgb:‘ká„i we`y®réQUv kÅáb®i c÷vöèái, ‘weØßáqi RvMiY ZiwΩqv Pwjj AvKvák’ BZ®vw`| AvÕiÉc wPŒ: ‘AvR iváŒÜgvi KváQ Lyáj w`áj Øè‰Zvi XvKv, ‘Ôwbjvg Avcb Aöèái/AmsL® cvwLi máΩ/w`ábiváZ/IB evmvQvov cvwL avqAvájv A‹Kvái’ BZ®vw`|KweZvwUáZ AvU gvŒvi ce©B Üewk e®e¸Z, Pvi gvŒvi c÷áqvM weØßq mÑwÛi mnvqK| ‘ejvKv’ KweZv MwZeváìwkÌiÉc wnámáe Abb®|

3 bs c÷ákúi bgybv-DÀi: [msáKZ]



G-c÷máΩ Avcbviv wbáRi e≥áe®i máΩ hy≥ KiÄb iexõ`™bvá_i wbáÊv≥ fvl®:

‘‘ejvKv bvági gáa® GB fveUv AváQ Üh, eyábv nuvámi `j bxo ÜeuáaáQ, wWg ÜcáoáQ, Zváì Qvbv náqáQ, msmvicvZv náqáQ Ggb mgáq Zviv wKámi AváeáM AwffÇZ náq cwiwPZ evmv ÜQáo c_nxb mgyá`™i Dci w`áqÜKvb-wm‹zZxái Avi GK evmvi w`áK Dáo PájáQ|’’ [`™. iexõ`™ iPbvejx, ÿv`k LÊ]|

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evZvqb-cv‡k ¸evK-Zi“i mvwiKvRx bRi“j Bmjvg

(1899-1976)D‡Ïk¨G cvV †k‡l Avcwbu GB cv‡V Avcwb evsjv mvwn‡Zï GKwU MxwZKweZv m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡eb|u we‡ ªvnx Kwe wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ bRi“‡ji ü`q‡e`bvi cÖwZ”Qwe Lyu‡R cv‡eb |u cÖK…wZi m‡½ ¯§„wZi wbweo ms‡hvM m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi Kve¨‡eva RvMÖZ n‡e|

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K. 1898 wL™ vá„ L. 1899 wL™ vá„ M. 1799 wL™ vá„ N. 1897 wL™ vá„|

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DÀigvjv: 1. L 2. N 3. M

msw∂fl-DÀig~jK c÷kú1. ‘gymvwdi RváMv, wbwk Avi bvB evwK|’ GB gymvwdi ÜK?DÀi: Üh gymvwdiáK RvM÷Z nIqvi Rb® Abyáiva Kiv náéQ, Üm gymvwdi nájb Ø^qs Kwe| P∆M÷vg mdái Kwegymvwdi A_©vr weá`ák ∂YKváji AwZw_| GKmgq ZváK we`vq wbáZ nq, ZvB ivwŒákál c÷ØëZ nIqvi Rb® ejvnáéQ| bRij `yBevi P∆M÷vág wMáqwQájb 1928 wL™ vá„i RyjvB gvám Ges 1929 wL™ vá„| AvájvP®KweZvwU wÿZxqevi P∆M÷vg AeØívbKváj iwPZ náqwQj|

2. ∏evK-ZiÄi máΩ Kwewc÷qvi mv`Ñk® wK wK?DÀi: ∏evK-ZiÄi cŒcj≠e Kwei ÜMvcbwc÷qvi mykxZj KiZj, kvLvi gg©iaüwb Zvi K…evYx| ∏eváKi cvZvqAwºZ náq AváQ ÜmB bvixi ÜPváLi KvRj-ÜjLv, ∏eváKi `xN©á`áni gáa® Kwe wc÷qvi `xNj Ü`náKB Ü`LáZcvb| `xN© cŒavivq Kwe Ü`áLb ZviB kvwoi AvuPj, cvZvi cvLvq LyuáR cvb Zvi AΩywj-Øûák©i wbweo Avì|Kwei ÜMvcb-wc÷qv G-KweZvq wbe©vK ZiÄi iÉcáK msáMvcáb DcwØíZ|

3. Kwe KváK wbáq AgiveZx-iÉác mvRváZ Pvb?4. ‘gvwUi e‹áb euvav’ ∏evK-ZiÄ ÜKb Amnvq?Drm I c÷mΩ wbá ©k Kái e®vL®v wjLyb



1. ÜZvgváì cváb Pvwnqv e‹z, Avwg Avi RvwMe bv|ÜKvjvnj Kwi mviv w`bgvb Kváiv a®vb fvwOe bv|

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2. ... ÜZvgvi Rvd&wi-duváKLyuáRvbv Zvnvái, MMb-Avuavái gvwUáZ Ücájbv hváK|DÀi: DcwiD≥ csw≥ÿq Kwe bRij Bmjvg iwPZ ‘evZvqb-cvák ∏evK-ZiÄi mvwi’ kxl©K KweZv Ü_áK MÑnxZnáqáQ| GLváb Kwe Zvi ÜMvcb wc÷qváK j∂ Kái ØßÑwZwe◊ bv nevi K_v ejáQb Ges KweáK fzáj hvevi c÷mΩDÃvcb KáiáQb|

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1 bs c÷ákúi bgybv-DÀi:gymvwdi cw_K Kwei `ÑwÛáZ ∏evK-ZiÄi mvwi Zvi ÜMvcb wc÷qvi c÷wZwbwa| Kwegábi myL`ytL I Üe`bv c÷Kvákigg©mnPi GBme eÑ∂| Rvbvjvi cvák ∏evK eÑ∂mvwii máΩ wZwb Üc÷gfvláY iZ|

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2 bs c÷ákúi bgybv-DÀi:Üc÷g I Ümäõ`áh©i Rb® wPi-m‹vb I Üe`bv c÷KvkB ÜivgvwõUK KwewPáÀi ag©| Ac÷vwfli nvnvKvi ÜivgvwõUKáKmemgq Üe`bvZzi Kái iváL, Üc÷ági Rb® wPiZÖÚvB GLváb gyL®| AvájvP® KweZvwUáZ GB Üe`bv I AZÖwflZxe™fváe c÷KvwkZ| ∏evKZiÄi mvwiáK Aej§b Kái Dáb•vwPZ náqáQ Kwei e®w≥¸`áqi wPiöèb AváeMiÉc|

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3 bs c÷ákúi bgybv-DÀi: [msáKZ]c÷ákúi DÀiwU wbáR c÷ØëZ KiÄb| k„iÉc ejáZ wPŒiPbv I Ajºvi, weáklY BZ®vw` ÜevSvq| Avi Qáõì Ü∂áŒÜ`Lyb KweZvwU gvŒveÑáÀ iwPZ göíi I `xN ©MwZi gvŒveÑÀ| ÑÛvöè: ‘we`vq, Ün Ügvi/ evZvqb-cvák/wbkx_RvMvi/mv_x ! IáMv e‹ziv,/cvÊzi náq/ Gj we`váqi/ivwZ’|



ebjZv †mbRxebvb›` `vk(1899-1954)

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Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u KweZvi fvlv, Aj¼vi I iPbvixwZ we‡klY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

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ewikv‡jB Rxebvb‡›ì ¯‹zj I K‡jR Rxeb AwZevwnZ nq| KjKvZvi †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡jR †_‡K 1919-G Bs‡iwRmvwn‡Z¨ Abvm©mn we.G. Ges 1921-G KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Gg.G. cvk K‡ib| Zvici AvBb covi Rb¨fwZ© n‡jI Amy ’Zvi Rb¨ cix¶vq AskMÖnY K‡ib wb| Zuvi Kg©Rxeb ïi” nq 1922 wLª÷v‡ã, KjKvZvi wmwUK‡j‡R Bs‡iwR fvlvmvwn‡Zï Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e| cieZx©Kv‡j wZwb wewfbœ K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| GKmgqBbmy¨‡iÝ †Kv¤úvwbi G‡R›U wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡iwQ‡jb| 1935 †_‡K 1946 ch©š— ewikvj eªR‡gvnb K‡j‡Rwk¶KZv K‡ib| 1946-G Rxebbv›` ’vwqfv‡e KjKvZvq emevm Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Kg©Rxe‡b gv‡S gv‡SPvKwiPz Z n‡q‡Qb ev wb‡RB cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e g~jZ Aa¨vcbv †ckv‡ZB wZwb wQ‡jb wb‡qvwRZ|

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•n‡Z _v‡K| 1927-G cÖKvwkZ nq cÖ_g Kve¨Mš’ ÔSivcvjKÕ| Ôa mi cvÊzwjwcÕ (1936) Kv‡e¨ Rxebvb‡›ì†gŠwjK Kwe¯^fve I AvaywbK KveïxwZi cÖKvk N‡U, hv‡K iex›`ªbv_ AwfwnZ K‡ib ÔwPÎiƒcgqÕ e‡j| ZuviKve¨welq cÖavbZ cÖK…wZ-f‚‡Mvj-BwZnvm-†cÖg-bvix-g„Zz¨‡PZbv| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i aŸsm‡¶‡Î I wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i

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•we¯§qKi f‚eb iPbv K‡i‡Qb, Kve¨fvlvi ¯Zš iƒc M‡o‡Qb Ges AvaywbK Kjv‡KŠk‡j mg„× K‡i‡Qb evsjvKweZvi Avw½K| cÖKvwkZ Kve¨MÖš’: SivcvjK (1929), •a mi cvÊzwjwc (1936), iƒcmx evsjv 1933), ebjZv†mb (1942), gnvc„w_ex (1944), mvZwU Zvivi wZwgi (1948), †ejv A‡ejv Kvj‡ejv (1961)| Zuvi AMÖwš’ZKweZvi msL¨vI wecyj| 1954 wLª÷v‡ãi 14 A‡±vei Uªvg `yN©Ubvq AvnZ n‡q Rxebvb›` 22 A‡±vei g„ZzëiYK‡ib|

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•wbweo Avkª‡qi cÖZxK A_©vr kªvš— Rxe‡bi Rb¨ †m enb K‡i Abvwej cÖkvwš I w¯’iZv| Mfxi mgy‡`ª Rvnv‡RibvweK nvj †f‡O †M‡j bvweK hLb w`kvnxb n‡q c‡o, ZLb †Kvb `vi€wPwb meyR Øxc †`L‡Z †c‡j Avk¦ — nq|e¨w³gvbylI Zvi wbi“‡Ïk, Db¥j Rxe‡bi K¬vš—-kªvš— åg‡Yi †k‡l wbR wbR gvbexmËvi †Pv‡L mÜvb K‡i w ’wZ I



kvwš—| GB gvbexmËvI †hb K¬vš— cw_‡Ki Rb¨ _v‡K A‡c¶gvb| wbivkªqx wP‡Ëi Rb¨ †mŠ›`h© I cÖkvwš—i RMrˆZwiB Kwei j¶¨|

w`b‡k‡li wPÎ Gu‡K Kwe cÖv‡Yi MwZgyL Z_v g„Zzï Bw½Z cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| mÜ¨vq wb‡f hvq c„w_exi iO-Av‡jv,wP‡ji Wvbvq †iŠ‡ ªi MÜ _v‡K bv A_©vr Rxe‡bi D¾¡jZv _v‡K bv| mewKQy Ave„Z nq Ggb GK AÜKv‡i,†hLv‡b Avkªq, g„Zz Ges GKB m‡½ _v‡K bZzb m„wókxjZvi Av‡qvRb| Qvqv-AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨B Kwe †`‡Lb ZvicÖvw_©Z mËvi Aw —Z¡| ZLb GK Pjvi ev —eZv †_‡K Kwe cÖ‡ek K‡ib Av‡iK ev —eZvq hvIqvi Av‡qvR‡b|cvÊzwjwc †hgb †Kvb wjwLZ MÖš’ bq, MÖ‡š’i c~e©iƒc gvÎ| cvÊzwjwc iPbvi Av‡qvRb nq AÜKv‡i †RvbvKxiAv‡jv‡Z A_©vr †Kvb Acvw_©e gyn~‡Z© †hLv‡b cvwL I Rxebb`xi me Pjv I PvIqvcvIqv wbt‡kl n‡q hvq|wKš‘ †R‡M _v‡K bZzb m„wói m¤¢vebv ebjZv †mb †mB m„wómËviB cÖZxK|

AÜKvi-gyn~‡Z© †m mZ¨ n‡q I‡V, GB gyn~Z©wU n‡”QGK mËv †_‡K Av‡iK mËvq DcbxZ nIqvi gaëZx© ¯—i| Gic‡i me K_KZv M‡o DV‡e AÜKviw¯’Z ebjZv †m‡bi m‡½, †h wPigvbexi in‡m¨ AÜKvi-Zzj¨| KweZvwU‡ZBwZnvmÁvb I cÖvK…wZK Rxe‡bi w ’iZi kvwš— wgwk‡q Kwe ’vwcZ K‡i‡Qb Zuvi ebjZv †mb‡K Z_v wPiš—bmËv‡K|

UxKvwmsnj mgy`ª eZ©gv‡b kªxj¼v ivóª, c~e©bvg wmsnj| Gi wbKU ’ mgy ª‡K ejv n‡”Qwmsnj mgy ª|gvjq mvMi c~‡e© gvjq wQj `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi GKwU DcØxc| msjMœ Øxçwj GKxf‚Z n‡q gvj‡qwkqv ivóª

MwVZ n‡q‡Q| gvj‡qi wbKU¯’ mvMi‡K gvjq mvMi bv‡g Kwe AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|wew¤mvi wLª:c~: 537 †_‡K wLª: c~: 485 ch©š— wew¤^mvi wQ‡jb cÖvPxb gM‡ai mgªvU| ey×‡`‡ei Kv‡Q wZwb

†eŠ×a‡g© `x¶v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb, cyÎ ARvZkªÎ“ KZ©„K wbnZ nb|A‡kvK cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi †gŠh©es‡ki Z…Zxq mgªvU| Zvi wcZv we›`ymvi| mgªvU A‡kvK wLª: c~: 273 †_‡K

wLª: c~: 232 ch©š— ivRZ¡ K‡ib| cÖ_g Rxe‡b wQ‡jb wbôzi I b„ksm cÖK…wZi, Zvi Dcvwa wQjÔPÊv‡kvKÕ| hy×‡¶‡Î ARmª ˆm‡bï g„Zz¨ †`‡L AbyZß n‡q mbœ¨vmx Dç‡ßi Kv‡Q †eŠ×a‡g©`x¶v †bb| cieZx© Rxe‡b wQ‡jb cÖRvermj I ag©cÖPviK; cyÎ g‡n›`ª I Kb¨v msNwgÎv‡Kag©cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ kªxjsKvq cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| ÔPÊv‡kvKÕ n‡q I‡Vb Ôag©v‡kvK|Õ

we`f© cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi ivR¨| eZ©gv‡bi bvg †eivi cÖ‡`k|bv‡Uvi evsjv‡`‡ki ivRkvnx AÂ‡ji GKwU kni| ivYx fevbxi ivRZ¡Kv‡j ivRavbx wQj|wew`kv cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi GKwU bMix; gvje iv‡Rï Aš—M©Z| AvaywbK bvg wfjmv, †Mvqvwjq‡ii wbK‡U

Aew¯’Z|•kªve¯ x cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi bMix| AvaywbK bvg Ômv‡nZ gv‡nZÕ| ey×‡`‡ei mg‡q GLv‡b GKwU †eŠ×wenvi

cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj|

cváVvÀi g~j®vqbàbe©®w≥K c÷kúmwVK DÀáii cvák (√) wUK wP˝ w`b|1. ‘aÅmi cvÊzwjwc’i ÜjLK nájbK. gxi gkviid Ünvámb L. Aveyj gbmyi Avng` M. Rxebvbõ` `vk N. àmq` Avjx Avnmvb|

2. ‘wew`kv’ wK?K. c÷vPxb fviáZi GKwU bMix L. c÷vPxb fviáZi GKwU c÷vmv` M. c÷vPxb fviáZi GKRb igYx N. c÷vPxbfviáZi GKwU Øívb|

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3. ‘k™veØèx’ wK?K. c÷vPxb fviáZi GKwU b`x L. c÷vPxb fviáZi bMix M. c÷vPxb fviáZi n` N. c ÷vPxb fviáZi GKwU c÷vmv`|

DÀigvjv: 1. M 2. K 3. L

msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖkœ1. ÔnvRvi eQi a‡iÕ Kwe †Kv_vq c_ cwiågY Ki‡Qb?DËi: Kwe cw_K I bvweK `yBiƒ‡cB mnmª ermi a‡i c„w_exi c‡_ nuvU‡Qb| mgy`ª-c‡_ wZwb ågY K‡i‡Qbwmsnj mgy`ª †_‡K gvjq mvMi GjvKv ch©š— A_©vr `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi Rjc_| cÖvPxbKv‡j fviZ Rjc‡_ D³AÂ‡j evwY‡Rï cÖmvi I ag©ms¯‹…wZi we¯—vi NwU‡qwQj| cw_K wn‡m‡e Kwe †h AZxZ ¯’v‡b ågY K‡ib Zvn‡”QcÖvPxb fvi‡Zi wew¤^mvi, A‡kvK cÖf…wZ mgªv‡Ui ivR¨-bMi-bMix| wPiKvj †_‡KB GB `y‡Uv ågY-c‡_gvbyl AZxZ †_‡K c„w_ex cwiµgv Ki‡Q †Kvb Awš^ó mËv‡K cvevi j‡¶¨|

2. Ôbv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mbÕ wK A‡_© cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q?DËi: nvRvi eQi a‡i c_ †nu‡U K¬vš— Kwe Avkªq Lyu‡R cvb bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †m‡bi Kv‡Q| AweiZ ågYKvixiR‡b¨ †Kvb †fŠ‡MvwjK mywbw`©ó Ae¯’vb †bB me©ÎB Zvi cwiµgv| wKš‘ GLv‡b Kwe Z_v cw_K bv‡Uvi bvgKgdt¯^j kn‡ii bvg D‡j‡Li ga¨w`‡q wbg©vY Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb GKvš— wbR¯^ GKwU ¯’vb I g‡bvjxb bvixcÖwZgv|e¨w³gvby‡li g‡bvRM‡ZB Kvw¶Z bvixi KwíZ Aw —Z¡ _v‡K| bv‡Uvi kn‡ii ebjZv †mb ZvB Kwei wek¦åg‡Yic_hvÎvq GKwU AvKvw¶Z ¯’vbbvg, †mLv‡b wZwb hvÎv †k‡l cÖkvwš— I weivg jvf K‡i‡Qb| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³gvbylBAwbðqZvi f‚‡Mvj I A¯’vqx mgqcÖev‡n wPwýZ K‡i †bq wbR¯^ GKwU RMr I Zv‡Z AwawôZ K‡i cÖvw_©ZmËviƒc‡K|

3. ÔcvwLi bx‡oi gZ †PvLÕ K_vwUi Zvrch© wK?DËi: GwU GKwU Dcgv| nvRvi eQi c_ Pjvi ci K¬vš— Kwe Zvi g‡bvjxbvi Kv‡Q AvkªqcÖv_x© nb| cvwLi evmvigZ †PvL Zz‡j GB bvix Kwe‡K †`q cigvkªq I cÖkvwš—| w`b‡k‡l cwikªvš— cvwL †hgb bx‡o cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i,†Zgwb KweI `xN© c_hvÎv †k‡l bxomÜvbx nb| GB bx‡o Av‡Q kvwš— I wekªvg| ebjZv †m‡bi †Pv‡L GB bx‡oicÖwZ”Qwe †`‡Lb Kwe| wbweo ggZvgq cvwLi bx‡oi B‡g‡R e¨Äbvgq n‡q D‡V‡Q Aweivg cwiåg‡Yi Mš—e¨ ’jwU| cÖvw_©ZRb gv‡ÎB Avkªqnxb gvby‡li Kv‡Q GK-GKwU bxom „k|

4. KweZvwU‡Z KZevi I wK A‡_© ÔAÜKviÕ kãwU eëüZ n‡q‡Q?DËi: ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZvq me©‡gvU cuvPevi AÜKvi kãwU cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q| AvayywbK KweZvq kã gvÎB eûgvwÎKA‡_© eëüZ nq, iƒcMZ w`K †_‡KI MÖnY K‡i wfbœ wfbœ PwiÎ, KLbI Zv Dcgv, KLbI ev iƒcK, wPÎKíA_ev cÖZxK wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|GLv‡b cÖ_g ¯—e‡K `ywU ¯’v‡b ÔAÜKviÕ `yB Zvrc‡h© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| Ôwbkx‡_i AÜKv‡iÕ A_© BwZnv‡mi c_-åg‡Yi K_v ejv n‡”Q AÜKvi A_©vr cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ gvbyl Zvi c_ Pj‡Q| Ô`~i AÜKv‡i we`f© bM‡iÕ evK¨wU‡Z AÜKvi n‡”QAZxZ ’vbKvj| wØZxq —e‡K ÔAÜKvi wew`kvi wbkvÕ Dcgv wn‡m‡e ebjZv †m‡bi†Kkivwki NbZ¡ I wecyjZv e¨³ Ki‡Q| PZz_© ÔAÜKviÕ kãwU Kwei e¨w³g‡bi eZ©gvb K¬vwš—, w`kvnxbZv IAÜKviv”Qbœ cwi‡e‡ki wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Q| †kl ÔAÜKviÕ enb Ki‡Q g„Zzï AÜKvi| ˆRweK Rxeb I gvby‡liRxeb mewKQyB GK mgq w¯’iZvq weivg jvf K‡i| †mB w¯’iZv mÜ¨vi gZB wbR©b I AÜKvi|

5. KweZvq eëüZ HwZnvwmK ’vbbv‡gi Zvrch© wK?6. ÔcvÊzwjwcÕ kãwU wK A‡_© eëüZ ?

Drm I cÖm½ wb‡`©k K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb1. Avwg K¬vš— cÖvY GK, Pvwiw`‡K Rxe‡bi mgy`ª m‡db, Avgv‡i `yÕ`Ê kvwš— w`‡qwQ‡jv bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mb|



DËi : D×…Z csw³Øq Rxebvb›` `vk iwPZ ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZv †_‡K msKwjZ| GLv‡b K¬vš— I wbivkªqx KwewPËZvi gvbexmËvi Kv‡Q Avkªq cªv_©bv Ki‡Q|Kwe cw_K I bvweK `yB iƒ‡cB my`~i AZxZ †_‡K c_ ågYKvix| mf¨Zvi hvÎvc_ me©`vB AZxZ †_‡Kfwel¨‡Z cÖmvwiZ| gvbyl ïå, my›ì I Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ wPi-Kvw¶Z| cÖwZwU e¨w³ gvbylB GB mg‡eZ Pjvi Aš—M©Z n‡jI Zvi i‡q‡Q wbR¯^ cÖv_©bv I Avkª‡qi j¶¨| Rxebmgy‡`ªi †dbcy‡Ä fvmgvb e¨w³gvbyl GKmgqcwikªvš— nq, AvÍwb‡e`b KiZ Pvq| ebjZv †mb †mB Avkªq‡K› ª I kvwš—cÖ vwqbx| nvRvi eQi a‡i åvg¨gvbkªvš—wPË‡K †m †`q cig Avkªq| hwÌ †m Avkªq `y`‡Êi gZ ¶YKvjxb, Zey gvbyl Zvi Kv‡QB †h‡Z Pvq|bv‡Uvi bvgK ’vb D‡j‡Li ga¨w`‡q e¨³ n‡q‡Q ebjZv †m‡bi m‡½ Kwei GKvš— m¤úK©| c„w_exi AZxZ Kvj,BwZnv‡mi ¯’vb-bv‡gi cv‡k bv‡Uvi bvgwU †hb eZ©gv‡bi Bw½Zen, Av‡iKw`‡K Awbw`©ó, bvbv ¯’v‡b ågYKvixe¨w³i Rb¨ GKwU ’vqx wVKvbv| GLv‡b Rxe‡bi K¬vš—iƒc, we¶zä Zi‡½ fvmgvb wPË Ges wbw ©ó w ’wZi g‡aÄ‡c¶gvb cÖkvwš—`vwqbx bvix GB wZbwU welq Dc ’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|

2. ........ Wvbvi †iŠ‡`ªi MÜ gy‡Q †d‡j wPj; c„w_exi me is wb‡f †M‡j cvÊywjwc K‡i Av‡qvRb ZLb M‡íi Z‡i †RvbvwKi i‡O wSjwgj

DËi : Av‡jvP¨ AskUzKz Rxebvb›` `v‡ki ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZvi Aš—M©Z| GLv‡b Kwe AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨ wbwnZbZzb m„wókxjZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb|w`b‡k‡l wP‡ji Wvbvq †iŠ‡`ªi MÜ _v‡Kbv A_©vr m~‡h©i Av‡jv wb‡f hvq, Qvqvgq AÜKv‡i †X‡K hvq c„w_ex| GBAÜKv‡i Kwei gb Mfxi Av¯^v` I Avkªq Lyu‡R cvq| Kvi AÜKv‡iB myß _v‡K m„wó¶gZvi exR| w`bvemv‡bivwÎ I Avevi w`‡bi Avi¤¢ GB cwiµgvq ivwÎi f‚wgKv n‡”QcvÊywjwc iPbvi Av‡qvRb Kiv A_v©r bZzb mywóicwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv| GB cwi‡ek †RvbvwKi iO A_©vr ˆReAv‡jv‡Z wSjwgj Ki‡Q| AÜKv‡i †h M‡íi cvÊywjwciPbvi Av‡qvRb NU‡Q Zv ˆRec„w_exi m„wó¶gZvq wegwÊZ| Gi g‡a¨B c~e©mËv ‡_‡K Ab¨ Av‡iKwU mËviRb¥m¤¢vebv wbwnZ| Kwe GLv‡b †mB Acvw_©e gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨ GKB m‡½ †`L‡Qb Aemvb I cybR©‡b¥i c~ev©fvm|

3. me cvwL N‡i Av‡m me b`x dzivq GRxe‡bi me †jb‡`b| _v‡K ïay AÜKvi, g‡LvgywL ewmevi ebjZv †mb|

DËi : [ms‡KZ]cvwLi w¯’iZv, b`xi w¯’iZv, Rxe‡bi w¯’iZv wZbwU Aemv‡bi iƒc Dc¯’vwcZ| AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨ G‡ì w¯’iZvg„Zz¨m`„k| g„Zzï c‡iI †h wPivqZ gvbex †_‡K hvq, †mB n‡”QebjZv †mb| †m wPiš—b gvbex hv‡K cvIqvhvq ågY-K¬vš— Rxe‡bi Aemvb gyn~‡Z© A_ev AÜKv‡ii wbweoZvq|

iPbvg~jK c™kú1. ‘‘BwZnvm-fÇáMváji cáU e®w≥MZ Üc÷ági DcØívcbvB ‘ebjZv Ümb’ KweZvi Aváaq’’| AvájvPbv KiÄb|2. ‘ebjZv Ümb’ ÜKvb& avivi KweZv? c÷mΩZ KweZvwUi wkÌiÉc AvájvPbv KiÄb|3. ‘ebjZv Ümb’ KweZvi g~jfve e®≥ KiÄb|4. ‘ebjZv Ümb’ wK MxwZKweZv? KweZvwUi bvgKiY KZUzKz h_vh_?1 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZvi ebjZv bv‡Uvi AÂ‡ji Awaevmx n‡jI cÖK…Z A‡_© †m e¨w³ü`‡qi †cÖ‡gi ¯§„wZmËv GesBwZnvm-f‚‡Mv‡j cÖmvwiZ cÖZxKxmËv| A¯úó, a~mi I my`~i AZx‡Zi †`kKv‡j ¯^cœgq ¯§„wZgš’‡bi KweZvn‡jI †kl ch©š— g~jmyiwU‡Z aŸwbZ n‡Z _v‡K eZ©gvb e¨w³gvby‡li Kvwnbx| GB e¨w³gvbyl wek kZ‡Ki Z„Zxq-

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PZz_© `k‡Ki AÜKvi mgqc‡e©i Awaevmx| †m wbivkªqx, Db¥yjxZ Ges †cÖg †_‡K wePz¨Z| AZx‡Zi mnmªerm‡ii mf¨Zvi c_ cwiµgv K‡iI AvR‡Ki gvbyl ¶q Avi AÜKv‡ii m¤§yLxb|Rxebvb›` GKvwKZ¡, AvÍgMœZv I wbR©bZvi Kwe| Zvui †PZbv‡K wN‡i _v‡K wewQbœZvi †e`bv, e¨_©Zvi welv` IMfxi Aemv`| GB wbtm½Zv I Aemv` †_‡K wZwb gyw³ †Lvu‡Rb BwZnv‡m, cÖK…wZ‡Z Ges bvixcÖwZgvq| d‡jZuvi KweZvq mgqcÖev‡ni GK AwewQbœZv iwPZ nq, eZ©gv‡bi mg‡qi m‡½ hy³ nq †hgb bv‡Uv‡ii ebjZv †mb,†Zgwb Zv‡Z wg‡k _v‡K AZx‡Zi a~mi †`kKvj| wPiš—b gvb‡ei Rb¨ wPiš—b gvbex-A‡c¶gvb _v‡K, ZviBRb¨ gvbe cÖvPxb BwZnv‡mi e„Ëvš— †_‡K Ávb AvniY K‡i| eZ©gv‡bi Rxeb- AwfÁZvi m‡½ †m Áv‡bi wgkª‡YebjZv †mb n‡q I‡V wPiKvjxb A_v©r BwZnvm-f‚‡Mv‡ji cUB Zv‡K K‡i me©Kvjxb| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡bi AÜKv‡i †mGKvš—B Kwei e¨w³ ü`‡qi cÖwZgv, hvi Kv‡Q wZwb AvwkªZ I mgwc©Z| G-hy‡Mi gvbeg‡bi †cÖg APwiZv_© IbvixcÖwZgv ev¯—‡e Aš—wn©Zv| w`‡bi ev¯—e †iŠ`ªv‡jv‡K Zv‡K cvIqv hvq bv, ZvB AÜKvi-gyn~‡Z© iwPZ nqcvÊzwjwc cvkvcvwk e‡m-_vKvi gnvgyn~Z©| K¬vš—, ¶Zwe¶Z e¨w³gvby‡li †cÖgmËvB ågY K‡i BwZnv‡mi c_,f‚‡Mv‡ji gvbwPÎ|AvR‡Ki e¨w³gvbyl Ávbgq †cÖwgK, Zvi mËv ˆReRxe‡bi Avb›`cÖZ¨vkx, Avevi gbbï× nvIqvi RbÏD‡ØwjZ| mf¨Zvi Ae¶q I wech©‡q †m Avkªq †Lvu‡R BwZnv‡mi cÖÁv‡jv‡K Ges bvixi g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q †mBcÖÁvi Drm| d‡j AvaywbK e¨w³i ¯îƒcwU GLv‡b cÖwZwew¤^Z nq| GB gvbyl †hgb GKRb K¬vš—, Aemv`MÖ¯—e¨w³gvÎ, †Zgwb BwZnvm-f‚‡Mv‡ji ÁvbcÖK‡l©I F×| ZvB e¨w³i †cÖg cÖÁvc_evnx, ebjZv †mb n‡q I‡Vmf¨Zvi †cÖ¶vc‡U, ü`qevmbvi mËviƒc, eZ©gv‡bi wech©¯—Kv‡j †h AÜKv‡i Ave„Z|

2 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:iex› ª-cieZ©x wZwi‡ki `k‡Ki Kveävivq ÔebjZv †mbÕ GKwU AvaywbK KweZv| cÖ_g wek¦hy× cieZx©Kv‡j GBavivi m~Pbv K‡ib cÖavbZ cvuPRb KweRxebvb›` `vk, myax›`ªbv_ `Ë, ey×‡è emy, weòz †` Ges AwgqPµeZx©| hy×-cieZx© Rxeb I mf¨Zvi ¶q-wech©q, `k©b-weÁvb-gb —Z¡wPš—vi bZzb ZË¡, †ivgvw›UwmR‡gicwie‡Z© gW©vwbR‡gi DÌvb Ges wkíxixwZi c„_K PwiÎ D³ Kveäviv‡K M‡o †Zv‡j| gbbkxj wPš—v‡PZbv, Avš—Rv©wZKZv, bMi †PZbv, nZvkv I Ae¶q, †`kKvj-BwZnvm m¤úwK©Z bZzb „wó‡KvY GB KweZvi cÖavb welq|evsjv KweZvi †¶‡Î iex› ªKweZvi m‡½ cv_©K¨ iPbv Ges qy‡ivcxq AvaywbK mvwnZävivi êwkó¨ MÖn‡Yi ga¨w`‡q wZwi‡ki KweZv weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| e¨w³¯^vZš¿ëv` I ¯^Kxq KveïxwZi D™¢veb I PP©vi ga¨ w`‡q Gikw³kvjx cÖKvk | GB cvuP Kwei cÖewZ©Z Kve¨`k©bB evsjv KweZvi cieZx© avivi Drmf‚wg|Rxebvb›` `vk G-avivi me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx I ¯Zš¿ ixwZi Kve¨ iPwqZv| wZwb BwZnvm-mgq, g„Zz ‡eva,cÖK…wZ‡PZbv Ges e¨w³ü`‡qi †e`bv cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î GK c„_K fvlvRMr ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb| ÔebjZv m‡bÕKweZvwU‡Z BwZnvm-f‚‡Mvj, mgq cÖevn, †PZb I wb‡ðZb RMr Ges †cÖgwbf©i Awš^ómËvi we¯§qKi cÖKvkN‡U‡Q| AvaywbK KweZvi êwkó¨ nj eûgvwÎK †PZbv‡K cÖKvk Kiv I bZzb wkíixwZ ˆZwi Kiv| Av‡jvP¨KweZvwU cÖ_vMZ evsjv KweZvi MxwZKweZvi gZ n‡qI cÖK…Zc‡¶ Gi iƒcixwZ m¤ú~Y© c„_K|KweZvwU‡Z wZbwU ¯—e‡K web¨¯— AvVvi csw³i mgvnvi N‡U‡Q| cÖ_g ¯—e‡K e¨w³i AvÍcwiP‡qi m‡½wek¦gvbee¨w³i ms‡hvM, wØZxq ¯—e‡K DwÏó mËvi †`nxiƒc I Zvi cwiPq Ges †kl ¯—e‡K e¨w³i m‡½ H mËvimvwbœa¨ iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme Dc ’vcbvq weRwoZ i‡q‡Q mgqcÖevn, mf¨Zvi Av‡jv-AÜKvi, ˆRecÖv‡YiAvb›`, GKv‡ji we¶Z I K¬vš— e¨w³g‡bi †e`bv BZ¨vw` welq|

KweZvwU‡Z Dcgv I kã eënv‡ii i‡q‡Q wewkó ixwZi cÖKvk| Dcgv ïay Zzjbv A‡_© eëüZ nq wb, wPš—v Ig‡bvfv‡ei eY©bv A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb, ÔcvwLi bx‡oi g‡Zv †PvLÕ DcgvwU †Pv‡Li Dcgv bq,g‡bvfv‡ei Dcgv| bx‡oi ggZvwø» Avkªq †hgb cvwLi Kvg¨, ebjZv †m‡bi †PvLI †Zgwb K¬vš— cw_‡Kibxo¯iƒc| ÔAÜKviÕ kãwUi eûwea A_© i‡q‡Q| GKB k‡ã bvbvgvwÎK eënvi AvaywbK KveïxwZi êwkó¨| kãw`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq wPÎRMr, †hLv‡b Bw›`ªq, Abyl½, iO-Av‡jv BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| KweZvwU‡Z `„wó I ¯úk©Bw›`ªq eëüZ, i‡Oi †¶‡Î i‡q‡Q Kv‡jv, a~mi, mv`v I meyR eY©| cÖ‡Z¨KwU iOB A‡_©i †`¨vZK, †hgb a~min‡”QK¬vwš— I mf¨Zvi ¶‡qi cÖZxK, meyR Rxe‡bi cÖZxK BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b AviI eëüZ n‡q‡Q K¬vwmK ’vcZ¨wn‡m‡e kªve ¿xi Kvi“Kvh©, wew`kvi wbkv BZ¨vwì m‡½ †ivgvw›UK Kíbvi wgkªY bvwe‡Ki mgy`ª wenvi, cvwLibx‡o cÖZ¨veZ©b, AÜKv‡i e‡m-_vKvi ebjZv †mb cÖf…wZ iƒcvkªq|



AvaywbK KveïxwZ‡Z Q›` eëüZ nq ¯vaxbfv‡e| Kwei g‡bvfve I wPš—v Abyhvqx Q‡›ì MVb wbwg©Z n‡q _v‡K|csw³i †k‡l wgj _vKv Awbevh© bq, GLv‡b wgj _v‡K csw³i g‡a¨| G‡K ejv nq Aš—wg©j, †hgb, ÔPzj ZviK‡eKvi AÜKvi wew`kvi wbkvÕ, Ô_v‡K ïay AÜKvi, gy‡LvgywL ewmevi ebjZv †mb|Õ e¯‘Z, ÔebjZv †mbÕKweZvwU AvaywbK KveïxwZi Awfbe cÖKiYKjv Avwe®‹v‡i I eënv‡i mv_©K|

3 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi: (ms‡KZ)cÖK…wZ I mf¨Zv Rxe‡bi Aej¤^b, cÖK…wZ‡K Avkªq K‡i Rxeb iPbv K‡i P‡j mf¨Zvi êwPÎ¨ I êfe| cÖ_g IwØZwq wek¦hy× D³ Aej¤b‡K K‡i‡Q cÖkœmv‡c¶, e¨w³gb‡K K‡i‡Q wbivkªq I mskqx| ZeyI Kwe Zuvi KweZvqm„wó K‡i P‡jb A‡gq Avkv I Avk¦v‡mi gvayix| g„Zz¨, Kv‡ji webvk I BwZnv‡mi aŸsmiƒc m‡Ë¡I Avgv‡ì Rb¨_v‡K †cÖg, _v‡K ebjZv †mb bvgK Av‡aq| Rxebvb›` g„Zz¨, a~miZv I Abvkª‡qi g‡a¨ mf¨Zvi êwP‡Î¨,cÖK…wZi wbhv‡m© iPbv K‡i‡Qb ebjZv †m‡bi mywbweo gvqv-Aw¯—Z¡| †m Avgv‡ì Awš^ómËv, Avgv‡ì K¬vwš—i IAweivg åg‡Yi †k‡l GKwU Mš—e¨ I m¤ú‡K©i Avk¦vm| AvaywbK gvbe-Aw¯—‡Z¡i ˆPZb¨wbf©i wRÁvmv KweZvwU‡KK‡i‡Q Mfxi Zvrch©wewkó I wPiKvjxb|

GmGmGBPGj


Agi GKz‡knvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb

(1932-1983)

D‡Ïk¨GB cvV †k‡l Avcwbu evOvwj RvwZi fvlv, HwZn¨ I RxebmsMÖvg m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u GKz‡k †deª“qvwii Av‡›`vjb wKfv‡e KweZvi welq I wkíiƒc ˆZwi K‡i‡Q, Zv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u KweZvwUi fvee ‘ I wkí‰kjx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†jLK cwiwPwZevsjv‡`‡ki Kveävivq nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb cÖMwZkxj, gbbagx© I AvaywbK Kwe| †`k wefvM-cieZx©evsjv‡`‡ki ZrKvjxb mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ I wPš—vi †¶‡Î Zvui f‚wgKv HwZnvwmK | wZwb 1932 wLª÷v‡ãi 14 Rybe„nËi gqgbwmsn †Rjvi Rvgvjcyi kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZv Ave yj ingvb, gvZv nvwdRv LvZzb, wZwb

•wcZvgvZvi cÖ_g mš vb| cvwievwiK cwi‡ek wQj mvwnZ¨PP©vi Dc‡hvMx, wZwb evj¨Kv‡jB MÖvg I bMi Dfqcwi‡e‡ki AwfÁZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|

1938 wLª÷v‡ã Zvui cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vRxe‡bi ïi”| 1946-G wZwb XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹zj †_‡K cÖ‡ewkKv cix¶vqwØZxq wefv‡M DËxY© nb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ivóªweÁvb wefv‡M we.G. Abv‡m© fwZ© n‡qI cix¶v †`bwb| 1951wLª÷v‡ã cvm †Kv‡m© we.G. cix¶vq DËxY© nb| H ermiB XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡M Gg.G. †kªYx‡ZfwZ© nb Ges 1955 wLª÷v‡ã K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ cix¶vq cvk K‡ib|

nvmvb nvwdRyi ingv‡bi ivR‰bwZK Rxeb wQj mwµq I eY©vX¨| wZwb 21 †deª“qvix 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi fvlvAv‡›`vj‡bi mwµq Kgx© wQ‡jb| ZrKvjxb cvwK —vb miKv‡ii wewfbœ `gbbxwZ I mvs¯‹…wZK Kvh©µg wb‡lavÁviwei“‡× wZwb wQ‡jb cÖwZev`x I Av‡›`vjbKvix|

†ckvMZ Rxe‡b nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb cÖavbZ mvsevw`K I GK ch©v‡q K‡j‡Ri Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e cvV`vbK‡iwQ‡jb| 1973-74 wLª÷v‡ã g‡¯‹v‡Z evsjv‡`k `~Zvev‡mi †cÖm KvDwÝji c‡` KvR K‡ib|

Zvui HwZnvwmK f‚wgKv n‡”QwZwbB cÖ_g ÔGKz‡k †deª“qvixÕ (1953) Kve¨msKjb m¤úv`bv K‡ib| Zvuim¤úv`bvq 16 L‡Ê cÖKvwkZ nq Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy×: `wjj cÎÕ (1982-83)| wefv‡MvËi evsjv‡`‡kiKve¨v½‡bi wZwb GKRb ’cwZ| we‡klZ, AvaywbK KweZvi cÖMwZ I gbbagx© avivi weKvk‡¶‡Î Zvui f‚wgKvAMÖMY¨| wZwb RbRxe‡bi cÖZ¨vkv I msMÖvg, e¨w³gvby‡li hš¿Yv I Kvgbvevmbv Ges evOvwj RvwZi HwZn¨ IBwZnvm‡K Kve¨welq wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvui iwPZ Kve¨mg~n: wegyL cÖvš—i [1963], AvZ© kãvejx [1968],Awš—g k‡ii g‡Zv [1968], hLb D`¨Z m½xb [1972], e‡Rª †Piv Avuavi Avgvi [1976], †kvKvZ© Zievix[1982], Avgvi †fZ‡ii evN [1983], fweZ‡eï evwYR¨Zix [1983]| GQvovI wZwb cÖeÜ MÖš’ I Mímvwn‡ZïI iPwqZv; cÖeÜ: AvaywbK Kwe I KweZv (1965), g~j¨‡ev‡ai R‡b¨ (1970), mvwnZ¨cÖm½ (1973),Av‡jvwKZ MnŸi (1977); MíMÖš’: Av‡iv `ywU g„Zz¨ (1970)|

nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb nvU©, wjfvi I wKWwbi e¨vwa‡Z Avµvš— n‡q 17 Rvbyqvwi 1983 wLª÷v‡ã wPwKrmvi Rb¨g‡¯‹v Mgb K‡ib| †mLv‡b †m›Uªvj wK¬wbK nvmcvZv‡j 1jv GwcÖj 1983 wLª÷v‡ã ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| wZwbevsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vimn (1971) Ab¨vb¨ cyi¯‹v‡i f‚wlZ nb| Zvu‡K gi‡YvËi GKz‡k c`K cÖ`vb Kiv nq1984 wLª÷v‡ã|

cvV-5



cvV cwiwPwZnvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb iwPZ Ô Agi GKz‡kÕ KweZvwU 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi GwcÖ‡ji mg‡q iwPZ nq Ges ÔGKz‡k

•†deª“qvixÕ Kve¨msKj‡b 1953 -‡Z cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ nq| GwU c‡i Zuvi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔwegyL cÖvš—iÕ-G Aš f©y³nq 1963 wLª÷v‡ã| 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi 21 †deª“qvwi‡Z msNwVZ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi i³¶qx msMÖv‡gi c‡U wjwLZG-RvZxq AviI KweZv i‡q‡Q| †hgb Avãyj Mvddvi †PŠayixi Ô Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deª“qvix/Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwi,Õ Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjvn iwPZ Ô gv‡Mv Iiv e‡jÕ BZ¨vw`| Av‡jvP¨ ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvwU

•†m‡¶‡Î me‡P‡q wkímdj I hyMvš Kvix iPbv|

g~jcvV\ 1 \

Av¤§v Zvui bvgwU a‡i GKeviI WvK‡e bv Z‡e Avi?

•N wY© S‡oi g‡Zv †mB bvg Db¥w_Z g‡bi cÖvš—‡iNy‡i Ny‡i RvM‡e, WvK‡e,`ywU †Vvu‡Ui †fZi †_‡K gy‡³vi g‡Zv Mwo‡q G‡mGKeviI D¾¡j n‡q DV‡e bv, mvivwU Rxe‡bI bv? Z‡e nvi?

wK K‡i GB ¸i“fvi mB‡e Zzwg, K‡Zvw`b?

Aveyj eiKZ †bB: †mB A¯^vfvweK †e‡o IVvwekvj kixi evjK, gayi ÷‡ji Qv` Qyu‡q nvuU‡Zv †hZuv‡K †W‡Kv bv;Avi GKeviI WvK‡j N„Yvq Zzwg KuzP‡K DV‡e −mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, ReŸvi wK welYœ †_vKv †_vKv bvg;GB GK mvwi bvg ek©vi Zx² djvi g‡Zv GLb ü`q‡K nv‡b

we‡”Q‡ì R‡b¨ ˆZwi nIqvi Av‡MBAvgiv I‡ì‡K nvwi‡qwQ

†Kbbv, cÖwZwµqvi MÖvm Rxeb I gbyl¨Z¡‡K mgxn K‡i bv;†f‡e IVvi Av‡MB Avgiv I‡ì‡K nvwi‡qwQ†Kbbv, cÖwZwµqvi †KŠkj GK g„Zz w`‡q nvRvi g„Zz ‡K †W‡K Av‡b|Avi Gevi Avgiv nvwi‡qwQ Ggb K‡qKRb‡K

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Aveyj eiKZ, mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, ReŸviwK Avðh©, wK welYœ bvg! GK mvi& R¡jš— bvg\

\ 2 \

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GmGmGBPGj


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mg‡qi wbf…Z gw›`‡i ms‡Mvc‡b G‡m hviv ci¯ú‡iü`‡qi mZZvi K_v e‡j †M‡QZv‡ì GKRb AvR †bB

hyMj cvwLi GKwU AvR †bB

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Avqyi cÖ_g ü`qgwš’Z kã,gbyl¨‡Z¡i cÖ_g `x¶v †h D”Pvi‡Y

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†n Avgvi †`k, eb¨vi g‡Zv



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Gevi Avgiv †Zvgvi\

\ 3 \• •e¯ xevwmbx gv AK¯§vr ¯v ’ evb GKwU mš vb‡K ey‡Ki Kv‡Q ai‡Z

cvi‡j†hgb K‡i AvnZ w`‡bi AmsL¨ g„Zz¨‡K fz‡j _vK‡Z cv‡i†Zgwb cÂvkwU knx` fvB‡qi g„Zz¨‡K fz‡jwQgv, †Zvgv‡K †c‡qwQ e‡j|AvR †Zv Rvb‡Z GKUzKz evKx †bB gv‡Mv,Zzwg wK PvI, Zzwg wK PvI, Zzwg wK PvI|

®®e¯‘ms‡¶c

€ • •GKz‡k †deª qvwii fvlvmsMÖv‡g knx` mš v‡bi Rb¨ gvZ…ü`‡qi †e`bvi m‡½ wg‡j Av‡Q k„ LwjZ, jywÚZŽ• •¯‡`kgvZvi iƒcg wZ©| mš v‡bi bvg D Pvi‡Yi gayi Avb›` †_‡K gvZ…KÚ ewÂZ| kvm‡Ki `gb I nZ¨v Zvi

KÚ‡K K‡i‡Q i€×| knx` eiKZ, mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, ReŸvi • bvg¸‡jv GLb Zx¶ ek©vi djvi g‡Zv†e`bvq we× K‡i‡Q †`‡ki ü`q‡K| Zviv AKvj we‡ŽQ‡ì wkKvi, cÖwZwµqvkxj kÎ€ Zv‡ì‡K nb‡bi ga¨

• •w`‡q gbyl¨Z¡‡K chy©`¯ K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Zv‡ì GB g„Zz¨ †`‡ki AvÍv‡K AviI Akvš I cÖ`xß K‡i Zz‡j‡Q,†`‡ki gvbyl‡K `x¶v w`‡q †M‡Q msMÖvg I AvÍZ¨v‡M DØy× nIqvi Rb¨| G‡ì bvg¸‡jv GKB m‡½ †e`bv IAwMœwkLvi gZ cÖR¡wjZ|

GB fvlvmsMÖvg Kwe‡K K‡i‡Q ¯^‡`k‡PZb, BZnvmjMœ Ges RxebmsMÖvgx| KviY gvZ…fvlvi jovB †_‡K wZwb• •†`‡ki g~j I we¯ …Z cÖvYcªev‡ni m‡½ GKvÍ nIqvi `x¶v MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| RbZvi Mfxi ü`‡q Kwe Zuvi m ²

•Abyf‚wZ‡K Pvivi gZ †ivcb K‡i‡Qb, hv †mvbvwj dm‡j iƒcvš wiZ n‡e| †`kR mËvq Kwei N‡U‡Q AeMvnb|GB †`‡ki cUf‚wg‡Z i‡q‡Q K…lK-kªwgKRbZv, i‡q‡Q RxebmsMÖv‡gi myKwVb †¶Î, cÖK…wZi b`x-gvV-AvKvk|Kwe GKz‡k †deª€qvwii gwngvq AvÍmRvM I cwiï× n‡q GB mywekvj †`kcÖvY‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb|

•knx` mš v‡bi gnvb AvÍZ¨vM RvwZ‡K gwngvwšZ I m‡PZb K‡i‡Q, wKš‘ cwiev‡ii wcZv gvZv fvB‡ev‡biRb¨ e‡q G‡b‡Q ¯Rb nviv‡bvi ytL| Zey GB g„Zz gvZ…fvlvi R‡b¨ gvbyl Zvi Rb¥ I gbyl¨Z¡ wb‡q †h fvlvq†MŠie e¨³ K‡i, ZviB m¤§v‡bi Rb¨ GB AvÍwemR©b| Zvu‡ì g„Zz¨ mgMÖ †`k‡K GKZve× K‡i †M‡Q| fvlvi

• •Aw¯ Z¡ i¶vi jovB cieZx© me jovB‡qi †K›`ªwe›`y I Dr‡m iƒcvš wiZ n‡q‡Q, A_v©r †`ªvn‡PZbvi D¾xebN‡U‡Q| GLv‡b GKz‡k †deª€qvwii ivR‰bwZK Zvrc‡h©i MfxiZvB e¨³ Kiv n‡ŽQ| gvbyl AvR GKz‡ki kc‡_DÏxß n‡q Rxebg„Zzï mwÜj‡Mœ, BwZnv‡mi behy‡M DcbxZ| GKw`‡K ¯^Rbnviv cwiev‡ii †e`bv, Ab¨w`‡K†`‡ki e„nËi RbRxeb • meB GKm ‡Î Awew”Qbœ-ü`‡q cwiYZ| GB `wi`ª, jvwÃZ I †kvwlZ †`‡ki gvbyl

GmGmGBPGj


gvZ…fvlvi jovB †_‡K AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zvi `vwe I AwaKv‡ii cieZx© msMÖvg¯ž„nv I iPbv K‡i‡Q gyw³iBwZnvm|

UxKvGKz‡k 1952 wLª÷v‡ãi 21 †deª€qvwi msNwUZ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnvmB GLv‡b e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1947-cieZx© cvwK —v‡b evOvwj RvwZ evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ^xK…wZ`v‡bi Rb¨ miKv‡ii wei€‡× cÖej msMÖv‡gSvuwc‡q c‡o| D³ Zvwi‡L mvjvg, eiKZ, ReŸvi, iwdK cÖgyL knx` nb| GKz‡k †deª€qvwi evOvwj RvwZi fvlv-HwZn¨ i¶vi I mvgwMÖK gyw³i jovB, hv cieZx©Kv‡j A‡bK jovB‡qi cÖZxK n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q|

mvjvg, iwdKDwÏb, eiKZ, ReŸviGuiv mevB GKz‡k †deª€qvwii Av‡›`vj‡b knx` nb| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ mvjvg,iwdKDwÏb PvKwiRxex, eiKZ QvÎ Ges ReŸvi wQ‡jb K…wlRxex| D³ Av‡›`vj‡b †`‡ki me© —‡ii gvbylBAv‡eMvcyZ I †Kvb-bv-†Kvbfv‡e DÏxwcZ n‡qwQj|

mvZwU Zvivmßwl©gÊj, AvKv‡ki Ckvb †Kv‡b Ae ’vb K‡i| cyivYg‡Z, eªþvi gvbmcyÎ mvZRb Fwli bv‡g•G‡ì bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q, hviv ag©eë¯’v I †jvKi¶v K‡i‡Qb| bvg¸‡jv n‡”QgixwP, AwÎ, cyjn, cyj¯ v,

•µZz, Aw½iv I ewkô| AmsL¨ ZviKvi g‡a¨ G‡ì wPwýZ Kivi A_©B nj G‡ì gwngv‡K ¯Zš K‡i †`Lv|•fvlv-knx`‡ì ¯Zš gwngvi Rb¨B mvZwU Zviv wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mwLbvü`q Kvievjv hy‡×i Kvwnbx wb‡q iwPZ gxi gkviid †nv‡m‡bi Ô welv`wmÜzÕ MÖ‡š’i PwiÎ| Kvievjvhy‡× m`¨weevwnZv mwLbv êaeëiY K‡iwQ‡jb|

cváVvÀi g~j®vqbàbe©®w≥K c÷kúmwVK DÀáii cvák (√) wUK wP˝ w`b|1. ‘mvwnZ® c÷mΩ’ iPbv Káib-K. nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb L. KvRx ÜgvZvnvi Ünvámb M. gxi gkviid Ünvámb N. iexõ`™bv_ VvKzi|

2. ‘Aváiv `ywU g ÑZz®’ wK?K. Dcb®vm M. MÌM÷öí M. ÜQvUMÌ N. bvUK

3. kÅb®Øívb cÅiY KiÄb-(K) ------ náq ÜMwQ,(L)---- gáZv Aáf`® wekvj náq ÜMwQ

DÀigvjv: 1. K 2. L 3. (K) GK (L) wngvjáqi

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ1. ÔcÖwZwµqvi MÖvm Rxeb I gbyl¨Z¡‡K mgxn K‡i bvÕ evK¨wUi A_© wK?

DËi : GKz‡k †deª€qvwii fvlv- Av‡›`vj‡b AKv‡j g„Zz eiY K‡i‡Qb mvjvg,eiKZ, ReŸvi cÖgyL| Zv‡ì g„Zz iRb¨ ¯Rb I †`kevmx cÖ ‘Z wQj bv| GB g„Zz cÖwZwµqvkxj kvmKkw³i Øviv msNwVZ| RvwZ I †`‡ki Dc‡i

•wbh©vZb, †kvlY I kvm‡bi BwZnvm evOvwj‡K Aw¯ Z¡ i¶vi msMÖv‡g evievi †U‡b wb‡q †M‡Q| cÖMwZ IgvbeZvi wei€× kw³ KL‡bv gvby‡li Rxeb I gbyl¨‡Z¡i ghv©`v i¶v K‡ibv, eis webó K‡i| cÖwZwµqvkxj Pµme© vB `wjZ I wbwðý K‡i gvbeZvi evYx|

2. RbZvi Mfx‡i Kwei Abyf‚wZ †Kb †ivwcZ n‡q‡Q?



DËi : GKz‡k †deª€qvwii fvlv Av‡›`vjb gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v i¶vi jovB n‡jI GwU wQj g~jZ †kvwlZ, wbcxwoZevOvwj RvwZi ivR‰bwZK-A_©‰bwZK-mvs¯‹…wZK gyw³i msMÖvg| `xN©w`‡bi eÂbv I cxobB gvbyl‡K fvlvicÖZx‡K msNe× I DØy× K‡iwQj| kn‡ii ga¨weË wkw¶Z gvbyl GB Av‡›`vj‡bi AwfÁZv †_‡K †c‡qwQj †MvUv

ž•†`‡ki Rbgvby‡li ms¯úk©| Kwei Abyf‚wZ RbZvi Rxebg ‡j m¤ ÖmvwiZ n‡q AR©b K‡i ivR‰bwZK gvÎv|•RbZvi m‡½ Kwei N‡U Mfxi ms‡hvM | †kvlY, kvmb †_‡K Aw¯ ‡Z¡i gyw³i cÖ‡kœB Kwe Zvi ü`q‡K †ivwcZ

K‡ib RbZvi Rxeb f‚wg‡Z|

3. kªwg‡Ki Ôwk‡í cÖwZfvi ¯^v`Õ K_vwUi Zvrch© wK?

DËi : kªg gvby‡li nvwZqvi Ges mf¨Zvi PvwjKvkw³| GKRb kªgRxex Rxeb I BwZnv‡mi wbgv©Zv | GKz‡k€ •†deª qvwii fvlv Av‡›`vjbI evOvwj RvwZi Aw¯ Z¡ I gyw³i BwZnvmmªóv | wKš‘ GB BwZnvm wkwíZ I

cÖwZfv¯ž‡k© F×| kªwgK †hgb Zvi Kv‡R eyw×gËv, Av‡eM I m„wókxjZvi ms‡hv‡M kªg‡K K‡i †Zv‡j wkí,†Zgwb GKz‡ki msMÖvg Kwe‡K †mB m„RbxcÖwZfvi wekvjZ¡ I Z…wß `vb K‡i‡Q| GKz‡ki †PZbvq Kwe n‡qD‡V‡Qb BwZnvm m„wói kªg, Av‡eM I cwiZ…wßi Av¯^vàb¨|

4. ÔGLv‡b Avgv‡ì g„Zz¨ I Rxe‡bi mwÜÕ e³‡e¨ wK Zvrch© e¨³ n‡q‡Q ?

5. ÔZzwg wK PvI, Zzwg wK PvI, Zzwg wK PvIÕ GB AvKzjZv cÖKvk K‡i Kwe wK Bw½Z K‡i‡Qb|

Drm I cÖm½ wb‡`©k K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb1. K…lK †hgb el©vi cwjwm³ gv‡V †ivqv av‡bi Pviv¸‡jv

•†i‡L Av‡m †mvbvwj k‡mï R‡b¥i AvKv ¶vq†Zgwb Avgvi mi€ mi€ Abyf‚wZ¸‡jv RbZvi Mfx‡i ey‡b G‡mwQ;

DËi : Av‡jvP¨ csw³mg~n nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb iwPZ ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ kxl©K KweZv †_‡K D×…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|GLv‡b Kwe GKwU wP‡Îvcgvi mvnv‡h¨ Rxe‡bi m‡½ wb‡Ri †PZbvi m„wókxj m¤ú‡K©i K_v e‡j‡Qb|

€ •GKz‡k †deª qvwii fvlv Av‡›`vjb Aw¯ Z¡, HwZn¨ I †PZbv RM‡Zi msMÖvg| hwÌ evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlvKivi `vweB wQj gyL¨, wKš‘ GKzk wQj evOvwj RvwZi bZzb BwZnv‡mi Rb¥jMœ, w`Ke`‡ji ElvKvj| evsjv‡`‡kime© —‡ii gvbyl GB BwZnv‡mi NUbvq Av‡›`vwjZ I m‡PZb n‡qwQj| bvMwiK, e¨w³gvbyl AvÍwew”QbœZv AwZµg

• •K‡i GKz‡ki Av‡›`vj‡b RbRxe‡bi m‡½ n‡qwQj weRwoZ| m ² Abyf‚wZ I e¨w³MZ AvKv ¶vi g‡a¨ m‡PZbgvby‡li _v‡K †hme cÖZ¨vkv- ^cœ-Av`k©, mewKQy ev —e iƒc †c‡Z cv‡i e„nËi Rxeb-¯ž‡k©| GKz‡k †deª€qvwi

ž •†mB Rxeb¯ ‡k©i †¶Î iPbv K‡i‡Q| Kwe Zuvi AvÍMZ Abyf‚wZi Pviv¸‡jv †mvbvwj k‡m¨ iƒcvš wiZ Ki‡ZPvb| K…lK elv©i cwjwm³ gv‡V av‡bi Pviv †ivcb K‡i bZzb dm‡ji Avkvq, KweI †Zgwb Zuvi Abyf‚wZi Pviv‡KRbZvi Mfxi †¶‡Î ey‡b G‡m‡Qb hv beR‡b¥i m~Pbv NUv‡e|

•AvÍvbyf‚wZ I e¨w³gb MYRxe‡bi gyw³i g‡a¨B Lyu‡R cvq ˆPZ‡bï gyw³, Rxe‡bi ¯wcœj AvKv ¶vi ev —evqb|

2. GLv‡b Avgiv c„w_exi †kl ˆØi‡_ `vuwo‡q,• •†`k Avgvi, ¯ ä A_ev KjKÉ GB Ø‡›Øi mxgv‡š G‡m

gv‡qi †ø‡ni c‡¶ †_‡K †KvwU †KvwU KÉ †PŠwPi K‡i w`‡qwQ:

DËi: DcwiD³ csw³¸‡jv Kwe nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb iwPZ ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvi Aš—M©Z| GLv‡b Kwe•gvZ…fvlvi AwaKvi i¶vi m ‡Î Av‡›`vjb Kivi K_v ej‡Qb|

gvZ…fvlvi `vwe cÖwZôvi j‡¶ GKz‡ki †deª€qvwii msMÖvg wQj Rxebg„Zz i mwÜ¶Y| †Kbbv fvlvnxb RvwZi g„Zy•N‡U †eu‡P †_‡KI| kvmK me© vB RvwZi KÉ ¯ ä Kivi Rb¨, †kvlY I kvm‡bi Rb¨ fvlv‡K wbwðý Ki‡Z

•Pvq| Jcwb‡ewkK Bs‡iR Avg‡jI Zv‡ì fvlv‡K Pvwc‡q w ‡q RvwZi gvZ…fvlv‡K ¯ ä Kivi †Póv Kiv

GmGmGBPGj


n‡qwQj| cvwK¯—vb c‡e©I Avgiv †`wL †kvl‡Yi cÖ_g AvNvZ evsjvfvlvi Dc‡iB| wKš‘ gyw³Kvgx RvwZ‡K †m•AvNv‡Zi m‡½ jovB K‡i‡Q, GB jovB wQj wPiZ‡i ¯ ä n‡q hvIqv A_ev KÉgyLi n‡q †eu‡P _vKvi jovB|

•evOvwj gvZ…fvlvi ¯c‡¶ `vwo‡q ¯ äZv‡K eiY K‡iwb, eis †KvwU K‡É cÖwZev` Rvwb‡q AvÍvûwZ w ‡q‡Q|•D`©yfvlvi AvwacZ¨ †g‡b bv wb‡q Zviv wb‡Ri Aw¯ Z¡‡K cÖej kw³‡Z cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q|

€• • •BwZnv‡mi cÖv‡š RvwZi Rxebg„Zz i mxgv‡š GB GKz‡k †deª qvwi| †mB mxgv‡š evOvwj RvwZi KÉcÖwZev`x, †m Rxeb DrmM© K‡i i¶v K‡i‡Q gvZ…fvlvi AwaKvi|

3. • •ew¯ evwmbx gv AvK¯§vr ¯v ’ evb GKwU mš vb‡K ey‡Ki Kv‡Q ai‡Zcvi‡j

†hgb K‡i AvnZ w`‡bi AmsL¨ g„Zz¨‡K fz‡j _vK‡Z cv‡i†Zgwb cÂvkwU knx` fvB‡qi AKvj g„Zz¨‡K fz‡jwQgv, †Zvgv‡K †c‡qwQ e‡j|

4. Avqyi cÖ_g ü`qgwš’Z kã,gbyl¨‡Z¡i cÖ_g `x¶v †h DŽPvi‡Y

•ZviB m¤§v‡bi R‡b¨ Zviv e _e× n‡q ùvwo‡qwQj|

4 bs e¨vL¨vi bgybv-DËi: (ms‡KZ)KweZv e¨w³g‡bi Av‡eM, Abyf‚wZ I Kíbvi iƒcwPÎ n‡jI Rxeb, BwZnvm I mf¨Zvi e„nrcU‡K MÖnY K‡i

•_v‡K| KLbI KLbI BwZnv‡mi mwÜgyn Z©, RxebØ›Ø I Zzgyj NUbvcÖevn KweZvi welq n‡q I‡V| evsjv‡`‡kiKweZv RvwZi Avkv I msMÖv‡gi RMr wb‡q A‡bK †ewk gyLi| GKz‡k †deª€qvwii fvlv Av‡›`vjb Avgv‡ì

•KweZvi welq‡K K‡i‡Q cÖvYeš , RxebNwbô I ˆbe© w³K, Avw½K‡K K‡i‡Q kãfvlv I Aj¼v‡i êwPÎ¨gq Ibv›`wbK| nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb AvaywbK ixwZ I ˆPZb¨wbf©i| Zuvi ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvwU ZviB wkwíZ cÖKvk|

iPbvg~jK c™kú1. ‘Agi GKzák’ KweZvq e®≥ náqáQ RvZxq AwØèáZ°i cev©öèi’| AvájvPbv KiÄb|2. GKzáki ÜPZbv iÉcvqáY Kwe wK wK iÉcK Aej§b KáiáQb?3. ‘Agi GKzák’ KweZvi QõìÉc AvájvPbv KiÄb|4. ‘Agi GKzák’ KweZvi g~je≥e® AvájvPbv KiÄb|5. ‘Agi GKzák’ KweZvi wkÌg~j® wbiÉcY KiÄb|

1 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvwU GKz‡k †deª€qvwii fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi wkígq AwfÁvb| GLv‡b Kwei †PZbv, Av‡eM I

•Rxebevmbv e¨³ n‡q‡Q Dcgv-eY©bvi we¯ …Zc‡U Ges Zv‡Z wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k I RvwZi BwZnvm-ž •ci¤ ivi ms‡KZ | RvwZmËvi ¯iƒc I AvKv ¶vi iƒcwU D‡b¥vP‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Kwe GKzk‡K wb‡q iPbv K‡i‡Qb

A½xKv‡ii `xßiƒc I †`ªvn‡PZbv |

•Kwe ce© †_‡K ce©vš ‡i engvb RvZxq Rxe‡bi weKvk‡K Aw¼Z K‡i‡Qb| GB c‡e©i m~Pbvq i‡q‡Q gvZ…fvlvi€•D¾¡j fvÊvi i¶vi BwZnvm hv gwYgvwY‡K¨ c Y©| wKš‘ cÖwZwµqvkxj kÎ Rxeb I gbyl¨Z¡‡K nbb K‡i| evOvwj

€ •RvwZi AZxZ BwZnvmI evisevi GB iKg cÖwZwµqvkxj kÎ i †Qve‡j g„Zz MÖ , fvlv I HwZn¨ aŸs‡mi€•loh‡š Ave„Z| wKš‘ evOvwj Gi wei ‡× AvÍZ¨v‡Mi ga¨ w ‡q jovB K‡i‡Q, †`‡ki K…lK-kªwgK-RbZv

•cÖwZev` I msMÖv‡gi c‡_ Aw¯ Z¡‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †M‡Q| 1947-G cvwK —vb cÖwZôvi cieZx© BwZnvmI evOvwji



RvwZmËv I gyw³msMÖv‡gi i³¶i‡Yi BwZnvm, GKz‡ki msMÖvg ZviB cÖv_wgK wfwË| ivóªfvlviƒ‡c evsjv fvlvcÖwZôvi Rb¨ msNwUZ GB msMÖvgwU‡Z hy³ wQj RvwZi A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK weKv‡kiI j¶| Av‡jvP¨KweZvq Kwe AvÍm‡PZb RvwZmËvi îƒcwU D‡b¥vPb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

Ž• •mš v‡bi g„Zz¨‡Z Rbbx nvivb Zvi wcÖq bvg D Pvi‡Yi Avb›`| cÖwZwµqvkxj kvmK‡Mvwô fvlvi Aw¯ Z¡webv‡ki j‡¶ nZ¨v K‡i cÖwZev`x gvbyl‡K Z_v wcÖq KZ¸‡jv bvg‡K | wKš‘ Zviv i‡q hvq †`‡ki cÖv‡Yi `xwßiMfx‡i Ges cwiev‡ii Av‡eMgq ¯§„wZRM‡Z| K…l‡Ki av‡bi Pviv †ivc‡bi gZ, kªwg‡Ki wkwíZ kª‡gi gZ GesG‡`‡ki b`xcÖev‡ni cwjgvwUi De©iZvi gZ knx‡ì bvg¸‡jv Avgv‡ì †PZbvi Mfx‡i mÂvwiZ n‡q hvq| Zvivn‡q I‡V GK GKwU A‡f`¨ wekvj wngvjq| knx‡ì gv n‡q I‡Vb †`kgvZ…Kv| †kvK †_‡K N„Yv Ges Zvici† ªvn‡PZbv RvMi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q KweZvwU‡Z cÖwZwôZ nq mgwóRxe‡bi D‡Øvab| knx`‡ì bvg DŽPviY K‡i KweAvwe®‹vi K‡ib gbyl¨Z¡ I cÖwZev‡ì Mfxi `x¶v I kc‡_i Zvrch©| e¨w³ Zvi wew”QbœZv I AvÍ‡Kw›`ªK e„ËDËxY© n‡q ¯úk© K‡i †`‡ki gvby‡li wekvj cªvY‡K| GKz‡ki fvlv Av‡›`vjb Ges knx`‡ì AvÍZ¨vM †_‡K

• •AwR©Z nq †mB AwfÁZv, hv Kwei †PZbvq m wPZ K‡i k„ LwjZ ¯‡`‡ki gyw³i Rb¨ msMÖvg I g„Zzëi‡YiAv‡eM| GiB avivevwnKZvq N‡UwQj 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi gyw³hy×, †h A‡_© ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi

•exRgš | Z‡e KweZvwUi g~j êwkó¨ nj cÂv‡ki `k‡K mgvRcÖMwZ, mgwó‡PZbv I evOvwji RvMÖZ msMÖvgx-we‡eK‡K mvn‡mi m‡½ Kve¨MZ Kiv| Kwe GLv‡b ¯úk© Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb BwZnv‡mi Øvw›ØK MwZ‡K , hv g~jënK‡i e„nËi RbRxe‡bi Kj¨vY j‡¶¨ wb‡ew`Z msMÖvg‡K Ges mg‡eZ AskMÖn‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K|

2 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:iƒcKí n‡”QKweZvi Aejw¤Z kãvkªq, hv w`‡q fvee ‘ iƒcvwqZ nq| GB kãvkªq M‡o I‡V Dcgv-wPÎKí-iƒcK-cÖZxK-we‡klY Ges Q›` KvVv‡gvi wfwË‡Z| ÔAgi GKz‡kÕ KweZvi fvee¯‘ msMÖvg, AvÍZ¨vM, †kvK I

•Z¾vZ AwfÁvb| G-meB weg Z© AvBwWqv, hv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Kwe‡K m„wó Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q we‡kl ai‡bi Dcgv IeY©bvwPÎ| fve-Abymv‡i iƒcKí¸‡jvi Drm- Dc`vbI h_vh_ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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•AbyfegqZvq bvq‡Ki Aš ivÍv, cÂw›`ªq-mgwšZ mgMÖ mËv ey‡S wbj †K †mB †jvK, †h GB gnv`y‡h©v‡McyKz‡ii DuPz cvowU‡Z Avkªq wb‡q‡Q| myievjvI †h bvqKwU‡K kbv³ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q G e¨vcv‡iI †Kv‡bv m‡›`niBj bv Zvi| Pviw`K RjgMœ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| †Kej cuvP Qq nvZ DuPz ¶z`ª Øx‡ci Dci `Êvqgvb nZfvM¨ hyeK Avi

•Zvi ˆkk‡ei †Ljvi mw½bx myievjv| ZLb cÖjqKvj, c„w_exi mg¯ Av‡jv wbe©vwcZ-cÖvq| Ggwb GKwUA¯vfvweK cwiw ’wZ‡Z GKwU K_v ej‡j wKsev Kzkj-wewbgq Ki‡j †Kv‡bv ¶wZi Avk¼v wQ‡jv bv Kv‡iv| wKš‘`yR‡bi †KDB †Kv‡bv K_v ejj bv| AÜKv‡ii w`‡K `„wó cÖmvwiZ K‡i AÜKvi‡KB Nbxf‚Z K‡i Zzj‡jv `yRb|

c`Z‡ji g„Zz ‡mªv‡Zi MR©‡bi Ave‡n bvq‡Ki Dcjwä‡Z Rxeb¥q n‡q DV‡jv bvwqKv myievjv| Zvi g‡b n‡jv•Rb¥Rb¥vš ‡ii inm¨vÜKvi †_‡K †f‡m G‡m myievjv Zvi cv‡k msjMœ n‡q‡Q| Rb¥‡mªvZ Zv‡K Kv‡Q G‡bwQ‡jv,

g„Zz ‡mªvZ Avevi yRb‡K GKÎ K‡i‡Q| GLb GKwU †XD G‡m AbwZµg¨ we‡ŽQ`‡K wgj‡bi †gvnbvq GKvKviK‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|

wKš‘ `yR‡bi †KDB †Kvb K_v ej‡Z cvij bv, ivwÎ †k‡l So †_‡g †Mj, RjI †b‡g †Mj µ‡g| wbe©vK Df‡qBwd‡i †Mj ¯^-¯^ M„‡n|

•Zey GB GK Abš ivwÎi ¯§„wZ A¶q n‡q iB‡jv wecbœ bvq‡Ki Abyf‡e| †m MvwievjwW n‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jv; n‡Z€•cv‡iwb bvwRi-†m‡i¯ v`viI| fvOv ¯‹z‡ji GK Amnvq †m‡KÊ gv÷vi n‡qB QKeuvav i wU‡b AwZevwnZ n‡e

Zvi Aewkó Rxeb| Zey, AvÍ-Abyf‡e GB ¯§„wZB Zvi ZzŽQ Rxe‡bi GKgvÎ mv_©KZv wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡jv|•Gfv‡eB Rxebfi e¨_©Zvi Mvwb‡K GK AvÍcÖeÂbvg~jK mvš ¡bvi cÖ‡j‡c Ave„Z K‡i Amnvq bvqKwU wZ³

•¯§„wZ fvivµvš fwel¨r Rxeb-hvcbvi GK †e`bvgq AvÍ¸nv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i wb‡jv|

cváVvÀi g~j®vqbmwVK DÀáii cvák (√) wUK wP˝ w`b|1. ëGKivwŒí ÜKvb& RvZxq iPbv?K. Dcb®vm L. ÜQvUMÌ M. c÷e‹ N. KweZv

2. myievjv ÜK?K. iexõ`™bvá_i ÜQvUMáÌi bvwqKvL. iexõ`™bvá_i Dcb®vámi bvwqKvM. iexõ`™bvá_i MxwZbváU®i bvwqKvN. iexõ`™bvá_i bvUáKi bvwqKv

3. kÅb®Øívb cÅiY KiÄb-(K) Avgvi ------- mgØè w`b-ivwŒi gáa® ÜmB ------ ivwŒB Avgvi ----- Rxeábi ------ Pig mv_©KZv|

GmGmGBPGj


DÀigvjv: 1. L 2. K 3. (K) Avqyi, GKwUgvŒ, ZzPQ, GKgvŒ

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Ki‡Z n‡qwQj?4bs msw¶ß-DËi cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:

ž Ž •DwKj ivg‡jvPb iv‡qi m‡½ myievjvi we‡q m¤ bœ nIqvi mg‡q M‡íi D PvKv ¶x bvqK KjKvZvq ivR‰bwZK•RM‡Zi m‡½ mswkó †_‡K cwZZ civaxb fvi‡Zi Puv`v msMÖ‡n e¨¯ wQj| d‡j e„nËi KZ©e¨ cvjbKv‡j

Ž• • •myievjvi we‡qi Lei AZ¨š Zz Q e‡jB g‡b n‡qwQj bvq‡Ki| myievjvi RjR¨vš ¯vgxi Aw¯ Z¡I Zvi•Aš ‡i †Kv‡bv cÖwZwµqv mÂvi Ki‡Z cv‡iwb ZLb|

wKš‘ Rxe‡bi iƒp ev¯—eZvi wkKvi n‡q Zv‡K hLb bIqvLvwj wefv‡Mi GKwU †Qv‡Uv kn‡i GKwU Gb&‡UªÝ ¯‹z‡ji†m‡KÊ gv÷vwii c` MÖnY Ki‡Z nj, ZLb †_‡KB ivg‡jvPb ivq bvq‡Ki Cl©vZß ü`‡qi KviY n‡q DVj| †h

• •¯‹zj NiwU‡Z _vKvi e‡›`ve¯ n‡qwQj Zvi, Gi AbwZ` ‡iB wQj ’vbxq miKvwi DwKj ivg‡jvPb iv‡qi evmv|ivg‡jvP‡bi m‡½ cwiPq I Avjvc nj bvq‡Ki| wKš‘ myievjvi m‡½ Zvi †h †Kv‡bv Kv‡j cwiPq wQj Zv Rvbv‡bvmsMZ bq g‡b K‡iB welqwU m¤ú‡K© ivg‡jvP‡bi Kv‡Q †m bxie iBj| G mgq †_‡KB bvq‡Ki wP‡Ë Zvi^wbiƒwcZ GK‡c‡k Dcjwä‡Z ivg‡jvPb GK bxie cÖwZØ›Øxi f‚wgKvq AeZxY© nj|

ivg‡jvPb iv‡qi evmvq hvZvqvZ wQj bvq‡Ki| ivg‡jvP‡bi m‡½ AvjvcPvwiZvi ARynv‡Z A›ìevwmbx myievjvi¯úk©ab¨ evmv I myievjvB †h bvq‡Ki Pig j¶¨ wQj K_‡Ki AvÍfv‡l¨ †m Bw½Z ¯žó| GKw`b QywUi w`‡bivg‡jvP‡bi êVKLvbvq AvjvcPvwiZvi mgq cv‡ki Ni †_‡K Avmv Pzwoi UzsUvs, Kvc‡oi g„`y Lm&Lm& kã I†Kvgj càŸwb DjUcvjU K‡i †`q bvq‡Ki fvebvRMr| †m Zvi lô Bw› ªq w`‡q Abyfe K‡i Rvbvjvi duvK

• •w`‡q ˆkk‡ei †mB myievjvi †KŠZ njc Y© †PvL Zv‡K wbix¶Y Ki‡Q| Zvi g‡b c‡o hvq wek¦vm mijZv AviˆkkecÖxwZ‡Z wø» myievjvi †mB „wó| wKš‘ bvq‡Ki Kv‡Q G mZÏ ¯žó †h, ZLb hv‡K B‡ŽQ Ki‡jB cvIqvm¤¢e wQ‡jv, GLb gv_v Vz‡K gi‡jI Zv‡K †Pv‡L †`Lvi AwaKviUzKzI Zvi †bB| GB m‡Z¨vcjwäi cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZBivg‡jvPb MíK_K bvq‡Ki Dcjwä‡Z GKwU wkKvix wP‡ji wPÎK‡í D™¢vwmZ n‡q I‡V| ivg‡jvPb †h g~j

Ž•i½g‡Âi evB‡i Ae¯’vb KiwQj, †m nVvr K‡i Dcw¯’Z n‡q †MvUvK‡qK Mreuvav gš D PviY K‡i Avi mK‡jiKvQ †_‡K, we‡klZ, ¯cœPvix bvq‡Ki KvQ †_‡K myievjv‡K †Quv †g‡i wQwb‡q wbj| ivg‡jvPb miKvwi DwKj|Zvi we‡kl K‡i myievjvi ¯vgx nIqvUv Awbevh© wKsev AZ¨vek¨K wQj bv| we‡qi AvM ch©š— Zvi c‡¶ myievjv IfeksKixi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bvfve Zdvr _vKvi K_v bq| A_P wbg©g cwinv‡mi gZ myievjvB n‡q‡Q ivg‡jvP‡bi

€ • •Nibx| my›ì wbi c`ªe Am‡š vlk b¨ Rxeb ivg‡jvP‡bi| wb‡Ri wbðj nZvkvgq Rxe‡bi Zzjbvq ivg‡jvP‡bi• •wbwðš Rxeb Cl©vcxwoZ K‡i bvqK‡K| GK wbðj cÖwZØ›Øxi Aw¯ Z¡ wb‡q bvq‡Ki g‡b ivg‡jvPb †R‡M

_v‡K|

5 bs msw¶ß-DËi cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:ˆkk‡e †Ljvi mw½bx myievjv m¤ú‡K© M‡íi bvq‡Ki g‡b G aviYv e×g~j wQj †h, me©mvavi‡Yi A‡c¶v Zvi

•`vweB myievjvi Ici me©vwaK| G aviYvi m ‡ÎB bvqKwUi Rvbv n‡q wM‡qwQj †h, Zvi cÖfzZ¡ ¯xKvi Kivi Rb¨Bmyievjv wb‡Ri wcZ…M„‡n Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

• •wKš‘ KjKvZv Rxe‡bi ivR‰bwZK Wvgv‡Wv‡j weåvš bvq‡Ki Kv‡Q cwZZ fvi‡Zi Zzjbvq myievjv wbZvšZzŽQ n‡q I‡V| djZ myievjvi m‡½ we‡qi cÖ —ve wbwØ©avq AMÖvn¨ K‡i †m| c‡i fvM¨ weow¤^Z bvqK iƒp ev —eZvi huvZvK‡j wcó n‡q bIqvLvwj wefv‡Mi GKwU kn‡i GK fvOv ¯‹z‡ji †m‡KÊ gv÷vwii c`MÖnY K‡i A‡bK†Póv-ZwØ‡ii d‡j| GLv‡bB miKvwi DwKj ivg‡jvPb‡K wb‡q myievjvi my‡Li msmvi bvq‡Ki g‡b ˆkk‡ei



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•wQj, mg‡qi †d‡i Zv‡K AMÖvn¨ K‡i weåvš I wecbœ bvqK AvR GK wi³Rb|

myievjvi ¯vgx miKvwi DwKj ivg‡jvP‡bi êVKLvbvq hvZvqvZ wQj bvqKwUi| GKw`b êVKLvbvq ivg‡jvP‡bim‡½ AvjvcPvwiZvi Kv‡j cv‡ki N‡i Pzwoi g„`y UzsUvs, Kvc‡oi Lm&Lm& kã Ges g„`y càŸwb Av‡jvob †Zv‡j

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•myievjvi my‡Li msmvi µgk Zvi g‡a¨ RvwM‡q †Zv‡j m ² Cl©v| wkKvix wP‡ji wPÎK‡í ivg‡jvPb †hb GKcÖwZØ›Øxi f‚wgKv wb‡q Zvi mvg‡b G‡m ùvovq| me© NUbv †_‡K evB‡i Ae¯’vbKvix ivg‡jvPb nVvr Dcw¯’Z n‡q

• •K‡qKUv Mreuvav gš cvV K‡i Zvi myiejv‡K wQwb‡q wb‡q †M‡Q| we‡qi c ‡e© ivg‡jvP‡bi Kv‡Q myievjvI hv,•feksKixI ZvB| Z‡e G-me fvebvi wecix‡Z eZ©gv‡b myievjv †h GKvš fv‡eB ivg‡jvP‡bi, GB wZ³ mZ¨

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2 bs e¨vL¨vi bgybv- DËi:Av‡jvP¨ M`¨vskUzKz evsjv †QvUMí iPbvi cw_K…r iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi-Gi ÔGKivwÎÕ Mí †_‡K msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q|

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M`¨vs‡k|Ž•MÖvgxY mvgš mgvR cwigÊ‡j †e‡o IVv M‡íi bvqK ˆkke †_‡KB D Pvwfjvlx| Zvi wcZv †PŠayix-Rwg`v‡ii

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wKš‘ Dwbk kZ‡Ki bÕ‡qi `k‡Ki †kl w`‡K KjKvZvi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi cÖfv‡e AvŽQbœ n‡q coj hyeKwU|cwZZ I civaxb fvi‡Zi D×vi Kv‡R Rwo‡q Zvi g‡a¨ µ‡g µ‡g Rb¥ wbj ivR‰bwZK DŽPvwfjvl| Kv‡j±i

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wb‡Ri Ae¯’v‡bi m‡½ cÖZ¨vkvi Aev¯—e fvimvg¨nxbZvB bvqKwUi †e`bvgq Awbevh© cwiYwZi cwi‡cÖw¶Z cÖ¯‘ZŽ • •K‡i‡Q| Zvi ivR‰bwZK D Pwfjvl iƒp ev¯ ‡ei cxo‡b wech© †Zv n‡q‡QB, Zvi wbf…Z e¨w³RxebI

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4 bs e¨vL¨vi bgybv-DËi:D×…Z M`¨vskUzKz evsjv †QvUM‡íi RbK iex› ªbv_ VvKzi-Gi ÔGKivwÎÕ Mí †_‡K PwqZ n‡q‡Q|

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•Av‡jvP¨ As‡k M‡íi Abvgv bvq‡Ki AvÍfv‡l¨ Zvi wech©¯ gvbwmK Ae¯’vi cwiPq cwiùzU n‡q‡Q|

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Ž• •Av`vqKv‡h© e¨¯ | d‡j, msev`wU Zvi Kv‡Q AZ¨š Zz Q e‡jB MY¨ nq|

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•GKw`b QywUi w`‡b ivg‡jvP‡bi m‡½ AvjvcPvwiZvi mg‡q cv‡ki N‡i Pzwoi AZ¨š g„`y UzsUvs, Kvc‡oi Lm&Lm&kã Ges GKUzLvwb càŸwb ï‡b Av‡jvwoZ n‡q I‡V wecbœ bvqKwUi wPË‡jvK| ló Bw›`ªq w`‡q †m Abyfe K‡i

• •Rvbvjvi duvK w ‡q †Kv‡bv †KŠZ‚njc Y© †PvL Zv‡K wbix¶Y Ki‡Q| djZ, gyn ‡Z©B bvq‡Ki gbð‡¶ †f‡mI‡V ˆkk‡ei myievjvi eo eo yLvwb †PvL, Kv‡jv Kv‡jv Zviv, Nb Kv‡jv cje wek¦vm, mijZv IˆkkecÖxwZ‡K wø» gayi `„wócvZ!

Ž•wKš‘ wbg©g ev¯—e GB, myievjv AvR ci¯ x| B‡ Q Ki‡jB hv‡K GKw`b cvIqv m¤¢e wQj, GLb gv_v Kz‡Ugi‡jI Zv‡K Pv¶zl Kivi AwaKvi Zvi †bB| d‡j we‡kl GK ai‡bi wembœZv AvŽQbœ K‡i †d‡j bvqKwU‡K|

•wb‡Ri wech© gbwU GK e„nr †evSvi gZ fvi n‡q † Lv †`q Zvi Kv‡Q| ey‡Ki wkiv a‡i GB e„nr †evSv`yj‡Z _v‡K †hb| GB e„nr †evSvi fvi enb Kivi kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j †m| gbm‡gZ wb‡Ri †`n †_‡KB wew”Qbœn‡q c‡o bvqKwU|

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M‡íi msMVb I bvgKiY cÖm‡½I bvivqY M‡½vcva¨v‡qi g~j¨vqb D×…wZ‡hvM¨| Dchy©³ cÖm‡½ †gv¶g K_vwUwZwb wZbwU A‡gvN ev‡K¨ Gfv‡e wjwce× K‡i‡Qb • ÔÔmg¯ MíwU m‡b‡Ui g‡Zv `„pwbe× cÖZxwZi

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cÖv‰MwZnvwmKgvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq

(1908-1956)

D‡Ïk¨mgMÖ cvVwU c‡o Avcwb u wfLyi Avw`g cÖe„wËZvwoZ Ams¯‹…Z Rxeb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u •Aw¯ Z¡-msK‡Ui cUf‚wgKvq wfLyi cÖej Rxebvbyiv‡Mi ¯iƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u wfLy PwiÎ we‡klY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡íi bvgKi‡Yi †hŠw³KZv wePvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u M‡í wea„Z MíKv‡ii Rxeb „wó we‡klY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u ÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ M‡íi wkíg~j¨ wePvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ1908 wLª÷v‡ãi 19 †g eZ©gvb fvi‡Zi wenvi iv‡Rï muvIZvj ciMbv †Rjvi `ygKv kn‡i gvwbKe‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Rb¥| iex‡› ªvËi evsjv K_vmvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg †kªô wkíx gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq| Zuvi wcZvi bvgnwini e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, Rbbx bxi`vmy›ìx †èx| gvwb‡Ki wcZ…-gvZ… Dfq c‡¶iB wbevm wQj XvKvi weµgcy‡i|Zuvi cÖK…Z bvg cÖ‡evaKzgvi, WvK bvg wQj gvwbK| wKš‘ †jLK-bvg ÔgvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vqÕ-Gi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi

•Kv‡Q cÖ‡evaKzgvi bvgwU Aš iv‡j P‡j hvq GK mgq|

wcZ…c‡¶i Avw`-wbevm evsjv‡`‡k n‡jI †m‡Uj‡g›U wefv‡Mi A¨vwm÷¨v›U Awdmvi wcZvi miKvwi PvKzwiiKvi‡YB gvwb‡Ki evj¨Kvj AwZevwnZ nq ZrKvjxb c~e© evsjv, cwðg evsjv Ges wenvi iv‡Rï wewfbœ AÂ‡j|d‡j wewfbœ wk¶v-cÖwZôvb‡K †K›`ª K‡i cwie¨vß Zuvi Amgvß wk¶vRxeb| gvwbK 1926 wLª÷v‡ã †gw`bxcyi†Rjv ¯‹zj †_‡K AsK cix¶vq †jUvimn g¨vwUªKz‡jkb cix¶vq DËxY© nb| AvB.Gm.wm cix¶v †`b euvKzoviI‡qmwjq wgkb K‡jR †_‡K 1928 wLª÷v‡ã Ges G-cix¶v‡ZI wZwb K…wZ‡Z¡i m‡½ cÖ_g wefvM jvf K‡ib|

•Gici †gavex QvÎ gvwbK AsKkv‡¯ Abvm©mn øvZK n‡eb GB cÖZ¨vkvq KjKvZvi †cÖwm‡WÝx K‡j‡R fwZ©nb| wKš‘ wek¦we`¨vjq Rxe‡bi ïi”‡ZB wZwb mvwnZ¨RM‡Zi m‡½ Rwo‡q †d‡jb wb‡R‡K| eÜz‡ì m‡½ evwR†i‡L G-mg‡qB wZwb iPbv K‡ib Zuvi cÖ_g Mí ÔAZmx gvgxÕ| MíwU 1335 e½v‡ãi wewPÎv cwÎKvi †cŠlmsL¨vq Qvcv nIqvi ci †_‡KB gvwbK µgk mve©¶wYK †jL‡K cwiYZ nb| djZ cÖvwZôvwbK wWwMÖ AR©b K‡iweÁvbx nIqvi Avkv Qvo‡Z nq Zuv‡K| yevi we.Gm.wm cix¶vq AskMÖnY K‡iI K…ZKvh© n‡Z cv‡ib wb|

cieZx© ch©v‡q wZwb mvwnZ¨ PP©vq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| gvÎ mvZvk eQi eq‡m Zuvi cÖ_g ywU Dcb¨vm Rbbx(1935) I wèvivwÎi Kve¨ (1935) cÖKvwkZ nq| Gi AíKvj c‡iB Zuvi ywU †kªô Dcb¨vm cyZzj bv‡PiBwZK_v (1936) I cÙvb`xi gvwS (1936) cÖ_‡g fviZel© cwÎKvq avivevwnKfv‡e Ges c‡i MÖš’vKv‡icÖKvwkZ nq|

gvbyl I mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vqe×Zvi Kvi‡YB Pwj‡ki `kK †_‡K gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq µgk gvK©mev‡ì cÖwZAv¯’vkxj n‡q c‡ob| GiB µgavivq 1944 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb jvf K‡ib fviZxq KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i mf¨c`| ZuvicÖ_g ch©v‡qi iPbvq d«‡q‡Wi g‡bvmgx¶Y-ZË¡ I wbqwZev` cÖvavb¨ we¯—vi K‡iwQj| wKš‘ cvwU© mf¨c` cÖvwßic‡ii iPbv¸wj‡Z gyL¨¯’vb Ry‡o †Mj mgvR I gvby‡li cÖwZ cÖwZkª€wZi †cÖiYv| Zey wkíg~j¨ I imv‡e`bMZw`K †_‡K cÖ_g ch©v‡qi gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vqB D¾¡jZi| cÖ_g c‡e© iwPZ †kªô iPbv¸wjB evsjv K_vmvwn‡ZïwPivqZ m¤ú` iƒ‡c M„nxZ|

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1938 wLª÷v‡ã gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq gqgbwmsn miKvwi ¸i€ †Uªwbs we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wk¶K my‡i› ªbv_•P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Kb¨v Kgjv‡èxi m‡½ cwiYq-m ‡Î Ave× nb| cÖ_vbyM Kg©gq Rxe‡b AvÍwb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î

gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi D‡`¨vM me©`v e¨_© n‡q‡Q| 1937 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb e½kªx cwÎKvi mnKvix m¤žv`‡Ki c‡`†hvM`vb K‡ib| wKš‘ gvÎ `yeQ‡ii gv_vq wZwb PvKwi †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡ib| AbyR my‡evaKzgvi‡K wb‡q gvwbKcÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb GKwU cÖKvkbvjq| wKš‘ GwUI ’vqx nqwb| Gici wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq b¨vkbvj Iqvi d«‡›UicÖwfwÝqvj AM©vbvBRvi `ß‡i cvewjwmwU A¨vwm÷¨v›U c‡` PvKwi K‡ib 1943-Gi Ryb Aewa| cvwU© mf¨c`jv‡fi ci gyL¨Z †jLv‡jwL I ivR‰bwZK-mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨B wb‡R‡K RwoZ †i‡LwQ‡jb gvwbK|1944 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb c~e©e½ cÖMwZ †jLK I wkíx m‡¤§j‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib| 1946 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb wbe©vwPZ nbcÖMwZ †jLK ms‡Ni hyM¥ m¤žv`K-Gi c‡`| 1946 wLª÷v‡ã KjKvZvi mv¤žÖ`vwqK `v½vq HK¨ I ˆgÎx cÖwZôviAv‡›`vj‡b gvwbK mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡ib|

•gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq-Gi †kl Rxeb mxgvnxb A_©Kó I g„Zz¨gyLx e¨vwai hš Yvi ga¨w`‡q AwZevwnZ nq| 1956•wLª÷v‡ãi 3 wW‡m¤i mbœ vm †iv‡M Avµvš KvjRqx K_vmvwnwZ¨K gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq-Gi Rxebvemvb N‡U|

Dcb¨vm I †QvUMí K_vmvwn‡Zï GB yaviv‡ZB Amvgvb¨ mvdj¨ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|Zuvi cÖPzi iPbv evsjv wPivqZ K_vmvwn‡Zï m¤ú`|

gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq iwPZ D‡jL‡hvM¨ MÖš’-

Dcb¨vm: Rbbx (1935), wèvivwÎi Kve¨ (1935), cyZzj bv‡Pi BwZK_v (1936), cÙvb`xi gvwS (1936),•Awnsmv (1941), PZz‡®‹vY (1942), wPý (1947), Rxqš (1950), ¯vaxbZvi ¯v` (1950)|

†QvUMí: AZmxgvgx I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1935), cÖv‰MwZnvwmK (1937), wgwn I †gvUv Kvwnbx (1938) mixm„c(1939), †eŠ (1940), mgy‡`ªi ¯^v` (1943), AvR Kvj ciïi Mí (1946), †QvU eKzjcy‡ii hvÎx (1949)|

bvUK: wf‡UgvwU (1946)|

KweZv: gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi KweZv (1970)|

cÖeÜ: †jL‡Ki K_v (1957)|

cvV-cwiwPwZÔcÖv‰MwZnvwmKÕ gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq-Gi †kªô Mí¸wji Ab¨Zg| gvby‡li Avw`g cÖe„wËi iƒcvqY-`¶Zv, AvKuvovev —eZv I cwiYwZi `vk©wbKZvgwÊZ e¨Äbv MíwUi †kªô‡Z¡i Drm|

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•n‡jI, H-†PZbvB wfLyi Aewkó Rxeb‡K wbqwš Z K‡i‡Q|



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wfLyi ga¨Kvi Avw`gZv cÖengvb gvbeRxebavivq GL‡bv †h cÖengvb wfLyi PwiÎ-iƒcvq‡Yi ga¨w`‡q G mZ¨BcÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb MíKvi| gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi RxebxKvi m‡ivR‡gvnb wgÎ G cÖm½wU‡K Dcj¶ K‡iB

Ž•wj‡L‡Qb- Ôevsjv mvwnZ¨ hLb †Kej wbRx©e Pwi‡Îi welv`gqZvq fvivµvš nw Qj ZLb wfLyi PwiÎ †hbwe‡ ªvnxi gZ AvÍcÖKvk jvf Kij|Õ (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Rxeb I mvwnZ¨, m‡ivR‡gvnb wgÎ, 1982)|

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kvixwiK c½yZ¡ I mvgvwRK eÂbv Zvi g‡b †h mxgvnxb cwiZvc †¶vf I †µv‡ai mÂvi K‡i, cÖej RxebZ…òvBZvi KviY|Õ (gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi †QvUMí: mgvR‡PZbv I Rxe‡bi iƒcvqY, 1998)

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•cÖv‰MwZnvwmK AÜKv‡ii evnK wn‡m‡eB cÖvYcÖwZôv †c‡q‡Q MíwU‡Z| GLv‡bB wfLyi ¯vZš ¨ I J¾¡j¨|

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Avng`Djvn& wQ‡jb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Bs‡iwRi Gg.G Ges DŽPc` ’ miKvix Kg©KZ©v| gvZvgn †gŠjex•Ave`yj Lv‡jK †m›U †Rwfqvm© K‡j‡R Aa¨qb K‡i KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K AvBb kv‡¯ øvZK n‡qwQ‡jb|

ˆmq` Avng`Djvn& miKvix Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb e‡j IqvjxDjvn&i mgMÖ ¯‹zjRxeb †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó we`¨vqZ‡b †K› ªxf‚Z•_v‡Kwb| 1939 m‡b wZwb KzwoMÖvg nvB¯‹zj †_‡K g¨vwUªKz‡jkb cix¶vq DËxY© nb| Zvi c ‡e© wcZvi PvKzwi-

•m ‡Î wZwb gvwbKMÄ, gywÝMÄ, †dwb, wPbmyiv, ûMwj I mvZ¶xiv ¯‹z‡j covïbv K‡i‡Qb| g¨vwUªK cvk K‡i1939 wLª÷v‡ãB XvKv B›UviwgwW‡qU K‡j‡R AvB.G K¬v‡m fwZ© nb ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&| H K‡j‡Ri g¨vMvwR‡bB†jLK IqvjxDjvn&i cÖ_g Avwef©ve| AvB.G cvk K‡i øvZK ch©v‡q Aa¨q‡bi Rb¨ wZwb gqgbwms‡niAvb›`‡gvnb K‡j‡R fwZ© nb Ges H-K‡jR †_‡K 1943 m‡b wWmwUskbmn we.G wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| Giciˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi A_©bxwZ wefv‡M Gg.G †kªYx‡Z fwZ© nb| 1945 wLª÷v‡ã wcZviRxebvemvbKv‡j wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨qbiZ _vK‡jI G-mgq IqvjxDjvn&i cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶vRxe‡bi mgvwß N‡U,†ckvRxe‡b cÖ‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y| †ckvMZ `vwqZ¡cvj‡bi cvkvcvwk G-ch©vq †_‡KB g~jZ ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&mvwnZ¨mvabvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|

1945 m‡b ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& Ô`¨ †÷Umg¨vbÕ cwÎKvq mn-m¤žv`K c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| H-eQiB Zuvim¤žv`bvq cÖKvwkZ nq mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ-BwZnvm welqK wÎgvwmK Bs‡iwR cwÎKv ÔKb‡Ug‡cvivwiÕ| 1947wLª÷v‡ã †`kwefv‡Mi ci Ô`¨ †÷Umg¨vbÕ cwÎKvi PvKzwi cwiZ¨vM K‡i Ô†iwWI cvwK¯—vbÕ XvKv †K‡›`ªi mnKvixevZ©v-m¤žv`K c‡` ‡hvM`vb K‡ib| 1948 wLª÷v‡ã c‡`vbœwZ †c‡q Ô†iwWI cvwK¯—vbÕ KivwP †K‡›`ª evZv©-

ž •m¤ v`K c‡` †hvM †`b| 1951 m‡b cvwK¯—vb ` Zvev‡mi Z…Zxq †m‡µUvwii c`gh©v`vq Ô†cÖm- A¨vUv‡kÕ c‡`wb‡qvM †`qv nq Zuv‡K| 1952 m‡b A‡óªwjqvi wmWwb‡Z Zuv‡K e`wj Kiv nq| 1954 m‡bi A‡±ve‡i wmWwb†_‡K Zuv‡K XvKvq AvÂwjK Z_¨-Awd‡m Z_¨-Awdmvi c‡` e`wj Kiv nq| 1956 m‡b ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&

•RvKvZ©vq `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi Z_¨-cwiPvjK c‡` ’vbvš wiZ nb| wKš‘ Z_¨-cwiPvj‡Ki c` wejyß n‡q hvIqvq•Zvui G PvKzwi †ewkw`b ’vqx nqwb| d‡j 1957 m‡b RvKvZ©vi cvwK —vb ` Zvev‡m wØZxq †m‡µUvwii c`gh©v`vq

†cÖm-A¨vUv‡k c‡` wb‡qvM †`qv nq Zvu‡K|1958 m‡b mvgwiK kvmbvg‡j Zvu‡K cvwK¯—v‡b wdwi‡q G‡b Z_¨ I•†eZvi gš Yvj‡q IGmwW K‡i ivLv nq| Avevi 1959 m‡b cÖ_‡g jÛ‡b Ges c‡i eb&-G †cÖm-A¨vUv‡k c‡`

wKQyKvj KvR K‡ib IqvjxDjvn&| 1960 m‡b dvó© †m‡µUvwi wnmv‡e c‡`vbœwZ jvf K‡ib wZwb| 1961 m‡bcvðv‡Zï wkí-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZi Zx_©-bMix c¨vwi‡m e`wj Kiv nq Zvu‡K| c¨vwi‡m `xN©evm Kv‡j 1967 m‡bˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& wc-5 †MÖ‡W BD‡b‡¯‹vi †cÖvMÖvg †¯žkvwjó c‡` c¨vwim- Awd‡mB †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1970m‡bi 31 wW‡m¤î BD‡b‡¯‹vi m‡½ Zuvi Pzw³ wfwËK PvKzwii †gqv` †kl n‡j Bmjvgvev` e`wji miKvwi

•wm×vš ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& cÖZ¨vLvb K‡ib| AZtci evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv msMÖvg ïi” n‡j gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶RbgZ MVb I A_©msMÖ‡n Avg„Zy wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb wZwb| 1953 m‡b ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& divwm es‡kv™¢‚Zv A¨vb-



•gvwi jyB †ivwRZv gv‡m©j wZ‡ev-i m‡½ weevneÜ‡b Ave× nb| we‡qi c ‡e©B gv vg A¨vb-wZ‡ev Bmjvg a‡g©`xw¶Z nb I AvwRRv †gvmv¤§vr bvmwib bvg MÖnY K‡ib|

evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AwZ AvaywbK wkíixwZi cÖe³v, ivRbxwZ I mgq m‡PZb K_vwkíx I bvU¨Kvi ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&imvwnwZ¨K-Rxe‡bi ù‚wZ© N‡U wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i gaëZx© Ô43-Gi ywf©¶cxwoZ KjKvZvq| Z‡e Zuvi cÖ_g iPbvÔnVvr Av‡jvi SjKvwbÕ cÖKvwkZ nq Dacca Intermediate College Annual- G|

evsjv‡`‡ki K_vmvwn‡Z¨ AwZ-AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ wkíixwZi cÖe³v ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& K_vmvwn‡Zï yB kvLvDcb¨vm I Mí Ges bvU¨ iPbvq mgvb `¶| Zuvi iwPZ Mí-Dcb¨vm-bvUK evsjv‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨‡K DbœxZ K‡i‡Q

•wek¦gv‡b| vk©wbK wK‡q‡K©MvW© Jcb¨vwmK `¯ ‡q fw¯‹ Ges `vk©wbK-Jcb¨vwmK Ruv cj mv‡Î cÖPvwiZ•Aw¯ Z¡ev`x `k©b Ges AvaywbK cÖKvkev`x-cÖZxwZev`x I ciev¯—eev`x wkícÖKiY ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i mgMª

mvwn‡Zï gyL¨ êwkó¨| Rxe‡bi GKwU e„nr mgq cÖev‡m KvUv‡jI ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i mKj iPbviB cwi‡cÖw¶ZiPbv K‡i‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki †`k-Kvj-mgvR-Rxeb|

•1971 m‡bi 10 A‡±vei gaïv‡Z d«v‡Ýi c¨vwim bM‡ii DcK‡Ú wb‡Ri d¬¨vUevwo‡Z cvViZ Ae¯’vq gw¯ ‡®‹i³¶iYRwbZ Kvi‡Y ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i Rxebvemvb N‡U|

ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i MÖš’vewj†QvUMí: bqbPviv (1945), `yBZxi I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1965)| GQvovI Zuvi AviI ewÎkwU ÔAMªwš’Z Mí¸ŽQ Õ

ˆmq` AvKig †nv‡mb m¤žvw`Z I evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖKvwkZ ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&-iPbvejx wØZxq L‡ÊmsKwjZ n‡q‡Q|

Dcb¨vm : jvjmvjy (1948), Pvu‡ì Agvem¨v (1964), Kuv‡`v b`x Kuv‡`v (1968)

bvUK : ewncxi (1960), Zi½f½ (1965), myo½ (1964), DRv‡b g„Zz (mvgwqK c‡Î cª_g cÖKvk 1963;•¯Zš fv‡e AMÖwš’Z G bvUK ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& iPbvejx wØZxq L‡Ê msKwjZ n‡q‡Q|)

iPbv-cwiwPwZbqbPviv MíMÖ‡š’i bvg-Mí ÔbqbPvivÕ| ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn&i cÖ_g MÖš’ ÔbqbPvivÕ 1945 wLª÷v‡ãi gvP© gv‡m

•(ˆPÎ 1351) KjKvZvi c eŸ©vkv wjwg‡UW †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| Mª‡š’ msKwjZ AvUwU M‡íi cÖ_g Mí ÔbqbPvivÕ|ž•MÖš’Kv‡i cÖKv‡ki c ‡e© ÔbqbPvivÕ mÄq fÆvPvh© m¤ vw`Z •c eŸ©vk gvwmK c‡Î gyw`ªZ nq|

ÔbqbPvivÕ MíwU 1350 e½v‡ãi (1943 wLª:) ÔThe Great Bengal FamineÕ •ev gnvgšš ‡ii cUf‚wgKvqiwPZ| MíKv‡ii me©Á `„wó‡KvY Ges †Kw›`ªq PwiÎ Avgyi Ae‡PZb g‡bi K_KZvi mswgkªY ÔbqbPvivÕi

• • • •MVb‰kjxi me©v‡c¶v D‡jL‡hvM¨ cÖvš | me©Á †jL‡Ki ewne©v¯ e Ges †K›`ªxq PwiÎ Avgyi Aš e©v¯ eZvwbô•eY©bv I Abyf‚wZcyÄ GK ¯Kxq M`¨Kjvq web¨¯ n‡q‡Q MíwU‡Z| ywf©¶cxwoZ Abœnviv knigyLx gvby‡li GB

Kvwnbxi wfwË ywf©¶ I hy×kvwmZ †`kKv‡ji g„wËKvq †cÖvw_Z| MíwUi ’vwbKcU KjKvZv gnvbMix‡K Dcj¶K‡i wbwg©Z n‡jI, Avgyi Ae‡PZb g‡bi Abyl‡½ gqyiv¶x b`xi ZxieZx© MÖvgxY Rbc` ch©š— cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q|ÔbqbPvivÕ M‡í me©Á †jL‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ m‡Ë¡I Avgyi †PZb-Ae‡PZb g‡bv‡jvKB gyL¨¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q|Zvi †PZbv-kvwmZ g‡bv‡jvK D‡b¥vP‡b MíKvi eënvi K‡i‡Qb civev —eev`x wkíixwZ| Avgyi †PZbvi Abyl‡½^cœgq Djçbagx© wPÎ mgvnvi †hvRbvq eëüZ cÖvwZw ^K M`¨ ÔbqbPvivÕ I Zvi m„RwqZvi †MŠie|

g~jcvV• • • •Nbvqgvb Kv‡jv iv‡Z Rbk b¨ cÖk¯ iv¯ vUv‡K gq iv¶x b`x e‡j Kíbv Ki‡Z †ek jv‡M| wKš‘ g‡bi P‡i

• •hLb Ny‡gi eb¨v Av‡m, ZLb g‡b nq IUv mwZ¨B gq iv¶x : iv‡Zi wb¯ äZvq Zvi Kv‡jv †mªvZ Kj Kj K‡i,

GmGmGBPGj


• •` ‡i Avuav‡i XvKv Zxi‡iLv bR‡i c‡o GKUz-GKUz, ga¨R‡j fvmš †R‡j wWwO¸‡jvi we›`y-we›`y jvj&‡P Av‡jvNb Avuav‡iI me©smnv Avkvi gZ g„`y-g„`y R¡‡j|

•Z‡e, Ny‡gi †mªvZ m‡i †M‡j g‡bi Pi ï®‹Zvq nv‡m : gqyiv¶x| †Kv_vq gq iv¶x! GLv‡b †Zv †Kgb SvcmvMig nvIqv| †h nvIqv b`xi eyK †e‡q †f‡m Av‡m †m nvIqv wK KL‡bv AZ Mig n‡Z cv‡i?

dzUcv‡_ Iiv me Gwj‡q c‡o i‡q‡Q| Qov‡bv Lo †hb| wKš‘ `ycy‡ii w`‡K j½iLvbvq `ywU †L‡Z †c‡iwQj e‡jZey Zv‡ì Nyg G‡m‡Q g„Zzï gZ wbtmvo wbðj Nyg| Z‡e Avgyi †Pv‡L Nyg †bB, ïay KL‡bv-KL‡bv Kzqvkvbv‡g Z›`ªvi, Ges hwèv Nyg G‡m _v‡K, †m-Nyg g‡b bq †`‡n : gb Zvi †R‡M i‡q‡Q †Pbv b`xi av‡i,

• •KL‡bv Kíbvq KL‡bv wbwðZ wek¦v‡m, Ges ïb&‡P Zvi Awekªvš g„`y Kj¯b, Avi ` ‡i †R‡jwWwO¸‡jvi cv‡b†P‡q fve‡P| fve‡P †h GiB g‡a¨ nq‡Zv ev wWwOi †Lv`j f‡i D‡V‡P eo eo PKP‡K gv‡Q †h PKP‡K gvQAvMvgx Kvj PKP‡K cqmv n‡q wd‡i fvix K‡i Zzj‡e †R‡j‡ì Uu¨vK| Avi nq‡Zv ev Kx nq‡Zv ev ?

wKš‘ fzZwbUv eo Kv‡k| L°K L°K L L L| GKevi ïi” n‡j Avi _vg‡Z Pvq bv, †Kej Kv‡k Avi Kv‡k, ï‡bg‡b nq `g eÜ bv n‡j I Kvwk Avi _vg‡P bv| Zey _v‡g Avðh©fv‡e, Zvici †m nuvcvq| Kv‡k, KL‡bv ev Ny‡gig‡a¨ †Ku‡` I‡V, A_P Nyg †j‡M _v‡K †Ruv‡Ki gZ| fzZwbi fvB fz‡Zv Kv‡k bv e‡U Z‡e Zvi Mjvq †Kgb NoNo AvIqvR nq GKUvbv, †hb Ny‡gi Mvwo‡Z †P‡c ¯^cœ-PvKvq kã Zz‡j †m †Kv_vq P‡j‡P †h P‡j‡P-B|

•ZvQvov me kvš , bxieZv cvLv ¸wU‡q wbðj n‡q i‡q‡P, Avi RgvU euvav Nbvqgvb Kv‡jv ivwÎ ce©‡Zi gZ `xN©,•e„nr I yj© L|

fzZwbUv Gevi †Rvi AvIqv‡R †K‡k DV‡jv e‡j Avgyi g‡bi Kzqvkv KvU‡jv| †m fiv †Pv‡L ZvKv‡jv| Icv‡iicv‡b Zvivi cv‡b Ges AK¯§vr AevK n‡q fve‡jv, IB Zviv¸wjB wK †m evwo †_‡K †P‡q-†P‡q †`L‡Zv?

•wKš‘ †m Zviv¸‡jvi wb‡P wQ‡jv Xvjv gvV, fvOv gvwU, Nvm, km¨, Avi gq iv¶x| Avi G-Zviv¸‡jvi wb‡P Lv`¨†bB, `qvgvqv †bB, i‡q‡P ïay wnsmvwe‡Øl-wbôziZv, Amn¨ êwiZv|

•wKš‘ Zey Iiv Zviv| Zv‡ì fv‡jv jv‡M| Avi Zv‡ì cv‡b PvB‡j wK †hb nVvr mg¯ wKQy Qvwc‡q wecyj evû†g‡j Av‡m, Av‡m • •| wKš‘ hv G‡mwQ‡jv, gyn ‡Z© Zv me k b¨ wi³ K‡i w ‡q †M‡jv| wKQy †bB ...| ïay Nyg†bB| wKš‘ ZvB †hb †Kv_vq †h‡Z B‡ŽQ Ki‡P| b`x‡Z †Rvqvi bv fvUv? g‡b n‡”QfvUv, Ges G-fvUv‡Z †f‡m

Ž • • •hvevi cÖej B‡ Q n‡”QZvi| †f‡m hv‡e, hv‡e, cÖk¯ b`x Zv‡K wb‡q hv‡e fvwm‡q, ` ‡i eû` ‡i †Kv_vq•†Mv? †hLv‡b kvwš • • • †mBLv‡b? wKš‘ †mB kvwš Kx we¯ …Z evjyP‡ii kvwš ?

Z‡e GLv‡b gvby‡li cv‡qi AvIqvR nq| Avi GLv‡b kni| gš’iMwZ‡Z Pjv GK‡Rvov cv‡qi AvIqvR Ny‡i• •Avm‡P Mwj w`‡q, Ges b`xi gZ cÖk¯ G-iv¯ vq †m hLb G‡jv ZLb Avgy wew¯§Z n‡q †`L‡jv †h †jvKwUi

g‡a¨ kqZv‡bi †PvL R¡j‡P, Avi †m-†PvL nxbZvq ¶z`ªZvq I †µv‡a i³eY©| nq‡Zvev †mUv kqZv‡bi †PvL bq,nq †Zv ïaygvÎ GKUv wewo| Zvn‡j A „k¨cÖvq Kv‡jv kqZv‡bi nv‡Z wewo, †hUv yj‡P †Kej Zvi nv‡Zi †`vjvimv‡_| kqZvb‡K †`‡L we¯§q jv‡M, we¯§‡q †PvL wVK&‡i hvq, Nb AÜKv‡i Zv‡Z Av¸b I‡V R¡‡j| Z‡e ïay GBwe¯§q-B : fq K‡i bv GKUz-I : eiÂ †m †hb kqZv‡bi mv‡_ gy‡LvgywL †`Lv Kievi R‡b¨ A‡c¶gvb| ZvQvov,

€•iv¯ vi Aci cv‡ki evwoUvi GKwU eÜ Rvbvjv †_‡K †h D¾¡j I mi GKUv Av‡jv-‡iLv `xN© n‡q i‡q‡P, †m-€ •Av‡jv †iLvq hLb MwZi × ¯ äZv, ZLb kqZv‡bi nv‡Z Av¸b R¡j‡Z † L‡j Av‡iv †µva nq gvby‡li|

•Av¸bUv `yj&‡P bv †Zv †hb nvm‡P : Avgyiv hLb ¶zavi hš Yvq KuKvq ZLb c_ Pj&wZ †jv‡Kiv †hgb Avjv`vAcwiwPZ ywbqvi †Kvb ARvbv K_v wb‡q nv‡m, G-I †hb †Zgwb nvm‡P| wKš‘ †Kb nvm‡e? `xN©-D¾¡j †m-†iLv‡K Zvi fq †bB? Rv‡bbv †m †h IUv †Lv`vi `„wó ž • AKw¤ Z wØavk b¨ FRy `„wó? Zey Av‡jv-KYv nv‡m,nv‡m †Kej, †cQ‡b Kv‡jv kqZvb Kv‡jv i‡O nv‡m| Zv nvmyK Avjv`v ywbqvq nvmyK Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv AvcwË †bB,wKš‘ G- ywbqvq †h-`ywbqvq Ni †Q‡o †jv‡Kiv Kv‡jv b`xi av‡i-av‡i c‡o i‡q‡P fvwUi Uv‡b †f‡m hv‡ee‡j, †m ywbqvq Zv‡K †m nvm‡Z †`‡e bv †`‡e bv|

•Zey Kv‡jv kqZvb inm¨gqfv‡e GwM‡q Avm‡P, k ‡b¨ fvm‡Z-fvm‡Z †hb GwM‡q Avm&‡P µgk, G‡m, KxAvðh©, Av‡jv‡iLvUvI †cwi‡q †M‡jv wbf©‡q, Ges MwZi€× `xN© †m-†iLv evav w`‡jv bv Zv‡K| g„ZMwZi-cv‡b



†P‡q b`xi ey‡K Zvici bvg‡jv Kzqvkv Avgyi †Pv‡L civRq Nyg n‡q bvg‡jv| civRq †g‡b †bqv‡Z-I †hb•kvwš |

†iv``» w`b LiLi K‡i| Avðh© wKš‘ GKUv K_v : kn‡ii KzKz‡ii †Pv‡L êwiZv †bB| (GLv‡b gvby‡li †Pv‡L,Ges †`‡k KzKz‡ii †Pv‡L êwiZv|) Zey fv‡jv|

gqivi †`vKv‡b gvwQ †euv †euv K‡i| gqivi †Pv‡L wKš‘ †bB bbx-†KgjZv, †m †PvLgq cvkweK wnsmªZv| GZwnsmªZv †h g‡b nq Pviav‡i Nb AÜKv‡ii g‡a¨ `y‡Uv fs¼i †PvL aK&aK& K‡i R¡j‡P| Iav‡i GKUv †`vKv‡b †hK-Kvwo Kjv Szj‡P, †mw`K cv‡b †P‡q Zey †PvL Ryovq| I¸‡jv Kjv bq †Zv, †hb njy iOv ¯cœ Szj‡P| Szj‡P†`‡L fq K‡i wb‡P Kv`vq wQu‡o co‡e Kx nVvr? Zey, k¼v Qvwc‡q Avgyi gb EaŸ©cv‡b gyL K‡i †Ku‡` I‡V,†Kv_vq †Mv, †Kv_vq †Mv bqbPviv Muv?

jvj‡c‡o kvwo SjKv‡ŽŽ : i³ QyU‡P| †hgb Kwig wgqvi gyL w`‡q †mw`b wdbwK w`‡q Qy‡UwQ‡jv i³| Z‡e†g‡qUvi Mjvi wb‡PUv kv`v, GZ kv`v †h gbUv nVvr †ø‡ni Qvqvq Qy‡U wM‡q Dcyo n‡q coevi R‡b¨ Luv Luv K‡iI‡V| †g‡qwU nVvr `ywU cqmv w`‡q P‡j †M‡jv i³ Sj&wK‡q| wKš‘ GKUv K_v : I Kx †f‡e‡P †h Zvi gv_vqmvRv‡bv Pzj ZviB? Avgy Kx Rv‡b bv Avm‡j I Pzj Kvi| I-Pzj bqbPviv Muv‡qi †g‡q wSivi gv_vi Nb Kv‡jvPzj|wKš‘ c‡_ K‡Zv Kv‡jv †Mv| A™¢yyZ PvÂj¨gq AmsL¨ A¸bwZ gv_v; †Kvb †m AÁvZ nvIqvq †`vjvwqZ G-Kv‡jvi‡Oi mvMi| Ggb †m †`‡L‡P ïay avb‡L‡Z, nvIqvq †`vjv‡bv av‡bi †L‡Zi mv‡_ Gi Zzjbv Kiv P‡j| ZeyZv‡Z Avi G‡Z KZ ZdvZ| gv_v Kv‡jv, Rwg Kv‡jv, gb Kv‡jv| Avi Avi †`‡ni mv‡_ Rwgi †Kvb †hvMv‡hvM

ž • • •†bB, †h nvIqvq Zviv PÂj K¤ gvb, †m-nvIqvI w Mš †_‡K I‡V Avmv meyR km¨ Kuvcv‡bv m ² Aš i½nvIqv bq : G-nvIqv‡K †m †P‡b bv|

•Amn¨ †iv`| MvQ †bB| Qvqv †bB wb‡P, †Kvgj Nvm †bB| GUv wK iKg K_v : K¬vwš ‡Z †`n †f‡O Avm‡P A_PQvqv †bB Nvm †bB| Av‡iv weiw³Ki G K_v †h KvD‡K ej‡e, Ggb †Kvb †jvK †bB| GLv‡b B‡Ui †`‡k†Zv †KD †bB-B, Zvi †`‡ki hviv ev Av‡Q ZvivI gb nvwi‡q‡P, ïay †MvOv‡bv †cU Zv‡ì nv K‡i i‡q‡P AÜ†Pv‡L †P‡q|

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• •Ave× ìRvi| ìRv Ly‡j †ewi‡q G‡jv †K GKUv †g‡q, AwZ-Av‡¯ kvš Mjvq ïay ej‡j ÔbvIÕ|

•Kx †b‡e Avgy? Avgy fvZB Pvq| Aw¯ Z¡‡K i¶v K‡i †h ¶zavi Abœ, †m Abœ Qvov Avi wKQyi bvg Rv‡b bv Avgy|ž• • •Î¯ fw½‡Z gqjv Kvc‡oi cÖvš †g‡j a‡i fvZUzKz †bqvi gyn Z© wj‡Z wb® jK †Pv‡L we¯§qvwff‚Z Avgy

†P‡q _v‡K †g‡qwUi w`‡K| †Pbv-†Pbv g‡b nq Zvi †g‡qwU‡K| bZzev †PvL †div‡Z cvi‡e bv †Kb †m?Avwe®‹v‡ii Avb‡›` Awff‚Z Avgy wRÁvmv K‡i ÔbqbPviv Muv‡q Kx gv‡qi evwo?Õ ¯^fveZB †g‡qwU †Kvb DËi †`q

•bv; ïay K‡qK gyn Z© we¯§qgvLv `„wó wb‡¶c K‡i ìRv eÜ K‡i †`q|

kn‡ii cÖvYnxb i€¶Zvi gv‡SI †h bvix ¶zav‡Z©i nv‡Z Abœ †X‡j †`q, Zvi Aeq‡e fw½gvq Avgy cÖZ¨¶ K‡iggZvgvLv bqbPviv MÖv‡gi gv-wS‡ì Abœ`vÎx-iƒwcYx bvix-iƒc!

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbˆbe© w³K cÖkœ



mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|1. ÔPuv‡ì Agvem¨vÕ iPbv K‡ib-

•K. Aveyj gbmyi Avng` L. ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& M. gxi gkviid †nv‡mb N. myKvš fÆvPvh©|2. ÔKuv‡`v b`x Kuv‡`vÕ iPbv K‡ib-K. ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& L. wmKvb& vi Avey Rvdi M. dii€L Avng` N. Avnmvb nvexe

€• •3. k b¨ ’vb c iY Ki b-K. ..... Muv‡q Kx gv‡qi ............?

DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. K, 3. (K) bqbPviv, evwo|

msw¶ß-DËi cÖ‡kœi DËi wjLyb1. †`‡ni Ny‡g AvŽQbœ n‡qI RvMÖZ gb wb‡q †Kv_vq cwiågY K‡i Avgy?2. Ô†m `ywbqvq Zv‡K †m nvm‡Z †`‡e bv †`‡e bv|Õ Kv‡K nvm‡Z †`‡e bv Avgy e¨vL¨v K‡i eywS‡q w`b|3. ivRc‡_ fvmgvb `ywf©¶ZvwoZ wbibœ gvby‡li Ae¯’v eY©bv Ki€b|4. kw³kvjx †K ? kw³kvjxi Kv‡Q Avgyi ¶gv cÖv_©bvi †nZz Kx?5. kni I kn‡ii gvbyl m¤ú‡K© Avgyi Dcjwä eY©bv Ki€b|6. Avgyi AvÍfvebvi Av‡jv‡K bqbPviv MÖv‡gi ¯îƒc ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Ki€b|

1 bs msw¶ß-DËi cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:`ywf©¶cxwoZ Avgy ¶zavi A‡bœi Avkvq MÖvg cwiZ¨vM K‡i kiYv_x© n‡q‡Q kn‡i| ev¯‘nviv ¶zavZ© Avgy `ygy‡Vvfv‡Zi Avkvq wb`©q kn‡ii c‡_ c‡_ Ny‡i †eovq| j½iLvbv †_‡K †`qv AcÖZzj Lv‡`¨ ¶zav †g‡Ubv Avgyi|

•Lv`¨v‡šl‡Y e„_vB kni cÖ`w¶Y K‡i Ab¨‡ì gZ K¬vš Aembœ †`n Avgy dzUcv‡Z Gwj‡q c‡o| Abïv Nywg‡qco‡jI Avgyi †Pv‡L Nyg Av‡m bv| KL‡bv KL‡bv Z›`ªvi Kzqvkv bv‡g Zvi †Pv‡L| hwèv KL‡bv Nyg Av‡m, †mNyg Zvi g‡bv‡jv‡K fi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †`‡ni Ny‡g AvŽQbœ n‡jI RvMÖZ gb wb‡q †m †d‡j Avmv ¯§„wZgq

• •bqbPviv MÖv‡g cwiågY K‡i †eovq| Nbvqgvb AÜKvi iv‡Z Rbk b¨ ivRc_‡K wcÖq gq iv¶x b`x e‡j Kíbv•Ki‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M Zvi| g‡bi P‡i hLb AvNvZ K‡i Ny‡gi eb¨v ZLb Zvi g‡bv‡jv‡K Kj¯iv gq iv¶x

•Rxeš n‡q I‡V, b`xi ga¨R‡j fvmgvb †R‡j wWwO¸‡jvi we›`y we›`y jvj‡P Av‡jv Avkvi cÖ`xc n‡q g„`y-g„`y• •R¡‡j| Zvi Ae‡PZbvq gq iv¶xi †R‡j wWwO¸‡jvi †Lv`j eo-eo PKP‡K gv‡Q c Y© n‡q hvq|

•kn‡ii wb`©qZvi wecix‡Z, ¯§„wZgq wbivc` bqbPviv Muv Avkv I cÖkvwš i cÖZxK n‡q weivR K‡i Avgyig‡bv‡jv‡K| G R‡b¨B Aembœ †`‡n Nyg fi Ki‡jI Ae‡PZb Ae¯’vq Avgyi ms‡e`bv bqbPviv Muv-†K †K›`ªK‡i DŽQ¡wmZ n‡q I‡V|

4 bs msw¶ß-DËi cÖ‡kœi bgybv- DËi:D`‡i cÖR¡wjZ ¶zavi Av¸b wb‡q kn‡ii ivRc‡_ fvmgvb Avgy Abyaveb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q kw³nxb Rbvi‡Yï

•wecix‡Z Lv‡`ï fuvovi AvM‡j _vKv kw³gv‡bi Aw¯ Z¡| gqivi †`vKv‡b avZe gy ªvi SbrKv‡i, †kvfvi Rb¨•bKj †PvL civ gvby‡li g‡a¨B AvÍ‡Mvcb K‡i Av‡Q kw³kvjx| gnvgšš ‡i K…wÎg Lv`¨-msK‡Ui †nvZv

kn‡ii eY©‡Pviv kw³kvjx gvbyl|

•iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i Avgy †`L‡Z cvq kqZv‡bi cÖR¡wjZ †PvL| Avgyiv hLb ¶zavi hš Yvq KuKvq ZLb kqZv‡bi†Pv‡L Av¸b R¡‡j I‡V nvwmi cÖwZgvq| ü`qR †µv‡a-N„Yvq we‡ ªvnx n‡q I‡V Avgyi gb| Kv‡jv b`xi av‡i av‡ic‡o i‡q‡Q †h-me gvbyl fvwUi Uv‡b g„Zz¨‡mªv‡Z †f‡m hv‡e e‡j †m-`ywbqvq kqZvb‡K †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB nvm‡Z†`‡e bv Avgy| wKš‘ Avgyi GB AvcvZ we‡`ªvn ¶zavi cxo‡b µ‡g Aembœ n‡q c‡o| †m hwÌ e‡j Ô†K Zzwg,Zzwg †K? Rv‡bv, mviv AvKvk Avwg welv³ i€¶ wRnŸv w`‡q PvU‡ev, †P‡U †P‡U †Zgwb wbg©gfv‡e i³ Siv‡ev†m-AvKvk w`‡q • • †K Zzwg, Zzwg †K?Õ Zey †kl Aewa ¶zav Aembœ Avgyi mg¯ g‡b ¯ äZv wfo Rgvq,AbyZß Acivaxi gZ by‡q c‡o †m| Amnvq wbibœ RbZvi cÖwZwbwa Avgy bMi-mf¨Zvi K‚UPv‡ji inm¨ †f`

•Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, K…wÎg msK‡Ui gviYvwš K iƒ‡ci wkKviB nq †Kej| G-R‡b¨B Avgy kw³kvjxi Kv‡Q ¶gv

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wf¶v K‡i| †m Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Q kw³kvjxi Ab¨vqI b¨vq, †mB Mwn©Z b¨vq‡K P¨v‡jÄ Kiv ¶gvnxb cvc| AmnvqAvgy Dcjwä K‡i †h †m cvc K‡i‡Q| GB cvc-gyw³i Rb¨B †m kw³kvjxi Kv‡Q ¶gvcÖv_x©| `ywU ¶zavi Abœ `vbK‡i kw³kvjx Zv‡K ¶gv Ki€K| kn‡i A‡bK gvbyl i‡q‡Q hviv evB‡ii gvbyl A_P †fZ‡i KzKzi| Avgy†fZ‡i evB‡i Awewgkª gvbyl| †m-Rv‡b Av‡kcv‡ki mvwie×-wÎZj wØZj ì`vjv‡bi ¯ív‡jvwKZ Rvbvjv¸‡jvi†fZ‡iB Lv‡`ï fuvovi AvM‡j _vKv kw³kvjxi Ae¯’vb|

Drm I cÖm½ wb‡`©k K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb1. G-Zviv¸‡jvi wb‡P Lv`¨ †bB, `qvgvqv †bB, i‡q‡Q ïay wnsmvwe‡Øl wbôziZv, Amn¨ êwiZv|2. †h ywbqvq Ni †Q‡o †jv‡Kiv Kv‡jv b`xi av‡i-av‡i c‡o i‡q‡Q fvwUi Uv‡b †f‡m hv‡e e‡j, †m `ywbqvq

Zv‡K †m nvm‡Z †`‡e bv †`‡e bv|3. kn‡ii KzKz‡ii †Pv‡L êwiZv †bB| (GLv‡b gvby‡li †Pv‡L, Ges †`‡k KzKz‡ii †Pv‡L êwiZv)|4. A™¢zZ PvÂj¨gq AmsL¨ A-¸YwZ gv_v : †Kvb-†m AÁvZ nvIqvq †`vjvwqZ G Kv‡jv i‡Oi mvMi|5. ....Zvici Rvb‡jv †h Iiv gvbyl, KyKzi bq! A_ev †fZ‡i KzKzi, evB‡i KzKzi bq|6. ... GB c_, IB c_ : GLv‡b c‡_i †kl †bB| GLv‡b N‡i †cuŠQv‡bv hvq bv|7. ... I‡ì m‡½ Zvi †Pbv †bB, I‡ì †e`bvi m‡½ Zvi cwiPq †bB, †m †Kb hv‡e Zv‡ì Kv‡Q|

3 bs e¨vL¨vi bgybv- DËi:Av‡jvP¨ MívskUzKz wewkó K_vwkíx ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& iwPZ ÔbqbPvivÕ M‡íi Aš—M©Z| D×…Z As‡k M‡íi †K› ªxq

• •PwiÎ Avgyi Dcjwä‡Z MÖv‡gi Zzjbvq cÖvYnxb kn‡ii Aš tmvik b¨ AgvbweK iƒc cwiùzU n‡q‡Q|

• •gnvgšš ‡i Lv‡`ï A‡šl‡Y bqbPviv MÖvg cwiZ¨vM K‡i Avgy kiYv_x© n‡q‡Q wb`©q kn‡i| cÖ igq kn‡ii•wb`©q gvby‡li D‡c¶v Avi cÖZ¨vL¨v‡b Avgy Ges ivRc‡_ fvmgvb AMwYZ gvby‡li Aw¯ Z¡ msKUvcbœ| kn‡ii

wb`©q iƒ‡ci wecix‡Z †øn-ggZvq bqbPviv MÖv‡gi Qwe †PZ‡b-Ae‡PZ‡b †R‡M I‡V Avgyi g‡bv‡jv‡K| AembœAvgy AvKv‡ki Zviv¸‡jvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q fv‡e H ZviKvivwRi wb‡PB wQ‡jv bqbPviv Muv‡qi gvV-gvwU-Nvm-km¨

•Avi cÖengvb gq iv¶x| A_P H Awfbœ Zviv¸‡jvi wb‡PB weivR Ki‡Q kvnwiK Rxe‡bi wbôziZv| GLv‡b Lv`¨†bB, `qvgvqv †bB, Av‡Q wnsmv, wbôziZv, êwiZv| GLv‡b ¶zavi A‡bœi fuvovi AvM‡j iv‡L QÙ‡ekx kw³gvb|

• •MÖv‡gi kvš †øn fv‡jvevmv-ggZv-mnvbyf‚wZ‡Z c Y© cwi‡e‡k wnsmª KzKz‡ii †Pv‡L †h êwiZv cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡QAvgy AweKj †mB êwiZvB †m Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q kû‡i gvby‡li `„wócv‡Z| kn‡i KzKz‡ii †Pv‡L êwiZv †bB; cïi

•Rvš e cÖK…wZ AwaKvi K‡i gvbylB n‡q D‡V‡Q GK-GKwU KzKzi|

•Avgyi GB Dcjwäi ga¨w`‡q MíKvi gnv`ywf©‡¶i GK wnsmª AgvbweK iƒc‡K Rxeš K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| ywf©‡¶-• •gšš ‡i K…wÎg m¼‡Ui †nvZv gvbeZv we‡ivax Pµ Kxfv‡e cvkweK g wZ©‡Z Avwef‚©Z nq, ZviB cÖKvk N‡U‡Q

ž•bM‡i AvMZ GK DØvš yi mij Dcjwäi ¯ ‡k©|

4bs e¨vL¨vi bgybv- DËi:evsjv mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg †kªô K_vwkíx ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& iwPZ ÔbqbPvivÕ Mí †_‡K D×…Z evK¨wU msM„nxZ

•n‡q‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ As‡k M‡íi †K›`ªªxq PwiÎ Avgyi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K kn‡ii ivRc‡_ fvmgvb Db¥ wjZ AMY¨gvby‡li Ae¯’v‡bi wPÎ A¼b K‡i‡Qb MíKvi|

Lv‡`ï A‡š^l‡Y `ywf©¶cxwoZ Avgy kn‡i G‡m MÖvgQvov AMY¨ DØv¯‘ gvby‡li KvZv‡i wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| kn‡iiwbôzi wb`©q iƒ‡ci Zzjbvq †øn-ggZv gvLv ¯§„wZgq ¯^MÖvg ÔbqbPvivÕ Avgyi †PZb-Ae‡PZb g‡bv‡jv‡K †R‡MI‡V evievi| Kv‡jv wcPXvjv c‡_ AmsL¨ gvby‡li †mªvZ; Ic‡ii w`‡K ZvKv‡j †Pv‡L c‡o †Kej A™¢yZPvÂj¨gyLi MYbvZxZ Kv‡jvPz‡ji gv_v| Avgyyyi g‡b nq AÁvZ nvIqv †`vjvwqZ G-GK Kv‡jv is‡qi mvMi|nvIqvq Av‡›`vwjZ Ggb mvMi Avgy †`‡L‡Q ÔbqbPvivÕ MÖv‡gi avb‡¶‡Z| Zey G-`y‡qi Zdvr A¯žó _v‡KbvAvgyi Dcjwä‡Z| GLv‡b gv_v Kv‡jv, Rwg Kv‡jv, gb Kv‡jv| Avi †h AÁvZ nvIqv G‡m Av‡›`vjb Zz‡j‡Q

• •gvby‡li †`‡n, †m nvIqvI w Mš †_‡K D‡V Avmv meyR km¨ Kuvcv‡bv weï× Aš i½ nvIqv bq| G-nvIqv



ž •`ywf©‡¶i welev‡® ` wlZ-KjywlZ| e„¶Qvqvnxb LiZv‡c `» Dli cwi‡e‡k nvuwc‡q IVv Avgyi Dcjwä‡Z• • •¯§…wZgq MÖv‡gi wecix‡Z Rvš e kn‡ii Aš tmvik b¨ iƒc cÖKU n‡q D‡V‡Q|

• • •Avgyi MÖvg‡Kw›`ªK Abyfewbó Aš e©v¯ eZv Avi kvnwiK Rxe‡bi `ywf©¶jvwÃZ ewnev© eZvi mgšq N‡U‡Q•Av‡jvP¨ As‡k| Gi g‡a¨ w ‡q GKw`‡K †hgb km¨k¨vgj MÖv‡gi kvš kªx iƒc ¯§„wZAbyl‡½ cwiùzU n‡q‡Q,

• • •‡Zgwb Zzjbvi cÖwZmv‡g¨ gšš iwK¬ó kn‡ii welv³ g wZ©wPË Rxeš Aeqe †c‡q‡Q|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ1| Avgyi Ae‡PZb g‡bi Abyf‚wZ¸‡jv wb‡Ri fvlvq eY©bv Ki€b|2| •ÔbqbPvivÕ Mí Aej¤‡b kn‡i mgvMZ Db¥ wjZ gvby‡li Ae¯’vi cwiPq w`b|3| Avgyi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K kni I MÖvg Ges abx I wbt‡¯î Zdvr e¨vL¨v Ki€b|4| ÔbqbPvivÕ Mvu‡q Kx gv‡qi evwo?Õ Avgyi G-wRÁvmvi Zvrch© we‡klY Ki€b|5| ÔbqbPvivÕ M‡íi bvgKi‡Yi mv_©KZv wePvi Ki€b|

4 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv- DËi:wewkó K_vwkíx ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn& iwPZ ÔbqbPvivÕ evsjv mvwn‡Zï GKwU Ab¨Zg †kªô †QvUMí| 1350 e½v‡ãi

•gnvgšš ‡ii cUf‚wgKvq †jLv GB MíwU‡Z MÖv‡gi ev¯‘wfUv Z¨vM K‡i Lv‡`ï A‡šl‡Y kn‡i AvMZ kiYv_x©•gvby‡li nvnvKvi Ges Zvi wecix‡Z wb`©q wbôzi knievmxi D`vmxbZv, hvwš KZv Ges mf¨Zvwe‡ivax

AgvbweKZv wkíiƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| GKw`‡K me©Á †jLK Ab¨w`‡K myL-¯§„wZgq ÔbqbPvivÕ MÖvg cwiZ¨vM K‡ikn‡i AvMZ Avgyi `„wó‡KvY I AbyfegqZvq `ywf©¶jvwÃZ bMiRxe‡bi iƒp ev¯—eZv iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q MíwU‡Z|

Lv‡`ï A‡š^l‡Y kn‡ii wcPXvjv ivRc‡_ fvmgvb wQbœg~j Avgyi †Pv‡L knievmxi iƒpZv wbôziZv I ü`qnxbZv¯žó n‡q D‡V‡Q| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi GB wb`©q ev¯—eZvi wecix‡Z †PZ‡b-Ae‡PZ‡b Avgyyyi g‡bv‡jv‡K wfo K‡i

• •†øn-gvqv-ggZv-gvLv‡bv ÔbqbPvivÕ Mvu‡qi gayi ¯§„wZ| Nbvqgvb Kv‡jv iv‡Z Rbk b¨ cÖk¯ ivRc_‡K Zvi• •wcÖq gq iv¶x b x e‡j Kíbv Ki‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M| gq iv¶x‡Z fvmgvb †R‡j wWwO¸‡jvi we›`y we›`y jvj‡P

Av‡jv Avkvi cÖ`xc n‡q Avgyi g‡bv‡jv‡K R¡j-R¡j K‡i| ¶zavq Aembœ Avgyi †`‡n hLb Nyg bv‡g ZLb ZviRvMÖZ gb cwiågY K‡i †Pbv b`xi av‡i; b`xi g„`yKj¯î Avi PK&P‡K& gv‡Q cwic~Y© †R‡jwWwO¸‡jvi PjvP‡j

• •Avgyi gvbmågY mÜvb K‡i jyß myL I cÖkvwš | GiB m ‡Î kn‡ii AgvbweK wbôziZv I ü qnxbZvicUf‚wgKvq Avgy Zvi RvMiˆPZ‡b¨ hLb kvnwiK e¨w³gvby‡li AvPi‡Y gvbweKZvi g„`y ùyiY cÖZ¨¶ K‡i, ZLbBZvi g‡a¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡i †m †øn-ggZvq bqbPviv Muv‡qi cÖwZfvm| Avgyi Dcjwäi GB mij mgxKiYB cÖ‡kœv³wRÁvmvi g‡g© wbwnZ i‡q‡Q|

• • •µ‡g µ‡g Avgyi Dcjwä‡Z Rxeš n‡q D‡V‡Q mf¨ZvMex© bMimf¨Zvi Aš tmvik bïƒc| c‡_i †kl †bB†R‡bI c‡_-c‡_ cwiågY K‡i Avgy eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q ¶zavi A‡bœi fuvovi AvM‡j _vKv wbf„Z AvÍ‡MvcbKvixkw³kvjx kvnwiK gvbyl Avgy‡ì evPu‡Z †`‡e bv| ivRc‡_ fvmgvb AMY¨ gvbyl g„Zz¨gyLx c‡_B AvÍmgc©Y K‡i

€ •wbi cvq n‡q| wKš‘ Aw¯ Z¡mZK© Rxebwccvmy Avgy D‡c¶v K‡i g„Zzï AvnŸvb| iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i R¡‡j IVvkqZv‡bi †Pv‡L nxbZv-¶z`ªZvi `ÿwZ cÖZ¨¶ K‡iI Avgyi AvÍfvebvq `„pZv cvq cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖZ¨q;

Ô... G `ywbqvq Ni †Q‡o †jv‡Kiv Kv‡jv b`xi av‡i-av‡i c‡o i‡q‡Q fvwUi Uv‡b †f‡m hv‡e e‡j, †m `ywbqvqZv‡K †m nvm‡Z †`‡ebv †`‡ebv|Õ

hwÌ Avgy MÖv‡gi KzKz‡ii wnsmªZv cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Q kû‡i gvby‡li †Pv‡L, cmvi mvwR‡q emv gqivi †Pv‡L †`‡L‡QcvkweK wnsmªZv; Zey jvj‡c‡o kvwo c‡i i³ SjwK‡q †h †g‡qwU wf¶vcÖv_x© Avgyi w`‡K `y‡Uv cqmv Qy‡o †d‡j`yªZ P‡j hvq • Zvi gv_vi Pz‡j Avgy † ‡L bqbPviv Muv‡qi gv-wS‡ì Pz‡ji Av j| bvixi Kj¨vYx g wZ©bqbPviv Muv‡q cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Q Avgy| kn‡ii AgvbweKZvi c¼‡mªv‡Z AvKw¯§K `v‡bi cÖmvwiZ nvZ‡K ZvB

•bqbPviv Muv‡qi Kj¨vYxg wZ©i cÖmvwiZ nvZ e‡j Zvi åg nq|

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ivRc‡_ fvmgvb AmsL¨ gvby‡li Kv‡jv gv_vi Av‡›`vjb Kv‡jv i‡Oi mvMi e‡j g‡b nq Avgyi| †gŠmygx nvIqvq•avb‡¶‡Z k‡mï Av‡›`vjb †`‡L‡Q Avgy| wKš‘ GLvbKvi ` wlZ nvIqvi Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ Zvi KZBbv Zdvr|

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cvi‡eb|® Bn‡jv‡K AvMZ `yB gymvwdi-Gi cwiPqc‡e©i AvjvcPvwiZvi Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|® cÖ_g gymvwdi jvjb dKx‡ii cÖwZ MÖvg¨ RbZvi Jrmy‡Kï inm¨ we‡klY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|® wØZxq gymvwdi †mvenvb †Rvqv ©vi-Gi cÖwZ gvby‡li we‡Øl I Abxnvi KviY wePvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|® MíwUi Zvrch© we‡kl‡Y m¶g n‡eb|® •MíwUi Aš wb©wnZ Av‡e`‡bi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ1917 wLª÷v‡ãi 2 Rvbyqvwi eZ©gvb fvi‡Zi cwðg e½ iv‡Rï ûMjx †Rjvi mej wmsncyi MÖv‡g kIKZImgv‡bi Rb¥| Zuvi wcZvi bvg †kL gyn¤§` Gwnqv| kIKZ Imgv‡bi wcZ…cÖ Ë bvg †kL AvwRRyi ingvb; Zvi†jLK-bv‡gi †`k‡Rvov cwiwPwZi Kvi‡Y cÖK…Z bvgwU A‡b‡KiB ARvbv|

1933 wLª÷v‡ã KjKvZv Avjxqv gv ªvmvi A¨vs‡jv cvwm©qvb wefvM †_‡K g¨vwUªKz‡jkb cix¶vq DËxY© nb|AZtci wZwb KjKvZvi weL¨vZ †m›U †Rwfqvm© K‡j‡R fwZ© nb Ges †mLvb †_‡K 1935 m‡b AvB.G Ges1938 m‡b we.G cvk K‡ib| KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi e½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wefvM †_‡K kIKZ Imgvb Gg.GwWwMÖ jvf K‡ib 1941 wLª÷v‡ã|

wk¶K wn‡m‡e PvKzwi-Rxeb †_‡K Aemi MÖnY Ki‡jI kIKZ Imgvb Kg©Rxeb ïi” K‡ib KjKvZv•wgDwbwmc¨vj K‡c©v‡ik‡bi IqvUvi IqvK©m wWcvU©‡g‡›U| wZwb wKQyKvj KvR K‡i‡Qb cwðge½ Z_¨ gš Yvj‡q,

wk¶KZv K‡i‡Qb †emiKvix ¯‹z‡jI| c‡i KjKvZvi Bb&w÷wUDU Ae Kgv‡m© †hvM †`b evsjv I A_©bxwZ GB`yB wel‡qi Aa¨vcK iƒ‡c|

1947 wL÷v‡ãi 14-15 AvM÷ fviZ-wefvM m¤žbœ n‡j kIKZ Imgvb ZrKvjxb c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b P‡j Av‡mb|GLv‡b Zuvi PvKzix Rxeb ïi” nq PÆMÖvg miKvix Kgvm© K‡j‡R| 1958 wLª÷v‡ã kIKZ Imgvb XvKv K‡j‡Rievsjv wefv‡M †hvM`vb K‡ib| H K‡j‡R Kg©iZ Ae ’vq 1972 m‡b 55 eQi eq‡m kIKZ Imgvb PvKzix Rxeb†_‡K Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| AZtci my`xN© Aemi Rxe‡b wZwb wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ K‡iwQ‡jb mvwnZ¨mvabv ImgvR‡mevq|

evsjv‡`‡ki K_vmvwn‡Z¨ kIKZ Imgvb GK wewkó bvg| KjKvZv evmKvjxb mg‡q Pwj‡ki `k‡Ki cÖvi‡¤¢BmvwnZ¨RM‡Z Zuvi Avwef©ve N‡U| G mg‡qB wZwb iPbv K‡ib cÖ_g Dcb¨vm Rbbx (1968 m‡b cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ)|Zuvi cÖ_g gyw`ªZ Dcb¨vm ewb Av`g 1943 m‡b KjKvZv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq| cvwK —vbkvwmZ c~e©evsjvq mvgwiKkvmbvg‡j K‡qKwU iƒcK Dcb¨vm iPbv K‡i kIKZ Imgvb myL¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib| G mg‡qi iPbv µxZ`v‡minvwm (1962) Zuvi me©‡kªô Dcb¨vm| †QvU Mí m„R‡bi †¶‡ÎI kIKZ Imgvb `¶Zv cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi†ek wKQy Mí evsjv‡`‡ki K_vmvwn‡Zï D¾¡j m¤ú`|

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wbijm mvwnZ¨mvabvi ¯^xK…wZ-¯îƒc kIKZ Imgvb f‚wlZ n‡q‡Qb wewfbœ cyi¯‹v‡i| 1962 m‡b evsjv GKv‡Wgxcyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb K‡i Zuv‡K m¤§vwbZ Kiv nq| AZtci 1966 m‡b wZwb ÔAv`gRx mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹viÕ Ges 1967

•m‡b cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii Ô†cÖwm‡W›U cyi¯‹viÕ jvf K‡ib| 1983 m‡b MYcÖRvZš x evsjv‡`k miKvi ÔGKz‡kc`KÕ cÖ`vb K‡i Zuvi mvwnZ¨K…wZi ¯^xK…wZ †`b| 1991 m‡b kIKZ Imgvb‡K ÔgvneyeDjvn dvD‡Ûkb cyi¯‹viÕI Ôgy³aviv mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹viÕ cÖ`vb K‡i m¤§vwbZ Kiv nq|

1998 wLª÷v‡ãi 14 †g XvKvq cÖvq weivwk eQi eq‡m K_vmvwnwZ¨K kIKZ Imgv‡bi Rxebvemvb N‡U|

kIKZ Imgvb iwPZ D‡jL‡hvM¨ MÖš’:

†QvUMí: • wcuRiv‡cvj (1358), Ryby Avcv I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1358), mv‡eK Kvwnbx (1953), cÖ i djK(1964), †kªôMí (1974), Rb¥ hw` Ze e‡½ (1975), gwbe I Zvnvi KzKzi (1393), Ck¦‡ii cÖwZØ›Øx(1990)|

Dcb¨vm: ewb Av`g (1943), Rbbx (1958) µxZ`v‡mi nvwm (1962), mgvMZ (1374), Rvnvbœvg n‡Z we`vq(1971), ivRv DcvL¨vb (1377), yB ˆmwbK (1973), †bK‡o AiY¨ (1380), cZ½ wcÄi (1983), RjvsMx(1986)|

bvUK: • Avgjvi gvgjv (1949), evM`v‡ì Kwe (1359), c Y© ¯vaxbZv P‚Y© ¯vaxbZv (1990)|

wkï mvwnZ¨: I‡Ub mv‡n‡ei evs‡jv (1944), cÖvBR I Ab¨vb¨ Mí (1969), ¶z‡` †mvkvwj÷ (1973)|

cÖeÜ: • mgy`ª b`x mgwc©Z (1973), ms¯‹…wZi PovB DrivB (1985), gymwjg gvb‡mi iƒcvš i (1986)|

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MíMÖš’: Ab¨ N‡i Ab¨ ¯î (1976), †Luvqvwi (1982), `y‡afv‡Z DrcvZ (1985), †`vR‡Li Ig (1989), Rvj¯^cœ, ¯^‡cœi Rvj (1997)|

Dcb¨vm: wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB (1986), †Lvqvebvgv (1996)|

cÖeÜ: ms¯‹…wZ fvlv †mZz (1997)|

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gv‡qi mvg‡b, ev‡ci mvg‡b! gvI †Zv Zvi e¨vUvK Rvb fi¨v †`L¨v wjevi cvij! Avi nvgvi eyjy †Kv‡U Kvi ¸wjLvqv gyL _yeo¨v co¨v g‡jv †Mv, e¨vUvi gyL‡Kvbv nvwg GKevi †`LeviI cvijvg bv †Mv! nvgvi eyjyi Dc‡i MRec‡o wKmK †Mv? eyjy AcNvZZ g‡i wKmK †Mv?ÕGi Reve †`qv †gveviK Avwji mv‡aï evB‡i| eyjyi gv‡qiGB wejvcgq cÖ‡kœi Lvuov †_‡K Nvo evuPvevi Rb¨ G¶zwY Zvi evB‡i cvjv‡bv ìKvi| wKš‘ ìRvi dvuK w`‡q†evSv hvq, dm©v n‡Z GL‡bv evwK| AÜKv‡i evB‡i †ei€‡jB ¸wj K‡i †`‡e| 10/12 w`b Av‡M miKvi evwoiGK eM©v`vi Pvlv wc‡V ¸wj †L‡q gi‡jv cvb‡avqv we‡ji av‡i| we‡ji Kv‡Q Znwmb miKv‡ii bvev Rwg‡Z†jvKUv Ni K‡i _v‡K, Znwmb miKv‡ii Rwg‡ZB eM©v Pvl K‡i| iv‡Î we‡ji av‡i cvqLvbv Ki‡Z e‡mwQ‡jv,nvB ¯‹z‡ji K¨v¤ž †_‡K ¸wj Kiv nq| †c‡U ¸wj †j‡M †jvKUv m‡½ m‡½ †kl| Zvici nvB ¯‹z‡ji `ßwibRxeyjvi wc‡V ¸wj jvM‡jv, †mI iv‡ÎB| bRxeyjv wM‡qwQ‡jv †ejKzwP nv‡U| wgwjUvwi K¨v¤ž nvIqvq Gw`KKvinvUevRvi me jv‡U IVvi Ae ’v, MZ eQ‡ii †mi cuv‡PK gwiP wQ‡jv, ZvB wewµ Ki‡Z bRxeyjvi †ejKzwPhvIqv| wdi‡Z GKUz ivZ n‡qwQ‡jv, ivZ Avi KZ, GB Gkvi AvRvb w`‡q‡Q wK †`qwb, ¯‹z‡ji mvg‡b w`‡q †mnbnb K‡i †nu‡U hv‡ŽQ †Zv wg‡jUvwi Zv‡K û¼vi w`‡q _vg‡Z e‡j| bRxeyjv _vg‡e wK, cwogwi K‡i †`Šo ‡`qmvg‡bi w`‡K| m‡½ m‡½ ¸wj G‡m jv‡M Zvi wc‡V| g‡b nq ¸wj jvMvi c‡iI †jvKUv †`Š‡owQ‡jv, Zvi jvkcvIqv hvq AvwgbywÏb miKv‡ii euvkSv‡oi wfZi| AvwgbywÏb miKvi fvB‡cv ZeviK, jvwVWvOvi Avqbyj,c`ygkn‡ii nv‡kg gÊj, nvB ¯‹z‡ji A¼ m¨vi byi †gvnv¤§`G‡ì gviv n‡q‡Q jvB‡b ùvo Kwi‡q, ¯‹zj`vjv‡bi wcQ‡b, †Qv‡Uv K¬v‡mi †Q‡jiv ‡hLv‡b `vwoqvevÜv, †MvjvQyU, nvWzWz †Lj‡Zv †mLv‡b G‡ì cy‡Z ivLvn‡q‡Q| we‡ji av‡i jvk, euvkSv‡o jvk, ¯‹z‡ji wcQ‡b jvk, ZvB‡Zv GKUv gvm h‡Zv¸‡jv gvbyl co‡jvmeKUv ¸wj †L‡q gi‡Q| meŸvB! ZvB †Zv! mK‡ji AcNvZ g„Zz¨| GgbwK cye AÂ‡j we‡q n‡q‡QZvi Lvjv‡Zv †evb Av‡gbveyeyi, †m †gjv `‚i, hgybvi Zx‡i †KlwUqv MÖvg, cÖ‡Z¨K eQi elv©Kvj Av‡m Avi Zvivb`xfvOvi f‡q ZU¯’ n‡q I‡V; Gevi G‡m‡Q b`xi evc wgwjUvwi| Av‡gbveyeyi †Ì‡ii †Q‡j Avwj AvKei,P›`bevBmv K‡j‡R AvB. Kg c‡o, Zv‡K ¸wj K‡i †d‡j w`‡q‡Q hgybvq| P›`bevBmv Znkxj`vi Awd‡m

ž •wgwjUvwi K¨v‡¤ i mvg‡b †Q‡jUv aiv c‡o, Zvi Kv‡Q A¯ cvIqv wM‡qwQ‡jv| Avnv, †ePviv es‡ki GKgvÎ†Q‡j, H evwo‡Z Avi meKUv †g‡q, †Q‡jUv‡K Lye Kó w`‡q †g‡i‡Q| bv,bv, eyjy‡K wKš‘ Kó †Ìqvi my‡hvMcvqwb| aiv covi Av‡MB I ¸wj Lvq|†mB AÁvZ RvqMvq Akª€Z ¸wji k‡ã gv_vUv `y‡j I‡V, nVvr g‡bnq, ZvB‡Zv, K‡qK gvm GB GjvKvq, Ggb wK †Kvb cye AÂ‡j †KlwUqv MÖvg, †mLv‡b ch©š—mevB gviv †M‡Q¸wj †L‡q| me AcNv‡Z g„Zz¨, ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †jv‡K g‡i bv, MRe, Avjvi MRe, MRe bv co‡j gvby‡li GiKgg„Zz¨ nq? †Pqvig¨v‡bi fvM¨!Zvi †Q‡jiB Ggb ¯^vfvweK giY| Gme fv‡Mï e¨vcvi| †Pqvig¨vb†jvKUvi mew`‡KB fvM¨ fv‡jv, Zvi Rwg‡Z dmj nq me‡P‡q fv‡jv, †hevi hv †ev‡b †mevi Zv‡ZB jvf _v‡K|avb e‡jv, gwiP e‡jv, †cuqvR e‡jv,Avjy e‡jv †Pqvig¨v‡bi Rwg‡Z hvi djb fv‡jv †mB dm‡ji †mevi `vgDV‡e| Avevi `¨v‡Lv bv, wZb wZbevi BDwbqb KvDwÝ‡ji †Pqvig¨vb n‡jv, B‡jKk‡b †jvKUv KL‡bv nv‡i bv|GKgvÎ †Q‡j, QvÎ K‡Zv fv‡jv,MZ K‡qK ermi GB ¯‹zj †_‡K Zvi g‡Zv †iRvë †KD Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Avevi`¨v‡Lv mevB hLb Gw`K Iw`K gi‡Q, †Pqvig¨v‡bi †Q‡j ZLb gv‡qi †Kv‡j †`vj †L‡Z †L‡Z †PvL ey‡R| GUvfvM¨ Qvov wK? `xN© wbk¦vm Pvcvi Rb¨ †gveviK Avwj GKUz Kv‡k| Avi eyjywK my›ì †Q‡j, Avi wK iKgX¨vOv n‡q I‡VwQ‡jv, ZvB bv? gv_vq †gveviK Avwj‡K Qvwo‡q wM‡qwQ‡jv, I wVK Ii `v`vi g‡Zv n‡Zv,†mB †Q‡j, w`we¨ fv‡jv †Q‡j evwo †_‡K †ewi‡q †M‡jv, 4 gvm ci Lei G‡jv †h †m ¸wj †L‡q gviv †M‡Q|

•†Kv_vq? bv, †m GLvb †_‡K †gjv ` i| GKB †Rjv, Z‡e †m n‡jv cy‡ei cwj GjvKv| n¨vu, Av‡gbveyei k¦ïievwoi Kv‡QB n‡e| MÖv‡gi bvg Zvi Rvbv bvB|

†ò gvm Av‡M eyjyi givi Lei †c‡q †gveviK †f‡ewQ‡jv †h †eŠ‡qi Kv‡Q LeiUv G‡Kev‡i †P‡c hv‡e| †Zv†kvbvi ci K‡qKUv N›Uv †m Pzc K‡iB wQ‡jv, ZvI †h †Q‡jwU Lei wb‡q G‡mwQ‡jv Zvi we‡kl Aby‡iv‡a|

•Aby‡iva bv e‡j Av‡`k ejvB wVK, hv‡ì nv‡Z A¯ _v‡K Zviv wK Aby‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡i? †Q‡jUvi bvg †hbwK? bv, bvgUv g‡b bv KivB fv‡jv, evwoi Kv‡Q wgwjUvwi K¨v¤ž, KLb †K G‡m agK w`‡jB †gveviK AvwjZvi bvg duvm K‡i †`‡e| bvg g‡b bv _vK‡j wK nq, Zvi †Pnviv cÖvq 24 N›Uv †gveviK Avwji mvg‡b †`v‡j|

GmGmGBPGj


Nb Kv‡jv †g‡Ni mvg‡b k¨vgeY© GKLvbv gyL| I hLb Av‡m ZLb weKvj‡ejv| Lye †gN Kivq AÜKvi n‡qG‡mwQ‡jv| †gveviK nvU †_‡K wdiwQ‡jv cv Pvwj‡q| Gw`‡K, GB 5/6/7 gvB‡ji g‡a¨ wgwjUvwi K¨v¤ž ZL‡bvnqwb, ZvB AvKv‡k RgvU †gN Qvov †Rv‡i nvUvi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KviY wQ‡jv bv| †Q‡jwU‡K †m cÖ_g `¨v‡L,e‡ovwgqvi AvD‡ki Rwgi cv‡k mvB‡Kj †V‡j †V‡j bvjv cvi nwŽQ‡jv| Zvici mvB‡K‡j D‡V †Q‡jwU Zv‡ì

•MÖv‡gi w ‡K P‡j hvq| cvKzo Mv‡Qi Zjvq G‡m iv¯ v nVvr evK wb‡q‡Q, †Q‡jwU †mLvb †_‡K Avovj n‡qco‡jv| Zvi w`‡K †gveviK Avwj fv‡jv K‡i j¶Ï K‡iwb| nv‡U ï‡b G‡m‡Q †h †micyi kn‡i wgwjUvwi Xz‡KevwoNi ZQbQ K‡i †dj‡Q| Zvici e¸ovq bvwK wgwjUvwii weivU AvW&Wv| gvby‡li jv‡ki M‡Ü bvwK kn‡i†XvKv hvq bv| Avevi GiB g‡a¨ †Kvb GK e‡ov wgwjUvwi Awdmvi‡K †g‡i †d‡j‡Q Kviv| eW©v‡i †Rvi hy×Pj‡Q| Gevi cv‡Ui ì evo‡Z cv‡i| nv‡Ui †fZiB †jvKRb wdmwdm K‡i GBme Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †gveviKAvwj BDwbqb KvDwÝj Awd‡mi mvg‡b G‡m c‡o, bv mvB‡K‡ji ZLb wPý gvÎ `¨vLv hvq wb| Awd‡mi cvKveviv›`vq D‡V †gveviK Awdm N‡ii Zvjv `y‡Uv GKevi †U‡b `¨v‡L| bv, wVK Av‡Q| G ch©š— fzj †Zv †Kv‡bv w`bn‡jv bv, Zey hZevi Gw`K w`‡q hv‡e, Zv †m Rwg †`L‡Z †nvK wK nv‡U evRv‡i †nvK ev we‡j gvQ ai‡Z†nvKeviv›`vq D‡V Zvjv y‡Uv Zvi cix¶v Kiv PvB| eviv›`vq `vwo‡q †m GKevi AvKv‡ki †g‡Ni fviUv VvniKivi †Póv Ki‡jv| bv, ZvovZvwo evwo hvIqv ìKvi| eviv›`v †_‡K wb‡P bvg‡Q Ggb mgq Awd‡mi †cQb†_‡K G‡m Ii gy‡LvgywL ùvov‡jv ïKjy civgvwbK| ïKjy‡K †`‡L †gveviK åƒ †KuvPKvq: GBme Pvlvfzlv‡ìgvbyl Kiv Zvi ev‡ci mv‡aï evB‡i| G‡Zvevi eviY Kiv nq Zey kvjv‡ì nvMv‡gvZv me GB Awd‡mi wcQ‡b|†Pqvig¨vb mv‡ne G‡Zv mL K‡i †kdvwji Pviv jvwM‡q‡Q, Zv G‡ì ¸‡qi M‡Ü Iw`‡K DuwK †Ìqv hvqbv| wKš‘Zv‡K agK †Ìqvi Av‡MB ïKjy e‡j, ÔPvPvwgqv, GKUv P¨vsov Avc‡bi wVKvbv cym KwiwŽQ‡jv| mvB‡Kj wjqvAv‡ŽP|Õ

Ô†KUv?Õ

Ô†K Rv‡b evcy? nvwg cym Kiby †Zv KÕ†jv eyjyi mv‡_ K‡jRZ c‡o| nvgv‡Mv‡i BLvbKvi gvbyl jq †Mv PvPvwgqv|nvwg GK jRi †`L¨vB eywSwQ UvD‡bi gvbylÕ!

Ôbvg cym KwiwQm?Õ

ÔK¨v¼ Ki¨v Kwi? G¨vbv K_v K‡Z bv K‡Z mvB‡Kv‡jvZ DV¨v ZuvB nuvUv w`‡jv|Õ

eyjyi K¬vm‡gU? †gveviK Avwj h‡Zv ZvovZvwo cv‡i QyU‡Z jvM‡jv| AvR 4 gvm eyjyi `¨vLv bvB| gv‡P©i•gvSvgvwS evwo G‡jv| GLv‡bI ZLb Lye †Zvo‡Rvo| iv¯ vq, nv‡U, evRv‡i cyKz‡ii av‡i Lvwj wgwQj| MuvI-

‡Miv‡g G‡Zv gvbyl †Kv‡bv w`b `¨vLv hvq bvB| gvbyl dz‡j †du‡c DVwQ‡jv| gvbyl nq‡Zv 20Uv wK 30Uv, wKš‘I‡ì wPZv‡bv eyK †`‡L g‡b nq G‡KKR‡bi Mv‡q 10 gvby‡li ej| eyjyi LvIqv bvB, †Mvmj bvB, Lvwj G-MÖvgI-MÖvg K‡i, †Rvqvb †Rvqvb †Q‡j‡ì wb‡q c¨v‡iW K‡i, GBme Kv‡jvwKwó Pvlvfzlv ivLvj‡ì wb‡q †m †hb

•RMr Rq Ki‡e| †Q‡jUv nVvr X¨vOv n‡q †M‡Q kn‡i ` i m¤ú‡K©i gvgvevwo‡Z _v‡K, wK Lvq,wK c‡iA_P†`L‡Z †`L‡Z ZvMov †Rvqvb n‡q †M‡jv| gv‡P©i †k‡l XvKvq wgwjUvwiiv gvbyl gvi‡Z ïi” Ki‡jv, Avi e¸ov†_‡K ïi” n‡jv gvbyl Avmv| e¸ovq wgwjUvwi‡K XzK‡Z w`‡ŽQ bv, kn‡ii DËiw`‡K e¨vs‡Ki `vjv‡bi IcicwRkb wb‡q †Q‡jiv dvBU K‡i hv‡ŽQ| †Pqvig¨vb GKw`b G‡m Awf‡hvM K‡i, Ô†gveviK wgqv, eyjy GB†Mvjgv‡ji g‡a¨ hv‡ŽQ, Avc‡b kvmb Kwi‡ŽQb bv? Avevi kvRvnvbK Lvwj Lvwj †PZv‡ŽQ, kvRvnvb ¯‹jvi QvÎ,

• •Ii wK BMjvb Kiv gvbvq, Kb?Õ Zvici Av‡¯ Av‡¯ e‡j, ÔwK cvMjvwg ïi” Kwi‡Q, Kb †Zv! P¨vsov c¨vsovi•gv_vi g‡a¨ †cvKv XzwK‡Q| Mv`ve›`yK Avi `vI Kzovj Lš v wjqv wgwjUvwii mv‡_ hy× Kiwe, G uv?Õ †gveviK

AvwjI Gme †ev‡S| wKš‘ eyjy‡K †evSvevi Av‡MB †m GKw`b DavI n‡q †M‡jv| 4w`b hvq 5w`b hvq Zvi cvËvbvB| Lei Av‡m †h e¸ovq wgwjUvwi Xz‡K evwoNi me cywo‡q w`‡ŽQ| †mLvb †_‡K gvby‡li Xj Av‡m, GBMÖv‡gi†fZi w`‡q gvbyl hvq, †ewki fvMB fÏi‡jvK| Zv‡ì wK my›ì my›ì †g‡q| Pkgv †Pv‡L RyZv cv‡q nv‡U!Rxe‡b MÖv‡g Av‡mwb, Zviv nuvU‡Z nvuU‡Z U‡j, Uj‡Z Uj‡Z c‡o hvq| †micyi †_‡K gvbyl cvjv‡jv| GgbwKe¨vsK †f‡O UvKv wb‡q †bZviv ch©š— GB c_ w`‡q eW©v‡ii w`‡K P‡j †M‡jv| †mB UvKv w`‡q Zviv †`k ¯^vaxb



Ki‡e| wKš‘ eyjyi `¨vLv bvB| evwoi w`‡K †h‡Z †h‡Z †gvevi †iK eyK wUcwUc K‡i| eqm †Zv n‡jv, GLb wKAgwb K‡i †QvUv hvq? mvB‡Kj Iqvjv †Q‡jwU nq‡Zv eyjyI n‡Z cv‡i| QÙ‡ek a‡i G‡m‡Q| ïKjy nq‡Zv wPb‡Zcv‡iwb| GiKg n‡Z cv‡i bv? bv|GiKg †h nqwb †m †¶vf †gvevi‡Ki AvRI Kv‡Uwb| QÙ‡ekx eyjy‡K`¨vLvi Avkvf‡½i „k¨wU †m ZvB gy‡Q †dj‡Z Pvq| ïKjy civgvwY‡Ki K_vevZ©v eis Av‡iKevi †kvbv hvq bv?bv, ZvI hvq bv| Gi mßvn y‡qK ci MÖv‡g hLb wgwjUvwi †Xv‡K, ïKjy ZLb e‡ovwgqvi Rwg‡Z Kv`vgvwU‡ZDcyi n‡q exRZjv †_‡K av‡bi Pviv Zzj‡Q| wR‡ci AvIqv‡R †m Pg‡K D‡V `vuovq| Zvi nvZ 1 AvuwUKjvcvZvmeyR avb Mv‡Qi Pviv Ges †Pv‡L †evKv‡evKv fq| wgwjUvwi †mvRv ¸wj K‡i Zvi ‡c‡U|wgwjUvwi wKeyjyiI †c‡U ¸wj Pvwj‡qwQ‡jv? •AÜKvi N‡i bvwZ‡K wb‡q ï‡q _vKv ¯ xi cv‡k e‡m †gveviK Avwj wb‡Ri

• •†c‡U Av‡¯ Av‡¯ nvZ eyjvq| †c‡Ui euv †Kv‡Y Zvi eû w ‡bi GKU wPb-wPb e¨_v wQ‡jv, AvR gvm wZ‡bKn‡jv †mUv †evSv hvq bv| wb‡Ri †c‡U ¸wjevi€` †c‡Z wb‡q eyjy wK Zvi †c‡Ui e¨_v wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ ï‡l wb‡q†M‡Q? †gvevi‡Ki g‡bB _v‡K bv †h mvB‡KjIqvjv †Q‡jwU eyjyi g„Zzï †h weeiY w`‡q‡Q Zv‡Z †c‡U ¸wjjvMvi †Kv‡bv K_v bvB| nq‡Zv GKUz c‡iB Zvi g‡b co‡Zv, wKš‘ †di c¨vbc¨vb Ki‡Z ïi” K‡i eyjyi gv,ÔGKevi †Pv‡Li `¨vLvUvI †`Levi cviby bv †Mv| †Kv‡U †Kvb cv_v‡ii g‡a¨ GKjv GKjv `vcv`vwc Ki¨v gi‡jv,gy‡LvZ G¨vbv cvwbI cv‡jv bv †Mv| nvgvi e¨vUvi Dc‡i B¼v MRe wKmK co‡jv †Mv? Avjvi wePvi K¨v¼v KI†Zv? Zvi gvwUI nq bv, †Kv‡U †Kvb Kv‡`vi g‡a¨ co¨v _v‡K, KI †Zv!Õ

Ô_v‡gvÕ| †gveviK Avwj fq cvq †h eyjyi gv Gevi Pu¨vPv‡Z ïi” Ki‡e, Ô_v‡gv| gvwU nq bvB †Zvgv‡K KÕ‡Q?Õ

ÔZzwg GKevi †`Levi †Mjv bv wKmK?Õ eyjyi gv ivM K‡i, ÔZzwg hvqv Zvi Kei wRqviZ Ki¨v Avmjv bv wKmK!AcNvZ, †Zv gi‡Q, †Zv ZvuB wK †Zvgvi e¨vUv jq? cvlvY evc n‡Qv, e¨vUv †Zvgvi wj‡Ri cq`v jq?Õ ivMKi‡Z PvB‡jI eyjyi gv ivM wUwK‡q ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| ivM Zvi gyL _ye‡o c‡o †kv‡K, †kv‡K Ges f‡q, bvwZiNyg fvOvi SzwK _vKv m‡Ë¡I †gvevi‡Ki Di€i Dci GKwU †ivMv Kv‡jv nvZ †i‡L †m †duvcvq, Ônvgiv wK ¸bvKiwQjvg †Mv, nvgv‡Mvi Dc‡i MRe c‡o wKmK? nvgv‡Mvi e¨vUv AcNvZ Ôg‡i wKmK †MvÕ †gveviK Avwj fqcvq| Qv‡ì dz‡Uv w`‡q euv‡ki wmwjs dzu‡o N‡i Av‡jv XzK‡Q| †gveviK Rvbvjv Ly‡j †`q, †fvi‡ejvi jvj‡P kv`vAv‡jvq AvKvk MvQcvjv I gvwU †hb ¯^‡cœi g‡a¨ †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Q| wSiwS‡i evZvm Xz‡K gkvwi Kvucvq|†Rvnivi †Q‡jwU nvZcv Qwo‡q Nygvq, evZv‡mi SvÞvq Nyg Mvp nq|

†gvevi‡Ki GKUz fq n‡jv, Zvi †eva nq †`wi n‡q †M‡jv| †Pqvig¨v‡bi evwo‡Z Gi g‡a¨B †gjv †jvK G‡mc‡o‡Q| evB‡i AvgZjvq nvuUz †f‡O gvwU‡Z e‡mwQ‡jv Kv‡eRDwÏb| G‡ì evwoi cyi‡bv Kv‡Ri †jvK, ey‡ovn‡q †M‡Q, `y‡Uv †Pv‡LB Qvwb co‡Z ïi” K‡i‡Q, GKUz Kv‡Q bv G‡j †jvK wPb‡Z Zvi Kó nq| †gveviK Zvicv‡k ùvwo‡q wR‡M¨m K‡i,Ô Kv‡eR, †Pqvig¨vb mv‡ne ˆK?Õ ÔZvuB bv AvcbvK DUKvwŽQ‡jv!Õ †Pqvig¨vb Zv‡KLyuRwQ‡jv ï‡b †gveviK Avwj Nve‡o hvq, Zvi Av‡iv Av‡M Avmv DwPr wQ‡jv| ïKbv Mjv K‡i †di wR‡M¨m K‡i,ÔmgvPvi wK?Õ ÔdR‡ii Av‡M, AvÜvi _vK‡Z wgwjUvwi Lei w`qv wPqvig¨v‡bvK wjqv †MwQ‡jv| ZuvB K‡jv,†gveviK wgqv _vK‡j GKmv‡_ †Mjvgwb|Õ

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4 bs msw¶ß-DËi cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:

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4

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ev½vjv fvlvew¼gP› ª P‡Ævcva¨vq

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•ms¯‹…Z kã Qvov Ab¨ kã cÖvPxbcš’xiv evsjv M‡`¨ Aš fz©³ Kivi wec‡¶| hv‡ì ms¯‹…‡Z `Lj †bB, Zv‡ìevsjv MÖš’ cÖYq‡bi AwaKvi †bB cÖvPxbcš’x‡ì GB gZB wQ‡jv ivgMwZ b¨vqi‡Zœi gZ|

cÖm½ D‡jL K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb1. A‡bï †eva wQj †h ms¯‹…Z bv Rv‡b, ev½vjv MÖš’ cÖYq‡b Zvnvi †Kvb AwaKvi bvB, †m ev½vjv wjwL‡Z cv‡iBbv|2. myZivs ev½vjvq iPbv †duvUv-KvUv Aby viev`xw`‡Mi GK‡PwUqv gnj wQj|

1 bs e¨vL¨vi bgybv-DËi:Av‡jvP¨ evK¨wU ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iwPZ Ôev½vjv fvlvÕ kxl©K cÖeÜ †_‡K Pqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b ms¯‹…ZcwÊZ‡ì g‡Z evsjv fvlvi Av`k© I iƒc wK nIqv DwPZ †m K_v cÖeÜKvi e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|DBwjqvg †Kixi K_¨fvlvq Avkªq, ivgivg emyi Aviex-dvimx kã-wbf©iZv Avi g„Zz¨Áq we`¨vj¼v‡ii ms¯‹…ZfvlvixwZ Aej¤b GB Îqx avivq evsjv M`ïxwZi cÖv_wgK m~Pbv nq| wKš‘ `xN©w`b ch©š— evsjv fvlv,we‡klZ evsjv M‡`ï Av`k© I iƒc †Kvb wbw ©óZv wb‡q ^xK…Z n‡q I‡Vwb| MÖš’vw` mvayfvlvq cÖYxZ n‡Zv GesGi cÖ‡YZv wQ‡jb g~jZ ms¯‹…Z cwÊZMY| Zuviv ¯^fveZB evsjv fvlv‡K ms¯‹…Z kã I ixwZ wbf©i K‡i M‡o†Zvjvi c¶cvZx wQ‡jb| Zuv‡ì e³e¨ n‡jv, evsjv fvlvq ms¯‹…Z cÖfve Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e Ges ms¯‹…Z cÖfveA¯^xKvi K‡i evsjv MÖš’ iwPZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv| GB AwfgZwU GK mgq G‡ZvUv cÖwZwôZ n‡q hvq †h, aviYv

•R‡b¥, huviv ms¯‹…Z fvlv I e¨vKiY Rv‡bb bv, Zuviv evsjv cy K wjL‡ZB cv‡ib bv| ms¯‹…Z cwÊZ‡ì GBe³e¨wU Aek¨ cieZx©Kv‡j e¨_© cÖgvwYZ nq|



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k¨vgvPiY evey ewjqv‡Qb Ges mK‡jB Rv‡bb †h, ev½vjv kã wÎwea cÖ_g, ms¯‹…Zg~jK kã, hvnvi ev½vjvq•iƒcvš i nBqv‡Q, h_v M„n nB‡Z Ni, åvZv nB‡Z fvB| wØZxq • ms¯‹…Zg ~jK kã, hvnvi iƒcvš i nq

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• •abk b¨ nB‡e gvÎ| wb®‹viY fvlv‡K abk b¨ Kiv †Kvb µ‡g evÃbxq b‡n| Avi KZ¸wj Ggb kã Av‡Q †hŽ• • •Zvnv‡ì iƒcvš i NwUqv‡Q AvcvZZ †eva nq, wKš‘ ev¯ weK iƒcvš i N‡U bvB, †Kej mvavi‡Yi D Pvi‡Yi

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•M„n, AKvi‡Y gv_vi cwie‡Z© g¯ K, AKvi‡Y cvZvi cwie‡Z© cÎ Ges Zvgvi cwie‡Z© Zvgª eënvi Kiv DwPZ

cvV-1.2

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DËi: 1. L. 2. M. 3. N

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2 bs msw¶ß-DËi cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËiew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq g‡b K‡ib †h, K_‡bi D‡Ïk¨ †Kej AíwKQy e¨³ Kiv, Avi wjL‡bi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv†jvKwk¶v`vb I g‡bvRM‡Zi mykxj weKvk mvab| G-Kvi‡Y wZwb û‡Zvwg fvlvq MÖš’iPbv‡K cwiZ¨vR¨ g‡bK‡i‡Qb| KviY, Avjvwj M‡`ï †P‡qI û‡Zvwg M`¨ wbPzgv‡bi e‡j Zuvi gZ| ew¼gP›`ª e‡j‡Qb †h, û‡Zvwg

•fvlv `wi`ª, kãabnxb| GB fvlv h‡_ó wb‡¯ R, wkw_j| GLv‡b †mŠ› h© I kxjZv e‡j wKQy †bB Avi ZvBGLv‡b cweÎZvI _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GB fvlv cvV Ki‡j i€wPi öjb N‡U| G me Kvi‡Y ew¼gP›`ª g‡b K‡ib†h, û‡Zvwg fvlv MÖš’ iPbvq cwiZ¨vR¨ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|

cÖm½ D‡jL K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki€b1. †h fvlv ev½vjv mgv‡R cÖPwjZ, hvnv‡Z ev½vjvi wbZ¨Kvh© mKj m¤žvw`Z nq, hvnv mKj ev½vjx‡Z ey‡S,

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3. K_‡bi D‡Ïk¨ †Kej mvgvb¨ Ávcb, wjL‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wk¶v`vb, wPË mÂvjb|4. welq Abymv‡iB iPbvi fvlvi DŽPZv ev mvgvb¨Zv wba©vwiZ nIqv DwPZ|5. hvnv Amy›ì, gbyl¨wP‡Ëi Dc‡i Zvnvi kw³ Aí|

4 bs e¨vL¨vi bgybv-DËi:Av‡jvP¨ AskUzKz ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq iwPZ Ôev½vjv fvlvÕ kxl©K cÖeÜ †_‡K M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b cÖeÜKvievsjv fvlv, we‡klZ evsjv M`¨ m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri gZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb|cÖvPxbcš’x ms¯‹…ZwcÖq cwÊZMY evsjv M‡`¨ Avfv½v A_©vr LuvwU ms¯‹…Z kã I `xN© mgvme× c` Avg`vwb Kivic‡¶ wQ‡jb| Zuviv g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, hv‡ì ms¯‹„Z fvlvq `¶Zv †bB Zv‡ì evsjv MÖš’ cÖYq‡bi AwaKvi †bB|Ab¨w`‡K be¨cš’x c¨vixPuv` wgÎ ev KvjxcÖmbœ wms‡ni MÖ‡š’i fvlv cÖPwjZ K_ïxwZi wb‡f©Rvj AbyK…wZ|ew¼gP›`ª GB Dfq c_B AMÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b K‡ib| KviY Zuvi g‡Z K_b I †jL‡bi D‡Ï‡kï g‡a¨ cv_©KÄv‡Q| wZwb AwfgZ cÖ`vb K‡ib †h, MÖ‡š’i DcRxe¨ welqe¯‘ hw` ¸i€M¤¢xi nq Z‡e †m Abymv‡i fvlvI

•Mv¤¢xh©c Y© n‡e, Avi welqe ‘ nvjKv ev jNy n‡j fvlv Zv‡K AbymiY Ki‡e| Gi D‡ëv n‡j fvlv Avoó n‡eGes wel‡qi h_vh_ Dc¯’vc‡b n‡e e¨_©|

iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi wjLyb1. Ôev½vjv fvlvÕ cÖe‡Ü ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq evsjv fvlvi be¨cš’x‡ì gZvgZ m¤^‡Ü wK e‡j‡Qb?2. ew¼gP‡›`ªi g‡Z mvwn‡Zï fvlv wKiƒc nIqv DwPZ Zv Ôev½vjv fvlvÕ cÖeÜ Abymi‡Y wjLyb|3. ew¼gP‡›`ªi Ôev½vjv fvlvÕ kxl©K cÖeÜ n‡Z evsjv fvlvi MwZ cÖK…wZi cwiPq w`‡q Avcbvi g‡Z Av`k©

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2 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:ew¼gP› ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi mgKv‡j we`¨vmvM‡ii M`ïxwZi GKwU KvVv‡gv mywbw ©ó nq| ZvQvov ew¼gP‡› ªimgKv‡j c¨vixPuv‡ì ÔAvjvwj M`¨ XOÕ evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †ek cÖfvewe¯—vix n‡q I‡V| ew¼gP‡›`ªi cÖv_wgK Aej¤^b

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cÖvPxbcš’x‡ì cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e ivgMwZ b¨vqi‡Zœi gZvgZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i ew¼gP›`ª e‡j‡Qb †h, MÖš’iPbvi gyL¨D‡Ïk¨ nIqv DwPZ mnR‡eva¨Zv|

AZGe, mvwnZ¨ Ggb fvlv‡Z iwPZ nIqv ìKvi hv‡Z Aíwkw¶Z cvVKMYI Zv mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡ib GesA_©MÖn‡Y mg_© nb| mvwn‡Z¨ AcÖ‡qvR‡b KwVb kã I mgvme× `xN© c`web¨vm Avg`vwb Ki‡j fvlv Avoó n‡qc‡o|

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•mvaviY gvbyl‡K Áv‡bi ivR¨ †_‡K ` ‡i ivLvi AwaKvi †jLKMY MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| hviv G c_ Aej¤bK‡ib, ew½gP›`ª Zuv‡ì Lj¯^fve, cvlÊ I eÂK e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| Avi Zuv‡ì M`¨‡K e‡j‡Qb Ô†òMRx

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cvV-3.1

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†gqv` evovevi BŽQvUvB eZ©gvb| Rxe‡bi MwZwU Dj‡Uv w`‡K †divevi wfZiI GKUv gnv AvU© Av‡Q| c„w_exiAcime †`‡k †jv‡K MvQ‡K wK K‡i eo Ki‡Z nq ZviB mÜvb Rv‡b, wKš‘ MvQ‡K wK K‡i †QvU Ki‡Z nq †m†KŠkj ïay RvcvwbivB Rv‡b| GKwU eUMvQ‡K Zviv wPiRxeb GKwU U‡ei wfZ‡i cy‡i †i‡L w`‡Z cv‡i| ïb‡ZcvB, GB me evgb-eU n‡”QA¶qeU| Rvcvwb‡ì wek¦vm †h, MvQ‡K n« Ki‡j Zv Avi e„× nq bv| m¤¢eZ:Avgv‡ìI gbyl¨‡Z¡i PP©v m¤^‡Ü GB Rvcvwb AvU© Rvbv Av‡Q, Ges evj¨weevn n‡”Q†mB Av‡U©i GKwU cÖavb A½|Ges D³ Kvi‡YB, Aci-mKj cªvPxb mgvR Drm‡bœ †M‡jI Avgv‡ì mgvR AvRI wUu‡K Av‡Q| gbyl¨Z¡ Le© K‡igvbemgvR‡K U‡e wRB‡q ivLvq †h we‡kl-wKQy AnsKvi Kievi Av‡Q, Zv Avgvi g‡b nq bv| †m hvB †nvK, Ghy‡M hLb †KD †hŠeb‡K ivRwUKv †èvi cÖ¯—ve K‡ib ZLb wZwb mgv‡Ri K_v fv‡eb, e¨w³we‡k‡li K_v bq|

e¨w³MZ wn‡m‡e Rxeb I †hŠeb AwbZ¨ n‡jI gvbemgv‡Ri wn‡m‡e I-`yB c`v_© wbZ¨ ej‡jI AZz¨w³ nq bv|myZivs mvgvwRK Rxe‡b †hŠe‡bi cÖwZôv Kiv gvby‡li ¶gZvi ewnfz©Z bv n‡jI bv n‡Z cv‡i|

wK Dcv‡q †hŠeb‡K mgv‡Ri †hŠeiv‡R¨ Awfwl³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i ZvB n‡”Qwe‡eP¨ I wePvh©|

•G wePvi Kievi mgq G K_vwU g‡b ivLv Avek¨K †h, gvbeRxe‡bi c Y© Awfe¨w³ †hŠeb|

• •†hŠe‡b gvby‡li ev‡n¨w›`ªq K‡g©w›`ªq I Aš wiw›`ªq me mRvM I mej n‡q I‡V, Ges m„wói g ‡j †h †cÖiYvAv‡Q gvby‡l †mB †cÖiYv Zvi mKj A‡½ mKj g‡b Abyfe K‡i|

†`n I g‡bi Awe‡ŽQ`¨ m¤^‡Üi Dci gvbeRxeb cÖwZwôZ n‡jI †`ng‡bi cv_©‡Kï Dc‡iB Avgv‡ì wPš—vivR¨ cÖwZwôZ| †`‡ni †hŠe‡bi m‡½ g‡bi †hŠe‡bi GKUv †hvMv‡hvM _vK‡jI ˆ`wnK †hŠeb I gvbwmK †hŠeb

Ž•¯Zš | GB gvbwmK †hŠeb jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡jB Avgiv Zv mgv‡R cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvie| †`n msKxY© I cwiw Qbœ; gb D`vi I e¨vcK| G‡Ki †`‡ni †hŠeb Ac‡ii †`‡n cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †èvi †Rv †bB ; wKš‘ G‡Ki g‡bi†hŠeb j¶ †jv‡Ki g‡b msµgY K‡i †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Ž•c ‡e© e‡jwQ †h, †`n I g‡bi m¤Ü Awe‡ Q`¨| GKgvÎ cÖvYkw³B Ro I ˆPZ‡bï †hvM mvab K‡i| †hLv‡bcÖvY †bB †mLv‡b R‡o I ˆPZ‡b¨ wgjbI †`Lv hvq bv| cÖvYB Avgv‡ì †`n I g‡bi g‡a¨ ga¨¯’Zv Ki‡Q|cÖv‡Yi cv‡qi bx‡P n‡”QRoRMr Avi Zvi gv_vi Dc‡i g‡bvRMr| cÖv‡Yi ag© †h RxebcÖevn i¶v Kiv, bebem„wói Øviv m„wó i¶v Kiv GwU me©‡jvKwew`Z| wKš‘ cÖv‡Yi Avi-GKwU we‡kl ag© Av‡Q, hv mK‡ji Kv‡Q

• •mgvb cÖZ¨¶ bq| †mwU n‡”QGB †h, cÖvY cÖwZ gyn ‡Z© iƒcvš wiZ nq| wn›`y k©‡bi g‡Z Rx‡ei cÖvYgq †Kvl,Abœgq †Kvl I g‡bvgq †Kv‡li g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z| cÖv‡Yi MwZ DfqgyLx| cÖv‡Yi c‡¶ g‡bvgq †Kv‡l IVv Ges

•Abœgq †Kv‡l bvgv `yB m¤¢e| cÖvY A‡avMwZ cÖvß n‡q RoRM‡Zi Aš f‚©Z n‡q hvq; Avi DbœZ n‡q•g‡bvRM‡Zi Aš f‚©Z nq| gb‡K cÖv‡Yi cwiYwZ Ges Ro‡K cÖv‡Yi weK…wZ ej‡jI AZz¨w³ nq bv| cÖv‡Yi

¯vfvweK MwZ n‡”Qg‡bvRM‡Zi w`‡K; cÖv‡Yi ¯vaxb ù‚wZ©‡Z evav w`‡jB Zv RoZvcÖvß nq| cÖvY wb‡RiAwfe¨w³i wbqg wb‡R M‡o †bq; evB‡ii wbq‡g Zv‡K e× Kiv‡ZB †m Ro RM‡Zi Aaxb n‡q c‡o| †hgb



•cÖvwYRM‡Zi i¶vi Rb¨ wbZ¨b Zb cÖv‡Yi m„wó Avek¨K, Ges †m m„wói Rb¨ † ‡ni †hŠeb PvB, †Zgwbg‡bvRM‡Zi Ges Zàxb Kg©RM‡Zi i¶vi Rb¨ †mLv‡bI wbZ¨ be m„wói Avek¨K, Ges †m m„wói Rb¨ g‡bi†hŠeb PvB| cyivZb‡K AvuK‡o _vKvB eva©K¨ A_©vr RoZv| gvbwmK †hŠeb jv‡fi Rb¨ cÖ_g Avek¨K cÖvYkw³ †h ˆèx kw³ GB wek¦vm|

GB gvbwmK †hŠebB mgv‡R cÖwZôv Kiv n‡”QAvgv‡ì D‡Ïk¨| Ges wK Dcv‡q Zv mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i, ZvBn‡”QAv‡jvP¨|

Avgiv mgMÖ mgvR‡K GKwU e¨w³wn‡m‡e †`L‡jI Avm‡j gvbe-mgvR n‡”Qeûe¨w³i mgwó| †h mgv‡R eûe¨w³i gvbwmK †hŠeb Av‡Q, †mB mgv‡RiB †hŠeb Av‡Q| †`‡ni †hŠe‡bi m‡½ m‡½B g‡bi †hŠe‡bi Avwef©venq| †mB gvbwmK †hŠeb‡K ¯’vqx Ki‡Z n‡j ˆkke bq, eva©‡Kï †`k AvµgY I AwaKvi Ki‡Z nq| †`‡ni

•†hŠe‡bi A‡š eva©‡Kï iv‡R¨ †hŠe‡bi AwaKvi we¯—vi Kievi kw³ Avgiv mgvR n‡ZB msMÖn Ki‡Z cvwi|e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b dvêyb GKevi P‡j †M‡j Avevi wd‡i Av‡m bv; wKš‘ mgMÖ mgv‡R dvêyb wPiw`b weivR Ki‡Q|

• • • • •mgv‡R b Zb cÖvY, b Zb gb, wbZ¨ Rb¥jvf Ki‡Q| A_©vr b Zb myL`ytL, b Zb Avkv, b Zb fv‡jvevmv,Ž• • •b Zb KZ©e¨ I b Zb wPš—v wbZ¨ D`q n‡ Q| mgMÖ mgv‡Ri GB Rxeb-cÖevn whwb wb‡Ri Aš ‡i †U‡b wb‡Z

cvi‡eb, Zuvi g‡bi †hŠe‡bi Avi ¶‡qi Avk¼v †bB| Ges wZwbB Avevi K_vq I Kv‡R †mB †hŠeb mgvR‡Kwdwi‡q w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

G †hŠe‡bi Kcv‡j ivRwUKv w`‡Z AvcwË Ki‡eb, GK Roev`x Avi-GK gvqvev`x; KviY Guiv Df‡qB GKgb|Guiv Df‡qB wek¦ n‡Z Aw¯’i cÖvYUzKz evi K‡i w`‡q †h GK w¯’iZË¡ jvf K‡ib, Zv‡K RoB ej Avi ˆPZb¨Bej, †m e¯‘ n‡”QGK, cÖ‡f` hv Zv bv‡g|

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•hhvwZ-Kvw ¶Z hhvwZ hv Kvgbv K‡i‡Qb|kªgY †eŠ× mbœ¨vmx, wf¶z|bMœ¶cYK Dj½ †eŠ× mbœ vmxwe‡kl|Ôdv¸b Mqx nq, eûiv wdwi Avqx nq / M‡q †i †hŠeb, wdwi AvIZ bvwnÕ dvêyb P‡j hvq mwZ¨, wKš‘ Zv evievi wd‡i Av‡m| †hŠeb P‡j †M‡j Zv Avi KL‡bv Av‡m bv wd‡i|A¶qeU •fze‡bk¦i, cÖqvm, cyix cÖf…wZ Zx_©¯’v‡bi cÖvPxb eUe„¶| g‡b Kiv nq, GB eUe„‡¶i g ‡j Rj‡mPb

•K‡i cÖv_©bv Ki‡j A¶q c Y¨ jvf nq|Awfwl³ ¸i”Z¡c~Y© • Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³i R‡b¨ gv½wjK Abyôvb‡K e‡j Awf‡lK| Abyôvb mgvcbv‡š IBe¨w³wU nj Awfwl³|ev‡n¨w› ªq P¶z, KY©, bvwmKv, wRnev, Z¡K GB cÂ Bw›`ªq|K‡g©w›`ªq †h me Bw› ªq Øviv Kg© m¤žv`b Kiv nq| †hgb, evK&, cvwY, cv`, cvqy, Dc ’|

•Aš wiw›`ªq •gb, Aš tKiY|cwiwŽQbœ mxgve×|eva©‡Kï iv‡R¨ †hŠe‡bi AwaKvi we¯—vi †hŠeb‡K eva©K¨ ch©š— m¤žÖmvwiZ Kiv|

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Roev`x • •RoRM‡Zi evB‡i wKQyB †bB ev RocÖK…wZi evB‡i †Kvb ¯Zš AvÍvi Aw¯ Z¡ †bB GB`vk©wbK g‡Zi Abymvix|gvqvev`x RMr-Rxeb meB wg_¨v eªþB ïay mZ¨; GB `vk©wbK g‡Zi Abymvix|

e ‘ms‡¶cms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Zï wei€‡× we‡lv`Mvi cÖeÜKv‡ii j¶¨ bq, eis †mLv‡b gvbea‡g©i AwZ mvgvb¨ Ask †`nR†hŠe‡bi †h evovevwo †m K_vB wZwb e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| †hŠeb gv‡bB ïay ¯’‚j kixi bq, GmZ¨wU ms¯‹…Z KweMYeyS‡Z Pvb wb| c‡i Aek¨ GB i³gvs‡mi evovevwoi GKUv Ava¨vwÍK e¨vL¨v †`qv n‡q‡Q| fvi‡Zi cÖvPxbmvwn‡Z¨ ZvB GKw`‡K Kvg Ab¨w`‡K †gv¶ ev cwiÎv‡Yi K_v Av‡Q, Gi gvSvgvwS wKQy †bB| fZ©„nwi,

•†mv‡jvgvb cÖgyL ivRKweI ïay † ‡ni e›`bv K‡i‡Qb I ¯ x-RvwZ‡K †fv‡Mi mvgMÖx K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| †hŠeb†_‡K cvwj‡q ¸nv-Avkªqx mbœ¨vmx †hgb †hŠe‡bi wb›`v K‡i‡Qb, †Zgwb †fv‡M cwiZ…ß bv n‡q †fvMxI †hŠeb-

•wb›`vq cÂgyL n‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ ZeyI G † ‡ki gvbyl †hŠe‡bi cwiwa we¯ …wZi R‡b¨ evj¨weevn mg_©b K‡i|A_P GB †hŠeb‡K eva©K¨ ch©š— cÖmvwiZ Kivi †Kvb D‡`¨vM †bB Zv‡ì| cÖK…Zc‡¶ e¨w³Rxeb †_‡KmgvRRxe‡b hw` GB †hŠeb cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e nq, Zv n‡jB GB BwZ‡bwZi Aemvb n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ G GK KwVb

• •cvV| gvbeRxe‡bi c Y© Awfe¨w³ Zvi †hŠeb, hLb Zvi evn¨, Kg© I Aš wiw›`ªq mRvM n‡q I‡V| G mgq Zvi•g‡bvRM‡ZiI weKvk N‡U| G‡Zvw`b kixi‡K wbf©i K‡i †hŠe‡bi cÖkw¯ iPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b gb wQ‡jv

Žž•m¤ Y© cwiZ¨³| A_P †`n msKxY© I cwiw Qbœ, Ab¨w`‡K gb D`vi I e¨vcK| GB gvbwmK †hŠeb jvf Ki‡Zcvi‡jB Zv mgv‡R cÖwZôv m¤¢e| †`‡ni †hŠeb A‡bï †`‡n msµwgZ Kiv hvq bv, wKš‘ g‡bi †hŠeb w`‡qAb¨‡K gvbwmKfv‡e DÏxß Kiv hvq| †`‡ni †hŠeb I g‡bi †hŠeb ci¯ži we‡ivax †Kvb wKQy bq| cÖvwYRMZi¶v I cÖv‡Yi m„wói R‡b¨ †hgb †`‡ni †hŠeb ìKvi, †Zgwb g‡bvRMZ I Kg©RMZ i¶vi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb g‡bi

•†hŠeb| cÖg_ †PŠayix e¨‡½i Zx¶ Zvq, hyw³i kvwYZ avivq I eyw×i J¾¡‡j¨ cÖe‡Ü Zuvi e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i¯žó e‡j‡Qb †h, mgv‡R gvbwmK †hŠeb cÖwZôvB Zuvi D‡Ïk¨| G gvbwmK †hŠe‡bi mvnv‡h¨B K‡g© I Áv‡bmvgvwRK gvby‡li gbyl¨‡Z¡i †kªô dj jvf Kiv m¤¢e| Giƒc †hŠe‡bi ivRwUKv cwi‡q Awfwl³ Ki‡Z wbðqB

••†KD AvcwË Ki‡e bv, ïay Roev`x I gvqvev`xMY Qvov| KviY Giv cÖv‡Yi ¯Zš g ‡j¨ wek¦vmx bq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqbˆbe© w³K cÖkœmwVK DË‡ii cv‡k (√) wUK wPý w`b|

•1. ÔAš wiw›`ªqÕ nj-• • •K. Aš i L. gb M. Aš ‡ii N. Avš wiK

2. mZ¨ n‡j ÔmÕ I wg_¨v n‡j ÔwgÕ wjLyb|(K) fZ©„nwi wQ‡jb ms¯‹…Z Kwe(L) †mv‡jgb wQ‡jb GKRb wf¶z(M) ev‡n¨w› ªq nj •P¶z, n¯ , bvwmKv, wRnev KY©, GB cÂg Bw›`ªq|DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. (K) m, (L) wg, (M) wg

msw¶ß-DËig~jK cÖkœ1. cÖ_g †PŠayixi wePv‡i ms¯‹…Z Kv‡eï cÖavb †`vl wK?2. ¸nvevmx mbœ¨vmxi †hŠeb cwiZ¨vM I †hŠe‡b AwZ †`n‡fvMKvix Df‡qB †hŠeb-wb›`v K‡i, †Kb?

•3. †`‡ni †hŠeb †_‡K g‡bi †hŠeb ¯Zš , †Kvb A‡_©?4. mgv‡Ri gvbwmK †hŠeb cÖwZôvi Dcvq wK?

2 bs msw¶ß-DËi cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:



gvbeRxeb †`n I g‡bi ms‡hv‡M MwVZ| ZviciI GK_v ejv hvq †h, gvby‡li wPš—vi RMZ †`nm¤ž„³ bq|†hŠeb gbyl¨Kv‡ji me©‡kô mgq| gvby‡li ev‡n¨w›`ªq I K‡g©w›`ªq G mgq AwaK mRvM I Kg©V _v‡K| ˆ`wnK

•†hŠeb Gi Øviv A‡bKUv cÖKvwkZ nq| wKš‘ Aš wiw›`ªq e‡jI gvby‡li GKwU we‡kl w K _v‡K| G mgq ZviI• •RvMiY N‡U| †`‡ni †hŠeb GKwU wbw`©ó eqtmxgv AwZµvwš i ciB A¯ wgZ nq; wkw_j n‡q c‡o Bw›`ªq-

•kw³| ZvQvov † n GK A‡_© msKxY© I mxgve×I e‡U| wKš‘ gvby‡li Aš wiw›`ªq A_©vr g‡bvRvMwZK †hŠebeq‡m mxgve× bq e‡j g„Zz i c~e© Aewa GB †hŠeb aviY Kiv m¤¢e| ZvQvov †`‡ni g‡Zv gb msKxY© I mxgve×bq| G‡Z D`viZv I e¨vcKZvi ¯’vb i‡q‡Q| g‡bi †hŠeb GK †_‡K eûR‡b msµwgZ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘

•†`‡ni †hŠeb GK‡`‡nB ¯’vYy| Avevi IB †`‡ni eqte„w×i m‡½ m‡½ †hŠeb wbwðZfv‡e A¯ Mvgx n‡q c‡o|g‡bi †hŠeb mvgvwRK eûgvby‡li g‡a¨ msµwgZ K‡i mgv‡R †hŠekw³ mÂvi NUv‡bv hvq| wKš‘ e¨w³‡`‡ni

•†hŠeb †_‡K Zv G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e| G me Kvi‡YB ejv P‡j †`‡ni †hŠeb I g‡bi †hŠeb ¯Zš |

cÖm½ D‡jL K‡i e¨vL¨v wjLyb1. gbyl¨Z¡ Le© K‡i gvbemgvR‡K U‡e wRB‡q ivLvq †h we‡kl wKQy AnsKvi Kivi Av‡Q, Zv Avgvi g‡b nq

bv|2. G‡Ki †`‡ni †hŠeb Ac‡ii †`‡n cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †èvi †Rv †bB; wKš‘ G‡Ki g‡bi †hŠeb j¶ †jv‡Ki

g‡b msµgY K‡i †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i|3. cÖv‡Yi ¯vfvweK MwZ n‡”Qg‡bvRM‡Zi w`‡K; cÖv‡Yi ¯vaxb ù‚wZ©‡Z evav w`‡jB Zv RoZvcÖvß nq|4. gvbwmK †hŠeb jv‡fi R‡b¨ cÖ_g Avek¨K cÖvYkw³ †h ˆèx kw³ GB wek¦vm|5. •mgMÖ mgv‡Ri GB Rxeb cÖevn whwb wb‡Ri Aš ‡i †U‡b wb‡Z cvi‡eb, Zvi g‡bi †hŠe‡bi Avi ¶‡qi

Avk¼v †bB|

4 bs e¨vL¨vi bgybv-DËiwewkó cÖvewÜK cÖ_g †PŠayixi Ô†hŠe‡b `vI ivRwUKvÕ cÖeÜ †_‡K Dchy©³ evK¨wU D×…Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡bcÖeÜKvi e‡j‡Qb †h, gvbwmK †hŠeb jv‡fi R‡b¨ ˆèkw³i g‡Zv GKwU AwgZ †ZR gbyl¨cÖv‡Y Abyf‚Z nIqvRi€wi|MwZkxjZv I cwieZ©bkxjZvB cÖv‡Yi cÖavb êwkó¨| KviY cÖvY Ro c`v_© bq| Z‡e c„w_exi e ‘ I cÖvwYRM‡Zimvwbœ‡a¨ bvbv jxjv‰ewP‡Îï ga¨w`‡qB cÖv‡Yi eûwewPÎ weKvk N‡U| cÖvY wb‡Ri ˆZwi wbq‡gB h_vh_fv‡e

•Awfe¨³ nq, evB‡ii ev RoRM‡Zi cÖ_ve× wbq‡g Zv ¯’wei n‡q c‡o| gvbwmK †hŠeb gvby‡li Aš R©M‡ZicwieZ©b NUvq Ges Zv A‡bï g‡b †h‡nZz mÂvwiZ Kiv hvq †m‡nZz mgvRI †hŠekw³‡Z ejxqvb n‡q I‡V|wKš‘ GB gvbwmK †hŠeb jv‡fi R‡b¨ wb‡Ri AvÍkw³ ev cÖvYkw³‡Z GKwbô _vKv Ri€wi| GKwbôZv ˆèxkw³i g‡Zv cÖPÊ I cÖfvewe¯—vix n‡jB gvbwmK †hŠeb jvf m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i|

iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi wjLyb1. Ô†hŠe‡b `vI ivRwUKvÕ cÖe‡Ü cÖg_ †PŠayix cÖK…Z †hŠeb ej‡Z wK eywS‡q‡Qb? mgv‡R †hŠeb i¶v Kiv hvq

wKfv‡e cÖeÜwU Aej¤^‡b Zv wjLyb|2. cÖ_g †PŠayix Zuvi Ô†hŠe‡b `vI ivRwUKvÕ cÖe‡Ü ˆ`wnK †hŠeb bq, gvbwmK †hŠe‡bi K_v e‡j mgvR‡`‡n

Zv †Kb msµgY Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb • we¯ …Zfv‡e eywS‡q wjLyb|3. Ô†hŠe‡b `vI ivRwUKvÕ cÖe‡Ü ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨ m¤ú‡K© †h e³e¨ Dc ’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wee„Z Ki€b|4. ÔÔcÖeÜ iPbvq cÖg_ †PŠayix GKwU wewkó ixwZi Abymvix| Ô†hŠe‡b `vI ivRwUKvÕ cÖe‡ÜI Gi cwiPq

jf¨|ÕÕ e³e¨wU cÖwZôv Ki€b|

2 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËi:Kwe m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ë gvwmK ÔmeyRc‡ÎÕ ÔmeyR cvZvi MvbÕ wk‡ivbv‡g KweZvq †hŠe‡b ivRwUKv cov‡bvi cÖ¯—vew`‡j R‰bK mgv‡jvPK Gi weiƒc mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| cÖg_ †PŠayix IB mgv‡jvPbvi Rev‡e iwPZ Ô†hŠe‡b `vI

•ivRwUKvÕ cÖe‡Ü †hŠe‡bi cÖkw¯ cwi‡ekb K‡ib| Z‡e G †hŠeb i³gvs‡mi † nwbf©i bq, g‡bi wekvj I

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bq| ¶z ª n‡jI Zviv LuvwU wKQy n‡Z Pvq|

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DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. M, 3. (K) m (L) wg|

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evsjv M`ïxwZgybxi †PŠayix

(1925-1971 )

D‡Ïk¨G cvV †k‡l Avcwb u Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi cÖewZ©Z M`ïxwZi c~e©eZx©Kv‡ji evsjv M‡`ï ¯îƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|u evsjv M`¨ D™¢‡ei cÖ_g Pvi `k‡Ki M‡`ï msw¶ß cwiPq wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|u evsjv M‡`ï m~Pbvc‡e© †h wZb ai‡bi M`ïxwZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq †m¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv1947 wLª÷v‡ã fviZ wefw³i ga¨ w`‡q m„ó cvwK¯—v‡bi msL¨v Mwiô gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlv wQ‡jv evsjv| c~e©cvwK¯—v‡bi wPš—vkxj e¨w³eM© GB fvlv‡K iv‡óªi miKvwi Awdm-Av`vjZmn Rxe‡bi me©¯—‡i eënv‡ii K_vwUwe‡kl ¸i“Z¡ mnKv‡i fv‡eb| eY©gvjv mgm¨v, evbvb RwUjZv, wjwcms¯‹vi BZ¨vwÌ GB fvebvq ’vb cvq| GB†cÖ¶vc‡U gybxi †PŠayixi KwZcq e³e¨ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q Ôevsjv M`ïxwZÕ cÖe‡Ü|

†jLK cwiwPZ1925 wLªóv‡ãi 27 b‡f¤î gvwbKMÄ †Rjvq gybxi †PŠayix Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcwÎK evwo wQ‡jv †bvqvLvwj†Rjvq| 1941 wLªóv‡ã XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹zj †_‡K cÖ_g wefv‡M g¨vwUªK cvk K‡ib| 1943 wLªóv‡ã AvwjMowek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K AvB.Gm.wm cix¶vq DËxY© nb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K 1946 wLªóv‡ã Abvm©mn Bs‡iwR‡ZøvZK nb Ges c‡ii eQi øvZ‡KvËi wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| 1954 wLªóv‡ã †R‡j AvUK _vKv Ae¯’vq gybxi †PŠayixcÖ_g †kªYx‡Z cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i evsjvq Gg.G. cvk K‡ib| 1956 wLªóv‡ã gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª Mgb K‡ib I1958 mv‡j nvf©vW© wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K AR©b K‡ib fvlvZ‡Ë¡ Gg.G wWwMÖ|

XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎve ’vq wZwb †hvM`vb K‡ib ÔcÖMwZ †jLK I wkíx ms‡NÕ| 1948 wLªóv‡ã KwjKvZvqAbywôZ KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i Ks‡MÖ‡m AskMÖnY K‡ib| g~jZ G mgq †_‡KB gybxi †PŠayixi mvwnwZ¨K I ivR‰bwZKRxeb ïi”| GKB eQi Lyjbvi eªRjvj (we.Gj) K‡j‡R Bs‡iwR I evsjv mvwn‡Zï Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e †hvM †`b|1949-G ivR‰bwZK ZrciZvi `v‡q Kvivi€× nb| c‡ii eQi gyw³ †c‡q cÖ_‡g RMbœv_ K‡j‡R I c‡i XvKvwek¦we`¨vj‡qi Bs‡iwR wefv‡M †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1952-†Z fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b Ask †bqvi `v‡q cybivq Kvivi€×nb| gyw³ †c‡q 1955 wLªóv‡ã XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡M Aa¨vcbvq †hvM †`b| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvg PjvKv‡j cvwK —vbx ˆmb¨‡ì AbyPi ^vaxbZvwe‡ivax Avjeì evwnbx 1971 wLªóv‡ãi 14 wW‡m¤î Zv‡KAcniY K‡i wb‡q wM‡q nZ¨v K‡i| g„Zzï c~e© ch©š— wZwb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡Mi Aa¨¶ wQ‡jb|

gybxi †PŠayix M`¨‡jLK wn‡m‡e mycÖwZwôZ| 1942 wLªóv‡ãi ÔmIMvZÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ Ôm‡Z‡iv kZvãxi†nqKwq KweZvÕ m¤¢eZ Zuvi cÖ_g iPbv| Gi ci †QvUMí I bvUK iPbvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| KvivMv‡ii Af¨š—‡i iwPZ I gÂ¯’ nq Zuvi bvUK ÔKeiÕ| bvUK iPbvi cÖ_ve×Zv wQbœ K‡i wZwb bvbv ai‡bi cix¶v-wbix¶vqAeZxY© nb| mvwnZ¨-mgv‡jvPbvq wZwb Zzjbvg~jK c×wZI cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| Zvi M`¨ cwikxwjZ, mvejxj IcwiwgwZgq| gybxi †PŠayixi D‡jL‡hvM¨ Mªš’: •i³v³ cÖvš i (1962), gxigvbm (1965), Kei (1966),Zzjbvg~jK mgv‡jvPbv (1969), evsjv M`ïxwZ (1970), gyLiv igYx ekxKiY (1970) BZ¨vw`|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

cvV-5.1

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1947 wLªóv‡ã cvwK —vb m„wó nevi ci ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK —v‡bi evOvwj eyw×Rxex I wPš—vwe`MY cÖvZ¨wnKRxebPP©v I miKvwi Awdm-Av`vj‡Zi me© —‡i evsjv fvlvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi welqwU we‡kl ¸i”Z¡ w`‡q we‡ePbv K‡ib|GB D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b miKvwi fvlv KwgwU MwVZ nq| Gi Ab¨Zg m`m¨ wQ‡jb gybxi†PŠayix| wZwb evsjv M`ïxwZ m¤úwK©Z GKLvwb MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU Zuvi iwPZ Ôevsjv M`ïxwZÕ

•(1970) cy ‡Ki AeZiwYKv ÔmvwnZ¨ wb‡`©kÕ Aa¨vq †_‡K MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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g~jcvV• •1.1. evsjv M‡`ï Rb¥ Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z| GB mg‡qi c ‡e©Kvi `wjj`¯ v‡eR I wPwVc‡Î eëüZ †h M‡`ï

•bgybv Avgv‡ì n¯ MZ n‡q‡Q Zvi iƒc I cÖK…wZ Awbw`©ó Ges AcwiùzU, wew”Qbœ Ges LwÊZ| †Kv‡bv M`¨ wbeÜev MÖ‡š’i cwic~Y© AvKv‡i Zv iƒcvwqZ ev cÖPvwiZ nqwb| Zvi mvwnwZ¨K g~j¨ AwKwÂrKi Ges cieZx©Kv‡jievsjv fvlvi µgweKv‡ki avivi m‡½ Gi †hvMm~Î myiw¶Z bq|

1.2. Ebwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g `yB `k‡KI evsjv M`¨, kã Pq‡b, c` MV‡b ev evK¨ msMV‡b †Kv‡bv w¯’i mywbw`©óAv`‡k©i Abymvix wQj bv| meB wQj cix¶v-wbix¶vg~jK| †jLKMY m‡PZbfv‡e †Póv K‡i‡Qb evsjv fvlvi

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1.3. c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi gZ evsjv fvlvi µgweKvk cix¶v Ki‡jI †h mZ¨wU Dcjwä Kiv hvq Zv nj GB•†h, fvlv cwieZ©bkxj Ges êwP‡Îï AbymÜvbx| mgvR-msMV‡bi iƒcvš i, wPš—vi weeZ©b, im-wccvmvi be be

iƒcvqY hy‡M hy‡M bZzb cÖwZfvi Avwef©v‡ei Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek iPbv K‡i| Kvjµ‡g wkíxi cÖwZfv fvlvq bZzbmyi I kw³ ms‡hvwRZ K‡i, bZzb Avw½K I i‡mi Rb¥ †`q|

1.4. evsjv M‡`ï D‡b¥l-c‡e©I ixwZ-êwP‡Îï Avfvm j¶Yxq| †Kixi ÔK‡_vcK_bÕ-G BZiR‡bi †gŠwLKeywji Ams¯‹…Z cÖ‡qvM, ivgivg emyi ÔcÖZvcvw`Z¨ PwiÎÕ-G Aviex-dvimx k‡ãi wel‡qvc‡hvMx eënvi,g„Zz¨Ä‡qi ÔewÎk wmsnvmbÕ-G ms¯‹…Z c`MVb I evK¨MVb-ixwZi AZ¨waK AbymiY cieZx©Kv‡ji evsjv

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Ki‡Z Pvb Zuv‡ì gvZ…fw³ h_v_© ¯’‡j wb‡ew`Z nq bv| KviY gvZ…f‚wgi cÖK…Z A_© †hgb gvgvi evox bq †ZgwbgvZ…fvlv ej‡ZI Av¶wiK A‡_© gv‡qi eywj ev Muv‡qi eywj‡K †evSvq bv| gvZ…f‚wg ¯^‡`‡ki cÖwZkã, gvZ…lvfviA_© ¯^‡`‡ki fvlv|

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2.4. Avgvi eZ©gvb cÖ‡qvRb I BŽQvbyhvqx AZx‡Zi HwZnvwmK NUbvµg, ms¯‹…wZi mswgkªY I fvlvi weeZ©bmsMwVZ nqwb †Kb †m Rb¨ D‡ËRbv cÖKvk Kiv wbi_©K| evsjv fvlv‡K †h iƒ‡c jvf K‡iwQ †mUvB evsjv fvlv|

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3.0. Avgv‡ì †mŠfvMëkZ: c~e© cvwK¯—vbx cÖeÜKvi, bvU¨Kvi I K_vmvwnwZ¨K‡ì g‡a¨ huviv AvaywbK wPš—vavivi wkíKjvi AbykxjbKvix, mgKvjxb c~e© cvwK —vbx Rxe‡bi h_v_© iƒcKvi, we`» Ges gbbkxj Zuviv †KDc~e© ewY©Z A‡_© fvlv-ms¯‹viK bb| Zuviv wkíx| A`¨vewa evsjv fvlvq iƒc I i‡m g~jëvb hv wKQy m„wó n‡q‡QmeB Zuv‡ì wkí‡PZbvi Awe‡ŽQ`¨ Ask, Zv‡ì mvwnwZ¨K HwZn¨‡ev‡ai eywbqv`| †mB m‡½ hy³ n‡qQ Zv‡ìwewkó c~e© cvwK —vbx Rxe‡bvrKÉv, hy³ n‡q‡Q cvðvZ¨ mvwnZï‡mi Av¯v`b kw³| DcfvwlK kã, Aviex-dvimxkã, Zrmg kã, mgvme× c`, RwUj evK¨ • • †Kv‡bv wKQyB Zv‡ì Kv‡Q AvZ¨wš Kfv‡e N„Y¨ ev c R¨ bq|

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3.1. Avgv‡ì AvaywbK †jLKMY MªvgRxe‡bi Kvwnbx‡Z A‡bK MÖv‡gi K_v eënvi K‡ib| ˆmq` IqvjxDjvn†bvqvLvjxi, kvgmyÏxb Aveyj Kvjvg ewikv‡ji, kv‡n` Avjx wm‡j‡Ui, Avey BmnvK weµgcy‡ii, AvjvDwÏb AvjAvRv` PÆMÖv‡gi Ges nvmvb AvwRRyj nK Kzwóqvi AvÂwjK fvlv ev Wvqv‡j± cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Zuv‡ì iPbvq MÖnYK‡i‡Qb| Z‡e AwaKvsk ’‡jB c~e©e½xq Dcfvlv †Kej msjv‡c ev —eZv m¤žv`‡bi Rb¨ M„nxZ nq| GB ixwZ

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DËi: 1. L, 2. M, 3. (K). Avgv‡ì, MÖvgRxe‡bi, MÖv‡gi| (L). evsjv fvlv‡K, evsjv fvlv|

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êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© †h Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb Zvi cwiPq w`b|

2 bs iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi bgybv-DËiDwbk kZ‡K evsjv M‡`ï D™¢e n‡jI Gi cÖ_g PviwU `k‡K †h ai‡bi M`¨ iwPZ I PwP©Z n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z †Kvbmywbw`©ó Av`k© M‡o I‡Vwb| Aóv`k kZvãxi `wjj ev wPwVc‡Î M‡`ï bgybv‡Z GB M`ïƒc wQ‡jv Av‡iv Awbw`©óI LwÊZ| Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii nv‡Z evsjv M`¨ cÖ_g Hk¦‡h© cwigwÊZ nq; Ô†eZvjcÂweskwZÕ (1847) GiD`vniY| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi G Kvi‡YB we`¨vmvMi‡K evsjv M‡`ï ÔcÖ_g wkíxÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|cÖK…Zc‡¶, evsjv M‡`ï D‡b¥l c‡e© wZb ai‡bi, ixwZ- êwPÎ¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| DBwjqvg †Kix BZiR‡bi†gŠwLK eywji AgvwR©Z cÖ‡qvM K‡ib Zvi iwPZ ÔK‡_vcK_bÕ MÖ‡š’| ivgivg emy Zvi ÔcÖZvcvw`Z¨ PwiÎÕ MÖ‡š’Aviwe-dviwm k‡ãi wel‡qvc‡hvMx eënvi K‡ib| Avi g„Zz¨Äq we`¨vj¼vi Zvi ÔewÎk wmsnvmbÕ MÖ‡š’ ms¯‹…Z cÌ evK¨ MVbixwZ AbymiY K‡ib| cieZx©Kv‡j evsjv M`PP©vq GB wZbwU avivB bvbvfv‡e Abym„Z n‡Z †`Lv hvq|c¨vixPuv` wgÎ, `xbeÜz wgÎ cÖgyL DBwjqvg †Kix Ab„m„Z fvlvixwZ h‡_ó DrKl© mvab K‡ib| gymjgvb †jLKMYivgivg emyi c_ a‡i GwM‡q hvb| Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi MÖnY K‡ib g„Zz¨Ä‡qi c_, Z‡e GKUz gvwR©Z Iwkím¤§Z K‡i| ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq evsjv M‡`¨ wel‡qvc‡hvMx ixwZ cÖeZ©‡b h_v_© A‡_©B mv_©KZv †`Lvb|wZwb c¨vixPuv` I we`¨vmvMi Df‡qi M`ïxwZ‡K mgwš^Z K‡i Zv‡Z NUvb b›`bZ‡Ë¡i wgkªY| d‡j ew¼gP‡›`ªiAbym„Z M`ïxwZ c„_K mËv wb‡q AwaK ü`qMÖvnx n‡q I‡V| cieZx©Kv‡j GB fvlv‡KB wb‡Ri Abb¨mvaviY

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†Kvm© †KvW-BBA 1301 · 2014. 2. 24. · evsjv fvlv-1 : mvwnZ¨ BBA-1301 weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq cÖewZ©Z weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖv‡gi cvV¨cy¯—K