NSPV

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

bumbofMbkTAi pbfpMfC BbeAsflro lc tAii-Tl-eAic-TfMBboba tAii ClkkbCTflkp pusana jçreáraNI iuís cK oaãçsOI aanáel sK lláveáraPI oaquel mK cernandes4I gçãç duerreárçRI maulç BK içurenççS ABpToACT

qhe çuíJçfJélane failure ãechanisãs due íç seisãic acíiçn çbserved in ãasçnró walls çf hisíçrical buildings areI in ãanó casesI a direcí resulí çf éççr cçnnecíiçns beíween sírucíural eleãenísI which are incaéable çf assuring érçéer lçad íransãissiçnK qherefçreI íhe need íç érevení iís çccurrence raises criíical iãéçríance arçund íheir unsírengíhened and sírengíhened behaviçurK A íóéical exaãéle is íhe cçnnecíiçn beíween exíernal and iníernal walls çr beíween walls and flççrsK qhe wallJíçJhalfJíiãbered wall cçnnecíiçns are reéreseníaíive çf cçnnecíiçns exisíení in ‘mçãbalinç’ and ‘daiçleirç’ buildingsI cçnsírucíed during íhe éçsíJearíhquake ENTRRF recçnsírucíiçn çf dçwníçwn iisbçnK fn çrder íç beííer undersíand íhe seisãic éerfçrãance çf ãasçnró wallJíçJhalfJíiãbered wall cçnnecíiçns and íç increase infçrãaíiçn fçund in liíeraíureI a series çf R íesís were carried çuí in reéreseníaíive real scale séeciãens in which injecíed anchçrs were insíalled in an irregular síçne ãasçnró wall in çrder íç iãérçve íhe seisãic reséçnse çf íhe cçnnecíiçnK jçnçíçnic and cóclic éullJçuí íesís were éerfçrãed çn reéreseníaíive cçnnecíiçns in çrder íç assess íheir éerfçrãance and allçw íheir characíerizaíiçnK maraãeíers cçnsidered includeW failure ãçdeI hósíereíic curveI sírengíh degradaíiçn and íçíal energóK qhe resulís cçníribuíe íç íhe exisíení bçdó çf knçwledge çn íhe íçéicI bó exéanding íhe exéeriãeníal daíabaseK cçr furíher develçéãeníI íhe exéeriãeníal daía allçws íhe calibraíiçn çf reéreseníaíive nuãerical ãçdelsI enabling éaraãeíric síudies çf ãaíerial érçéeríies and fçrãulaíiçn çf backbçne curvesK qhis daía allçws idealized behaviçur íç be esíablished and uíilized fçr íhe cçnsírucíiçn çf glçbal building ãçdelsK heywçrdsW tallJíçJíáãber fraãe cçnnecíáçnI fnjecíed anchçrI mullJçuí íesíI ’daáçleárç’ NK fkTolarCTflk oecení seisãic evenís brçughí íç lighí íhe iãéçríance çf effecíive cçnnecíiçns beíween sírucíural eleãenísK aeficiení cçnnecíiçns disíurb íhe energó éaíhI influencing íhe seisãic reséçnse çf hçrizçníal and veríical sírucíural eleãenísI and cçnsequeníló íhe glçbal sírucíural éerfçrãanceK qhusI ií is çf greaí iníeresí íç invesíigaíe íhe rçle çf cçnnecíiçns – bçíh çf íradiíiçnal and innçvaíive íóée – beíween sírucíural eleãenís in íhe dónaãic behaviçur çf ãasçnró buildingsK qhe çuíJçfJélane ãechanisã çf walls has been ideníified as çne çf íhe ãain failure ãçdes in ãasçnró buildings when subjecíed íç seisãic acíiçnsI as çbserved in Azçres NVVUI i’Aquila OMMV and Chrisíchurch OMNNK qhis ãechanisã is eséecialló seen in éresence çf weak cçnnecíiçnsK fí is çf criíical iãéçríance íç síudó íhe behaviçur çf sírucíural cçnnecíiçns íç érevení çr ãiniãize çuíJçfJélane failures wiíh íhe aiã çf saving huãan lives and ãiniãizing ecçnçãical lçssesK qhis research fçcuses éaríicularló in wallJíçJhalfJíiãbered wall cçnnecíiçns EtqF fçund in buildings daíing frçã íhe N mha candidaíeI fpfpbI aeéK çf Civil bngineeringI rniversiíó çf jinhçI sãçreira]civilKuãinhçKéí O Assisíaní mrçfessçrI fpfpbI aeéK çf Civil bngineeringI rniversiíó çf jinhçI lraãçs]civilKuãinhçKéí P Assçciaíe mrçfessçrI fpfpbI aeéK çf Civil bngineeringI rniversiíó çf jinhçI danvcç]civilKuãinhçKéí 4 jpcKI druéç pqAmI raqueléaula]síaéKéí R mha candidaíeI ab CivilI fnsíiíuíç puéeriçr qécnicçI jg]civilKisíKuílKéí S mrçfessçrI fpfpbI aeéK çf Civil bngineeringI rniversiíó çf jinhçI ébl]civilKuãinhçKéí

NS4M

recçnsírucíiçn çf dçwníçwn iisbçn afíer íhe NTRR earíhquakeK ealfJíiãbered walls are éarí çf a flexible íiãber cageI íhe sçJcalled ‘gaiçla’I which was an engineering innçvaíiçn designed íç decrease seisãic vulnerabiliíó xNzK A íhreeJdiãensiçnal çak íiãber cage – cçnsisíing çf veríicalI hçrizçníalI and diagçnal ãeãbers in a píK Andrews crçss éaííern – increases resisíance íç hçrizçníal lçading and effecíiveló dissiéaíes energóK qhe halfJíiãbered walls are íhen cçãéleíed wiíh brick çr rubble ãasçnró infillK bxíernal walls and building éaríiíiçn walls are rubble ãasçnró wiíh cçnsíaní íhicknessI usualló MKRM ã and MKSM ã reséecíivelóI and íiãber eleãenís frçã íhe cage are eãbedded clçse íç íhe iníernal face xOzK qhis descriéíiçn cçrreséçnds íç íhe çriginal cçnsírucíiçnI íhe ‘mçãbalinç’ buildingI which in íiãe evçlved íç a ãuch éççrer íóée çf sírucíureI íhe ‘daiçleirç’ buildingI wiíh higher seisãic vulnerabiliíóK Bçíh íóées çf buildings and íheir variaíiçns use ãasçnró Esíçne and brickF and íiãber as ãain sírucíural ãaíerialsK eçweverI as cçnsíucíiçn cçníinued in íhe decades afíer íhe earíhquakeI íhe cçnceéí çf íhe íhreeJdiãensiçnal cage and érçéer cçnnecíiçns degraded íç íhe éçiní çf inexisíanceK AlsçI íhe íhickness çf ãasçnró walls síçééed being cçnsíaní and síaríed decreasing alçng íhe heighí çf íhe buildingI reaching values aí íhe lasí flççr çf abçuí MKPM ã xPzK qhe çriginal cçnceéí was íç add a secçndaró flexible sírucíure wiíhin íhe çuíer wallsI allçwing íhe çveríurning çf íhe ãasçnró exíernal walls while avçiding íçíal cçllaéseK qhis design can be effecíive fçr buildings ué íç íwç síçreósI as ií was çbserved fçr buildings síruck bó íhe NVVU Azçres earíhquakeI buí ãanó çf unceríainíies are raised fçr íaller buildings x4zK aifferení íóées çf flççrJíçJhalfJíiãbered wall cçnnecíiçns have been described in liíeraíureI as shçwn in cigK NaK qhe cçnnecíiçn varies accçrding íç íhe aãçuní çf íiãber eleãenís inside íhe wall and íheir anchçrage lengíhI relóing ãainló çn fricíiçn íç ensure íhe cçnnecíiçn Esee cigK NaI frçã CN íç CRFK qhe wçrsíJcase scenariç çccurs when íhe halfJíiãber wall leans againsí íhe ãasçnró wall Esee cigK NaI CSF leaving çnló íhe éaveãení beaãs íç ãainíain íhe cçníinuiíó çf fçrce disíribuíiçnK qherefçreI íhere is íhe need íç érçãçíe gççd cçnnecíiçn beíween íhese íwç sírucíural eleãenísI bó ãeans çf sírengíheningK

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 CS EaF EbF

cigK N aifferení íóée çf wallJíçJhalfJíiãbered wall cçnnecíiçnsW aF six íóées çf cçnnecíiçns Eaddaéíed frçã xRzFI EbF adçéíed sírengíhening sçluíiçn xSz

OK TbpT pbT-rm Aka molCbarob qhe séeciãens iníend íç recreaíe as ãuch as éçssible íhe aséecís çf building cçnsírucíiçn frçã éçsí earíhquake iisbçnK Bó researching íhe exisíení liíeraíure and cçnducíing a surveó çf íhese buildingsI ií was éçssible íç gaíher ençugh infçrãaíiçn íç describe íhe differení eleãenís in íerãs çf ãaíerialI geçãeíró and íóéçlçgóK qhe cçnsírucíiçn íechnique chçsen fçr íhe séeciãens aiãed íç achieve íhe saãe íóéçlçgies as íhçse çf íhe çriginal sírucíureK As a resulíI rubble ãasçnró éanels were builí using liãesíçne frçã íhe surrçundings çf iisbçn and a ãçríar wiíh a raíiç çf NWPWNMWS EceãeníW hódraulic liãeW sand íóée NW sand íóée OFK qhis ãçríar raíiç érçvided a cçãéressive sírengíh çf NKOT jma EOU daósF and ií was chçsen afíer éerfçrãing several íesís çn fçur differení ãixesI assessing íheir wçrkabiliíó and cçãéressive sírengíh aí TI N4 and OU daósK qhe çbjecíive was íç achieve a lçw cçãéressive sírengíh ãçríarI beíween NKM jma and NKR jmaI wiíhçuí using air liãeK pince cçnnecíiçn CS çf cigK Na cçrreséçnds íç íhe ãçsí unfavçurable siíuaíiçnI íhe íwç séeciãens were designed íç address íhis cçnfiguraíiçnK qherefçreI íhe séeciãens were designed wiíhçuí íhe halfJíiãbered wallI fçcusing exclusiveló çn íhe sírengíhening sçluíiçnK qhrçugh íhe cçnsideraíiçn çf exisíení liíeraíureI failure ãçdes fçr íhe sírengíhening sçluíiçn when subjecíed íç a cóclic hçrizçníal lçad were discussedK Alçng wiíh íhe cçnsideraíiçns çf labçraíçró liãiíaíiçnsI a íesí cçnfiguraíiçn and séeciãen diãensiçns were chçsen Esee cigK OFK qhe failure ãçdes exéecíed areW cçne éullJçuí fçrãaíiçn EcjNFI sliding aí íhe iníerface beíween íhe bçrehçle surface and íhe sleeve wiíh injecíed grçuí EcjOFI sliding aí íhe iníerface beíween íhe síeel anchçr and íhe injecíed grçuí EcjPF and óielding çf íhe síeel anchçr Ecj4FK qhe séeciãens have a recíangular shaée and are OMMM ãã lçngI

NS4N

4MM ãã íhick and NSMM ãã high Esee cigK PF qhe wall íhickness was reéreseníaíive çf a 4íh flççr çf a ‘daiçleirç’ buildingK qhe sírengíhening sçluíiçn adçéíed cçnsisís çf íwç injecíed anchçrs EfF élaced éarallel íç each çíher in íhe ãasçnró wall and cçnnecíed íç íhe halfJíiãbered wall bó ãeans çf síeel anglesK qherefçreI fçur éairs çf injecíed anchçrs were insíalled in each çf íhe íwç wall séeciãensI resulíing in a íçíal çf eighí íesísK

FM1

FM4 FM3

FM2

EaF EbF

cigK O peíJué designW EaF jain failure ãçdes exéecíed; EbF séeciãen cçnfiguraíiçn qhe rubble ãasçnró wall was hand cçnsírucíed using çnló sçãe wires as guides fçr íhe érescribed diãensiçnsK qhe cçãéleíe wall was lçaded veríicalló under cçãéressiçn afíer OU daós in çrder íç achieve íhe síress síaíe caused bó íhe éerãanení lçads exéecíed fçr a 4íh flççrI shçwn in cigK ObI sç íhaí íhe RM ãã bçrehçles cçuld be dçneK qhe disíance beíween éarallel anchçrs was deíerãined cçnsidering a halfJíiãbered wall NOM ãã íhick and alsç cçnsírucíive disíances çf íhe síeel angle cçnnecíing bçíh wallsK

Steel bar8.8

BoreholeØ5M

2MMM 4MM

1SMM

cigK P péeciãen cçnfiguraíiçn

qç cçnírçl íhe fçrãaíiçnI behaviçur and influence çf íhe differení failure ãçdes çn íhe final resulíI a seí çf NV isaqs and U sírain gauges were used éer íesíK qhe disíribuíiçn çf isaqs fçllçwed a quadrangular grid çf NRM ãã arçund íhe íwç éarallel anchçrsI wiíh isaqs ãeasuring çuíJçfJélane disélaceãenís çf íhe wall and íhe síeel barsK crçã íhe íçíal çf U sírain gaugesI çne bar was insíruãeníed wiíh R and íhe çíher wiíh íhe reãaining PK Cçnsidering íhe labçraíçró liãiíaíiçns in íerãs çf séace as well as íhe size çf séeciãensI ií was éçssible íç develçé an auíçJbalanced seíJué caéable çf redirecíing íhe éullJçuí fçrce back íç íhe séeciãenI as shçwn in cigK 4K qhe éullJçuí lçadI which iníends íç recreaíe íhe ãain seisãic acíiçnI was aéélied éeréendicular íç íhe wall in çrder íç acíivaíe íhe íensile caéaciíó çf íhe injecíed anchçrsK A hinge was used beíween íhe acíuaíçr and íhe séeciãen íç accçããçdaíe sãall defçrãaíiçnsK fn çrder íç éerfçrã cóclic íesísI íhe seíJué had íç be anchçred íç íhe ãasçnró wallK

NS4O

As éreviçusló síaíedI a disíribuíed veríical lçad was aéélied çn íhe íçé çf íhe wall íç siãulaíe íhe effecí çf éerãanení lçads çn íhe sírucíureK qhis was achieved bó élacing ebOMMB síeel érçfiles çn íçé çf íhe wallI which disíribuíed íhe lçad érçvided bó fçur hódraulic cólinders cçãéressed againsí a reacíiçn slab Esee cigK 4FK qhe disíribuíed veríical lçad was keéí cçnsíaní during íhe eníire íesí and equal íç MKO jmaI bó using ãanual cçnírçlK A ãeíallic claãé was designed fçr íhis cçnnecíiçnI rigid ençugh íç aééló íhe fçrce íç íhe séeciãen wiíhçuí iníerfering çn íhe íesí resulísK qhe lçad was aéélied direcíló çn íhe anchçrsI éulling íhe íwç éarallel injecíed anchçrs aí íhe saãe íiãeK qhe ãçnçíçnic íesís were carried çuí under disélaceãení cçnírçl aí a raíe çf NM mãLsK crçã íhese íesísI ií was éçssible íç deíerãine a cóclic érçcedure cçãérising íwç reéeíiíiçns éer cócleI wiíh a range çf velçciíies beíween NM and 4M mãLsK qhe síçééing criíeria adçéíed wereW a RMB decrease in lçad çr íhe érçéagaíiçn çf cracks beóçnd íhe exéecíed area çf daãageK

cigK 4 peíJué fçr ãçnçíçnic and cóclic éullJçuí íesís

PK MATbofAip Aka pAMmibp bxéeriãeníal íesís and subsequení nuãerical ãçdelling require exíensive ãaíerial characíerizaíiçnI since ãaíerial érçéeríies have a ãajçr influence çn íhe behaviçur çf séeciãens and íhus çn íhe resulísK pç farI lnló ãçríar and ãasçnró saãéles have íhe cçãéressive sírengíh and elasíiciíó ãçdulus characíerizedI based çn bk NMNRJNN and bk NMROJN séecificaíiçnsI reséecíiveló xTzxUzK Cólindrical ãçríar saãéles were cçllecíed during íhe cçnsírucíiçn çf íhe séeciãens and íesíed aí íhe ages çf OU daós Eíç cçãéare wiíh a síudó éerfçrãed iniíiallóF and VM daósK qhe resulís çf íhe cçãéressive sírengíh íesís éerfçrãed çn ãçríar séeciãens are éreseníed in qable N fçr OU daós and VM daósK

Table N oesulís çf íhe cçãéressive sírengíh çf íhe ãçríar íesíed aí OU and VM daós

ppecimen fc EOU daysF fc EVM daysF EMmaF EMmaF

tqK4MKfKN NKN4 NKMS tqK4MKfKO NKPV NKPS Average EjmaF NKOS NKON

Cçs EBF N4KR NTKP qable N shçws íhaí íhe average cçãéressive sírengíh aí OU daós is basicalló equal íç íhe value fçund befçre íhe cçnsírucíiçn çf íhe walls ENKOT jmaFI which deãçnsíraíes íhe rigçur éuí in íhe éreéaraíiçn çf íhe ãçríarK fí alsç shçws íhaí íhe cçãéressive sírengíh is hardló affecíed bó íhe íesíing ageI íhus allçwing íhe íesíing çf séeciãens aí differení ages wiíhçuí ãajçr cçnsequences in íerãs çf ãçríar hardeningK qhe ãasçnró érisãs were defined accçrding íç bk NMROJN xUzI wiíh diãensiçns çf MK4M ˜ MKRM ˜ ˜ MKUM ãPK cirsíI a ãçnçíçnic íesí was éerfçrãed íç çbserve failure ãçdes and deíerãine íhe

píeel prçfáles

eydraulác cylánder

peíup Anchçrage

eánge

Acíuaíçr

NS4P

cçãéressive sírengíhI which was used afíerwards as a bçundaró íç éerfçrã cóclic cçãéressive íesís and cçnsequeníló deíerãine íhe elasíic ãçdulusK qhe síressJsírain diagraã çf çne çf íhe érisãs íesíed is éreseníed in cigK RI as well as a deíail çf íhe íesí insíruãeníaíiçnK qhe average cçãéressive sírengíh çf O érisãs was arçund NKSM jmaK salues fçund in liíeraíure range beíween MKRM and NKRM jmaI íhus élacing íhe íesíed séeciãens slighíló abçve íhe iníervalK péeciãens reached an elasíic ãçdulus aéérçxiãaíeló equal íç NMMM jmaK

EaF EbF

cigK R Cçãéressive íesíW EaF píressJsírain diagraã çf a ãasçnró érisãI EbF insíruãeníaíiçn deíail

4K obpriTp qç daíeI çnló R íesís were éerfçrãed EO ãçnçíçnic and P cóclicFK pçãe çf íhe characíerisíics çf íhe íesís are éreseníed in qable OK lne çf íhe ãain çbjecíives was íç characíerize íhe failure ãçdes relaíed wiíh íhe ãasçnró wallI sç high class síeel was chçsen fçr íhe síeel barsI in çrder íç érevení síeel óieldingK As çne can çbserve in qable OI cçne éullJçuí fçrãaíiçn was íhe recurrení failure ãçdeK keveríhelessI íçíal disélaceãení is a cçãbinaíiçn çf íhe ãasçnró shear cçne wiíh sliding çf íhe iníerfaces Esee cigK SFK

Table O Characíerizaíiçn çf íhe íesís éerfçrãed

ppecimen Type of test

cmax EkkF

dEcmaxF EmmF cailure mode

tqK4MKfKNA jçnçíçnic TSKVP VKNS cjN EAnchçrNF

tqK4MKfKOA Cóclic NMTKON UKRO cjN EAnchçr OF

tqK4MKfKOB Cóclic NM4KVP NMKON cjN EAnchçr OF

tqK4MKfKOC Cóclic T4KVR TKTP cjN EAnchçr OF

tqK4MKfKOa jçnçíçnic T4KOS TKMP cjN EAnchçr OF

Average - UTKSS UKRP - Cçs EBF - NVKO N4KR -

2 1 2

1 2 1 2

A B

a C

1

Cçnsidering all íhe íesísI average values çf UTKSS kk and UKRP ãã were çbíained fçr íhe fçrce and disélaceãeníI reséecíivelóI aí íhe éeak lçadK qhe cçefficiení çf variaíiçn çf NVB can be exélained bó íhe scaííer éresení in íhis íóée çf ãasçnróK AddiíiçnallóI íhe ãuch ãçre rigid bçundaró cçndiíiçns aí íhe base çf íhe séeciãen ãighí have éçsiíiveló influenced íhe lçwer anchçrsK phear failure çf íhe ãasçnró was alwaós characíerized bó generalized fçrãaíiçn çf cracks arçund íhe íwç anchçrs and in sçãe cases deíachãení çf ãçríar çr síçnesK jinçr cracking was alsç fçund clçse íç íhe bçrehçles aí íhe end çf íhe anchçrsK curíher íesís will allçw íhe characíerizaíiçn çf íhe cçníací area çf íhe bçrehçleI which is exéecíed íç have ãajçr iãéçríance çn adhesiçnK

NS44

EaF EbF

cigK S cailure ãçdesW EaF fçrãaíiçn çf shear cçne çn tqK4MKfKNCI EbF sliding and fçrãaíiçn çf shear cçne bnvelçée curves çbíained fçr cóclic íesís shçw greaí resaãblence wiíh íhe ãçnçíçnic fçrceJdisélaceãení curvesI see cigK TI deãçnsíraíing high increase çf síiffness ué íç NM ããI fçllçwed bó sçfíening behaviçurK cçr íhe cóclic íesísI íhere is a visible decrease çf sírengíh beíween cóclesI which is ãade clear in cigK UaK fí’s iníeresíing íç çbserve hçw síiffness çf íhe reéiíed cóle is siãilar íç íhe çne çf íhe fçllçwing firsí cóleK

EaF EbF

cigK T cçrceJdisélaceãenís curves çf íhe sírengíhening sçluíiçn EaF ãçníçnic íesí and EbF cóclic íesí qhe cçníribuíiçn çf each anchçr íç íhe final çuícçãe was assessed bó ãeans çf íhe sírain gauges élaced alçng íhe síeel anchçrK Bó using íhis infçrãaíiçnI ií was éçssible íç esíablish íhe aãçuní çf fçrce íaken bó each anchçrI and alsç íç çbíain érçfiles çf sírain disíribuíiçnsK As exéecíedI sírain increases frçã íhe free end íç íhe lçaded end çf íhe anchçrI assuãing aéérçxiãaíeló an exéçneníial behaviçr fçr lçwer fçrces EORBF and a linear disíribuíiçn fçr higher values çf aéélied fçrce ENMMBFI see cigK UbK

EaF EbF

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Anchçr N Anchçr O

NS4R

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EAF lçaded end íç free end çf íhe anchçr; EBF lçaded end çf íhe anchçr íç surrçunding éçinís in íhe frçní side çf íhe wall; ECF lçaded end çf íhe anchçr íç íhe back side çf íhe wallK

qhe firsí relaíive disélaceãení EAF characíerizes íhe cçníribuíiçn çf íhe anchçr; íhe secçnd EBF gives infçrãaíiçn abçuí íhe cçníribuíiçn çf íhe anchçr élus íhe anchçring sósíeãI while íhe íhird relaíive disélaceãení ECF accçunís fçr all cçníribuíiçns EanchçrI anchçring sósíeã and wallFK cigK Va shçws çne çf íhe fçrceJdisélaceãení curves çbíained fçr íhe relaíive disélaceãení B Elçaded end çf anchçr O íç íhe frçní side çf íhe wallF fçr séeciãen tqK4MKfKOCI cçnsidering íhe fçrce disíribuíed íç íhis anchçrK

EaF EbF

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NS4S

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