PRIKAZI

UDC 536.7:621.4 Wilhelm SERVIS Dynamic Solar Energy Converter (DSC) Author’s address: Gutstrasse 51,8400 Winterthur, Switzerland; e-mail:servis@hispeed.chReceived (Primljeno):2012-11-19 Accepted (Prihvaćeno): 2012-11-26 Open for discussion (Otvoreno za raspravu): 2014-09-30

Review paper There is no doubt that Isothermal Engines have the potential to be fundamentally important future Heat Energy Transformers (transformation of heat energy into mechanical work or electricity). This fact has been approved scientifically several times so far and since 1998 the author has published and presented on several occasions very encouraging results (journals Brodogradnja, Strojarstvo and different congresses). A very important characteristic quality of Isothermal Engines, and that is that they are able to work at very high heat source temperatures (and also at widest temperature differences of their heat reservoirs), and additionally as hybrids, is well known (e.g. NSC-Engines) and therefore the Isothermal Engines are predestined to work as solar and/or as hybrid engines. Therefore, any new innovative and attractive solution for driving such engines with the solar generated heat is very welcome, especially if such solutions can also be applied as a heat source for other heat consumers. The intention of this article is to inform about the invention, development and fundamental experimental results done with the so called “DSC300-Converter”, which is the very first, modeled representant of the “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter”. The intention is also to inform a bit more in detail about additional and very important and attractive general characteristic qualities and possibilities of the “Dynamic Solar Energy Converters”; their unique ability to serve as a very high temperature heat energy source for other heat consumers (e.g. solar kitchens and other solar social services, solar water splitting plants, solar desalination plants, solar space applications, etc.). Due to different reasons (of financial, strategic and application nature), it was decided that the very first functional “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” will be built as the model “DSC300-Converter” in a scale approx. 1:10 for an imagined parabolic collector with a 3000 mm aperture and that therefore, as a consequence of that, only a “proof and demonstration of functional capabilities of the DSC’s” can be won as the result of these experiments. Keywords: Dynamic Solar Energy Converter (DSC), NSC-engine Dinamički solarni konverter (DSC)

Prikaz Nema i nije bilo sumnje da izotermalni motori imaju potencijal u budućnosti biti bitno važni transformatori toplinske energije (transformacija topline u mehanički rad ili električku struju).

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Ta činjenica bila je u prošlosti više puta znanstveno potvrđena, a postignuti, veoma ohrabrujući rezultati znanstvenih istraživanja te teme bili su od autora već od 1998. godine objavljivani (Brodogradnja, Strojarstvo i razni kongresi). Veoma važna značajka izotermalnih motora, njihova sposobnost da rade pri vrlo visokim temperaturama toplinskih izvora (i uz to s najvećim razlikama temperatura njihovih toplinskih spremnika) i k tome još i kao hibridi, dobro je poznata (npr. NSC-motori), pa su zbog toga izotermalni motori predodređeni raditi kao solarni i/ ili kao hibridni motori. Zbog toga je svako novo, inovativno i atraktivno rješenje za pogon tih motora sa solarno generiranom toplinom vrlo dobro došlo, posebice ako se ta rješenja k tome mogu primjenjivati kao izvori topline i za druge potrošače topline. Cilj ovog izvješća jest da informira o pronalasku, razvoju i temeljnim eksperimentalnim rezultatima činjenim s tzv. “DSC300-konverterom”, koji je prvi, kao model izvedeni predstavnik “dinamičkih solarnih konvertera“. Namjera je ovog izvješća osim toga, da iscrpnije informira o dodatnoj veoma važnoj i atraktivnoj općoj osobini i mogućnostima “dinamičkih solarnih konvertera”, njihovoj jedinstvenoj sposobnosti da posluže kao izvori topline visoke temperature i za druge potrošače topline, npr. solarne kuhinje i druge solarne socijalne primjene, solarna postrojenja za cijepanje vode (Water splitting), solarna postrojenja za desalinizaciju, svemirske solarne primjene itd. Zbog više razloga (financijske, strategijske i izvedbene prirode) se pritom odlučilo da prvi funkcionirajući “dinamički solarni konverter” bude izveden kao model “DSC300-konverter” u približnom mjerilu 1:10 za zamišljeni parabolični kolektor s otvorom (aperturom) od 3000mm, pa da će zbog toga, kao posljedica toga, samo “provjera i demonstracije sposobnosti funkcioniranja DSCa” biti dobiveni kao rezultat tih eksperimenata. Ključne riječi: dinamički solarni konverter (DSC), NSC-motor 1 Introduction The thermal efficiency of isothermal engines depends directly on the temperature difference between its heating and cooling reservoirs [1]. The following features of actual isothermal engines are thereby essential: a) their high temperature validity (suitability to use heat sources /for heating/ with highest temperatures, e.g. Stirling- or NSC-engines), b) their deep temperature validity (suitability to use heat sinks /for cooling/ with temperatures in cryogenic range, e.g. NSC-engines) and c) their hybridity (suitability to work as hybrids, with both the solar produced heat and/or with heat produced in any other way, e.g. NSC-engines). Because the solar powered engines (e.g. Stirling engines or NSC-Engines [1]) are able to transform directly the heat won with the help of solar collectors /concentrators/ (actually, FRESNEL-, Parabolic TROUGH- and Parabolic DISH-collectors) into mechanical work and because of the imperative intention to achieve thereby the highest possible thermal efficiencies through as high as possible high temperature differences (temperature differences between their heating and cooling reservoirs), the concentration of solar energy must in case of solar driven isothermal engines be executed with the help of “Parabolic DISH-collectors”. Actually, it is a matter of fact that by the use of the Classic Stirling engines and Parabolic DISH-collectors /concentrators/ (configuration: always one concentrator and one Stirling engine, named DISH-Stirling), the maximum allowed heating temperatures may not be higher than approx. 550°C (because of its technological limit) [2/ Table 2.1 and 3], with the consequences that the electricity power production of actual (already built and planned) “DISH-Stirling plants” is limited by max. approx. 25kWEL/UNIT for one DISH-collector

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(configuration DISH-Stirling 1 + 1, with aperture approx. 8 to 10 m [3]) equipped with one Stirling engine and that such “DISH-Stirling plants” come at huge plant areas, see Figure 1. An idealized display of DISH-Stirling configured solar plant is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1 Maricopa-Solar-Power-Plant SES 2010 with 1.5MWEL (60 Suncatcher dishes & 60 configured Stirling engines in configuration DISH-Stirling 1 + 1 [3]) Slika 1 Postrojenje Maricopa-Solar-Power- Plant SES 2010, snage 1.5MWEL Figure 2 Idealized display of DISH-Stirling 1 + 1 solar plant [4] Slika 2 Idealizirani prikaz solarnog postrojenja DISH-Stirling 1 + 1 The intention of this research work and this publication is: a) to help eliminate the problems shown in Figures 1 and 2 (huge plant areas/ relatively small produced energy density/ relatively high energy costs), b) to inform about better possible solutions (patent [4]), and c) to demonstrate with a model “DSC300-Converter”, in approx. scale 1:10, that by the use of the patented “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter [4]” it is practically possible to achieve better solar plant solutions, to realize more intensive energy concentrations (smaller spot) and therefore higher usable concentration temperatures from DISH-collectors, e.g. of approx. up to 1100K or higher [5a], see Figure 3. Figure 3 shows an idealized display of a solar plant configured with the “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” [4], which makes it possible to convert directly solar heat energy concentrated from the DISH-collector (with high temperature intensity) to the medium “air” (used as heat carrier) and then to transport in this way highly preheated air (heat carrier) to any heat consumer (e.g. Stirling- or NSC-engine or any other heat consumers).

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Figure 3 Idealized display of a solar plant configured with the “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” [4] Slika 3 Idealizirani prikaz solarnog postrojenja s „Dinamičkim solarnim konverterom“ 2 Solar produced heating energy for isothermal engines and/or for

other heat consumers Because of the fact that the thermal efficiency of all isothermal engines is directly related to the difference between their heat source and heat sink temperatures [1], it is highly important for any planned solar application driven by isothermal engines to have (serious) information about the really available heating/cooling data (the available heating intensity /power, Figure 4/ and the heating and cooling temperatures). 2.1 Solar heating sources The current state of the art of solar energy technology is based on the fact that the spectrum of the Sun’s radiation is close to that of a black body with a temperature of about 5800K [6]. The solar radiation intensity is defined as the Solar Constant (solar heating power per insolated area in space). The Solar Constant includes all types of solar radiation (not just the visible light), it depends on the distance to the Sun (defined as Astronomical Unit. 1 AU = mean distance between the Earth and the Sun over the Earth orbit of 149.60×106 km). The average Solar Constant in space (on the atmospheric boundary, measured by Earth satellite) is approx. 1366 ±7 W/m2 [7] (as a result of these facts, the Earth receives approx. 174×1015 W of the incoming solar radiation on the atmospheric boundary, global, with fluctuation of approx. 6.9%), see Figures 4 and 5.

gure 4 Solar Constant (power) as function of the distance (AU) to the Sun [7] FiSlika 4 Solarna konstanta kao funkcija udaljenosti (AU) do Sunca

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On the Earth’s surface (after passing the Earth’s atmosphere) the solar radiation intensity will be reduced (attenuated) to an average maximum of 350W/m2, this happens because: a) approx. 30% of incoming solar radiation is reflected back to space (albedo) and b) incoming solar radiation is absorbed by clouds, air etc. [6], see Figure 5.

45°

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Figure 5 Solar radiation intensity on the Earth’s surface [6] Slika 5 Intenzitet solarnog zračenja (iradijacije) na površini Zemlje From Figure 5 it is also evident that on the Earth’s surface the average solar radiation intensity (power) equal or higher than 175W/m2 can be obtainable in the regions between approx. 45° north and 45° south Earth’s geographic latitude [6]. For the use of solar energy as a heat source for isothermal solar engines, only the highest temperature solar collector systems with parabolic focusing light concentrators (Parabolic DISH-collectors) are of interest (engines thermal efficiency [1]), with which for a moment the temperature ranges of up to approx. 1100K can be achieved by the use of molten salt, or newly by the use of superheated air [8]. The average spot temperatures (TSPOTmax) achieved from Parabolic DISH-collectors depend on their concentration ratio (C): C = A1DISHAperture/ A2SPOTAperture, see [5a and 9]: e.g. for C = 500 TSPOTmax = approx. 970 to 1700K, for C = 1000 TSPOTmax = approx. 1100 to 2050K, for C = 45000 TSPOTmax = approx. up to 5300K. According to the solar radiation data shown in Figure 5, evident is the enormously available solar energy potential on the Earth’s surface (Earth receives approx. 174x1015 W of the incoming solar radiation on the atmospheric boundary, global, with fluctuation of approx. 6.9% [7]) and as a result there is no doubt: a) that rigorous use of solar energy has a bright future, b) that the future use of solar energy mostly depends on the prices of the conventional (fossil) energy sources, and c) that the future use of solar energy for production of mechanical work (electricity) mostly depends on the existence of suitable technologies, especially; c1) on the existence of very efficient solar engines (e.g. the “Solar NSC-engines” [1]) and also, as a very important fact

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c2) on the existence of efficient systems capable to serve as “Solar energy heat Transformers (Converters)” for the use as heat sources of solar engines and of course of other heat consumers (e.g. here introduced “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” [4]).

3 Model “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter with Aperture 300 mm (DSC300-Converter)” The functional model “DSC300-Converter” is an embodiment of the patented idea named “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” [4], see Figure 6. According to the patent [4] the DSC generally consists of two components: a) Parabolic DISH-collector (parabolic mirror with aperture area AAP), and b) centrifugal fan (positioned in the focus distance of the DISH-collector), with its as flat absorber shaped rotor (with light spot area ASP). The focused, concentrated solar light, with the light spot area depending on the chosen light concentration C = AAP/ ASP (i.e. of needed/ proposed concentrating temperature /the theoretical maximal concentrating temperature can be as mentioned before Tmax = 5300K, see [5a and 9]) heats the absorber (fan rotor) to the proposed necessary temperature, which then transfers/ converts heat very intensively to the sucked in ambient air (because of a very turbulent contact between the fan rotor and the air and which depends on T-, speed of rotation of the fan rotor n- and of α- values) and which will be then transported as a very hot heat carrier (air) out of the centrifugal fan (and out of the DSC-system) to the heat user.

Figure 6 Dynamic Solar Energy Converter [4] Slika 6 Dinamički solarni konverter

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Figure 7 Parabolic DISH-collector for “DSC300-Converter” (dMIRROR=300 mm) Slika 7 Parabolični DISH-kolektor za “DSC300-konverter” Due to different reasons (of financial, strategic and application nature), it was decided that the very first functional “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” will be built as a functional model (“DSC300-Converter”) with an aperture of 300 mm, and in fact as a model for a supposed parabolic DISH-collector with 3000 mm aperture (in scale 1:10) and that all experiments with “DSC300-Converter” will be done as a “proof of functional capability of DSC’s” in Winterthur. The used parabolic DISH-collector (parabolic mirror) for the “DSC300-Converter” has aperture: dMIRROR = 300 mm, see Figures 7, 8 and 9. The complete “DSC300-Converter”, shown in Figures 8 and 9, is constructed and built to be usable for the “proof of functional capability of DSC’s” and in this way only to demonstrate that the future “DSC’s” can reasonably fulfil their supposed function: to convert directly solar heat energy to the air as heat carrier (heating medium) and deliver it to the heat consumers. Therefore, the “DSC300-Converter” is constructed so that if mounted via its connector on a tripod holder (Figure 11), its aperture can be precisely positioned perpendicular to the Sun (solar altitude angle und solar azimuth angle), see Figures 10 and 11.

Figure 8 Drawing of Dynamic Solar Energy Converter DSC300-Converter [Author] Slika 8 Nacrt Dinamičkog solarnog konvertera DSC300-konvertera

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Figure 9 Photograph of Dynamic Solar Energy Converter DSC300-Converter [Author] Slika 9 Fotografija Dinamičkog solarnog konvertera DSC300-konvertera

SUN

Figure 10 Solar altitude and azimuth angle [2] Slika 10 Kutovi solarne visine (incidencije)

WINTERTHUR Geographical position

47.493°N (North latitude) /

8.73°E (East length)

Figure 11 Proof of functional capability of “DSC300-Converter” [Author] Slika 11 Dokazivanje funkcionalne sposobnosti “DSC300-konvertera”

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4 Proof of functional capability of the “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter DSC300” The proof of functional capability of “DSC300-Converter” (and in this way reasonable for all scale 1:1 DSC’s) was done in Winterthur (19 October 2012 at 12:00h), Figure 10 and 11: - The assumed Incoming Solar Radiation (Insolation, without clouds) is:

PINSOLATION = approx. 0.15kW/m2, (approx., including collector efficiency and all data that are only informative), Figure 5:

- The DSC300 was not thermally isolated and its heat lost was not estimated. - The used parabolic DISH-collector (parabolic mirror) for DSC300-Converter has the

aperture: dDISH = 2 ∗ CD = 0.3m (measured), and its aperture area is according Figures 6 and 8: ADISHAperture = 0.0707m2,

- The idealized parabolic DISH Heating Power of Incoming Solar Radiation is: PDISHIdeal = ADISHAperture ∗ PINSOLATION = 0.0707 ∗ 0.15 = 0.0106kW =

approx. 10.6W, - The theoretical estimated focus of parabolic DISH-collector is according Figure 6:

a = BD/ CD2 = 0.0375/ 0.152 = 1.667 1/m, FDISH = 1/4a = approx. 0.15m,

- The manufacturer’s data on the collector are not available. - The measured collector focus is bigger than the theoretical estimation (and the spot is

deformed!): FDISHMeasured = approx. 0.16m,

- The estimated spot temperature according to the C = A1DISHAperture/ A2SPOTAperture, see [5a, 9]:

ASPOTAperture = 0.00018m2

TSPOTCalculated = 665K (392°C), - The measured spot temperature:

TSPOTMeasured = approx. 633K (360°C), - The measured air (heat carrier) temperature after DSC300:

TAIRMeasured = approx. 343K (70°C), - The measured ambient temperature:

TAMB = 281K (8°C), - The measured air temperature difference DSC300OUT − DSC300IN:

TDSC300 OUT-IN = TAIRMeasured − TAMB = approx. 62K (°C). The achieved air temperature difference TDSC300 OUT-IN = 62°C after the energy conversion shows that the intended “proof of DSC300 functional capability” is fulfilled and that the “DSC300-Converter” successfully and directly converts the received solar heat and delivers hot air as heat carrier for different heat users. Therefore, this fact can be generally extended to all DSC’s as function attest.

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Figure 12 DSC3000-Converter: Calculated parabola data [13] Slika 12 DSC3000-konverter: Proračunati podaci parabole 5 Theoretical estimated data for “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter DSC3000” The assumed parabolic DISH-collector with 3000 mm aperture for “DSC3000-Converter”, in scale 10:1 of the experimental model “DSC300-Converter” could in Winterthur on a day without clouds receive, see Paragraph 4 and Figure 10: - The assumed Incoming Solar Radiation (Insolation, without clouds) is:

PINSOLATION = approx. 0.15kW/m2, Figure 5 (approx., including collector efficiency and all data that are only informative. More exact data will be given when the information about 1:1 experiment with “DSC3000-Converter” will be available):

- The parabolic DISH-collector (parabolic mirror) for DSC3000-Converter has aperture: dDISH = 2 ∗ CD = 3m , and its aperture area is according Figure 6: ADISHAperture = 7.07m2,

- The idealized parabolic DISH Heating Power of Incoming Solar Radiation is: PDISHIdeal = ADISHAperture ∗ PINSOLATION = 7.07 ∗ 0.15 = approx. 1.06kW,

- The distance BD = 0.375m (scale 10:1), see Figures 6 and 8, - The distance CD = 1.5m (scale 10:1), see Figures 6 and 8, - The theoretical estimated focus of parabolic DISH-collector is according to Figure 6:

a = BD/ CD2 = 0.375/ 1.52 = 0.167 1/m, FDISH = 1/4a = approx. 1.5m,

- The assumed chosen spot temperature [5a]: TSPOT = 1100K (for C = 1000, see Paragraph 1)

- The necessary spot area and spot diameter is according [5a and 9]: C = 1000 C = ADISHAperture/ ASPOTAperture ; ASPOTAperture = ADISHAperture/ C = 7.07/ 1000 = 0.0071m2

dSPOTAperture = 0.095m The expected air temperature difference TDSC3000differenceIN/OUT after the successful solar energy conversion and in the spot area (e.g. here with C = 1000), directly after the fan rotor for a well isolated “DSC3000-Converter” could cover a temperature range of 1000K to 1100K.

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It is foreseen in the next step to approve experimentally the above estimated approx. (idealized) data with a “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter DSC3000”-System built in a scale 1:1. 6 Possible application of “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” As shown in Paragraph 4 (the “proof of functional capability of DSC’s”, done with “DSC300-Converter”) there is no doubt and it is completely obvious that the DSC-systems, shown in this document and according to the patent [4] can completely fulfil the goal: the direct conversion of the solar light energy into the heat, and then the transfer of this converted heat to the air used as the heat carrier, and finally the delivery forward of this hot air heat carrier out of the DSC-system to the heat user (heat consumer). Therefore, it will be expected, that the DSC-systems, which was invented, patented [4] and developed primarily to manage an adequate high temperature solar heat supplying system for isothermal engines (especially for the Solar/ Hybrid NSC-engines [1], see Paragraph 1) can be successfully realized in a scale 1:1, e.g. as shown in Paragraph 5 as the “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter DSC3000”. A welcome by-effect of these experiments is a very useful possibility of the DSC-system to be used as a solar heat supplying system for other heat consumers. 6.1 Application of “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” as high temperature solar heat supplying system for isothermal engines (especially for the Solar/ Hybrid NSC-engines [1]) As mentioned before and according to the Figure 3, the “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter”-systems are predestined to supply the isothermal, especially the Solar/Hybrid NSC-engines with high temperature heat energy. The exceptional benefits of DSC-systems are: 6.1a) The possibility to supply (without damage) the Stirling engines with essential higher heat temperatures as in so called configuration DISH-Stirling (1 + 1), see Figures 1 and 2, 6.1b) As a result of 6.1a): 6.1b1) the DSC-systems make it possible that with very high temperature heat provided, the isothermal engines can achieve the highest process efficiencies [1], 6.1b2) the small dimensioned DSC-systems could be especially usable for supplying the small range outdoor Solar/ Hybrid NSC-electric generator systems with heat, and 6.1c) As a result of 6.1a) and 6.1b); the DSC-systems make possible to reduce specific solar plant areas (see Figure 3) and in this way to reduce the investment plant costs, i.e. to increase specific energy production density and therefore to reduce energy costs of such solar plants. 6.2 Application of “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” as high temperature solar heat supplying system for other heat users As mentioned before, the very usable by-effect of DCS-systems is their ability to deliver the solar preheated, high temperature air (as heat carrier) to any other heat consumers and in this way to help, for example, to prevent the already much progressed deforestation in the 3rd world countries.

In Figures 13 and 14 the following applications of DSC-systems are illustrated: 6.2a) to make generally better and cheaper the already often used solar cookers (application now similar to gas cookers but with very hot air),

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6.2b) as a combination with NSC-engines (co-occurring electricity and heat production) as shown in Figure 13, and 6.2c) for air conditioning applications during the day, for heating living rooms (tents) and additionally, for example, centralized solar cookers (kitchen), see Figure 14. 6.3 Application of “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” for hydrogen production As mentioned before, the possibility of achieving high spot temperatures (TSPOTmax) with parabolic DISH-collectors, and as result of that fact, the DSC’s unique usable ability to deliver in this way the solar preheated, very high temperature air-heat carrier with temperatures depending on its concentration ratio (C), theoretically up to TSPOTmax = approx. 5300K (of course, depending on the used absorber material), makes the DSC-systems predestinated for the use in one of already many so far developed Water splitting processes (water splitting is the general term for a chemical reaction in which water is separated into oxygen and hydrogen, e.g. “High Temperature Electrolysis” and “Direct Thermal Water Splitting (Thermolysis)”, see [11 and 12]) and in this way to be one key technology component of a future hydrogen economy [13 and 14].

Figure 13 Schematic presentation of “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter”- system configured for solar powered NSC-

engine electric generation and for solar cookers (co-occurring electricity and heat production) [Author] Slika 13 Idealizirani prikaz solarnog postrojenja s „Dinamičkim solarnim konverterom“ konfiguriranim za proizvodnju električne struje sa solarno pogonjenim NSC-motorom i za solarne kuhinje

Figure 14 Schematic presentation of “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter (DSC)”-system for tent and solar kitchen heat supplying [Author]

Slika 14 Idealizirani prikaz solarnog postrojenja s „Dinamičkim Solarnim konverterom“ konfiguriranim za grijanje šatora sa zrakom i za solarne kuhinje

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6.4 “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter” and ship/ ship Industries, harbors As shown above, the DSC’s unique ability to deliver the solar preheated, very high temperature air-heat carrier with temperatures depending on their concentration ratio (C), theoretically up to TSPOTmax = approx. 5300K (according to the needs), can during the “whole day” be realized for stationary built DSC-systems with help of precise solar tracker (solar tracker is a device that orients solar collector or solar voltaic panels towards the sun). This is the first reason why the installation of DSC’s or solar voltaic panels onboard travelling ships is not reasonable. The second and very weighty reason why the installation of DSC’s or solar voltaic panels onboard ships is not reasonable is the fact that the amount of the DSC converted energy is directly proportional with the aperture area of the solar dish collector (see Figure 5), with the result that the collectors with, for example, the apertures greater than or equal to 15 m (or adequate solar voltaic panels, see Figure 15) practically can not (also because of problems caused by wind and salt sea water) be installed onboard ships and that in such a case the converted energy for one ship of such dimensions is irrelevant (P= 19.4kW, according to example in Figure 15). Face-to-face to this facts is the use of DSC’s predestined to cover the energy needs with “Clean energy” (as mentioned in Chapters 6.1 / 6.3) from neighbouring areas of shipyards, ports or harbours in the regions between approx. 45° north and 45° south of the Earth’s geographic latitude [6], see Figure 5.

Comparison of approximate values of generated electric power and related areas of “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter (DSC)”-system and Voltaic panels

Figure 15 Comparison of approximate values of generated electric power and related areas of “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter (DSC)”-system and Voltaic panels [Author] Slika 15 Usporedba generirane snage u kW i pripadajućih radnih površina solarnog postrojenja s „Dinamičkim Solarnim konverterom“ i Fotonaponskim panelima

7 Conclusion 7.1 The successfully executed experiments, hereby named “proof of functional capability of DSC’s” done with the “DSC300-Converter” (Paragraph 4) have shown that the extremely easy and

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inexpensive, but very effective procedure using the patent [4] protected apparatus named “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter (DSC)” for direct conversion of solar light energy to high temperature heat, its (heat’s) implementation in the air used as a heat-carrying agent and then the transformation of this heat into the mechanical work (or generated electricity) with help of an isothermal engine (e.g. with help of NSC-engine [1]) makes the famous and long time expected vision of Thomas Alva Edison [15] for the very first time realistic: T. A. Edison, 1910: “…Some day some fellow will invent a way of concentrating and storing up sunshine to use instead of this old, absurd Prometheus scheme of fire.” 7.2 As shown in Paragraph 6, the possible applications of DSC-systems are extremely wide and can be used with benefit either for heat supplying of small, larger, and very large isothermal engines used as energy transformers (e.g. Solar/Hybrid NSC-engines or electric generators [1]), or can be used with benefit as high temperature solar heat supplying systems for any other heat consumers like for instance for solar hydrogen production (e.g. High Temperature Electrolysis or Direct Thermal Water Splitting - Thermolysis), for solar cookers, for solar air conditioning (air heating of living or other spaces), for creating CH4 from H2 + CO2, for any other solar co-occurring electricity and heat production, for solar sea-water desalinisation, for space solar applications etc. All the field of DSC-systems application can be used with advantage in the Earth’s regions between approx. 45° north and 45° south Earth’s geographic latitude [6] and in the case of Space application in the region up to AU = approx. 2, see Figure 4 [5]. 7.3 It is foreseen in next step to approve experimentally the estimated approx. (idealized) data given in Paragraph 5 for the “Dynamic Solar Energy Converter DSC3000”-System built in a scale 1:1. 8 References [1a] SERVIS, W., MEDICA, V.: “Actual and Future Perspectives of Isothermal NSC-Engines”,

Strojarstvo: Časopis za teoriju i praksu u strojarstvu, Vol.51 No.3, rujan 2009. [1b] SERVIS, W.: CH-Patent 701579B1 (NSC-Motor). [1c] SERVIS, W., CHLIBOWYCZ, P.: CH-Patentgesuch 0275/12 (NSC-SolHyb-Motoren). [1d] SERVIS, W., CHLIBOWYCZ, P.: CH-Patentgesuch 0443/12 (Modular-Motoren). [2] WWW: International Renewable Energy Agency: “Concentrating Solar Power”, IRENA [3] WWW: 1) Maricopa Solar Plant (the Maricopa Solar Plant is a 1.5MW /60 Suncatcher dishes/ concentrating solar power project in Peoria, in the state of Arizona, US. It was officially inaugurated in January 2010. It is the first utility-scale commercial solar plant operating in the US). 2) Solar Dish Engine- Solar PACES [4] SERVIS, W., CHLIBOWYCZ, P.: CH-Patentgesuch 01579/11 (DSK) und

PCT-Patentgesuch PCT/EP2012/ 068957 (DSK/ 2012.09.26). [5a] Wikipedia: “Concentrated solar power”. [5b] Wikipedia: “Insolation”. [6] WWW: LOSTER, M.: “Full Sunburst over Earth/ Fichier: Solar energy.jpg” [7] WWW: HONSBERG, C., BOWDEN, S.: “Properties of Sunlight” [8] Wikipedia: “Solar thermal energy” [9] WWW: PITZ-PAAL, R.: “High Temperature Solar Concentrators”, Oxford, UK: Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR). [10] WWW: “Parabola.exe (Parabola Calculator version 2.0)”. [11] WWW: GALLET, D., GRASTIEN, R.: “Water splitting cycles/ Thermochemical water splitting cycles”, Nuclear Energy Division. CEA Valrhô- Pierrelatte Center.

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Journey to the Homes of the Great“).

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