Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Biegung der Fliegenrute - Revision 2.0

7/21/2019 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Biegung der Fliegenrute - Revision 2.0

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@xp`rbk`dt`ff` Pdt`rsucaudi`d zur Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut`vhd ^hgbos Abdzkodd attp5//www.possbhd-jfbì`djbsca`d.n XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

S`bt` ? vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

@xp`rbk`dt`ff` Pdt`rsucaudi`d zur

Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut`v`rjosst & ouji`st`fft vhd Gouoss`sshr ^hgbos Abdzkodd

Bdaoftsv`rz`bcadbs5ZHWYHW^ ....................................................... ............................................................ .................................................... 7

O) IWPDNFOI@D .......................................................................................................................................................... 3

G) I@HK@^WBSCA@ PD^@WSPCAPDI@D .......................................................... .................................................... >

G?)JF@QBGF@ JFB@I@DWP^@.......................................................................................................................................... >G?.?) Gbì`v`raoft`d n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` ................................................................................. ....................... 0

G7)OGSHFP^ S^@BJ@ JFB@I@DWP^@........................................................ ........................................................... ............. 9

G3)Y@I@ N@W WP^@DS]BÛ@D..................................................... ........................................................... ....................... 1G>)YBWLPDISWBCA^PDI@D........................................................ ........................................................... ....................... 2

G>.?) Wbcatudi n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt ........................................................... ........................................................... ... 2

G>.7) Z lthrb`ff` Norst`ffudi n`r Ybrludisrbcatudi`d udn A`g`fork ........................................................ ........... ?=

C) NRDOKBSCA@ PD^@WSPCAPDI@D .................................................................................. ............................... ?7

C?)G@IBDD N@S S^H]]S GUY.N@W WCLS^@FFPDI/@D^FONPDI......................................................... ..................... ?7C7)Y@I-U@B^ -G@UB@APDI@D OPS N@W GBFNOGJHFI@ N@W YPWJS@_P@DU............................................................... ?0C3)@WKB^^FPDI N@W I@SCAYBDNBIL@B^@D OPS N@W GBFNOGJHFI@..................................................... ..................... ?:

C3.?) I`scawbdnbil`bt`d n`r Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` .................................................................... ........... ?9

C3.7) I`scawbdnbil`bt`d n`r Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` ........................................................... ........... ?9

C>)@WKB^^FPDI N@W G@SCAF@PDBIPDI@D.................................................... ........................................................... . 7?

N) @WKB^^FPDI N@W LWJ^@ ......................................................... ........................................................... ........... 77

N?)NB@ ]H^@D^B@FF@ S]ODDLWOJ^ N@W JF@QBGF@D JFB@I@DWP^@............................................................................. 73N7)OPJ NB@ S]BÛ@D G@BN@W JFB@I@DWP^@D YBWL@DN@ LWJ^@.......................................................... ..................... 7:N3)LWJ^@ (KHK@D^@)OK IWBJJ N@W JFB@I@DWP^@D..................................................... ........................................ 79

@) @JJBUB@DU GUY. @D@WIB@G@W^WOIPDI .................................................................................................. 72

@?)@D@WIB@ N@W WP^@DS]BÛ@D (DPÛ@D) ................................................................................................................ 72

@7)OWG@B^ GUY.@D@WIB@ N@W WHÔ^BHD (OPJYODN) ........................................................ ........................................ 3=@3)@JJBUB@DU N@W JF@QBGF@D PDN OGSHFP^ S^@BJ@D JFB@I@DWP^@.......................................................................... 37@>)DN@WPDI N@W @JJBUB@DU G@B SBCA DN@WDN@W GB@IPDI....................................................................... ........... 33

J) PD^@WSPCAPDI Y@B^@W@W @BDJFPSSJOL^HW@D ............................................................. ..................... 3>

J?)N@W NW@ABK]PFS.................................................................................................................................................. 30

J7)NB@ ^WODSFO^BHDSG@Y@IPDI........................................................ ........................................................... ........... 31

J7.?) rodsfotbhdsg`wìudi n`r Yurjs`qu`dz ................................. ........................................................... ........... 31

J7.7) W`bd` rodsfotbhdsg`wìudi n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` .................................................. ..................... >=

J3)ODN@W@ G@Y@IPDISOGFPJ@ N@W OGSHFP^ S^@BJ@D JFB@I@DWP^@................................................................... >?

J>)NK]JPDI......................................................... ............................................................ ........................................ >3

I) JOUB^ PDN SCAFPSSG@^WOCA^PDI@D ...................................................... .................................................. >>

I?)DA@WPDI@D.................................................... ............................................................ ........................................ >>

I7)UPSOKK@DJOSSPDI............................................................................................................................................. >0

NODLSOIPDI PDN SCAFPSSYHW^@ ...................................................... ........................................................... . >:

Odaodi ?5 Z rif`bcasr`cadudi zu Ogscadbtt J3 (v`rtblof` Ousif`bcasg`wìudi)5 ................................................. >1

Odaodi 75 G`trocatudi`d zuk @bdjfuss n`r Koss` g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d ..................................................... ........... 0?

Odaodi 35 @rfut`rudi`d zur Nr abkpufs`raoftudi vhd Nr. Jrodz- Ehs`j Scakbtt ................................................ 0:


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S`bt` 7 vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

Zhrwhrt

]aysblofbsca` Pdt`rsucaudi`d d`bi`d nozu lhkpfbzb`rt, odsprucasvhff udn wbss`dscaojtfbca zus`bd. Nos nrjt` n`r Irudn s`bd, w`saofg nb` ]aysbl hjt dbcat g`b n`r G`trocatudi n`s tifbca`dF`g`ds a`rodi`zhi`d wbrn, w`dd Fùt` g`r Zhr- udn Docat`bf` vhd Nbdi`d hn`r Socav`raoft`dspr`ca`d. ôtscafbca g`stàt uds`r tifbca`s F`g`d ous ]aysbl. E`n`s Nbdi, w`fca`s wbr bk Fouj``bd`s ôi`s g`dutz`d, odi`jodi`d vhk Fjj`f bd uds`r`r ôss` Lojj`` g`r nb` P-Goad, nb` udszur Org`bt grbdit, bst ]aysbl. Bdsg`shdn`r` nos Z`raoft`d vhd Sphrti`rt`d wbrn kbt paysblofbsca`dPdt`rsucaudi`d v`rg`ss`rt. Hg n`r Gonòdzui `bd`s Scawbkk`rs hn`r n`r Scabrk `bd`sJoffscabrksprbdi`rs - nb` ]aysbl trit zur @dtwbclfudi shfca`r Nbdi` g`b. Hjt w`rn`d shfca`Pdt`rsucaudi`d bd Foghr`d nurcai`jart, nb` dur vhd wbss`dscaojtfbca`d Kbtorg`bt`rd g`tr`t`dw`rn`d. @bd` hjj`d` Lhkkudblotbhd g`r nb` paysblofbsca`d Pdt`rsucaudi`d wbrn aujbi dbcat

i`jart w`bf `s zu lhkpfbzb`rt `rsca`bdt.Yb` ouca ^hgbos ifoug` bca, noss nb`s dbcat zwodisfujbi sh s`bd kuss. @s bst vb`fkàr `bd`Jroi`, wb` paysblofbsca` Uusokk`dadi` bd`s Syst`ks v`rstdnfbca wb`n`riì`g`d w`rn`d.Nb` Oddoak` vhd nydokbsca`d Wodng`nbdiudi`d jr nb` `xp`rbk`dt`ff j`sti`st`fft`d Not`d, `bd`v`rstdnfbca` G`scar`bgudi e`n`s vhffzhi`d`d Scarbtt`s, bd` lfor` irojbsca` Norst`ffudi`d n`rpaysblofbsca`d Ir`d udn scafb`fbca `bd kota`kotbsca`r Uuiodi, n`r nb` `rahg`d`d Not`d kbtJhrk`fd g`scar`bgt, nb` ous n`r Scaufz`bt g`loddt sbdn udn ouj lhkpfbzb`rt` Nbjj`r`dtbof- udnBdtìrofr`cadudi`d v`rzbcat`t, ldd`d nos `g`dsh f`bst`d.

Kbt nb`s`r Org`bt gògsbcatbi`d ^hgbos udn bca n`d F`s`r vhd n`d vb`f`d Zhrzi`d n`r jf`xbgf`dJfbì`drut` zu g`rzùi`d, wb` sb` bk Z`rif`bca zu `bd`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`d g`stà`d.

Nog`b w`rn`d nb` @bi`dscaojt`d n`r Jfbì`drut`d kbt v`r`bdjocat`d, kota`kotbsca` Ousnrcl`dg`scarb`g`d, wb` sb` à`r bd n`r 2. hn`r ?=. Scauflfoss` ofs od Pdbv`rsbtt`d i`fàrt w`rn`d. E`n`rScarbtt wbrn ousjarfbca s`kodtbsca g`scarb`g`d udn nb` J`stst`ffudi`d sbdn iut i``bid`t, bd`Zhrst`ffudi vhd n`d totscafbca`d nydokbsca`d Ogfuj`d `bd`r Jfbì`drut` zu g`lhkk`d ofsf`tzt`dnfbca bd`d Y`rt zu prs`dtb`r`d, n`r doca vb`f`d lhkpfbzb`rt`d Jhrk`fd udnG`r`cadudi`d dtstàt udn scaw`r n`k paysblofbsca`d Hge`lt zui`hrnd`t w`rn`d lodd. Noa`rk`bd`d wbr, noss nb`s` Pdt`rsucaudi`d vhd `bd`k i`s`ffscaojtfbca`d Stodnpudlt ous g`trocat`tg`ss`r sbdn ofs i`dou`r` G`r`cadudi`d, nb` t`bfw`bs` dbcat kof bdd`raofg n`r ta`hr`tbsca`d]aysbl i`dou g`scarb`g`d w`rn`d ldd`d udn hjt ouj G`r`cadudi`d v`rw`bs`d, nb` ous `bd`rGfocl Ghx `dtstodn`d sbdn. Nb`s wr` `bd` scaf`cat` Ousr`n` jr jàf`dn` Jodtosb`, wb` dkfbcatotscafbca lhkpf`x` Socav`raoft` n`s tifbca`d F`g`ds bd bd` `bdjoca`r` Norst`ffudi i`grocatw`rn`d ldd`d.

Ybr ahjj`d, noss nb`s` Pdt`rsucaudi`d ouca ofs G`bspb`f nojr odi`sà`d wbrn, wbì`s`ffscaojtfbca` Jroi`d nurca `bd` i`dou` Odofys` gàodn`ft w`rn`d ldd`d, uk sp`lufotbv`Nbslussbhd`d zu g``dn`d, nb` dbcat g`wb`s`d w`rn`d ldd`d. Nb`s` Pdt`rsucaudi`d foss`dl`bd`d Uw`bj`f norod zu, noss bd` a`rlkkfbca`, jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` n`d Oujwodn n`s Y`rj`rsnùtfbca `jjbzb`dt`r bd nb` G`scafùdbiudi n`r Wut`dspbtz` udn n`r Jfbì`dscadur g`rtroi`d lodd,ofs `s `bd` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` v`rkoi.

Bca nodl` ^hgbos jr nb` I`fì`da`bt, zur Gòdtwhrtudi `bd`r Jroi` vhd irudnstzfbca`kBdt`r`ss` g`btroi`d zu ldd`d. Pds`r` Uusokk`dorg`bt aot kbr vb`f Jrùn` g`r`bt`t.

G`rfbd bk Dhv`kg`r 7=?> Nr. Jrodz- Ehs`j Scakbtt


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O) Irudnfoi`d

Bk Jhfi`dn`d udt`rsuca` bca ouj n`r Irudnfoi` `xp`rbk`dt`ff`r Not`d paysblofbsca /kota`kotbsca, w`fca`d @bdjfuss nb` Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` ouj n`d Yurj aot.

Nb` Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` wbrn odaodn `bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz vhd kbr ous n`k Shkk`r7=?7 odofysb`rt, bd w`fca`r bca `bd`d F``rwurj w`rj`. Sb` wurn` kbt `bd`r aodn`fsgfbca`dnbibtof`d Lok`ro ouji`dhkk`d, nb` 3= @bdz`fgbfn`r prh S`ludn` `rzùit. Nb` @bdz`fgbfn`rk`bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz wurn`d odscafb``dn kbt `bd`k Gbfngòrg`btudisprhirokkousi`f`s`d.

Ofs Jfbì`drut` nb`dt` `bd` SOI@ 01: W]F+ (7,:0 k Fdi`) kbt poss`dn`r ScadurYJ 0 J fhdi g`ffy.

Pk n`d @bdjfuss n`r Gbìudi g`ss`r v`rstà`d zu ldd`d, w`rn`d nb` @bi`dscaojt`d n`rv`rw`dn`t`d jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` kbt n`d`d `bd`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` v`rifbca`d?.Nb` udt`rsucat`d Jfbì`drut`d g`sbtz`d nokbt jhfi`dn` @bi`dscaojt`d5

?.) Nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` w`bst nb` St`bjbil`bt `bd`r scad`ff`d Wut`doltbhd ouj, n`dPdt`rsucaudi`d fbìt `bd` Jfbì`drut` vhk ^yp SOI@ 01: W]F+ (Scadurlfoss` 0,7,:0k Fdi`) zuirudn`

7.) Nb` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` w`bst `bd` doa`zu ud`dnfbca irh` St`bjbil`bt ouj(@-Khnuf ), sb` gbìt sbca war`dn n`s Yurj`s dbcat nurca.

@bd Z`rif`bca g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d bst nodd kifbca, w`dd sb` kbt n`r s`fg`dYbdl`fi`scawbdnbil`bt (Whtotbhdsi`scawbdnbil`bt) i`whrj`d w`rn`d. Nb`s wbrn bdn`d jhfi`dn`d Pdt`rsucaudi`d bdiàoft`d.

Pk nb` Pdt`rsucaudi`d bd `bd`k g`rscaougor`d Woak`d aoft`d zu ldd`d, kuss bcazudcast `bdbi` Wodng`nbdiudi`d jhrkufb`r`d, nb` jr g`bn` Jfbì`drut`d if`bca`rko`di`ft`d5

@s wbrn nb` Whtotbhdsg`wìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` g`trocat`t. N`r Odt`bf n`r^rodsfotbhdsg`wìudi7wbrn v`rdocafssbit (no sb` `bd`d v`rif`bcasw`bs` i`rbdi`dOdt`bf od n`r St`bi`rudi n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt aot).

G`bn` Jfbì`drut`d w`rn`d kbt n`r s`fg`d Ybdl`fi`scawbdnbil bt(Whtotbhdsi`scawbdnbil`bt) i`whrj`d.

G`bn` Jfbì`drut`d `raoft`d l`bd` Koss`3.

?Nb` bk Jhfi`dn`d v`rw`dn`t`d Bdnbz`s j udn s stà`d jr5 j ; jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` udn s ; ogshfut st`bj`Jfbì`drut`.7Ouj nb` ^rodsfotbhdsg`wìudi wbrn zuk @dn` n`r Pdt`rsucaudi`d abd i`shdn`rt `bdiìodi`d.3Bdsg`shdn`r` nurca nb` Oddoak` koss`fhs`r Jfbì`drut`d ldd`d `bdbi` Uusokk`dadi` v`r`bdjocat nori`st`fftw`rn`d, nb` totscafbca lhkpf`x`r sbdn (z.G. nos Oggr`ks d udn Docascawbdi`d). Nonurca sbdn `bdbi` @ri`gdbss`storl bnòfbsb`rt, wos sbca off`rnbdis ouj g`bn` Jfbì`drut` bd `two bk s`fg`d Ko` ouswbrl`d shfft`. Nb` bk Z rif`bcai`trhjj`d`d J`stst`ffudi`d gf`bg`d n`saofg oussoi`lrjtbi. @s bst dbcat `rl`ddgor, noss nurca nb` Bnòfbsb`rudi `bd` n`r

g`bn`d Jfbì`drut` kàr Zhrt`bf gzw. Docat`bf `rjart ofs nb` odn`r`. N`d @bdjfuss n`r Koss` g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d aog`bca bk Odaodi 7 ogi`scatzt.


4/59


S`bt` > vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

Nos Oggr`ks`d udn Docascawbdi`d g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d wbrn v`rdocafssbit>. Nb` Odjodis- udn @dnst`ffudi g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d fbìt g`b co. >= udn ?>=

g`zhi`d ouj nb` Ahrbzhdtof`.

@s wbrn `bd` fdi`r` Jfbì`dscadur (co. 7= K`t`r bdlfusbv` Zhrjoca)udt`rOdw`dnudi n`s Nhpp`fzui`s i`whrj`d0.

Nb` Wut`dspbtz`d zbà`d od n`r Koss` k n`r i`str`clt`d Jfbì`dscadur. G`bn` Jfbì`drut`d g`sbtz`d nb` if`bca` Fdi` F.

Nb` i`hk`trbsca`d udn nydokbsca`d Uoaf`dw`rt` w`rn`d jr nb` nr`b ]hsbtbhd`d >=, 2=udn ?>= n`r Jfbì`drut` `rkbtt`ft udn - shj`rd `rjhrn`rfbca - zwbsca`d n`d ]hsbtbhd`dbdt`rphfb`rt. Nb` Slbzz`d nb`d`d n`r Zbsuofbsb`rudi udn sbdn dbcat kostogs`cat. g`r n`di`sokt`d Gòrg`btudisz`btrouk aog` bca norouj iòcat`t, nb` paysblofbsca`dUusokk`dadi` kifbcast `bdjoca zu aoft`d udn norzust`ff`d:.

Nb` @ri`gdbss` n`r Pdt`rsucaudi`d g`zbà`d sbca ouj `bd` odofysb`rt` Yurjs`qu`dz vhdkbr9. Sb` sbdn `xp`rbk`dt`ff `rkbtt`ft udn nonurca kbt Pdscarj`d gàojt`t. Ouj nb`Pdscarj`d ià` bca ok @dn` n`r Pdt`rsucaudi`d dhca da`r `bd lodd og`rvhrwìdàk`d, noss nb` J`stst`ffudi`d nonurca od sbca dbcat bd Jroi` i`st`fft w`rn`d.

G) I`hk`trbsca` Pdt`rsucaudi`d

Bd nb`s`k Ogscadbtt udt`rsuca` bca nb` I`hk`trb` (Yì`g`zbàudi) da`r, w`fca` `bd`jf`xbgf` udn `bd` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` war`dn n`s Yurj`s g`scar`bg`d.

G?) Jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut`

Jr nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` `ri`g`d sbca nb` docajhfi`dn nori`st`fft`d i`hk`trbsca`dG`zbàudi`d5

>Bk Z`rfouj` k`bd`r Pdt`rsucaudi`d w`rn` bca ouj nb` Ouswbrludi`d, nb` sbca ous n`d i`trhjj`d`d Wodng`nbdi`d`ri`g`d, bkk`r wb`n`r `bdià`d udn nb` sbca norous `ri`g`dn`d Da`rudi`d ogscatz`d.0Lurz doca n`r nb`s`d Pdt`rsucaudi`d zuirudn` fbì`dn`d Zbn houjdoak` wurn` `bd` w`bt`r` ouji`dhkk`d, g`bw`fca`r bca nb` s`fg` Scadurfdi` had` Nhpp`fzui w`rj` (noa`r ouca n`r Aha` Odt`bf n`r ^rodsfotbhdsg`wìudi, sbàÒgscadbtt J7.?). Nb` Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` wb` ouca nb` Scaduri`scawbdnbil`bt wor`d i`rbdijibi lf`bd`r.:Ouj Nbjj`r`dtbof- udn Bdtìrofr`cadudi`d aog` bca g`bspb`fsw`bs` v`rzbcat`t. Nb` Y`rt` w`rn`d jr nb` e`w`bfbi`Khk`dtoujdoak` n`r Jfbì`drut` g`r`cad`t udn st`ff`d nb` Y`rt` nor, nb` zu nb`s`k U`btpudlt bd n`r Jfbì`drut`wbrl`d. @jj`lt`, nb` sbca ous n`k nydokbsca`d Uusokk`dspb`f n`r `bdz`fd`d Lrjt` ous n`r G`wìudi a`rouswar`dn n`s Yurj`s `ri`g`d, sbdn bd n`d `xp`rbk`dt`ff `rkbtt`ft`d Not`d k`bd`s Yurj`s `dtaoft`d udn jfb``d n`saofgbd nb`s` Khk`dtoujdoak` kbt `bd. Ous nb`s`k Irudn` bst novhd ouszuià`d, noss nb`s` G`trocatudisw`bs` ròfbstbsca`Y`rt` oggbfn`t.9@bdz`fgbfn`r vhd Zbn`houjdoak`d odn`r`r Yurjs qu`dz`d vhd kbr z`bi`d `bd doa`zu bn`dtbsca`s Gbì`v`raoft`d n`r

Jfbì`drut` hgwhaf bca bd nb`s`d Zbn houjdoak`d Jfbì`drut`d kbt scad`ff`r`r (SOI@ ^CW) udn fodisok`r`r Oltbhdw`rj`. N`r Pdt`rscab`n g`stodn bk Y`s`dtfbca`d bd n`r udt`rscab`nfbca`d @dni`scawbdnbil`bt n`r Wut`dspbtz`d.


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Slbzz` B

Nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` gbìt sbca nurca. Nb` `xp`rbk`dt`ff`d Pdt`rsucaudi`d z`bi`d,noss nog`b n`r Yì n`r Wut`dspbtz` odda`rdn `bd` I`ron`d g`scar`bgt (sbà` Slbzz` B).

?. J`stst`ffudi5 Nb` Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` abfjt, noss nb` Spbtz` g`r bar`d Yìodda`rdn `bd` I`ron` joar`d lodd.

G?.?) Gbì`v`raoft`d n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`Jr nb` odscafb``dn`d Pdt`rsucaudi`d kuss nb` ]hsbtbhd n`r Wut`dspbtz` g`stbkktw`rn`d. Nojr bst `bd` i`dou`r` G`trocatudi n`s Gbì`v`raoft`ds n`r jf`xbgf`dJfbì`drut` `rjhrn`rfbca. K`bd` Yurjs`qu`dz shff norg`r Oujscafuss i`g`d.

Gbìudi bd n`r 2= ]hsbtbhd (Z`rtblof`)

Uur i`dou`r`d G`stbkkudi n`r I`hk`trb` n`r Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` w`rn`d zw`b@bdz`fgbfn`r k`bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz i`dou`r g`trocat`t.

;>=

;2=Z`rtblof`

;?>=

ahrbzhdtof`r Yì n`r Wut`dspbtz`

N`r Ybdl`f (Whtotbhdswbdl`f)

wbrn g`scafùdbit

Nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut`gbìt sbca nurca

Yurjrbcatudi


6/59


S`bt` : vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

Nb`s` g`bn`d Gbfn`r n`s Zhrwrts- udn Wclwurj`s z`bi`d, noss bd nb` Gbìudi n`rJfbì`drut` iut `bd Lr`bssìk`dt i`fìt w`rn`d lodd. Nb` g`bn`d Gbfn`r z`bi`d ouca,noss sbca nb` Fdi` n`r i`ghi`d`d Jfbì`drut` `bd`k Zb`rt`f n`s Lr`bsukjodi`s

odda`rt, w`dd n`r Wut`dirbjj bd `two nb` v`rtblof` 2= ]hsbtbhd `rr`bcat aot. @s ibft

P ; * n ; 7 * * r< F * P

kbt P; Lr`bsukjodi< n ; Lr`bsnurcak`ss`r< r ; Lr`bsronbus< F ; Fdi` n`r Jfbì`drut`

No nb` Fdi` F n`r Jfbì`drut` g`b v`rtblof`r 2= ]hsbtbhd n`s Wut`dirbjjs rn. `bd`k Zb`rt`fn`s Lr`bsukjodi`s P `dtsprbcat, `ribgt sbca jr n`d Wonbus

P ; > * F ; 7 * * r r ; =,:> * F

Nurca bar` Gbìudi v`rlrzt sbca nb` ]rhe`ltbhd n`r Jfbì`drut` ouj nb` v`rtblof` 2=]hsbtbhd uk

F - r ; F =,:> * F ;=,3: * FNb` Slbzz` BB z`bit nb` i`hk`trbsca`d Uusokk`dadi` n`r Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut`.

Slbzz` BB

7. J`stst`ffudi5 Nurca nb` Gbìudi v`rlrzt sbca nb` ]rhe`ltbhd n`r Jfbì`drut` oujnb` v`rtblof` 2=]hsbtbhd uk rn. ?/3 (=,3:*F).

~ F r; F - =,:> * F

; =,3: * F

Wonbus r

F * P

=,:> * F; F * sbd(>=) =,:> * F

; F * sbd(>=)

WclwurjZhrwrtswurj


7/59



Gbìudi bd n`r ?>= ]hsbtbhd (@dnst`ffudi)

Uur G`stbkkudi n`r I`hk`trb` n`r Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` w`rn`d wb`n`r zw`b@bdz`fgbfn`r k`bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz i`dou`r g`trocat`t.

Nb` Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` bst bd n`r ]hsbtbhd ?>= lhkpf`x`r ofs nb` bd n`r ]hsbtbhd 2=.Sb` da`rt sbca ok à`st`d n`r Jhrk `bd`s @ffbps`dsìk`dts od udn lodd kbt `bd`r`bdjoca`r`d I`hk`trb` dbcat kàr g`scarb`g`d w`rn`d. Yor nb` Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut`bd n`r v`rtblof`d 2= ]hsbtbhd dhca if`bcakbi g`r bar` Fdi` v`rt`bft, sh gbìt sbca dudnb` Jfbì`drut` bd bar`k hg`r`d Kbtt`fogscadbtt `ra`gfbca strl`r ofs bd bar`d grbi`d

Ogscadbtt`d nurca. @s jfft ouj, noss sbca nb` Wut`dspbtz`- w`bt`rabd odda`rdn ouj `bd`r i`ron`d Goad udn- bd `two g`r k`bd`r Kbtt`focas`

g`jbdn`t, w`dd nb` Wut`daodn nb` @dnst`ffudi (?>= ]hsbtbhd) `rr`bcat aot.

G7) Ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut`

Jr nb` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` `ri`g`d sbca nb` docajhfi`dn nori`st`fft`di`hk`trbsca`d G`zbàudi`d5


8/59



Slbzz` BBB

Nb` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` gbìt sbca - ouca g`b Lrojt`bdwbrludi - dbcat nurca. N`r Yìn`r Wut`dspbtz` g`scar`bgt ous nb`s`k Irudn` `bd`d lhdv`x`d Lr`bsghi`d (sbà`Slbzz` BBB)1.

G3) Yì` n`r Wut`dspbtz`d

N`r i`sokt` Whtotbhdswbdl f g`trit war`dn n`s Yurj`s jr g`bn` Jfbì`drut`d(jf`xbg`f / ogshfut st`bj)

; ?>= >= ; ?==

N`r Yì n`r Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` `dtsprbcat

YWs(j) ; 7 * F * chs (>=); 7 * =,99 * F ; ?,0> * F

Nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` g`scar`bgt `bd Lr`bsghi`dsìk`dt, n`ss`dPkjodi sbca ous n`r docastà`dn`d Jhrk`f `ribgt

YWs(s) ; F * *?1=

(nì); F * * =,000 ; ?,90 * F

1Nb` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` lodd bdd`raofg `bd`s lf`bd`d Whtotbhdswbdl`fs ouca sh i`whrj`d w`rn`d, noss bar`

Spbtz` `bd`d i`ron`d Odt`bf g`sbtzt. Pk Z`rif`bcasw`rt` zu `raoft`d, kuss nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` bdk`bd`d Pdt`rsucaudi`d og`r ouj `bd`k Lr`bssìk`dt joar`d.

;?>=

; 2=Z`rtblof`

;>=

Yì n`r Wut`dspbtz` ouj Lr`bssìk`dt

N`r Ybdl`f (Whtotbhdswbdl`f) wbrng`scafùdbit

Nb` ogshfut st`bj`Jfbì`drut` gbìtsbca dbcat nurca

Yurjrbcatudi


9/59



Bd Uusokk`djossudi n`r gbsa`rbi`d G`trocatudi`d `ribgt n`r Z`rif`bca n`r jf`xbgf`d udnn`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` nb` jhfi`dn`d i`hk`trbsca`d G`zbàudi`d (sbà` Slbzz`BZ)5

Slbzz` BZ

]hsbtbhd Whtotbhdswbdl`f /St`ffudi Wut`dirbjj

>= 2=(Z`rtblof`)

?>=(@dn` Whtotbhd)

Sukk` Yì(had` Wclst`ffudi /@dtfonudi)

Uurcli`fìt`r Yì n`r Spbtz`n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` =,=

(=,?3- =) * F; =,?3 * F

( =,99- =,?3) * F; =,:> * F

(=,?3+=,:>) * F; =,99 * F; YWs(j)

Uurcli`fìt`r Yì n`r Spbtz`n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`

=,=(=,19 - =) * F; =,19 * F; YWs(s)

(?,90 - =,19) * F; =,19 * F; YWs(s)

(=,19+=,19) * F;?,90 * F; YWs(s)

G>) Ybrludisrbcatudi`d

Nb` Ybdl`fi`scawbdnbil`bt, kbt w`fca`r n`r Whtotbhdswbdl`fi`dn`rt wbrn, dbkkt g`bn`r ogshfut st`bj`d udn jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`d bk s`fg`d Ko` zu. Off`rnbdis g`rtroi`dnb` Spbtz`d n`r Jfbì`drut`d nb` `bdiì`g`d` Ybdl`fi`scawbdnbil`bt ouj bar` Spbtz`dudt`rscab`nfbca.

G>.?) Wbcatudi n`r I`scawbdnbil`btOujirudn bar`r Gbìudi z`bit nb` Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` zu Gìbdd n`s Yurj`s

g`r `bd`d irh`d ^`bf bar`s Yì`s bd nb` Wbcatudi n`r i`str`clt`d Jfbì`dscadur.

~=,:> * F

>=2=

?>=

rht ; ogshfut st`bj`

(s) Jfbì`drutìrd ; jf`xbgf` (j)Jfbì`drut`

~=,?3 * F=,3: * F

=,19 * F ; * YWs(s)F * chs (>=) ; =,99 * F ; * YWs(j)

Whtotbhdswbdl`f ; ?>= >= ; ?==

* YWs j

Ybdl`fi`scawbdnbil`btbst g`b g`bn`dJfbì`drut`d if`bca


10/59


S`bt` ?= vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

Nonurca g`scafùdbit sb` nb` Jfbì`dscadur vhrwbì`dn bd ahrbzhdtof`r Wbcatudi.Abdiì`d z`bit nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` zu l`bd`k U`btpudlt bd nb`Wbcatudi n`r i`str`clt`d Jfbì`dscadur, w`bf sb` nb`s` todi`dtbof g`scafùdbit (sbà`

Slbzz` Z).

Slbzz` Z

3. J`stst`ffudi5 Nb` Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` z`bit g`r `bd`d irh`d ^`bfbar`s Yì`s bd nb` Wbcatudi n`r i`str`clt`d Jfbì`dscadur< sb` g`scafùdbit nb`s`bd ahrbzhdtof`r Wbcatudi. Nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` z`bit zu l`bd`kU`btpudlt bd nb` Wbcatudi n`r i`str`clt`d Jfbì`dscadur< sb` g`scafùdbit nb`s`todi`dtbof ouj `bd`k Lr`bssìk`dt.

G>.7) Z`lthrb`ff` Norst`ffudi n`r Ybrludisrbcatudi`d udn A`g`forkY`bf nb` Spbtz`d g`bn`r Jfbì`drut` nb` `bdiì`g`d` Ybdl`fi`scawbdnbil`btudt`rscab`nfbca ouj nb` Jfbì`dscadur g`rtroi`d, `ri`g`d sbca udt`rscab`nfbca`Ybrludisrbcatudi`d.

Pk nb` jf`xbgf` udn ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` kbt`bdodn`r v`rif`bca`d zu ldd`d,kss`d g`bn` Jfbì`drut`d dbcat dur nb` s`fg` Ybdl`fi`scawbdnbil`bt g`sbtz`d,shdn`rd ouca bar` Spbtz`d nb` Jfbì`dscadur bd nb`s`fg` Wbcatudi w`rj`d. Od nb`s`rSt`ff` wbrn nb` `bdiodis jhrkufb`rt` Wodng`nbdiudi `dtspr`ca`dn przbsb`rt.

Nb` Jfbì`dscadur shff bd ahrbzhdtof`r Wbcatudi i`whrj`d w`rn`d, sh noss n`r ahrbzhdtofÒdt`bf n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt koi`g`dn bst. Nb` Uusokk`dadi` zwbsca`d n`d Odt`bf`dgzw. Wbcatudi`d (Z`lthr`d) n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt w`rn`d bd docajhfi`dn`r Slbzz` ZBnori`st`fft5

ahrbzhdtof Wbcatudig`b jf`xbgf`r Jfbì`drut`

todi`dtbof Wbcatudi g`bogshfut st`bj`r Jfbì`drut`


11/59


S`bt` ?? vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

Slbzz` ZB

G`b n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` v`raft sbca nb` todi`dtbof` I`scawbdnbil`bt zu n`rahrbzhdtof`d wb` jhfit5

va ; sbd * vt

Bd n`r @dnst`ffudi (?>= ]hsbtbhd) g`trit n`r ahrbzhdtof` Odt`bf

va(?>=); chs(0=)* vt; sbd(?>=)* vt

Ous n`r vhri`doddt`d v`lthrb`ff`d G`zbàudi iàt a`rvhr, noss nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt`dg`bn`r Wbcatudi`d vhd`bdodn`r ogadi`d2. Bd n`r @dnst`ffudi (?>= ]hsbtbhd) g`trit n`rahrbzhdtof` Odt`bf nodd

va(?>=) ; sbd(?>=) * vt; =,:>3 *vt

>. J`stst`ffudi5 G`b `bd`k Whtotbhdswbdl`f vhd ?== r`nuzb`rt sbca g`b n`r ogshfutst`bj`d Jfbì`drut` bd n`r @dnst`ffudi n`r ahrbzhdtof` Odt`bf n`r I`scawbdnbil`btn`r Spbtz` uk n`d Jolthr =,:>3. E` ir`r n`r Whtotbhdswbdl`f wbrn, n`sth lf`bd`rwbrn nb`s`r Jolthr udn nokbt ouca n`r ahrbzhdtof` Odt`bf, n`d nb` ogshfut st`bj`Jfbì`drut` oujgrbdi`d lodd.

@s bst ofsh vhd Zhrt`bf, w`dd n`r ahrbzhdtof` Odt`bf n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt kifbcast ahca bst.G`b n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` lodd nb`s dur `rr`bcat w`rn`d, w`dd n`rWhtotbhdswbdl`f sh lf`bd wb` kifbca iàoft`d wbrn.

2Pdn n`r ahrbzhdtof` Odt`bf n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt lodd db` ir`r ofs n`r todi`dtbof` w`rn`d.

>=

>=

0=

ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut`(@dnst`ffudi)

todi`dtbof`rOdt`bfk,t gzw. vt

ahrbzhdtof`rOdt`bfk,a gzw. va

ronbof`r Odt`bfk,r gzw. vr

jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut`(@dnst`ffudi)

No sbca nb` Wut`dspbtz` `dtfodi `bd`rI`ron`d bd Wbcatudi n`r Jfbì`dscadurg`wìt, bst `bd` U`rfìudi dbcatdhtw`dnbi

>=


12/59


S`bt` ?7 vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

Ybrn n`r Whtotbhdswbdl`fi`dn`rt, zbàt nb` Spbtz` n`r Jfbì`drut` od n`r Jfbì`dscadur(Koss`), whnurca bk Wut`dirbjj `bd Khk`dt wbrlt. Nb`s`s Khk`dt lodd kbt n`r Jhrk`f

Khk`dt ; Lrojt * A`g`fork

g`r`cad`t w`rn`d. Nog`b bst n`r A`g`fork n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` g`r n`d i`sokt`dYì n`r Wut`dspbtz` odda`rdn lhdstodt udn `dtsprbcat n`k Wonbus n`s Lr`bssìk`dts r; Aj; =,:> * F (sbà` Ogscadbtt G?.?). G`b n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` dn`rt sbca n`rA`g`fork g`r n`d Yì n`r Wut`dspbtz` udn `dtsprbcat bd n`r v`rtblof`d 2= ]hsbtbhd n`rWut`dfdi` F.

Slbzz` ZB

Nb` Khk`dt` w`rn`d spt`r g`b n`d @rkbttfudi`d n`r vhk Y`rj`r oujzuw`dn`dn`d Lrojtg`r`cad`t.

C) Nydokbsca` Pdt`rsucaudi`dBd nb`s`k Ogscadbtt udt`rsuca` bca nb` Nydokbl (z`btogadibi` G`zbàudi) da`r, w`fca`nb` jf`xbgf` udn nb` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` war`dn n`s Yurj`s g`scar`bg`d.

C?) Gìbdd n`s Sthpps gzw. n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi

Bk Iì`dsotz zur ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` g``bdjfusst nb` Gbìudi n`r jf`xbgf`dJfbì`drut` n`d Z`rfouj n`s Yurjs zustzfbca. Nb` @bdz`fgbfn`r k`bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz fì`ddoa`, noss jhfi`dn` Odz`bca`d jr n`d Gìbdd n`s Sthpps gzw. n`r Wclst`ffudi /@dtfonudi caorolt`rbstbsca sbdn5

A`g`fork A 6 F

Fdi` F n`r Jfbì`drut`

Wut`dirbjj

Jfbì`drut`?.) jf`xbg`f (= 6 @-Khnuf 6 )7.) ogshfut st`bj (@-Khnuf )

Bk Wut`dirbjjwbrl`dn`s Khk`dt K

Ouj nb` Wut`dspbtz`wbrl`dn` Lrojt ous n`rG`scafùdbiudi n`rJfbì`dscadur


13/59



- N`r i`ron` Odt`bf n`s udt`r`d, storl`d Ogscadbtts bd Irbjjda` n`r Jfbì`drut`v`rir`rt sbca. N`r sbca gbì`dn` ^ bf n`r Jfbì`drut` wbrn lf`bd`r udn v`rfoi`rt

sbca zudàk`dn bd nb` Spbtz` n`r Jfbì`drut`.- Nb` Wut`daodn aot nb` Whtotbhdsg`wìudi ogi`scafhss`d udn jhfit iij. dur dhca`twos bd Yurjrbcatudi doca

Y`rn`d nb` @bdz`fgbfn`r k`bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz ouj nb` vhri`doddt`d Odz`bca`d abdudt`rsucat, nodd gìbddt nb` Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi gzw. n`r Sthpp n`r Jfbì`drut` bd`two zu n`k U`btpudlt, w`dd bar` Spbtz` nb` Afjt` bar`s Yì`s zurcli`fìt aot (sbà`Gbfn 3). Nb` docajhfi`dn`d jdj @bdz`fgbfn`r (`bd Gbfn prh ?/3= S`ludn`) z`bi`d n`dZhrwrtswurj uk n`d U`btpudlt n`s Gìbdds a`ruk5


14/59


S`bt` ?> vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

If`bca`s lodd jr k`bd`d Wclwurj odi`dhkk`d w`rn`d, no n`r Yurjogfouj udn nosGbì`v`raoft`d bd g`bn` Wbcatudi`d doa`zu bn`dtbsca bst.

0. J`stst`ffudi5 N`r Sthpp gzw. nb` Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi n`r jf`xbgf`dJfbì`drut` gìbddt, w`dd bar` Spbtz` bd `two nb` Afjt` (~0=%) bar`s Yì`s (ousWhtotbhd) zurcli`fìt aot. Nb` Wut`daodn aot nodd i`ron` nb` @dnst`ffudi ?>=`rr`bcat?=.

Docajhfi`dn` Slbzz` ZBB v`rnùtfbcat n`d Uusokk`daodi zwbsca`d Gìbdd n`s Sthppsgzw. n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi udn n`r ]hsbtbhd n`r Wut`dspbtz`.

Slbzz` ZBB

?=Scahd off`bd nb` ôtsoca`, noss sbca nb` Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi bd `two g`r nb` Afjt` n`s Yurjwì`s `r`bid`tz`bit, noss nb` Gbìudi dbcat v`rdocafssbit w`rn`d norj. Pdogadibi vhd n`d w`bt`r`d J`stst`ffudi`d lodd ab`r scahd

i`soit w`rn`d, noss n`r Y`rj`r dbcat dur n`d Oujgou n`r Gbìudi, shdn`rd ouca bar`d Oggou (Wclst`ffudi /@dtfonudi) g`r `bd`d fodi`d Yì n`r Wut`dspbtz` lhdtrhffb`r`d kuss.

I`ron`r Odt`bf n`s udt`r`d G`r`bcas n`rJfbì`drut` gìbddt sbca og e`tzt zuv`rir`rd. Wut`daodn aotWhtotbhdspaos` ogi`scafhss`d udng`jbdn`t sbca bd n`r @dnst`ffudi ?>=.N`rSthpp gzw. nb` Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudigìbddt.

~Aofg`r Yì n`r Wut`dspbtz` ;* YWs(j). Gbìudi / Fonudiwbrn ouji`gout

~Aofg`r Yì n`r Wut`dspbtz` ;* YWs(j). Sthpp gzw.Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi gìbddt

Gìbdd n`s Sthpps gzw. n`r

Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi

Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut`dbkkt w`bt`r zu. Dhca L`bd`Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudigzw. Gìbdd n`s Sthpps


15/59



C7) Yì-U`bt -G`zbàudi`d ous n`r Gbfnogjhfi` n`r Yurjs`qu`dz

Kbt n`d udt`r Ogscadbtt G `rkbtt`ft`d i`hk`trbsca`d G`zbàudi`d udn n`r Gbfnogjhfi`

ldd`d dud n`d `bdz`fd`d ]hsbtbhd`d, w`fca` nb` Wut`dspbtz` g`r bar`d Yì `bddbkkt,n`d U`btpudlt`d zui`hrnd`t w`rn`d. Nojr wbrn bk Jhfi`dn`d nb` Gbfnogjhfi` k`bd`sZhrwrtswurj`s a`rodi`zhi`d, n`r z`btfbca` Ogstodn n`r Gbfn`r zu`bdodn`r g`trit ?/3=S`ludn`. Y`bf n`r Yurjogfouj udn nos Gbì`v`raoft`d k`bd`s Zhrwrtswurj`s udn k`bd`sWclwurj`s doa`zu bn`dtbsca sbdn, i`ft`d nb` `rkbtt`ft`d Y`rt` jr k`bd`d Wclwurjif`bca`rko`d.

Gbfn ?-3

Gbfn >-:

Gbfn 15~Z`rtblof` ]hsbtbhd 2=

Gbfn ?=5~Gìbdd Wclst`ffudi ?>=


16/59


S`bt` ?: vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

Bk f`tzt`d, ?3. Gbfn bst Yurj g`r`bts ogi`scafhss`d. Nojr spr`ca`d jhfi`dn` Odz`bca`d5- bk vhrodià`dn`d ?7. Gbfn bst nb` Jfbì`drut` g`r`bts jost `dtspoddt, dur nos

hg`rst` Spbtz`dt`bf gbìt sbca dhca f`bcat nurca- nb` Goad n`r Wut`dspbtz` bst ogwrtsi`rbcat`t- nb` Wut` bst sh`g`d nurca bar` `dtspoddt` Wua`st`ffudi i`scawudi`d

- nb` Jfbì`dscadur gìbddt `bd` Scafouj` ouszugbfn`dNoa`r wbrn nos f`tzt` Gbfn dbcat kàr jr nb` Yurjnou`r g`rclsbcatbit??.

Nb` ous n`r Gbfnogjhfi` g`r`cad`t`d U`bt`d sbdn bd n`r docastà`dn`d og`ff` nori`st`fft5

]hsbtbhd Whtotbhdswbdl`f /St`ffudi Wut`dirbjj 2= ?>=

Wclst`ffudi/@dtfonudi/Sthpp gbsWua`st`ffudi

Odzoaf Gbfn`r gbs ]hsbtbhdWhtotbhdswbdl`f / St`ffudiWut`dirbjj `rr`bcat wbrn

1 ?= ~?7

U`bt bdsi`sokt (Nou`r) 1 / 3= ; =,7:::s ?= / 3= ; =,3333s ?7 / 3= ; =,>=s

Nbjj`r`dz`d >= gbs 2= 2= gbs ?>=vhd Gìbdd gbs @dn`Wclst`ffudi /@dtfonudi

U`bt t (g`b 3= Gbfn`r prhS`ludn`) zwbsca`d n`d]hsbtbhd / St`ffudi

t ; (1-=)/3= ;=,7:::s

t ; (?=-1)/3= ;=,=:::s

t ; (?7-?=)/3= ;=,=:::s

:. J`stst`ffudi5 Nb` Spbtz`d g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d grouca`d udt`rscab`nfbca fodi`, ukbar` ahrbzhdtof` @dni`scawbdnbil`bt zu `rr`bca`d. G`b if`bca`r

Ybdl`fi`scawbdnbil`bt nou`rt n`r Yurj n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` rn. =,=:::S`ludn`d (uk nb` Nou`r n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi) fdi`r ofs n`r Yurj kbt n`rogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`.

C3) @rkbttfudi n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt`d ous n`r Gbfnogjhfi`

g`r nb` @bdz`fgbfn`r k`bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz g`r`cad`t sbca nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt v n`rWut`dspbtz` sokt n`r i`str`clt`d Jfbì`dscadur wb` jhfit5

??G`b G`rclsbcatbiudi n`s f`tzt`d, ?3. Gbfn`s jr nb` Yurjnou`r wrn`d sbca ou`rn`k Uoaf`dw`rt` `ri`g`d, nb` dbcatnb` Ybrlfbcal`bt oggbfn`d. G`bspb`fw`bs` wrn` nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt war`dn n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi ogdàk`d.

Nb`s att` zur Jhfi`, noss sbca nb` Scafouj` scahd war`dn n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi ousgbfn`t, wos og`r dbcatzutrbjjt.


17/59



v ;U`bt

Yì

;

t

w

Nb` sh g`r`cad`t` I`scawbdnbil`bt `dtsprbcat n`r kbttf`r`d I`scawbdnbil`bt, w`fca` nb`Wut`dspbtz` zwbsca`d n`d ]hsbtbhd`d >= gbs 2= shwb` 2= gbs ?>= g`sbtzt. Jr nb`G`r`cadudi wurn` g`bspb`faojt k`bd Zhrwrtswurj ousi`waft, k`bd Wclwurj wrn` `bd`v`rif`bcagor` Gbfnogjhfi` fb`j`rd.

C3.?) I`scawbdnbil`bt`d n`r Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`Bd n`r docajhfi`dn`d og`ff` w`rn`d nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt`d n`r Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`dJfbì`drut` g`r`cad`t.

]hsbtbhd Whtotbhdswbdl`f /St`ffudi Wut`dirbjj 2= ?>=Wclst`ffudi/@dtfonudi/Sthpp gbsWua`st`ffudi

Uurcli`fìt`r Yì n`rWut`dspbtz` (jf`xbg`f)

=,?3 * F =,99 * F ?,0> * F

Nbjj`r`dz`d >= gbs 2= 2= gbs ?>=vhd Gìbdd gbs@dn` Wclst`ffudi /@dtfonudi

I`scawbdnbil`bt vj n`rWut`dspbtz` w/t

vj ; (=,?3-=,==)F/=,7:::s ; =,>19F/s

vj ; (=,99-=,?3)F/=,=:::s ; 2,:?F/s

vj ; (?,0>-=,99)F/=,=:::s ; ??,0:F/s

C3.7) I`scawbdnbil`bt`d n`r Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`Jr nb` s`fg` Gbfnogjhfi` w`rn`d bd n`r docajhfi`dn`d og`ff` nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt`d n`rSpbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` g`r`cad`t?7. N`r ahrbzhdtof` Odt`bf vs,a `ribgt sbcadoca Ogscadbtt G>.7)

]hsbtbhd Whtotbhdswbdl`f /St`ffudi Wut`dirbjj 2= ?>=

Wclst`ffudi/@dtfonudi/Sthppgbs Wua`st`ffudi

Uurcli`fìt`r Yì n`rWut`dspbtz` (ogshfut st`bj)

=,19 * F ?,90 * F trbjjt dbcat zu

Nbjj`r`dz`d >= gbs 2= 2= gbs ?>= vhd Gìbdd gbs@dn` Wclst`ffudi/ @dtfonudi

ôdi`dtbof` I`scawbdnbil`btvs,t n`r Wut`dspbtz`

vs,t ; (=,19-=,==)F/=,7:::s ; 3,7:F/s

vs,t ; (?,90-=,19)F/=,=:::s;?3,=:3F/s

trbjjt dbcat zu

Ahrbzhdtof` I`scawbdnbil`btvs,a n`r Wut`dspbtz`

vs,a;vs,t*sbd(2=);3,7:F/s * ?,==; 3,7:F/s

vs,a;vs,t*sbd(?>=); ?3,=:3F/s * =,:>3; 1,>=F/s

trbjjt dbcat zu

?7Nurca nb` Z`rw`dnudi n`r s`fg`d Gbfnogjhfi` wbrn sbca`ri`st`fft, noss g`bn` Jfbì`drut`d nb` s`fg`Ybdl`fi`scawbdnbil`bt g`sbtz`d.


18/59



Nb` docajhfi`dn` Slbzz` ZBBB z`bit nb` Z`rfuj` n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt`d n`r Spbtz`d g`bn`rJfbì`drut`d?3.

Slbzz` ZBBB

?3Nb` bdd`raofg n`r ]hsbtbhd`d >=gbs 2=udn 2=gbs ?>=fbì`dn`d, kbttf`r`d I`scawbdnbil`bt`d w`rn`d jr nb`w`bt`r`d G`trocatudi`d n`k kbttf`r`d U`btpudlt zui`hrnd`t, ofsh5 v(>=-2=) * (=,7:::s+=,==s), v(2=-?>=)* (=,7:::s+=,3333s) udn v(Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi) * (=,3333s+=,>=s). N`r rkbtt`ft` Z`rfouj n`r

Ybdl`fi`scawbdnbil`bt k`bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz w`bcat bdsg`shdn`r` zu Gìbdd n`s Yurj`s vhk fbdòr`d og, w`saofg nbì`waft` z`btfbca` Uuhrndudi dbcat iodz `xolt bst. Nb` vhri`doddt` z`btfbca` Uuhrndudi wbrn n`r @bdjocaa`bt aofg`rvhri`dhkk`d, w`bf `bd` i`dou`r` @rkbttfudi oujw`dnbi wr` udn bd l`bd`k Z`raftdbs zuk Jàf`r stdn`, n`r jr nb`

odi`st`fft`d Pdt`rsucaudi`d ofs v`rdocafssbigor odi`sà`d wbrn - ouca w`bf `r sbca g`bk Z`rif`bca g`bn`rJfbì`drut`d woarsca`bdfbca dùtrofbsb`rt.

I`scawbdnbil`bt vn`r Wut`dspbtz`d

U`bt t

=,=s =,>=s

hrodi`5 todi`dtbof` I`scawbdnbil`btvs,t n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`rht5 ahrbzhdtof` I`scawbdnbil`bt vs,an`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drutìrd5 ahrbzhdtof` I`scawbdnbil`bt vjn`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`

?3,=:3F/s

3,7:F/s

=,>19F/s

1,>=F/s

?>=

2=

Sthpp !

2,:?F/s

I`scawbdnbil`bt v bd n`d]hsbtbhd`d wbrn kbt n`kStroaf`dsotz odi`da`rtg`r`cad`t / bdt`rphfb`rt (gfoui`strbca`ft` Stroaf`d). Ab`rg`bspb`faojt jr nb` 2= ]hsbtbhd

??,0:F/s

=,3333s=,7:::s~*=,7:::s

~*(=,7:::s+ =,3333s)

vs,t

vs,a

vj

>=

>=-2= 2=-?>= Wclst`ffudi/ @dtfonudi

~*(=,3333s

+ =,>=s)


19/59



Nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt`d nbr`lt bd n`d ]hsbtbhd`d 2=, ?>= udn ok @dn` n`r Wclst`ffudi /@dtfonudi w`rn`d bk Jhfi`dn`d iut odi`da`rt g`r n`d Stroaf`dsotz?>`rkbtt`ft.

Jr nb` Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfb`i`drut` `ribgt sbca nb` ahrbzhdtof` I`scawbdnbil`bt vj zu5

)>19,=:?,2(

))7:::,=3333,=()=7:::,=((*0,=

+;

>19,=)2=(

7:::,=*0,=

vj

vj(2=) ;?:::,=

?73,2*7:::,=*0,=+ =,>19; 9,3= + =,>19 ; 9,919F/s

):?,20:,??(

))3333,=>=,=()7:::,=3333,=((*0,=

+;

:?,2)?>=(

)7:::,=3333,=(*0,=

vj

vj(?>=) ;=:::,=

20,?*=:::,=*0,=+ 2,:?; =,290 + 2,:? ; ?=,010F/s

)010,?=0:,??(

)3333,=>=,=(*0,=

;

0:,??)(

)3333,=>=,=(*0,=

`dnvj

vj(`dn) ;=333,=

290,=*=:::,=*0,=+ ??,0:; =,290 + ??,0: ; ?7,030F/s

Jr nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj` Jfb`i`drut` `ribgt sbca nb` ahrbzhdtof` I`scawbdnbil`btvs,a zu5

)7:,3>=,1(

))7:::,=3333,=()=7:::,=((*0,=

+;

7:,3)2=(,

7:::,=*0,=

avs

vs,a(2=) ;?:::,=

?>,0*7:::,=*0,=+ 3,7:; >,??3 + 3,7: ; 9,393F/s

)393,9>=,1())3333,=>=,=()7:::,=3333,=((*0,=

+ ; >=,1)?>=(,

)7:::,=3333,=(*0,=

avs

vs,a(?>=) ;=333,=

=79,?*=:::,=*0,=+ 1,>=; ?,=79 + 1,>= ; 2,>79F/s ; vs,a(`dn)

?>Ouca Zb`rstr`cl`dsotz i`doddt. attp5//n`.wblbp`nbo.hri/wblb/Stroaf`dsotz. Jr nos G`bspb`f 2= ribgt sbca bd`Stroaf`dif`bcaudi vhd

(t(>= gbs 2=) +t(2= gbs ?>=)) 5 (v(2= gbs ?>=) - v(>= gbs 2=)) ;t(>= gbs 2=) 5 (v(2=)-v(>= gbs 2=))


20/59


S`bt` 7= vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

N`r Z`rif`bca n`r @dni`scawbdnbil`bt`d v(`dn) udn n`r Odjodisi`scawbdnbil`bt`dv(>=-2=) n`r Spbtz`d g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d `ribgt

vj(`dn) / vs,a(`dn) ; ?7,03 / 2,>3 ;?,33

vj(>=-2=) / vs,a(>=-2=) =,>19 / 3,7: ; =,?0

9. J`stst`ffudi5 Nb` Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` g`sbtzt `bd` uk co. 33 % aa`ràhrbzhdtof` @dni`scawbdnbil`bt ofs nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`.Abdiì`d g`wìt sbca nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt n`r Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` zuGìbdd n`s Yurj`s dur uk ?0% n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt, w`fca` nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfutst`bj`d Jfbì`drut` zu nb`s`k U`btpudlt g`r`bts g`sbtzt (Odjodisi`scawbdnbil`bt)?0.

N`r Z`rif`bca n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt`d n`r Spbtz`d g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d bdd`raofg n`r

]hsbtbhd`d >= gbs 2= udn 2= gbs ?>= `ribgt

vj(>=-2=) / vj(2=-?>=) ; =,>19 / 2,:? ; =,=0?

vs(>=-2=) / vs(2=-?>=) ; 3,7: / 1,>= ; =,311

N`r Z`rif`bca n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt`d n`r Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`, nb` sb` zuGìbdd udn ok @dn` n`s Sthpps gzw. n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi g`sbtzt, `ribgt

vj(?>=) / vj(`dn) ; ?=,010 / ?7,030 ;=,1>

1. J`stst`ffudi5 Uu Gìbdd n`s Yurj`s g`sbtzt nb` Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` co.0% (=,=0?) udn nb` n`r ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` co. 32% (=,311) n`rI`scawbdnbil`bt, w`fca` sb` zuk @dn` n`s Yurj`s abd `rr`bca`d. Uu Gìbdd n`sSthpps gzw. n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi g`sbtzt nb` Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`kàr ofs 1=% (=,1>) bar`r @dni`scawbdnbil`bt?:.

?0Nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` s`tzt nb` `bdiì`g`d` Ybdl fi`scawbdnbil`bt z`btv`rzi`rt bd nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt n`rWut`dspbtz` uk. Nb` zu Gìbdd n`s Yurj`s `bdiì`g`d` Ybdl`fi`scawbdnbil`bt iàt jost vhffstdnbi bd nb` Gbìudin`r Jfbì`drut` (wos `bd`d nùtfbca`d Odstbì n`r pht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrojt zur Jhfi` aot) udn dbcat bd nb` Uudoak` n`rI`scawbdnbil`bt n`r Wut`dspbtz` `bd. Y`dd sbca n`r Wut`dirbjj bd `two bd n`r v`rtblof`d 2=]hsbtbhd g`jbdn`t, aot nb`Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` nb` ahrbzhdtof` I`scawbdnbil`bt n`r Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` `rr`bcat udnst`bi`rt bar` I`scawbdnbil`bt w`bt`r. Scafb`fbca g`sbtzt nb` Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` ok @dn` n`s Yurj`s `bd`nùtfbca ir`r` ahrbzhdtof` I`scawbdnbil`bt ofs nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`.?:Noss nb` Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` zu Gìbdd n`s Sthpps gzw. n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi bar`r@dni`scawbdnbil`bt doa`lhkkt, wbrn i`rd` ofs Oriuk`dt nojr v`rw`dn`t, nb` G`nùtudi bar`r Gbìudi jr n`dJfbì`dwurj i`rbdi zu scatz`d. Nb`s` Odsbcat g`rclsbcatbit dbcat, noss i`ron` wì`d n`r Gbìudi nb` Spbtz` n`rjf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` `bd` nùtfbca aa`r` ahrbzhdtof` @dni`scawbdnbil`bt ofs nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut``rr`bcat udn noss nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt n`r Wut`dspbtz` g`r bar`d Yì odn`rs v`rt`bft (sbà` 9.

udn 1. J`stst`ffudi !). N`r udt`rscab`nfbca`d Z rt`bfudi n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt ouj nb` Wut`dspbtz`d wbrn g`b n`rG`trocatudi n`r @jjbzb`dz dhca `bd` ir`r` Oujk`rlsokl`bt zu sca`dl`d s`bd.


21/59


S`bt` 7? vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

C>) @rkbttfudi n`r G`scafùdbiudi`d

Nb` G`scafùdbiudi o bst n`jbdb`rt ofs dn`rudi n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt g`r nb` U`bt?9. Kbt

n`d zuvhr g`r`cad`t`d I`scawbdnbil`bt`d lodd dud nb` G`scafùdbiudi ogscadbttsw`bs`g`r`cad`t w`rn`d.

o ;U`bt

il`btI`scawbdnb

;

t

v

Jr nb` Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` `ribgt sbca nb` G`scafùdbiudi oj zu5

oj? ; o(>=-2=) ;)=7:::,=(*0,=

=>19,=

s

F;

?333,=

>19,=; 3,:0

s

F

oj7 ; o(2=) ;)7:::,=)3333,=7:::,=((*0,=

>19,=:?,2

+

s

F;

?:::,=

?73,2; 0>,9:

s

F

oj3 ; o(2=-?>=) ;7:::,=3333,=

919,9010,?=

s

F;

=:::,=

92:,7; >?,21

s

F

oj> ; o(?>=) ;))3333,=7:::,=()>=,=3333,=((*0,=

:?,20:,??

++

s

F;

=:::,=

20,?; 72,73

s

F

oj0 ; o(rcl) ;3333,=>=,=

010,?=030,?7

s

F;

=:::,=

20,?; 72,73

s

F

Jr nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` `ribgt sbca nb` G`scafùdbiudi?1os zu5

os? ; o(>=-2=) ;)=7:::,=(*0,=

=7:,3

s

F;

?333,=

7:,3; 7>,>0

s

F

os7 ; o(2=) ;

)7:::,=)3333,=7:::,=((*0,=

7:,3>=,1

+

s

F;

?:::,=

?>,0; 3=,10

s

F

os3 ; o(2=-?>=) ;7:::,=3333,=

393,9>79,2

s

F;

=:::,=

=0>,7; 3=,92

s

F

Nb` docajhfi`dn` Slbzz` BQ z`bit nb` Z`rfuj` n`r G`scafùdbiudi`d n`r Spbtz`d g`bn`rJfbì`drut`d5

?9Nb` G`scafùdbiudi `dtsprbcat n`r ?. Ogf`btudi n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt5 o ; v.?1Bk Jhfi`dn`d wbrn ouj n`d Bdn`x a jr ahrbzhdtof v`rzbcat`t. Off` G`scafùdbiudi`d o g`zbà d sbca ouj nbàhrbzhdtof` Wbcatudi .


22/59



Slbzz` BQ

N) @rkbttfudi n`r Lrjt`

Bd nb`s`k Ogscadbtt udt`rsuca` bca nb` Lrjt` da`r, w`fca` g`bk Yurj kbt n`r jf`xbgf`dudn n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` wbrl`d. Jr nb` G`r`cadudi n`r Lrjt` lhkkt nos7. D`wthdsca` I`s`tz zur Odw`dnudi5

Lrojt ; Koss` * G`scafùdbiudi< J ; k * o

Nb` Koss` k `dtsprbcat n`k I`wbcat n`r i`str`clt`d Jfbì`dscadur, od w`fca`r nb`Wut`dspbtz` zbàt?2.

?2Nb` G`r`cadudi vhd Lrjt`d doca D`wthd `rjhfit g`r nb` zu g`scafùdbi`dn` Koss`. Nurca nb` Oddoak` vhdkoss`fhs`d Jfbì`drut`d jfb``d bd n`d G`r`cadudi`d l`bd` Lrjt` kbt `bd, nb` zur Whtotbhd n`r Wut`dkoss` s`fgst`rjhrn`rfbca wr`d. Bk vhrfbì`dn`d Joff lodd trhtzn`k ouj nos 7. D`wthdsca I`s`tzt zurcliìrbjj`d w`rn`d, w`bfnb` G`scafùdbiudi n`r udt`rsucat`d Scadurkoss` ouca w`s`dtfbca vhd n`r G`scafùdbiudi n`r Wut`dkoss` s`fgstogadit udn jhfifbca @bdjfss` ous n`r Wut`dkoss` kbt bd nb` `xp`rbk`dt`ff j`sti`st`fft`d paysblofbsca d Ir`d

`bdi`jfhss`d s`bd nrjt`d. Noss nb`s` @bdscatzudi zuk @bdjfuss n`r Koss` stbkkbi bst, iàt ous k`bd`r G`r`cadudi bkOdaodi 7 a`rvhr.

G`scafùdbiudi on`r Wut`dspbtz`d

=,=s =,>=s

rht5 ahrbzhdtof` G`scafùdbiudios n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drutìrd5 ahrbzhdtof` G`scafùdbiudioj n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` ?>=

2=

U`bt t

Wclst`ffudi/ @dtfonudi

3,:0F/s

7>,>0F/s 3=,10F/s

0>,9:F/s

72,73F/s

3=,92F/s>?,21F/s

=,3333s=,7:::s

4>=

Sthpp !

~*=,7:::s

>=

os

oj


23/59



N?) Nb` pht`dtb`ff` Spoddlrojt n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`

Nurca nb` Whtotbhd bar`r `bi`d`d Koss` udn n`d Uui od n`r Jfbì`dscadur (Koss` k)

`rjart nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` `bd` Gbìudi. Nb` Gbìudi bst udt`r Ogscadbtt G?.? `rkbtt`ftwhrn`d. Jr nb` w`bt`r` G`trocatudi wbrn novhd ousiìodi`d, noss nb` Wut`dspbtz` zukkbttf`r`d U`btpudlt bdd`raofg

- n`r >= gbs 2= ]hsbtbhd (~:0) dhca l`bd`d gzw. `bd`d v`rdocafssbigor lf`bd`dYì udn

- n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi n`d aofg`d Yì zurcli`fìt aot.

G`bn` Oddoak`d stbkk`d kbt n`r Gbfnogjhfi` udt`r Ogscadbtt C7 iut g`r`bd. Nokbt`ri`g`d sbca nb` bd n`r jhfi`dn`d ôg`ff` ouji`jart`d Ousf`dludi`d n`r Spbtz` n`rjf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`5

]hsbtbhdWhtotbhdswbdl`f /St`ffudi Wut`dirbjj

>= gbs 2=~ Nou`r 2= ?>=

~ Nou`rWclst`ffudi/@dtfonudi/gzw. Sthpp

~ vhff` Nou`rWclst`ffudi/@dtfonudi/gzw. Sthpp

Uurcli`fìt`r Yìn`r Wut`dspbtz`(YWs) kbt Gbìudi

~=,=F =,?3F =,99F~(=,99+=,0*=,99)*F; ?,?00F

?,0> F

Uurcli`fìt`r Yìn`r Spbtz` bd n`rWut`docas` (had`Gbìudi)

~=,0*=,99F; =,310F

=,99 F ?,0> F ?,0> F ?,0> F

Nbjj`r`dz ;Ousf`dludi x; Gbìudi

=,310 F =,:> F =,99 F =,310 F =,= F

Nbjj`r`dz n`rOusf`dludi x ;dn`rudi n`rGbìudi

(=,310-=)*F; =,310 F

(=,:>-=,310)*F; =,700 F

(=,9-=,:>)*F; =,?3 F

(=,310-=,99)*F; -=,310 F

(=-=,310)*F; -=,310 F

2. J`stst`ffudi5 Nb` Ousf`dludi bst `bd Ko jr nb` Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut`. Sb`dbkkt g`r nb` 2=]hsbtbhd abdous zu. E`n`r bd nb` Whtotbhdsg`wìudi`bdiì`g`d` Yì (dn`rudi n`s Whtotbhdswbdl`fs) jart zu `bd`r St`bi`rudi n`rGbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut`.

g`r n`d Yì n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi wbrn nb` wì`d n`r Gbìudi bd n`rJfbì`drut` i`sp`bca`rt` pht`dtb`ff` @d`rib`7=vhffstdnbi bd lbd`tbsca` @d`ribùki`wodn`ft, w`bf n`r Y`rj`r nb` Jfbì`drut` dbcat w`bt`r rhtb`rt udn nokbt l`bd` w`bt`r`@d`rib` gzw. Org`bt `bdibgt. No nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt`d zu Gìbdd udn ok @dn` n`rWclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi g`loddt sbdn, lodd nb` pht`dtb`ff` @d`rib` g`r`cad`t w`rn`d.

@pht,(rcl) ; * k * vj(`dn) * k * vj(?>=)

7=Ab`r bst `s rbcatbi, nb` @d`rib` @ ; k v zu g`trocat`d, uk ouj n`d Irudnsotz n`r @d`rib``raoftudi `bdzuià`d. Nb`

@d`rib`, w`fca` nb` Jfbì`drut` g`b bar`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi jr`bibgt, kuss zuvhr vhk Y rj`r ouji`grocatwhrn`d s`bd.


24/59


S`bt` 7> vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

; * k * (?7,030

s

F- ?=,010

s

F) ; 77,0>

*

s

Fk

Pk nb` pht`dtb`ff` Spoddlrojt zu `raoft`d, kuss nb` @d`rib` nurca n`d zurcli`fìt`dYì nbvbnb`rt w`rn`d5

Jpht,0 ; J(rcl) ; @pht,(rcl) / Yì ; 77,0> / =,99F ;72,79

*

s

Fk; Jpht,i`sokt

Nb`s` g`r nb` Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi wbrl`dn` Spoddlrojt kuss n`r Y`rj`r zuvhroujgrbdi`d. Sb` fsst sbca g`r nb` g`loddt`d Ousf`dludi`d x gzw.x odda`rdn iutv`rt`bf`d.

Gbs zuk Gìbdd n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi `ribgt sbca5

Jpht,? ; =,310F/=,99F * 72,79 ; ?>,:3

*

s

Fk; Jpht(>=-2=)

Jpht,? ; =,310F/=,99F * 72,79 ; ?>,:3

*

s

Fk

Jpht,7 ; =,:>F/=,99F * 72,79 ; 7>,33

*

s

Fk; Jpht(2=)

Jpht,7 ; =,700F/=,99F * 72,79 ; 2,:2

*

s

Fk

Jpht,3 ; =,99F/=,99F * 72,79 ; 72,79

*s

Fk ; Jpht(2=-?>=)

Jpht,3 ; =,?3F/=,99F * 72,79 ; >,2>

*

s

Fk

Jpht,> ; =,99F/=,99F * 72,79 ; 72,79

*

s

Fk; Jpht(?>=)

Jpht,> =,==F/=,99F * 72,79 =,==

*

s

Fk

Kbt Gìbdd n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi `ribgt sbca7?5

Jpht(rcl,odj) ; =,99F/-=,99F * 72,79 ; -72,79

*

s

Fk

Jpht(rcl,odj) =,==F/-=,99F * 72,79 ; =,==

*

s

FkJpht(?>=)

Jpht(rcl,kbtt`) ; =,310F/-=,99F * 72,79 ; -?>,:3

*

s

Fk

7?Nb` Wbcatudi n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi iàt kbt `bd`k dìotbv`d Zhrz`bca`d `bd. Yb` g`b `bd`r J`n`r kss`d

ouca ab`r nb` Yì , nb` jr nos Spodd`d (Fon`d) udn @dtspodd`d (@dtfon`d) shri`d, udt`rscab`nfbca` Zhrz`bca`dg`sbtz`d.


25/59



Jpht(rcl,kbtt`) ; -=,310F/-=,99F * 72,79 ; ?>,:3

*

s

Fk

Jpht(rcl,`dn) ; =,==F/-=,99F * 72,79 ; =,==

*

s

Fk

Jpht,`dn ; -=,310F/-=,99F * 72,79 ; ?>,:3

*

s

Fk; J(rcl,`dn)

Nb` docajhfi`dn` Slbzz` Q z`bit n`d Z`rfouj n`r ouj nb` Spbtz` wbrl`dn`d pht`dtb`ff`dSpoddlrojt n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`77.

Slbzz` Q

77I`k n`d odjodis i`trhjj`d`d Wodng`nbdiudi`d aog`d g`bn` Jfbì`drut`d l`bd` Koss` `raoft`d. Noss nb` Gbìudin`r Jfbì`drut` trhtz ogdàk`dn`r G`scafùdbiudi zudbkkt, bst bk Y s`dtfbca`d n`r totscafbca vhraodn`d`d Koss`n`r Jfbì`drut` zuzuscar`bg`d. Nb` da`rudisw`bs` i`trhjj`d`d Uuhrndudi`d n`r pht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrojt shwb` nbì`zhi`d`d Scafss` sbdn w`bt`rabd iftbi, w`bf nurca nb` `bi`d` Koss` n`r Jfbì`drut` nb` ouj nb` Spbtz` wbrl`dn`dLrjt` udn nokbt ouca nb` G`scafùdbiudi shwb` nb` oujzuw`dn`dn` Lrojt if`bcakbi v`rir`rt wbrn. Nb``xp`rbk`dt`ff`d Not`d z`bi`d `bdnùtbi, noss nb` Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` gbs zuk Sthpp gzw. Gìbdd n`r Wclst`ffudi

/ @dtfonudi ukv`rt`bft udn zudbkkt ! G`b n`r G`r`cadudi n`r pht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrjt` udn n`r @jjbzb`dz lodd nb`s r@jj`lt bd zuldjtbi`d Org`bt`d g`rclsbcatbit w`rn`d.

U`bt t

gfou5 Z`rfouj n`r pht`dtb`ff`dSpoddlrojt Jpht bd n`r Jfbì`drutìrd5 dn`rudi n`r pht`dtb`ff`dSpoddlrojt Jpht bd n`rJfbì`drut`

=,=s =,>=s=,3333s=,7:::s

?>,:3kF/s

7>,33kF/s

2,:2kF/s >,2>kF/s

-72,79kF/s

72,79kF/s

2=

?>=


-?>,:3kF/s

Sthpp !

~*=,7:::s

>=

Jpht

Jpht?>,:3kF/s

?>,:3kF/s

pht`dtb`ff` Spoddlrojt n`rjf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`


26/59


S`bt` 7: vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

Nb` gbsa`rbi`d @ri`gdbss` nùt`d zusokk`d kbt n`r Gbfnogjhfi` udt`r Ogscadbtt C7`bdnùtbi norouj abd, noss sbca n`r `rkbtt`ft` Z`rfouj n`r pht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrojtlhdtbdub`rfbca dn`rt. Nb` lhdtbdub`rfbca` dn`rudi n`r pht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrojt jart zu

`bd`r hptbkof`d g`rtroiudi n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt bd nb` Wut`dspbtz`. Sca`dlt n`r Y`rj`rn`k zu w`dbi Gòcatudi (udn s`tzt z.G. Nruclpudlt` - Aodnscahcl), wbrn nb`Wut`dspbtz` udruabi udn lodd Y`ff`d shwb` ôbfbdi Fhhps73bd nb` Jfbì`dscadur`bdi`g`d, wos g`r n`d Yì bar`r Str`cludi zu `bd`k `ra`gfbca`d Z`rfust n`rg`rtroi`d`d @d`rib` jart. Nb` sbca g`r nb` Yurjnou`r lhdtbdub`rfbca dn`rdn`pht`dtb`ff` Spoddlrojt nb`dt bar`k lhdtrhffb`rt`d Ouj- udn Oggou, wos n`r Wut`dspbtz``bd`d ruabi`d Fouj `rkifbcat7>.

N7) Ouj nb` Spbtz`d g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d wbrl`dn` Lrjt`

G`b n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` wbrlt d`g`d n`r pht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrojt (Lrojt n`r Foi`) ouca`bd` lbd`tbsca` Lrojt (Lrojt ous G`wìudi). G`b n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` wbrltabdiì`d dur `bd` lbd`tbsca` Lrojt, w`bf sb` sbca dbcat nurcagbìt udn n`saofg l`bd`pht`dtb`ff` Spoddlrojt zwbsca`dsp`bca`rd lodd. Noss nb` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` l`bd`pht`dtb`ff` Spoddlrojt oujdàk`d lodd, jart bk Z`rif`bca zur jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` zu`bd`r udt`rscab`nfbca`d Z`rt`bfudi n`r Lrjt`.

?=. J`stst`ffudi5 G`b n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` jart nb` odjdifbca`Whtotbhdsg`wìudi zu `bd`r zudàk`dn`d Gbìudi, whnurca nb` pht`dtb`ff`Spoddlrojt odst`bit, had` noss nb` Koss` n`r Jfbì`dscadur `bd` G`scafùdbiudi`rjart. G`b n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` jart e`n` odjdifbca` G`wìudi

udkbtt`fgor zu `bd`r G`scafùdbiudi n`r Jfbì`dscadur, whjr scafoiortbi `bd`Lrojt ouji`w`dn`t w`rn`d kuss.

Jr nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` `ribgt sbca5

J ; k * o + Jpht70

73ôbfbdi Fhhps sbdn ouca udt`r n`r G`z`bcadudi Gbrd` hn`r Souscawodz g`loddt.7>Ofs Z rif`bca jr n`d lhdtrhffb`rt`d Ouj- udn Oggou n`r pht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrjt` ldd`d nb` Ork` bd`s Ghi`dsa`rodi`zhi`d w`rn`d, w`bf nb` pht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrjt` adfbca v`rfouj`d gzw. v`rfouj`d shff`d (`s ibgt dotrfbca oucaPdt`rscab`n`, z.G. noss nb` Jfbì`drut` nb` pht`dtb`ff` Spoddlrojt shjhrt kbt Gìbdd n`s Sthpps ogibgt - n`rGhi`dscatz` lodd nb`s v`rzi`rd< hn`r noss nb` Spbtz` n`r Jfbì`drut` zu Gìbdd n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi bk

Pdt`rscab`n zu n`d i`spoddt`d Ghi`dork`d g`r`bts `bd` r`fotbv` I`scawbdnbil`bt g`sbtzt). N`r Ghi`dscatz` spoddtnb` Ghi`dork` kifbcast lhdtbdub`rfbca, nokbt sb` n`d ]j`bf odscafb``dn kbt acast`r ]rzbsbhd g`scafùdbi`d - oucan`r Y`rj`r shff nb` Jfbì`drut` kifbcast lhdtbdub`rfbca gbs zuk Sthpp spodd`d, nokbt nb` Wut`dspbtz` nb`Jfbì`dscadur przbs` g`scafùdbi`d lodd. N`r ]j`bf shff bk Jfui w`dbi scawbdi`d, nokbt n`r nonurca v`rgudn`d`Z rfust od @d`rib` i`rbdi bst - ouca Y`ff`d bd n`r Jfbì`dscadur shff`d n`saofg v`rkb`n`d w`rn`d. Nos Jfbì`dw`rj`dlodd udn shff dotrfbca dbcat kbt n`k Ghi`dscab``d if`bcai`s`tzt w`rn`d. @s ibgt og`r g`zifbca n`r Ybrludi n`rpht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrjt` udn n`r`d lhdtrhffb`rt`d Ouj- udn Oggou i`di`dn ]oroff`f`d, w`fca` n`d @bdjfuss n`rGbìudi vb`f g`ss`r ofs odn`r` Z`rif`bca` v`rnùtfbca`d ldd`d. I`ron` nb`s`r Z`rif`bca aot A`rrd Nr. Scakbtt (sbà`Nodlsoiudi) doca `bi`d`k G`ludn`d nb` Ybrludi n`r pht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrjt` g`bk Jfbì`dwurj v`rstdnfbcaouji`z`bit.70N`r Y`rj`r kuss nb` dn`rudi n`r pht`dtb`ff`d Spoddlrojt Jpht oujw`dn`d. Dur nb` dn`rudi `bd`s Uustodn`s`rjhrn`rt `bd` Lrojt, nb` Org`bt v`rrbcat`t.N`r @bdjocaa`bt aofg`r wbrn Jpht,? n`r ]hsbtbhd zwbsca`d >= gbs 2= udn Jpht,7 n`r ]hsbtbhd 2= zui`hrnd`t. Nb`s`

Uuhrndudi fbìt ouj n`r sbca`r`d S`bt`, w`bf nonurca nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` aa`r` Lrjt` ofs g`b n`r oft`rdotbv`dUuhrndudi g`r n`d Kbtt`fw`rt `raft.


27/59



Jj= = ; J(4>=) (Sbà` ?=. J`stst`ffudi)

Jj? ; k * 3,:03s

F+ ?>,:3

*

s

Fk; ?1,71

*

s

Fk; Jj(>=-2=)

Jj7 ; k * 0>,9:s

F+ 2,:2

*

s

Fk; :>,>0

*

s

Fk; Jj(2=)

Jj3 ; k * >?,21s

F+ >,2>

*

s

Fk; >:,27

*

s

Fk; Jj(2=-?>=)

Jj> ; k * 72,79s

F+ =,=

*

s

Fk; 72,79

*

s

Fk; Jj(?>=)

Jj0 ; ?>,:3

*

s

Fk; Jj(rcl,`dn)

Jr nb` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` `ribgt sbca5

J ; k * o< Jpht ; =,>0

*

s

Fk; Js(4>=) (sbà` ?=. J`stst`ffudi)

Js? ; 7>,>0

*

s

Fk; Js(>=-2=)

Js7 ; 3=,10

*

s

Fk; Js(2=)

Js3 ; 3=,92

*s

Fk; Js(2=-?>=) g`r`cad`t

whrn`d. Nodoca bst n`r A`g`fork n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` g`r n`d i`sokt`d Yì bar`rSpbtz` odda`rdn lhdstodt. Jr nb` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` bst n`r A`g`fork bd n`d>=,2= udn ?>= ]hsbtbhd`d g`loddt, ouj aofg`d Yì` zwbsca`d nb`s`d ]hsbtbhd`d`dtsprbcat n`r A`g`fork bd `two n`k kbttf`r`d Y`rt7:.

7:Nurca nb` G`rclsbcatbiudi `bd`s v`rlrzt`d A`g`forks wbrn g`b n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` nb` udt`r` Ir`dz`n`s Oujwodn`s g`r`cad t (g`st cos`), w`bf norg`r abdous ouca dur n`r i`kbdn`rt` ahrbzhdtof` Lrojtodt`bfa`rodi`zhi`d wbrn (sbà` Ogscadbtt G>). Nb`s` G`trocatudi gìdstbit n`d Oujwodn n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`,n`r g`b n`r udt`rsucat`d Whtotbhdsg`wìudi totscafbca aa`r fbì`d nrjt`. Kbt nb`s`r idstbi`r`d G`trocatudi shff

ouca n`r otsoca` W`cadudi i`troi`d w`rn`d, noss nb` Spbtz` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` zukbdn`st g`r `bd`dlurz`d Yì (lf`bd`r Whtotbhdswbdl`f) ouj `bd`r odda`rdn i`ron`d Goad i`jart w`rn`d lodd.


28/59




Kj=(4>=) =

Kj?(>=-2=) ; ?1,71 * =,:> F ; ??,9=

*

s

Fk

Kj7(2=) ; :>,>0 * =,:> F ; >?,70

*

s

Fk

Kj3(2=-?>=) ; >:,27 * =,:> F ; 3=,=7

*

s

Fk

Kj>(?>=) ; 72,79 * =,:> F ; ?1,93

*

s

Fk

Kj0 ; ?>,:> * =,:> F ; 2,3:

*

s

Fk

; K(rcl,`dn)


Ks=(4>=) 7>,>0 * =,:> F ; ?0,:0

*

s

Fk

Ks?(>=-2=) ; 7>,>0 * (=,:> + ?,=) F ; 7=,=0

*

s

Fk

Ks7(2=) ; 3=,10 * ?,= F ; 3=,10

*

s

Fk

Ks3(2=-?>=) ; 3=,92 * (?,= + =,:>) F ; 70,70

*s

Fk

Ks>(?>=) 3=,92 * =,:> F ; ?2,9=

*

s

Fk

??. J`stst`ffudi5 Nos vhk Y`rj`r oujzuw`dn`dn` Khk`dt st`bit bk _uonrotzur Fdi` F n`r Jfbì`drut` od79.

79K`bd` `rst` ?= Ju Jfbì`drut` (3,= k) n`r Scadurlfoss` 1 aog` bca doca lurz`k I`grouca wb`n`r v`rloujt. Sb` worsh st`bj, noss k`bd Aodni`f`dlt nb` Whtotbhdsg`wìudi dbcat had` `ra`gfbca`d Lrojtoujwodn g`rtroi`d lhddt` udndoca lurz`r Nou`r zu scak`rz`d gìodd, hgwhaf nb`s` Jfbì`drut` dur rn. ?= % fdi`r ofs nb` gfbca`d 2 Ju(7,9= k) Jfbì`drut`d wor. Noss n`r Lrojtoujwodn (Khk`dt) bk _uonrot zur Fdi` n`r Jfbì`drut` odst`bit, `rlfrt n`d`ra`gfbca`d Odstbì n`s zustzfbca`d Lrojtoujwodns, n`r nùtfbca g`r n`r ?=%bi`d Fdi`dzudoak` n`r Jfbì`drut`fbìt. S`bta`r aog` bca k`bd` w`dbi`d Jfbì`drut`d, nb` ?= Ju k`ss`d, kbt vb`f G`nocat ousi`waft udn ouj `bd`scad`ff` Goucaoltbhd iòcat`t. G`b nb`s`r Oltbhd gbìt sbca nb` Jfbì`drut` bk udt`r`d Ogscadbtt v`rif`bcagor kàrnurca, whnurca sbca shwhaf n`r A`g`fork v`rlrzt ofs ouca sbca nb` Gbìudi udn n`r Yì n`r Wclst`ffudi /@dtfonudi v`rir`rt. Nonurca wbrn n`r Lrojtoujwodn r`nuzb`rt udn `bd` shfca` Jfbì`drut` g`sbtzt ok @dn` trhtzn`k

dhca i`di`dn Wclst`ffv`rki`d, uk nb` Jfbì`dscadur w`bt w`rj`d zu ldd`d. Ouca nb`s`s G`bspb`f z`bit, noss nb`Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` jr n`d Lrojtoujwodn `bd` wbcatbi` Whff` spb`ft !


29/59



Slbzz` QB

@) @jjbzb`dz gzw. @d`rib`g`rtroiudi

Nos Z`raftdbs zwbsca`d n`r i`dutzt`d @d`rib` udn n`r ouji`w`dn`t`d @d`rib` `dtsprbcatn`r @jjbzb`dz gzw. n`k Ybrludisiron . E` aa`r nb` @jjbzb`dz, n`sth g`ss`r bst nb`@d`rib`g`rtroiudi.

@?) @d`rib` n`r Wut`dspbtz`d (Dutz`d)

Nb` @d`rib` @, w`fca` nb` Spbtz`d n`r jf`xbgf`d udn ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` ok @dn`n`s Yurj`s `rr`bca`d, `dtsprbcat n`k Dutz`d71. Nb`s` @d`rib` fsst sbca kbt n`r Jhrk`f

@ ; * k * v(`dn)

71Bk Jhfi`dn`d w`rn`d dur nb` @d`rib`d n`r Wut`dspbtz`d ouj n`r S`bt` n`s Dutz`ds g`trocat`t. Bdwb`w`bt sbca nb`s`@d`rib`d ouca ouj nb` Jfbì`dscadur g`rtroi`d foss`d, bst dbcat Iì`dstodn nb`s`r Pdt`rsucaudi. Nokbt ki`d sbcaldjtbi` Org`bt`d g`joss`d. Sbca`rfbca spb`f`d ab`rg`b nb` w`rj`rbsca`d Jabil`bt`d `bd` `dtsca`bn`dn` Whff`.

Irudnstzfbca st`fft og`r `bd` aha` ahrbzhdtof` @dni`scawbdnbil`bt n`r Wut`dspbtz` nos irt` ]ht`dtbof jr `bd` ahaÌ`scawbdnbil`bt n`r Jfbì`dscadur zur Z`rjiudi.

Khk`dt` K okWut`dirbjj

=,=s

rht5 Khk`dt Ks n`rogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drutìrd5 Khk`dt Kj n`rjf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`

?>=

2=

U`bt t


??,9=kF/s

>?,70kF/s

?1,93kF/s

3=,10kF/s

7=,=0kF/s

=,7:::s

?2,9=kF/s

?0,:0kF/s

4>=

=,>=s=,3333s

2,3:kF/s

Sthpp !

~*=,7:::s

>=

Ks

Kj


30/59


S`bt` 3= vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

g`r`cad`d. Nb` @dni`scawbdnbil`bt`d vj(`dn) gzw. vs(`dn) n`r Spbtz`d g`bn`rJfbì`drut`d wurn`d g`r`bts udt`r Ogscadbtt C3 `rkbtt`ft.


@j ; * k * ?7,030

s

F; 91,0:

*

s

Fk


@s ; * k * 2,>79

s

F; >>,>3

*

s

Fk

@7) Org`bt gzw. @d`rib` n`r Whtotbhd (Oujwodn)Nb` Org`bt gzw. @d`rib`, w`fca` n`r Y`rj`r bd nb` Whtotbhd n`r Jfbì`drut`d `bdibgt,`dtsprbcat n`k Oujwodn. Sb` fsst sbca kbt n`r Jhrk`f

O ; K* (ron)

g`r`cad`d. N`r Ybdl`f (nì) g`trit g`b g`bn`d Jfbì`drut`d ?==, wos `bd`kGhi`dko (ron) vhd

(ron) ; * ?1=(nì)

; * =,000 ; ?,90

`dtsprbcat.

G`jbdn`t sbca n`r Wut`dirbjj bd n`r @dnst`ffudi (?>= ]hsbtbhd), nodd aot n`r Y`rj`r nbì`sokt` Org`bt gzw. @d`rib` ok Yurj i`f`bst`t. g`r n`d Yì n`r Wclst`ffudi /@dtfonudi dn`rt sbca n`r Whtotbhdswbdl`f dbcat w`bt`r, sh noss n`r Y`rj`r l`bd` Org`btgzw. @d`rib` kàr oujgrbdit.

?7. J`stst`ffudi5 g`r n`d Yì n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi n`r jf`xbgf`d

Jfbì`drut` grbdit n`r Y`rj`r l`bd` Org`bt gzw. @d`rib` kàr `bd, w`bf sbca n`rWhtotbhdswbdl`f dbcat dn`rt (;=). g`r n`d Yì n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudiorg`bt`t off`bd nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` udn sb` `raat nog`b if`bcaz`btbi nbÌ`scawbdnbil`bt bar`r Spbtz`.

Nb` Sukk` n`r g`r n`d Yì n`r Wut`dspbtz` wbrl`dn`d Khk`dt` bk Wut`dirbjj wbrn bkJhfi`dn`d kbt n`r ^rop`zjhrk`f72iut odi`da`rt g`r`cad`t.

Sukk` Kj(t) n`r Khk`dt` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut`5

72I`dou`r nb` Sàd`dtrop`zjhrk`f. attp5//n`.wblbp`nbo.hri/wblb/^rop`zrì`f


31/59


S`bt` 3? vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

)(tKj ; (K= + K?) * * =,7:::s (~>=-:0)

+ (K? + K7) * * =,7:::s (~:0-2=)

+ (K7 + K3) * (=,3333s-=,7:::s) (~2=-??0)

+ (K3 + K>) * (=,3333s-=,7:::s) (~??0-?>=)

+ (K> + K0) * (=,>s-=,3333s) Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi

; * ??,9= * =,?333s + * 07,20 * =,?333s + * 9?,79 * =,=333s

+ * >1,90 * =,=333s + * 71,=2 * =,=:::s

; =,992 + 3,072 + ?,?1: + =,1? + =,== ;:,3=

*

s

Fk*s

Oj(t) ; )(tKj * (ron) ; :,3= * ?,90 ; ??,=70

*

s

Fk*s

Sukk` Ks(t) n`r Khk`dt` n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`5

)(tKs ; (K= + K?) * * =,7:::s (~>=-:0)

+ (K? + K7) * * =,7:::s (~:0-2=)

+ (K7 + K3) * * (=,3333s-=,7:::s) (~2=-??0)

+ (K3 + K>) * * (=,3333s-=,7:::s) (~??0-?>=)

; * 30,9 * =,?333s + * 0=,2= * =,?333s

+ * 0:,?= * =,=333s + * >>,20 * =,=333s

; 7,:97 + 3,327 + =,23> + =,9>1 ;9,9>

*

s

Fk*s

Os(t) ; )(tKs * (ron) ; 9,9> * ?,90 ; ?3,0>0

*

s

Fk*s

g`r nb` i`sokt` Nou`r n`s Yurj`s wbrn ok Irbjj n`r j f`xbgf`d udn n`r ogshfut st`bj`dJfbì`drut` `bd` Org`bt gzw. @d`rib` vhd

Nb`s`r G`troi wbrn g`b n`r Kuftbpfblotbhdkbt ;= zu =, sbà` ?7. J`stst`ffudi


32/59



Oj ; Oj(t) / t ; ??,=70

*

s

Fk*s / =,3333s ; 33,=9

*

s

Fk

Os ; Os(t) / t ; ?3,0>0

*

s

Fk

*s / =,3333s ; >=,:9

*

s

Fk

v`rrbcat`t.

@3) @jjbzb`dz n`r jf`xbgf`d udn ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`

N`r nbr`lt`d Z`rif`bca n`r @jjbzb`dz g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d, nb` udt`r n`d s`fg`dWodng`nbdiudi`d i`whrj`d w`rn`d, `ribgt jhfi`dn`s5

; @(Wut`dspbtz`) / O(Whtotbhd)

j(jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut`) ; @j / Oj ;=9,330:,91 ;7,39

s(ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut`) ; @s / Os ;:9,>=

>3,>>;?,=2

I`k n`d odjodis i`trhjj`d`d Wodng`nbdiudi`d aog`d g`bn` Jfbì`drut`d l`bd`Koss` `raoft`d. Nb`s` Wodng`nbdiudi bst n`r Irudn nojr, noss nb` g`r`cad`t`d@jjbzb`dz`d g`r ?,= fbì`d3=. No sbca nb` Z`rdocafssbiudi n`r Koss` ouj g`bn`Jfbì`drut`d da`rudisw`bs` if`bca ouswbrlt, bst n`r Z`rif`bca n`r @jjbzb`dz`dj/se`nhca oussoi`lrjtbi.

j / s ; 7,39 / ?,=2 ; 7,?9

?3. J`stst`ffudi5 Nb` jf`xbgf` Jfbì`drut` g`rtrit nb` bd n`d Irbjj `bdiì`g`d`@d`rib` zur Spbtz` abd (@jjbzb`dz) rn. nhpp`ft sh iut wb` nb` ogshfut st`bj`Jfbì`drut`.

Nb` vhk Y`rj`r zu f`bst`dn` Org`bt gzw. @d`rib` adit ofsh ouca vhd n`r Koss` n`rJfbì`drut` og.

?>. J`stst`ffudi5 E` w`dbi`r Koss` / I`wbcat nb` Jfbì`drut` g`sbtzt, n`sth kàr

st`bit g`b if`bca`r Whtotbhdsg`wìudi bar` @jjbzb`dz (g`b odshdst`dif`bcagf`bg`dn`d @bi`dscaojt`d n`r Jfbì`drut`).

3=Nb` @jjbzb`dz lodd dbcat ir`r ofs ?,= w`rn`d, w`bf nb` i`whdd`d` @d`rib` db` ir`r ofs nb` ouji`w`dn`t` s`bdlodd. G`b G`rclsbcatbiudi n`r Koss` g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d wrn`d nb` Khk`dt` bk Wut`dirbjj `ra`gfbca ir`r ofs nb`g`r`cad`t`d w`rn`d, sh noss nb` @jjbzb`dz`d g`b g`bn`d Jfbì`drut`d udt`r ?,= zu fbì`d lhkk`d wrn`d. Ab`rzujhfi`dn` Ogscatzudi5 g`b `bd`k I`wbcat g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`d vhd rn. 1= Irokk (wos bd `two n`r v`rw`dn`t`dJfbì`drut` SOI@ 01: W]F+ `dtsprbcat) udn `bd`k I`wbcat n`r i`str`clt`d Jfbì`dscadur vhd rn. ?= Irokk (wos bd`two n`r i`whrj`d`d Jfbì`dscadur YJ0J `dtsprbcat) `ribgt sbca `bd Jolthr vhd 1=i/?=i ; 1. Ybrn nb`s`sKoss`v`raftdbs da`rudisw`bs` n`r Lrojt zui`r`cad`t, nb` ouj nb` Spbtz`d wbrlt, `raat sbca ouca nos Khk`dt shwb`

nb` ouji`w`dn`t` Org`bt gzw. @d`rib` uk nb`s`d Jolthr. Nokbt wr`d nodd ouca nb` @jjbzb`dz`d g`bn`r Jfbì`drut`dlf`bd`r ofs ?,=.


33/59



@>) dn`rudi n`r @jjbzb`dz g`b sbca dn`rdn`r Gbìudi

Ab`r wbff bca lurz ogscatz`d, wb` sbca nb` @jjbzb`dz g`b `bd`r aa`r`d udn i`rbdi`r`d

Gbìudi n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` dn`rt. Nb`s` G`trocatudi bst dur g`rscafifbca udn wbffgzw. lodd `bd` i`dou`r` @rkbttfudi dbcat `rs`tz`d !

Ous k`bd`d vhrodià`dn`d Pdt`rsucaudi`d lodd `bd` iut` Ogscatzudi jr n`d Joffogiì`g`d w`rn`d, noss nb` Gbìudi n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` lf`bd`r ofs bd k`bd`rYurjs`qu`dz bst. Bd nb`s`k Joff g`wì`d sbca nb` jr k`bd` Yurjs`qu`dz g`r`cad t`dY`rt` bd Wbcatudi n`r jr nb` ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` g`r`cad`t`d Y`rt , n.a. nb`@jjbzb`dz dbkkt og !

N`r Joff `bd`r ir`r`d ofs bd k`bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz j`sti`st`fft`d Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut`bst scaw`r`r ogzuscatz`d, w`bf `s nojr l`bd` g`r`cad`t`d Y`rt` ibgt udn k`bd``rzùit` Gbìudi bk Z`rif`bca zu Yurjs`qu`dz`d odn`r`r Jfbì`dw`rj`r g`r`bts r`fotbvahca bst3?. Sbca`r bst og`r, noss nb` @jjbzb`dz dbcat `dnfhs g`r `bd` zudàk`dn` Gbìudii`st`bi`rt w`rn`d lodd, no sb` ouca vhk Wclst`ffv`rki`d37n`r e`w`bfbi`d Jfbì`drutògadit. Bst nos Wclst`ffv`rki`d n`r Jfbì`drut` od s`bd` F`bstudisir`dz` i`lhkk`d,wrn` `bd` @raaudi n`s Oujwodn`s (Org`bt) v`rkutfbca l`bd`d d`ddgor`d Dutz`d(@dni`scawbdnbil`bt) kàr grbdi`d.

Od nb`s`r St`ff` kcat` bca dhca `bd`d Z`rif`bca zuk Stogahcasprudi zbà`d335 Zhr ?2==,ofs jr nb`s` Nbszbpfbd doa`zu storr` Stg` ous @sca`dahfz v`rw`dn`t wurn`d, foi nb`g`rsprudi`d` Aa` g`b iut 3 K`t`rd. Kbt n`d khn`rd`d, jf`xbgf`d Stg`d ldd`d rn.

nhpp`ft sh irh` Aa`d g`rsprudi`d w`rn`d. Zhrouss`tzudi nojr bst off`rnbdis, nossnos Jf`xv`raoft`d n`s Stog`s iut ouj nos zu g`scafùdbi`dn` I`wbcat (Koss`) n`sSprbdi`rs udn s`bd`r Odfouji`scawbdnbil`bt ogi`stbkkt bst. Ouca nb`s`s G`bspb`f z`bit,noss `bd`rs`bts nb` jf`xbgf`d Stg` n`d storr`d nùtfbca g`rfì`d sbdn, `s odn`r`rs`btsog`r ouca ouj nos Gbì`v`raoft`d (Jf`xv`raoft`d ~Wclst`ffv`rki`d) n`s jf`xbgf`dStog`s odlhkkt.

G`b da`r`r G`trocatudi n`r @ri`gdbss` k`bd`r Pdt`rsucaudi`d sà` bca `bd`dw`s`dtfbca`d Irudn jr nb` @jjbzb`dz n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` norbd, noss nb` bk Wut`dirbjji`f`bst`t` Org`bt gzw. ouji`w`dn`t` Lrojt - bk Z`rif`bca zur ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` -ofs `bd lurzz`btbi`r Bkpufs "pòl" wbrlt. Y`s`dtfbca jr `bd`d lurzz`btbi`d Bkpufs pòl bst

`bd` aha` G`scafùdbiudi n`r Wut`dspbtz`, nb` wb`n`ruk zu `bd`r aha`d Gbìudi n`rJfbì`drut` jart3>. Shfodi` `bd` St`bi`rudi n`r Gbìudi ouca zur St`bi`rudi nb`s`slurzz`btbi`d Bkpufs`s "pòl" udnn`r @dni`scawbdnbil`bt jart, wbrn v`rkutfbca ouca nb`

3?z.G. bk Z`rif`bca zu n`r Pdt`rsucaudi vhd Irudn` Fvhff & Eoshd Ghri`r vhd 7==9 â` Whn & â` Cost. Nb`Gbìudi k`bd`r Jfbì`drut` bst nùtfbca aa`r ofs nb` nhrt udt`rsucat`.37E` scad`ff`r sbca `bd` Jfbì`drut` i`ron` st`fft, n`sth aa`r bst bar Wclst`ffv`rki`d.33Yb` g`b odn`r`d Z rif`bca`d ibft ouca ab`r5 Stogahcasprbdi`d lodd udn shff dbcat kbt n`k Jfbì`dw`rj`dif`bcai`s`tzt w`rn`d, no `s dotrfbca Pdt`rscab`n` ibgt. Og`r `s ibgt ouca i`di`dn ]oroff`f`d, w`fca` nb` Ybrludi n`r@jjbzb`dz g`bk Jfbì`dwurj iut v`rnùtfbca`d.3>Pk `bd`d lurzz`btbi`d Bkpufs `raoft`d zu ldd`d, kuss nb` G`scafùdbiudi n`r Wut`dspbtz` lurzz`btbi ahca s`bd.Y`s`dtfbca` Zhrouss`tzudi nojr bst bd` kifbcast i`rbdi` G`scafùdbiudi n`r Wut`dspbtz` zu Gìbdd n`s Yurj`s. Ous

nb`s`k Irudn` bst `s wbcatbi, n`d Yurj fodisok zu gìbdd`d udn bad zuk @dn` abd zu st`bi`rd. @bd` kàr ofs fbdòrzudàk`dn` G`scafùdbiudi n`r Wut`dspbtz` bst nog`b vhd Zhrt`bf.


34/59


S`bt` 3> vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

@jjbzb`dz odst`bi`d. Nb`s` Ogscatzudi z`bit, noss `s `bd`d Uusokk`daodi zwbsca`dn`r Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` udn bar`r @jjbzb`dz ibgt. Nb` Aa` n`r @jjbzb`dz wbrn w`s`dtfbcavhd n`r Ort udn Ir` n`r Gbìudi g`stbkkt.

Docajhfi`dn` Slbzz` QBB z`bit - irhg ogi`scatzt - nb` dn`rudi n`r Org`bt bk Wut`dirbjjg`b sbca dn`rdn`r Gbìudi5

Slbzz` QBB

J) Pdt`rsucaudi w`bt`r`r @bdjfussjolthr`d

N`r Jfbì`dwurj wbrn vhd w`bt`r`d Jolthr`d g``bdjfusst, ouj nb` bca bk Jhfi`dn`d lurz`bdià`d kcat`. Nb`s`w`bt`r`d Pdt`rsucaudi`d`ra`g`d l`bd`d Odspruca oujZhffstdnbil`bt.

Sthpp gzw. Gìbddn`r Wclst`ffudi /@dtfonudi

?>=2=

Z`rfouj ous k`bd`rYurjs`qu`dz

Z`rfouj jr nb` ogshfutst`bj`d Jfbì`drut`

^`dn`dzb`ff`r Z`rfouj g`bi`rbdi`r`r Gbìudi ofs bdk`bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz 6 @jjbzb`dz

Kifbca`r Z`rfouj g`b ir`r`rGbìudi ofs bd k`bd`rYurjs`qu`dz 4 @jjbzb`dz

Org`bt O ; K * bk Wut`dirbjj

U`bt t

Z`rfouj jr nb` ogshfutscafojj` Jfbì`drut`

=,=s =,7:::s =,3333s


35/59



J?) N`r Nràbkpufs

Nb` bd k`bd`d gbsa`rbi`d Pdt`rsucaudi`d j`sti`st`fft`, lurzz`btbi aha` G`scafùdbiudi

"pòl" uk nb` 2= ]hsbtbhd a`ruk nùt`t norouj abd, noss nb` Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut`dhca `bd`d zustzfbca`d @jj`lt `rzùit, n`r ouj n`r Nràbkpufs`raoftudi g`ruat30.

Oujirudn n`r zudàk`dn`d Gbìudi n`r Jfbì`drut` v`rfsst n`r Nràpudlt n`rrhtb`r`dn`d Koss` n`d Wut`dirbjj udn st`bit bd Wbcatudi n`r Spbtz` `kphr. Nonurca `rjartnb` Spbtz` n`r Jfbì`drut` `bd` zustzfbca` G`scafùdbiudi, n.a. bar` I`scawbdnbil`btdbkkt `ra`gfbca zu.

N`r Nràbkpufs g`ruat ouj n`r Whtotbhds`d`rib`3:udn wbrn g`r nb` docastà`dn` Jhrk`fg`r`cad`t5

N ; k * r * < kbt ; r`Wut`dspbtzv )(

N ; k * r * rv

; k * r * v

kbt N ; Nràbkpufs< k ; g`wìt` Koss`< r ; Wonbus zwbsca`d n`k Nràpudlt n`rrhtb`r`dn`d Koss` udn n`r Wut`dspbtz`= gbs 2=udn 2= gbs?>=dbkkt nb` I`scawbdnbil`bt bar`r Wut`dspbtz` vhd co. 0% ouj co. 1>% bar`r @dni`scawbdnbil`bt zu (sbà` 1.J`stst`ffudi), wos `bd`r Uudoak` uk nos ?: gbs ?9-joca` `dtsprbcat. Nokbt fbìt nb` Uudoak` n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt n`r

Wut`dspbtz` nùtfbca g`r n`r Uudoak` n`r Whtotbhdsi`scawbdnbil`bt bk Wut`dirbjj. Nr. Scakbtt (sbà` Nodlsoiudi)ibgt bk Odaodi 3 w`bt`rià`dn` @rfut`rudi`d zur Ybrludi n`s Nràbkpufs`s.


36/59


S`bt` 3: vhd 02 Chpyrbiat hgbos Abdzkodd. Off` W`cat` vhrgàoft`d. W`vbsbhd 7.= -??/7=?>

v`r`bdjocat` G`trocatudi lodd odi`dhkk`d w`rn`d, noss n`r Nràbkpufs i`d`r`ff g`rnb` i`sokt` Nou`r n`s Yurj`s lhdstodt gf`bgt.

N(>=) ; N(2=) ; N(?>=) ; N(rcl) ; lhdstodt


Slbzz` QBBB

Nb` i`hk`trbsca`d G`zbàudi`d w`rn`d ous n`r vhrstà`dn`d Slbzz` QBBB g`stbkkt32. Jrn`d Wonbus r `ribgt sbca da`rudisw`bs`5

r(>=) ~ F< r(2=) ~ F< r(?>=) ~F

N`r r`catwbdlfbi zur Wbcatudi n`r I`scawbdnbil`bt stà`dn` Wonbus r,a wbrn bd n`rdocajhfi`dn`d ôg`ff` `rkbtt`ft5

]hsbtbhd Whtotbhdswbdl`f /St`ffudi Wut`dirbjj

>= 2= ?>=

Wonbus r n`s Nràbkpufs`s ~ F ~ F ~ F

Wonbus r,a n`s Nràbkpufs`sr`catwbdlfbi zur Wbcatudi n`rI`scawbdnbil`bt v,a

r,a r(>=) * sbd(>=); =,:>3 F

r,a r(2=) * sbd(3=); =,70= F

r,a r(?>=) * sbd(30); =,?2? F

32@bd` i`dou`r` G`stbkkudi n`r i`hk`trbsca`d G`zbàudi`d bst oujw`dnbi udn wrn` n`d Woak`d k`bd`rPdt`rsucaudi`d spr`di`d. Nb`s`r Ogscadbtt shff nb` irudnstzfbca` Ybrludisw`bs` n`r Nràbkpufs`raoftudi oujz`bi`d,

whjr nb` da`rudisw`bs` g`stbkkt`d i`hk`trbsca`d Ir`d ousr`bca`dn i`dou sbdn.

r,a(2=) r,a(>=) r,a(?>=)

v,a

r(>=)r(2=)

r(?>=)

>=

~3=

~30

N`r Nràpudlt n`rrhtb`r`dn`d Koss` g`wìtsbca war`dn n`rWclst`ffudi / @dtfonudiwb`n`r bd Wbcatudi n`sWut`dirbjjs

Whtotbhdspudlt, n`d n`r Y`rj`r bkWut`dirbjj `bdibgt. G`b n`r jf`xbgf`dJfbì`drut` v`rfsst n`r Nràpudltn`r rhtb`r`dn`d Koss` n`dWhtotbhdspudlt, g`b n`r ogshfutst`bj`d Jfbì`drut` gf`bg`d g`bn`]udlt` bk Irbjj zusokk`d.


37/59



Nb` sbca g`wì`dn` Koss` k g`jbdn`t sbca bk Y`s`dtfbca`d hg`raofg n`s Nràpudlt`s.Y`bf sbca bd k`bd`r Yurjs`qu`dz n`r Nràpudlt g`b zudàk`dn`r Gbìudi vhk Irbjj n`rJfbì`drut` bd Wbcatudi bar`r Spbtz` g`wìt, v`rlrzt sbca n`r Wonbus udn nb` sbca

g`wì`dn` Koss` dbkkt og. Jr nb` sbca g`wì`dn` Koss` k lodd jhfi`dn`sj`sti`st`fft w`rn`d5

k(>=) 4 k(2=) 4 k(?>=)

Nb`s`r phsbtbv` @jj`lt n`r ogdàk`dn`d sbca g`wì`dn`d Koss` k wbrn n`r @bdjocaa`btaofg`r v`rdocafssbit udn nb` Koss` ofs lhdstodt odi`dhkk`d. N`r Nràbkpufs wbrlt oujnb` ahrbzhdtof` I`scawbdnbil`bt v,a n`r Wut`dspbtz` wb` jhfit5

v,a(4>=) ;Fk

N

:>3,=*< v,a(2=) ;

Fk

N

70,=*=) ;Fk

N

?2?,=*< v(rcl) ;

Fk

N

:>3,=*

v,a(2=)/v,a(4>=) ;70,=

:>3,=; 7,09< v,a(?>=)/v,a(2=) ;

?2?,=

70,=; ?,3?

v(rcl)/v,a(?>=) ;:>3,=

?2?,=; =,3=

?0. J`stst`ffudi5 Off`bd nurca nb` Ybrludi n`r Nràbkpufs`raoftudi dbkkt nbàhrbzhdtof` I`scawbdnbil`bt n`r Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` bdd`raofg n`r >=gbs 2=]hsbtbhd uk n`d Jolthr 7,09 udn bdd`raofg n`r 2=gbs ?>=]hsbtbhd dhca`bdkof uk n`d Jolthr ?,3? zu. I`ron` war`dn sbca nb` Gbìudi oujgout, wbrn nbàhrbzhdtof` I`scawbdnbil`bt nùtfbca i`st`bi`rt. Nb` Ogdoak` nb`s`rI`scawbdnbil`bt g`r n`d Yì n`r Wclst`ffudi / @dtfonudi ouj n`d Jolthr =,3=wbrn nurca nb` `bds`tz`dn` @dtspoddudi n`r Jfbì`drut` (J`n`rwbrludi)lhkp`dsb`rt>=.

>=Y i`d n`d zuvhr g`scarb`g`d`d, v`r`bdjocat`d Oddoak`d ra`g`d nb` Jolthr`d l`bd`d Odspruca, nb` Uudoak` n`r

I`scawbdnbil`bt n`r Wut`dspbtz` `xolt ogzugbfn`d. Nurca nos Uusokk`dspb`f vhd zui`jart`r Whtotbhds`d`rib`,Z rfoi`rudi n`s Nràpudlt`s udn pht`dtb`ff`r J`n`r`d`rib` gf`bgt nb` Spbtz` n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` bd n`rI`scawbdnbil`bt zudcast nùtfbca abdt`r n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut` zurcl, ahft og`r trhtz zudàk`dn`rpht`dtb`ff`r J`n`r`d`rib` wì`d n`r Z`rfoi`rudi n`s Nràpudlt`s ouj udn `rr`bcat scahd bd n`r 2=]hsbtbhd nbÌ`scawbdnbil`bt n`r ogshfut st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`. G`b n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` wbrn nb` k`bst` @d`rib` zuk @dn` n`sYurj`s abd g`rtroi`d.Nurca nb` Gbìudi n`r jf`xbgf`d Jfbì`drut` v`rlrzt sbca n`r Ogstodn zwbsca`d n`r rhtb`r`dn`d Koss` (nb`bdsg`shdn`r` ous n`r Jfbì`dscadur udn n`k Spbtz`dsìk`dt n`r Jfbì`drut` g`stàt) udn n`k Whtotbhdspudlt g`bkIrbjj. No n`r khk`dtod bd Syst`k g`jbdnfbca` Nràbkpufs `raoft`d gf`bgt gzw. sbca ukv`rt`bft, kuss nb`s` Z`rlrzudizu `bd`r Uudoak` n`r Whtotbhdsi`scawbdnbil`bt jar`d - v`rif`bcagor n`r ]brhu`tt` g`bk @bsludstfouj. Nb`s` fujt bdnb` Wbcatudi n`r Wut`dspbtz`, whnurca sb` `bd` zustzfbca` I`scawbdnbil`bt `rjart. Norg`r abdous g`wbrlt nb`Gbìudi, noss Koss`d`f`k`dt` bd n`r Da` n`s Irbjj`s dhca da`r od n`d Whtotbhdspudlt a`rod i`fodi`d, wos zu `bd`rw`bt`r`d Pkv`rt`bfudi n`s Nràbkpufs`s udn I`scawbdnbil`btszudoak` jar`d kuss. Nb`s` zustzfbca` Ybrludi lodd

kbt bd`r w`bt`r`d Z rlrzudi n`s Ogstodn`s zwbsca`d n`r rhtb`r`dn`d Koss` zu bar`k Nràpudlt nori`st`fft w`rn`d,w`saofg n`r Nràpudlt n`r rhtb`r`dn`d Koss` bd Wbcatudi n`r Wut`dspbtz` `kphr st`bit.


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Jr nb` ogshfut st`bj` Jfbì`drut` `ribgt sbca nb`s`r @jj`lt n`s Nràbkpufs`s dbcat, w`bf sb`sbca dbcat nurcagbìt. G`b bar v`rgf`bgt n`r Nràpudlt n`r rhtb`r`dn`d Koss` bk Wut`dirbjj,`r jfft kbt n`k Whtotbhdspudlt bk Wut`dirbjj zusokk`d. G`b `bd`r sàr st`bj`d Jfbì`drut`,

nb` sbca dur f`bcat nurcagbìt, g`wìt sbca n`r Nràpudlt n`r rhtb`r`dn`d Koss` zwor`twos vhk Wut`dirbjj bd Wbcatudi n`r Wut`dspbtz`, `rr

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Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Biegung der Fliegenrute - Revision 2.0