Mainframe Sas Online Training 01 (1)

5/21/2018 Mainframe Sas Online Training 01 (1)

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Introduction to SAS and Basic Concepts

Statistical Analysis System


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Turning Data into Information

The process of delivering meaningfl information is typicallydistri!ted as

follo"s#

80% data-related

$ access

$ scr!

$ transform

$ manage

$ store and retrieve

20% analysis


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Basic concepts of SAS

'vervie"

SAS Programs

SAS (i!raries)eferencing SAS files

SAS data Sets

*aria!le Attri!tes


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Oerie!

To program effectively sing SAS, yo need to nderstand !asicconcepts a!ot SAS programsand the SAS files that they process- .n

particlar, yo need to !e familiar "ith SAS data sets-



SAS "rogram

0o can se SAS programs to access, manage, analye, or present yordata-

(ets !egin !y looing at a simple SAS program-

DATA SAMPLE;INPUT NAME $10.;

DATALINES;

ANIL

ARUN;

RUN;

PROC PRINT DATA=SAMPLE;

RUN;



Components of SAS "rograms # Sample code

'r sample SAS program contains t"o steps# a ATA stepand a P)' step-

DATA SAMPLE;

INPUT NAME $10.;DATALINES;

ANIL

ARUN;

RUN;PROC PRINT DATA=SAMPLE;

RUN;

Continued$



Components of SAS "rograms # DATA ST"& "'OC ST"

T(ese t!o types of steps& alone or com)ined& form most SAS programs*

Continued$



DATA steps typically create or modify SAS data sets- They can also !e sed to prodcecstom designed reports- 6or eample, yo can se ATA steps to

pt yor data into a SAS data set

compte vales

chec for and correct errors in yor data

prodce ne" SAS data sets !y s!setting, merging, and pdating eisting data sets-

"'OC +procedure, steps are pre8"ritten rotines that ena!le yo to analye and

process the data in a SAS data set and to present the data in the form of a report- P)'

steps sometimes create ne" SAS data sets that contain the reslts of the procedre-

P)' steps can list, sort, and smmarie data- 6or eample, yo can se P)' steps

to

create a report that lists the data

prodce descriptive statistics

create a smmary report

prodce plots and charts-

Components of SAS "rograms



C(aracteristics of SAS "rograms

9et let:s loo at the individal statements in or sample program- SAS programs consistof SAS statements- A SAS statement has t"o important characteristics#

.t sally !egins "ith a SAS ey!ord-

.t al"ays ends "ith a semicolon

DATA SAMPLE; ---- SAS Data Step creating DataetINPUT NAME $10.;

DATALINES;

ANIL

ARUN;

RUN;

PROC PRINT DATA=SAMPLE; -- SAS PROC tep ! Printing DATA

RUN;



.ayout for SAS "rograms

SAS statements are in free format- This means that

they can !egin and end any"here on a line

one statement can contine over several lines

several statements can !e on a line-;lans or special characters separate


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"rocessing SAS "rograms

>hen yo s!mit a SAS program, SAS !egins reading the statements and checingthem for errors- ATA and P)' statements signal the !eginning of a ne" step- >hen

SAS enconters a s!se=ent ATA, P)', or )?9 statement @for ATA steps and

most procedres or a B?.T statement @for some procedres, SAS stops reading

statements and eectes the previos step in the program- .n or sample program, each

step ends "ith a )?9 statement-

DATA SAMPLE; ---- SAS Data Step creating Dataet

INPUT NAME $10.;

DATALINES;

ANIL

ARUN;

RUN;

PROC PRINT DATA=SAMPLE; -- SAS PROC tep ! Printing DATA

RUN;

/oteThe !eginning of a ne" step @ATA or P)' implies the end of the previos

step- Thogh the )?9 statement is not al"ays re=ired !et"een steps in a

SAS program, sing it can mae the SAS program easier to read and de!g,

and it maes the SAS log easier to read-



.og 1essages

Cach time a step is eected, SAS generates a log of the processing activities and the reslts of the

processing- The SAS log collects messages a!ot the processing of SAS programs and a!ot any errors

that occr- >hen SAS processes or sample program, yo see the log messages sho"n !elo"- 9otice that

yo get separate sets of messages for each step in the program-

SAS .og


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SAS .og and SAS .i)raries

Cvery SAS file is stored in a SAS li)rary, "hich is a collection of SAS files- ASAS data li!rary is the highest level of organiation for information "ithin SAS-

6or eample, in the >indo"s and ?9.D environments, a li!rary is typically a

grop of SAS files in the same folder or directory-


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SAS .i)raries

The ta!le !elo" smmaries the implementation of SAS li!raries in variosoperating environments-


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'eferencing SAS iles

To reference a SAS file, yo se a t"o8level name,libref.filename- .n the t"o8level name, libref is the name forthe SAS li!rary that contains the file, and filename is the name of the

file itself- A period separates the li!ref and filename-

To reference temporary SAS files, yo specify the defalt li!ref 3or,

a period, and the filename- Alternatively, yo can simply se a one8

level name @the filename only to reference a file in a temporary SAS

li!rary- )eferencing a SAS file in any li!rary e4cept 3or indicates

that the SAS file is stored permanently-

SAS data set names can !e 1 to 32 characters long, mst !egin "itha letter @A-E, either ppercase or lo"ercase or an nderscore @F,

and can contine "ith any com!ination of nm!ers, letters, or

nderscores-


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SAS Data Sets

6or many of the data processing tass that yo perform "ithSAS, yo access data in the form of a SAS data set andse SAS programs to analye, manage, or present the data-onceptally, a SAS data set is a file that consists of t"o

parts# a descriptor portion and a data portion-

The descriptor portion of a SAS data set contains information a!ot the data set-

The data portion of a SAS data set is a collection of data vales that are arranged in arectanglar ta!le-

O)serations in the data set correspond to ro"s or data lines in a ra" data file

or in an eternal data!ase- An o!servation is the information a!ot each o!Gect in a SASdata set-

5aria)les in the data set correspond to colmns in a ra" data file or in an eternaldata!ase-


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5aria)le Attri)utes

.n addition to general information a!ot the data set, the descriptorportion contains information a!ot the attri!tes of each varia!le in

the data set- The attri!te information incldes the

varia!le:s name,

type,

length, format,

informat, and

la!el-

/ame

Cach varia!le has a name that conforms to SAS naming conventions- *aria!le namesfollo" eactly the same rles as SAS data set names- (ie data set names, varia!le

names

can !e 1 to 32 characters long

mst !egin "ith a letter @A-E, either ppercase or lo"ercase or an nderscore @F

can contine "ith any com!ination of nm!ers, letters, or nderscores- Continued$


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5aria)le Attri)utes

9ame continedH

Type

A varia!le:s type is either c(aracter or numeric- haracter varia!les, sch as 9ame @sho"n !elo", can contain any alues-

9meric varia!les, sch as Policy and Total @sho"n !elo", can contain only numeric alues @the digits throgh +, I, 8, -, and C for

scientific notation-

Continued$


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.engt(

A varia!le:s lengt( @the nm!er of !ytes

sed to store it is related to its type- haracter varia!les can !e p to 62&77 )ytes long- .n the eample !elo", 9ame

has a length of 2 characters and ses 2 !ytes of storage-

All nmeric varia!les have a defalt length of 8- 9meric vales @no matter ho"

many digits they contain are stored as floating8point nm!ers in & !ytes of storage,

nless yo specify a different length-

5aria)le Attri)utes

Continued$


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5aria)le Attri)utes

ormat 6ormats are varia!le attri!tes that affect the "ay data vales are "ritten- SAS

soft"are offers a variety of character, nmeric, and date and time formats- 0o

can also create and store yor o"n formats- To "rite vales ot sing a

particlar form, yo select the appropriate format-

Continued$


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5aria)le Attri)utes

Informat

ormats "rite vales out !y sing some particlar form "hereas informats read data vales in

certain forms into standard SAS vales- .nformats determine ho" data vales are read into a SAS

data set- 0o must se informats to read nmeric vales that contain letters or other special

characters-

Continued$


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5aria)le Attri)utes

.a)elA varia!le can have a la)el, "hich consists of descriptive

tet p to 25% characters long- ;y defalt, many reports

identify varia!les !y their names- 0o might "ant to display

more descriptive information a!ot the varia!le !yassigning a la!el to the varia!le-


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Mainframe Sas Online Training 01 (1)