MANSA 2010 3.ppt [Kompatibilitätsmodus] - National ... procedure is unsatisfying until now MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Dr. Rothe, Dr. Beck MANSA 2010 09. June 2010 4 Particle Size Distribution

Particle Counting in Engine Exhaustin Engine Exhaust

MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Rothe, Beck, Maurer MANSA 2010 09. June 2010 1

History of the Emission Legislationfrom Euro 0 to Euro VIfrom Euro 0 to Euro VI

PM [g/kWh] E 0 1990PM [g/kWh]

0,7

0 6

Euro 0, 1990

Dieselmotoren > 85 kW0,6

0,5

E I 19920,4

0,3

Euro I, 1992

0,20,15

Euro II, 1995E III 20000,1

00,02

Euro III, 2000

b 2005Euro IV

Euro V, 2008

MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Dr. Rothe, Dr. Beck MANSA 2010 09. June 2010 2

0 2 3,5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14,4NOx [g/kWh]COP-Grenzwerte EEC 88/77

ab 2005Euro VI, 2014

Further Regulations to be fulfilled for Euro VIFurther Regulations to be fulfilled for Euro VI

New test cycles WHTC and WHSCNew test cycles WHTC and WHSC

WHTC with cold and warm test

WNTE (World harmonized not to exceed)

In use compliance

Limitation of secondary emissions (NO2 NH3 N2O )Limitation of secondary emissions (NO2, NH3, N2O, …)

PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement System)

Particle number emission limit


Particle Number Emission Limit for Euro VIParticle Number Emission Limit for Euro VI

6x1011 particles/kWh in WHTC and 8x1011 particles/kWh in WHSC6x10 particles/kWh in WHTC and 8x10 particles/kWh in WHSC

Measuring method developed with suggestion of thePMP (P i l M P )PMP (Particulate Measurement Programme)

Only non-volatile particles

only particles > 23 nm (Cut Point)

3 stage dilution (in total 1:10.000)

Use of a PNC (Particle Number Counter)( )

Calibration procedure is unsatisfying until now


Particle Size Distribution

Potential clima and toxicological potential of the nucleation mode


Potential clima - and toxicological potential of the nucleation modeis not taken into account

PMP Measuring SystemSetupSetup


Working Principle CPC


UncertaintyParticle lossesParticle losses

Source: AVL MST 2010

Size depended particle losses during sampling are corrected size independent

Source: AVL MST 2010


pCauses: Diffusion and Thermophoresis

Uncertainty Morphological changes in the ETMorphological changes in the ET

Partikelgrößenverteilung gemessen mit SMPS vor und nach der Vorkonditioniereinheit des AVL Partikelzählers, PCRF=3000vor und nach der Vorkonditioniereinheit des AVL Partikelzählers, PCRF 3000

1,00E+05

1,00E+04

p [#

/cm

]

vor AVL PC 1vor AVL PC 2vor AVL PC 3

1,00E+03dN/d

log

Dp vor AVL PC 3

nach AVL PC 1nach AVL PC 2nach AVL PC 3nach AVL PC 4

1,00E+02

Morphological changes of the soot structureFormation of CNTs

1 10 100 1000

Partikeldurchmeser [nm]


Pyrolysis of the organic fraction (artificial overestimation)

Uncertainty Calibration of the CPCCalibration of the CPC

Source: TSI JAS 2010

Counting efficiency is material dependent Caused by the different physical and chemical interactions between the particles and the

Source: TSI, JAS, 2010


Caused by the different physical and chemical interactions between the particles and the working fluidNo ideal calibration aerosol for diesel exhaust

Uncertainty Calibration of the CPCCalibration of the CPC

Abhängigkeit der Partikelkonzentration vom VerdünnungsfaktorDependence of the particle concentration from the dilution ratio

4,0E+04

4,5E+04

5,0E+04

]

2,5E+04

3,0E+04

3,5E+04

entr

atio

n [#

/cm

³]

1 0E 04

1,5E+04

2,0E+04

,

Part

ikel

konz

e

0,0E+00

5,0E+03

1,0E+04

0 0E+00 1 0E-01 2 0E-01 3 0E-01 4 0E-01 5 0E-01 6 0E-01

Difference between PCRF and DRA tifi i l ti ti t l t ti (H l ti ??)

0,0E+00 1,0E-01 2,0E-01 3,0E-01 4,0E-01 5,0E-01 6,0E-01

Particle Concentration Reduction Factor (PCRF)-1


Artificial overestimation at low concentrations (Homogeneous nucleation ??)Artificial underestimation at high concentrations (coincidence)

Comparison: MSS with APC

06.05.200912:27:05_1307 nach Vorkat

07.05.200913:36:03_1316 nach Filter

06.05.200912:59:58_1308 nach Vorkat

07.05.200913:36:03_1316 nach Filter

8·107

9·107

1·108

1·108

g/m

3 ]

35

40

45

50

PN

[Par

tikel

/cm

3 ]

3 107

4·107

5·107

6·107

7·107

Ruß

konz

entr

atio

n [m

g

15

20

25

30

U:\Eigene Dateien\Eigene Dokumente\Vorträge\MAN\MTX\0509\APC_ETC.ipw

0·100

1·107

2·107

3·107

Zeit [s]0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

U:\Eigene Dateien\Eigene Dokumente\Vorträge\MAN\MTX\0509\MSS_ETC.ipw

0

5

10

Zeit [s]0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

PN (APC) and Soot concentration measurement (MSS) in the ETC before and behind DPF

Detection limit of both methods sufficient for measurements behind DPFPN-emission behind DPF lower than intake air



Correlation between solid particles and soot mass for different driving cycles

Quelle: Mohr, 5. AVL. 2008

Good correlation for the same combustion strategy and engine test cycle

p g y



MSS APCSelectivity Soot particles Solid particlesDetection limit ≤ 10 µg m-3 Ca. 109 m-3

Calibration effort Model soot / Gravimetry

ElectrosprayRadioactive sourceG a et y ad oact e sou ceElectrometerCPC

Robustness Fair ModerateOperating supplies Non n-Butanol Costs Fair HighM i t ff t F i Hi h

Soot concentration measurement as alternative or addition to PN measurement

Maintenance effort Fair High


Summary/OutlookSummary/Outlook

Some uncertainty for the PN measurement in engine exhaust (dilutionSome uncertainty for the PN measurement in engine exhaust (dilution losses, Evaporation Tube, Calibration)

By introducing the world harmonised driving cycles WHTC and WHSCBy introducing the world harmonised driving cycles WHTC and WHSC certification procedure for heavy duty engines was supposed to become easier.

The introduction of an additional emission limit causes a distortion of global competition to the disadvantage of the European heavy duty manufacturers.

Soot concentration measurement as alternative or addition to PN measurement

Discussion of the problems at an FVV-Workshop in Germany

MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Dr. Rothe, Dr. Beck MANSA 2010 09. June 2010

Documents

MANSA 2010 3.ppt [Kompatibilitätsmodus] - National ... procedure is unsatisfying until now MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Dr. Rothe, Dr. Beck MANSA 2010 09. June 2010 4 Particle Size Distribution