Mary Daheim

8/2/2019 Mary Daheim

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Mary Daheim

AUTHOR PROFILE:

Born: January 01, 1937 in The United StatesGender: femaleWebsite: http://www.authormarydaheim.com/

Genre: Romance, Mystery & ThrillersAbout this author:

Seattle native Mary Richardson Daheim has been fascinated by story-telling since early childhood.She first listened, then read, and finally began to write her own fiction when she was ten. Ajournalism major at the University of Washington, she was the first female editor of The Dailywhere she attracted national attention with her editorial stance against bigotry.After getting her B.A., she worked in newspapers and public relations, but in her spare time shetried her hand at novels. In 1983, Daheims first historical romance was published, followed by ahalf-dozen more before she switched genres to her original fictional love, mysteries. Just Dessertsand Fowl Prey, the first books of twenty-three (with Scots on the Rocks set for the end of July) inthe Bed-and-Breakfast series were released in 1991. A year later, the Emma Lord series made itsdebut with The Alpine Advocate. The eighteenth, The Alpine Scandal, was published in lateMarch 2007. The Alpine Traitor is scheduled to come out in early 2008. Daheim has also writtenseveral shortstories for mystery anthologies and magazines.Married to professor emeritus and playwright David Daheim, the couple lives in Seattle and hasthree grown daughters. She has been an Agatha Award nominee, winner of the 2000 Pacific
http://www.authormarydaheim.com/http://www.authormarydaheim.com/http://www.goodreads.com/shelf/show/romancehttp://www.goodreads.com/shelf/show/mystery-thrillershttp://www.goodreads.com/shelf/show/mystery-thrillershttp://www.goodreads.com/shelf/show/romancehttp://www.authormarydaheim.com/


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Northwest Writers Association Achievement Award, and her mysteries regularly make the USAToday bestseller list and the New York Times top thirty.


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Virgin Coconut Oil Benefits

Written by CherrySaturday, 25 February 2012

The Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) and DOST proved that Virgin coconut oil(VCO) has no cholesterol content so the public should not be worried. VCO is rich in medium-chainsaturated fatty acid which is metabolized in another way from long chain fatty acid or LCFA. SoMCFA does not produce cholesterol as explained by Dr. Trinidad, Scientist II of the FNRI-DOST.Trans-fatty acids are not present in VCO just like in vegetables. The fatty acid content of VCO hasbeen tested and approved by Philippine National Standards and Bureau of Agriculture and FisheriesProducts Standards (PNS/BAFPS). VCO helps to strengthen the immune system. It can be addedto salads as dressing or in some beverages such as tea, coffee or shakes.You can use it as a moisturizer, cure a wound easily, treat insect bites and as a biodiesel engine fuel. [viapia.gov.ph]Preparation of silver nanoparticles in virgin coconut oil using laser ablationReza Zamiri,1 B Z Azmi,1,2 Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini,1 Hossein Abbastabar Ahangar,3 A W Zaidan,1and M A Mahdi41 Department of Physics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia2 Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor,Malaysia3 Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia4 Wireless and Photonics Networks Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor,Malaysia


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Correspondence: B Z Azmi, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Tel +60 3 89466650, Fax +60 3 89454454, [email protected] is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work isproperly cited.

AbstractLaser ablation of a silver plate immersed in virgin coconut oil was carried out for fabrication of silvernanoparticles. A Nd:YAG laser at wavelengths of 1064 nm was used for ablation of the plate at differenttimes. The virgin coconut oil allowed formation of nanoparticles with well-dispersed, uniform particlediameters that were stable for a reasonable length of time. The particle sizes and volume fraction ofnanoparticles inside the solutions obtained at 15, 30, 45 min ablation times were 4.84, 5.18, 6.33 nm and1.0 108, 1.6 108, 2.4 108, respectively. The presented method for preparation of silvernanoparticles in virgin coconut oil is environmentally friendly and may be considered a green method.Keywords: silver nanoparticles, laser ablation, virgin coconut oil

IntroductionApplications of nanoparticles (NPs) depend on the particle size, charge, hydrophobicity, and surfacefunctionlization, etc. These phenomena cause nanotechnology to play an important role in science andtechnology. Antibacterial applications and nanocomposite fabrications are some of the more importantapplications of silver NPs (Ag-NPs) among many.13It was found that Ag-NPs show strong antibacteriaefficacy in very small amounts.4There are many methods for the preparation of NPs,59and one of them is the laser ablation (LA)technique. This technique is based on the ablation of a solid target by pulsed laser. The target is locatedin a gas or liquid environment and NPs are collected in the form of colloidal solution or nanopowder. Themethod is fast, straightforward, and an easy method for the preparation of NPs compared to othermethods, as it does not need multistep chemical synthetic procedures, long reaction times, and hightemperatures. Different types of NPs from metallic to semiconducting and polymeric NPs, includingsemiconducting alloys or complex multielement metallic composites, can be produced by this technique. It
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b1-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b1-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b3-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b3-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099072http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099072http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099072http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b5-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b5-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b9-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b9-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b9-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b9-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b5-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16099072http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b3-ijn-6-071http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3025586/#b1-ijn-6-071mailto:[email protected]


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does not require the use of hazardous, toxic chemical precursors for the synthesis of nanomaterials.Therefore this technique is safe for the laboratory, environmentally friendly, and can be considered a greenmethod. LA in liquids has received much attention in comparison with LA in gas or vacuum. One of theinteresting features of this technique is the influence of the surrounding solvent on particle size and stabilitywhich has been studied by many researchers.10,11For example, it was found that the obtained NPs inpolyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) solution were more stable than the preparation of NPs in pure water.12,13PVP also prevents aggregation of ablated atoms, clusters, and droplets produced by LA in the solutionand subsequently PVP controls the particle size.Recently, synthesis of NPs using vegetable oils as stabilizing agents for preparation of NPs has beenreported.14,15These natural compounds contain triglycerides as amphiphilic molecules with polarcarboxylic group which is able to coordinate to NPs and non polar long carbon chain that prevent NPsagglomeration through steric repulsion.Among vegetable oils, the saturated fat in virgin coconut oil is a unique type comprised predominantly ofmedium chain triglycerides. This unique fat has a number of health benefits and is completely different fromthe saturated fat found in other vegetable oils and meats.16The chain triglycerides in saturated fat ofcoconut oil are burned immediately and are not converted into cholesterol or body fat. Virgin coconut oilwith this unique type of saturated fats can supply incredible health benefits such as protection againstheart diseases and stroke. Therefore it is considered the healthiest of all dietary oils. In this article, wereport the preparation of Ag-NPs in virgin in coconut oil using the LA technique.ExperimentThe schematic diagram of the LA experimental set up is illustrated inFigure 1. A pulsed Q-SwitchedNd:YAG laser (Brilliant B; Quantel, Newbury, UK) with pulse duration of 5 ns and 10 Hz repetitionrate at its original wavelength (1064 nm) was applied to fabricate Ag-NPs. A silver plate (99.99% purity;Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was located in cubic glass cell containing 20 mL of virgin coconut oil. Theplate firstly was washed using ultrasonic bath for 30 min and then immersed in the virgin coconut oil. Thesolution was stirred magnetically during the ablation process to disperse the produced NPs. The recordedlaser output power by the optical power detector was 360 mJ/pulse with the power fluence of 162 J/cm2.The laser beam was focused at the silver target vertically by a 25-cm focal length lens and a flat mirror. Thetarget plate was located about 4 mm below the oil surface. The ablation was carried out at room
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temperature with different duration times; 15, 30, and 45 minutes. We obtained the volume fraction of NPsinside the samples by the following equation:

Figure 1Schematic diagram of laser ablation experimental set up.

(1)where VL is the oil volume and VS = m/ is the volume of the particles where is the mass density of thesilver and m is the particles mass dispersed in the oil. An atomic absorption spectrometer (S Series) hasbeen used to measure m . The obtained volume fractions of samples are 1.0 108, 1.6 108, and 2.4 108 in order for 15, 30, 45 min ablation times. The prepared Ag-NPs were characterized using a UV-visdouble beam photospectrometer (Shimadzu, Columbia, MD) with 1 cm optical path cell and transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM, Hitachi H-7100; Hitachi, Chula Vista, CA) at accelerating voltage of 120kV. The samples were prepared for TEM experiments by depositing a drop of solution containing Ag-NPs onto copper grids and left for one day to dry completely at room temperature.

Results and discussionDuring the LA of silver plate the virgin coconut oil at first appeared colorless and transparent but after afew minutes it began to change to yellow-brown and finally to brown. The color for solutions with higherconcentration of Ag-NPs is deeper. This was also confirmed by UV-vis absorption spectra and will bediscussed later on. InFigure 2, the optical absorption spectra of the solutions containing Ag-NPs whenthe silver plate was irradiated by constant laser power under different ablation times is shown. The selectedablation times were 15, 30, and 45 minutes. From the figure we can relate that the peak intensity of thespectra depends on the volume fraction of NPs inside the samples. The peak intensity increased with an
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increase in particle volume fraction. The appearance of the 400 nm peak with broad tails that are extendedtoward the UV wavelength range confirmed formation of Ag-NPs inside the solutions.17This peak arisesfrom surface plasmon resonance of Ag-NPs while the tail part around 250 nm is originated from interbandtransition.18At 400 nm the spectra peaks are prominent and single; this confirms that the presence ofNPs in the solutions is in spherical shapes.19It is clear fromFigure 2that the intensity of the absorptionpeak increases with the increase of ablation times, which means an increase in the formation efficiency ofthe NPs. When the NPs formation efficiency at longer times increases the intensity of the interbandtransition peak is also increased. On the other hand the shift toward the higher energy (lower wavelength)that appears in the spectrum indicates reduction in size of particles. This decrement in particle size withincreasing ablation time can be explained by the interaction of generated particles from plate with laserlight. As a result of this interaction, the large particles will fragment and become smaller. The efficiency offragmentation increases by increasing the ablation time, therefore the obtained particles at longer ablationtimes are smaller.20

Figure 2UV-vis absorption spectra of samples containing Ag-NPs prepared fordifferent ablation times in virgin coconut oil.

Figure 3represents the electron micrograph and its corresponding size distribution of NPs prepared bythis technique. TEM images showed nonagglomerated as well as scattered NPs with spherical shape. Thespherical-shaped NPs can be very appropriate for drug loading and most biological applications, such asantibacterial properties.21

Figure 3TEM image and typical of statistical graph for Ag-NPs in virgin coconut oiunder 15 min (AB), 30 min (CD), and 45 min (EF) ablation times.
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The calculated average size diameters of Ag-NPs are about 6.33, 5.18, and 4.84 nm in order for 15, 30,and 45 minutes ablation time. This also confirms the observation of particle size decrement with respect tothe ablation time (Table 1). The UV-visible spectrum for the sample prepared at 45 min ablation timedidnt show any specific change in intensity and spectral width around one month after preparation, whichconfirms the stability of the sample.

Table 1The particle size of silver nanoparticles and their corresponding volumefraction in virgin coconut oil

The mechanism of the role of the virgin coconut oil can be understood by the interaction between virgincoconut oil molecules and the particles produced during LA. NPs are formed during the process of LAthrough phase transition, nucleation, and crystal growth of emitted materials from the target plate. Theablated materials are silver atoms, clusters, and droplets.22The NPs formed were adsorbed by the virgincoconut oil and this adsorbtion can prevent aggregation and growth of the particles.The formation efficiency of NPs is related to the confinement of ablation products. The emitted materialsfrom the plate are confined by the solvent, in this case virgin coconut oil. Because of the high density andviscosity of virgin coconut oil the confining effect of the solvent increased. The generated plasma whichalready confined near the plate surface is high pressured and therefore can etch further the surface toproduce NPs.23,24This process is called secondary ablation25and can increase the formation efficiencyof Ag-NPs. We compared the formation efficiency of Ag-NPs in virgin coconut oil with that in grape seedoil of lower density and viscosity. The preparations of NPs in both of the oils were completed with 10 minablation time. The density of the Ag-NPs in virgin coconut oil was 0.055 mg/L whereas that for grapeseed oil was 0.045 mg/L. This means the formation efficiency of NPs prepared in virgin coconut oil ishigher.
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ConclusionIn summary, we presented the synthesis of Ag-NPs in virgin coconut oil using a LA technique, which is asimple and green method. The obtained sizes for particle are 4.84, 5.18, and 6.33 nm for 45, 30, and 15 minablation times, respectively. The virgin coconut oil controls the particles size and prevents agglomerationbetween the ablated NPs. Therefore the obtained NPs are stable for quite a long time. The particle sizereduced with increasing ablation time, which is attributed to more particle fragmentation under longer times.AcknowledgmentThe authors are grateful to the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia for supporting this work underthe Fundamental Research Grant Scheme No: 01-04-10-864 FR.FootnotesDisclosureThe authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.


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March, 2012


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Documents

Mary Daheim