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on the LEAP conferencePolarized Deuterium/Hydrogen Molecules

Possible Fuel for Nuclear Fusion Reactors?

by Ralf Engels

JCHP / Institut für Kernphysik, FZ Jülich

14.11.2013

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Important Questions for Polarized Fusion

- Can the total cross sections of the fusion reactions be

increased by use of polarized particles? (See talks by Paetz gen. Schieck, Deltuva, Kravchenko, Kravtsov)

- Will polarization survive in a plasma? (See talks by Holler and Didelez)

- What will happen in the different types of fusion reactors?

(See talks by Temporal and Sandorfi)

- How to get and how to handle polarized fuel?

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PIT@ANKE

• internal experiments – with the circulating beam • external experiments – with the extracted beam

p, p, d, dwith momenta up to 3.7 GeV/c

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PIT @ ANKE/COSY

Main parts of a PIT:• Atomic Beam Source

• Target gas

hydrogen or deuterium• H beam intensity (2 hyperfine states) 8.2 . 1016 atoms / s• Beam size at the interaction point σ = 2.85 ± 0.42 mm• Polarization for hydrogen atomPZ = 0.89 ± 0.01 (HFS 1)

PZ = -0.96 ± 0.01 (HFS 3)

• Polarization for deuterium atoms atomPZ = 0.88 / PZZ = 0.88 (HFS 1/6)

PZ = 0.005 / PZZ = -1.71 (HFS 2/5)

• Lamb-Shift Polarimeter• Storage Cell

M. Mikirtychyants et al.; NIM A 721 (0) 83 (2013)

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ABS and Lamb-shift polarimeter

6-polemagnet

6-polemagnet

rf-transition

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Polarized H2 Molecules

Is there a way to increase Pm P

(surface material, T, B etc)?

Pm = 0.5 • Pa

Eley-Rideal Mechanism

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Measurements from NIKHEF, IUCF, HERMES show that recombined molecules retain a fraction of initial nuclear

polarization of atoms!

Polarized H2 Molecules

The HERMES Collaboration; Eur. Phys. J. D 29, 21–26 (2004)DOI: 10.1140/epjd/e2004-00023-5

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Theory

A.Abragam: The Principles of Nuclear Magnetism

Hamiltonian to describe the nuclear spin relaxation of H2 molecules

H = ωI ( I1z + I2

z) + ωJ Jz + ω‘ (I1 + I2)·J + ω‘‘ { I1· I2 – 3(I1· n)(I2 · n)}

I1 and I2 are the spins of the two protons I1 + I2 = I J is the rotational angular momentum of the molecule

ωI = - γI H0 is the proton Lamor frequency in the applied field H0

ωJ = - γJ H0 is the Lamor frequency of the rotational magnetic moment of the H2

ω‘ = - γI H‘ is the strength of the coupling between the magnetic moment of the

protons and the magnetic field produced at their positions by the rotation of the molecule ( H‘ = 2.7 mT)

ω‘‘ = 2 γI H‘‘ = γI2 ħ/ b3 is the strength of the dipolar coupling between the protons,

b is their distance, and n is the unit vector b/b (H‘‘ = 3.4 mT).

Bc (Hz) ≠ Bc (Dz) ≠ Bc (Dzz)

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lim 0.5B

R

Nuclear Polarization of Hydrogen Molecules from Recombination of Polarized AtomsT.Wise et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 042701 (2001).

Polarized H2 Molecules

Spin Relaxation of H2/D2 Molecules

A. Abragam: The Principles of Nuclear Magnetism (1961)

The polarization losses duringa single wall collision depend on:-Nuclear Spin I-Polarization Pm

-Temperature-Magnetic field in the cell

P(B,n) = Pm · e- n ( )2Bc

B

n ≈ 1000

Polarization losses of the molecules

Bc = 6.1 mT

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Recombination of polarized atoms into molecules

Conversion of polarized atoms and molecules into ions

Separation of protons and H2 by energy with the Wienfilter

Measurement of proton and H2 polarization in LSP polarize

d

cell wall

B ~ 1T

The idea

+

+

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The SetupISTC Project # 1861 PNPI, FZJ, Uni. CologneDFG Project: 436 RUS 113/977/0-1

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+H2 + e → H + 2e + …

H2 + e → H2 + 2e

The Ionization Processes

+

(Ee = 150 eV: σ = 0.46 · 10-16 cm2)

(Ee = 150 eV: σ = 0.88 · 10-16 cm2)

(Ee = 150 eV: σ = 0.082 · 10-16 cm2)

(www.nist.gov)

H + e → H + 2e+

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Experimental results

Mass separation with the Wienfilter

Fel = FB

E • q = - q • v • B

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Recombination

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Experimental results

Wienfilter function of the protons in the LSP

Ekin(p) = 1 keV

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Experimental results

Wienfilter function of the H2 ions in the LSP+

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Experimental results

How are the polarized H2S produced from H2?+

2-step process (Stripping at the Cs + H2S production)

1-step process: Direct production: H2 + Cs → H2S + Cs+…+

Cross section:σ(p→H2S) ≈ 35·σ(H2→H2S)

+

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Theory

Pm = 0.5

Bc = 6.1 mT

H2

+

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Theory

22

Theory

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See Talk by A. Nass on Friday

Experimental results

Protons:

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0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

Experimental results

Polarization of the Protons

(HFS 1, Ep = 4 keV, Gold Surface, B=0.28 T)

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Experimental results

Measurements on Fomblin (Perfluorpolyether PFPE)

HFS 3

TCell = 100 K

H2 :

Pm = - 0.84 ± 0.02

n = 217 ± 24

Protons:

Pm = - 0.81 ± 0.02

n = 136 ± 15 c = 0.993 ± 0.005 +

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Experimental results

J.S. Price and W. Haeberli,

“Measurement of cell wall depolarization of polarized hydrogen gas targets in a weak magnetic field”

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 349 (1994) 321-333

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Experimental results

Measurements on Fomblin Oil (Perfluorpolyether PFPE)

HFS 3: Next day

TCell = 100 K

H2 :

Pm = - 0.80 ± 0.02

n = 110 ± 47

Protons:

Pm = - 0.80 ± 0.02

n = 336 ± 104 c = 0.526 ± 0.015

Pa = - 0.80 ± 0.02

+

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Experimental results

Measurements on Fomblin (Perfluorpolyether PFPE)

HFS 2+3: Next day

TCell = 100 K

H2 :

Pm = - 0.68 ± 0.02

n = 184 ± 29

Protons:

Pm = - 0.68 ± 0.02

n = 409 ± 87 c = 0.88 ± 0.02

Pa = -0.68 ± 0.02

+

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Experimental results

Measurements on Fomblin (Perfluorpolyether PFPE)

HFS 3

HFS 2+3

Bcell = 0.4 T , H2 only +

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Experimental results

Very first results on water (Fomblin): (3. day)

p

H2

+Very Preliminary

HFS3

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Experimental results

Very first results on water (Gold): Tcell = 100 K

-0,44

Pm = 0.28 ±0.01

n = 317 ± 16

Pm = - 0.25 ±0.01

n = 330 ± 26Pm = - 0.27 ±0.01

n = 605 ± 27

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Experimental results

Measurements on Fused Quartz Glass after several days

Deuterium: HFS 3+4 (Vector and Tensorpolarized)

Pm,z = - 0.40 ±0.01

n = 686 ± 75

Pm,zz = 0.24 ± 0.03

n = 950 ± 246

(Pa,z = - 0.91 ± 0.01 / Pa,zz = + 0.85 ± 0.02)

Pm,zz = 0.24 ± 0.03

n = 1590 ± 590 c = 0.980 ± 0.006

Pm,z = - 0.40 ±0.01

n = 701 ± 180 c = 0.984 ± 0.008

TCell = 100 K

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Conclusion

We can measure:

-the recombination of hydrogen/deuterium atoms on

different surfaces and for different HFS.

-the polarization of atoms and molecules in a storage cell.

-the number of wall collisions of the molecules in the cell.

At least, we can see the difference between „hard“ and „soft“ materials (elastic scattering or cosx-distribution).

-the Bc for vector- and tensor-polarized Deuterium.

-We can increase the target density with recombined molecules.

=> Bc (Dz) = 7 ±1 mT / Bc (Dzz) = 10 ±1 mT

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To-do List

- Calculation of Bc for vector- and tensor-polarized Deuterium

- Additional cryo-catcher between ABS and ISTC-chamber

- Measurements on different surfaces:

- Aluminium- Teflon- …

- More measurements on a water surface

(Maybe the surface below has some influence …)

- Development of a new openable storage cell for ANKE

- Polarized Deuterium Fuel for polarized fusion reactors

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Polarized H2 Molecules

-

para-Deuterium

orto-Deuterium