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Pathway to Eco Industrial Development in IndiaConcepts and Cases

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Pathway to Eco Industrial Development in IndiaConcepts and Cases


4 Foreword

FOREWORDDr. Tishya Chatterjee, MoEF

Dr. Dieter Mutz, GIZ

India is becoming one of the fastest growing economies in the world. With new policies such

as the National Manufacturing Policy, the Government of India envisions to increase the manu-

facturing sector’s contribution to GDP by 25 %. This goal is to be achieved by 2022, together

with an increase of competitiveness as well as double the employment in this sector. This clearly

shows that the industrial sector in India will assume more importance than ever before.

However, the last few decades have made it evident that economic development does not

happen in isolation from environmental protection and social progress.

Technological progress, globalisation of trade and commerce, a growing knowledge base as

well as active participation of the civil society need to come together to achieve sustainable

development.

Eco Industrial Development is a promising strategy for promoting sustainable industrial develop-

ment, while tackling environmental, economic and social aspects in a balanced manner. The

Indian Government has taken many initiatives in this regard. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Inter-

nationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), under the Indo-German Development Cooperation has

been actively providing technical assistance to the Indian Government for over a decade now.

The publication on Pathway to Eco Industrial Development in India effectively highlights various

areas of work with specific examples of the achievements in sustainable development.

I believe the publication will help in over-viewing the pathway taken so far on Eco Industrial

Development in India and subsequently to strategise future course of action.

Dr. Tishya Chatterjee


5

India, a fast developing country, faces the challenge of balancing rapid development with

sustainable inclusive growth. Technological progress, a growing knowledge base, active partic-

ipation of the civil society, and international co-operation offer unprecedented opportunities

for India to meet its sustainability goals.

Germany has been cooperating with India for more than 50 years. Its international cooperation

endeavours focus on positive impacts in shaping the future. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für

Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) as the German implementing agency for inter-

national cooperation counts on longstanding partnerships in India that strive for forward-

looking, efficient, effective and sustainable solutions.

GIZ is active in a wide variety of developmental fields. For many years, it has tapped the

opportunity of turning the challenges posed by rapid industrialisation towards sustainable

development, and has adopted industrial development as one of its key areas of work.

It undertook a number of initiatives for introducing Eco Industrial Development in India under

the Advisory Services in Environmental Management (ASEM).

GIZ and the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests developed this publication to sum up

the concept and take stock of what has been done and achieved so far. This important work

on Eco Industrial Development will continue under the Indo German Environment Partnership

(IGEP) Programme which started in March 2012 and will last until 2018.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of the involved national and international

experts, company representatives and officials for their valuable inputs and comments.

Dr. Dieter Mutz, GIZ


66


7

Content

FOREWORD

Dr. Tishya Chatterjee, MoEF ............................................ 4

Dr. Dieter Mutz, GIZ ....................................................... 5

1. INTRODUCTION ECO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

1.1 Overview ................................................................. 9

1.2 Learning from International Experience ................ 10

2. THE INDIAN CONTEXT

2.1 Industrial Development in India ........................... 15

2.2 Cooperation towards EID ..................................... 16

2.3 Relevance of EID Concepts for India ................... 16

3. EID APPROACH: AT INDUSTRIAL PARK LEVEL

3.1 New Industrial Parks ............................................. 19

3.1.1 New Industrial Parks: Concept .............................. 19

3.1.2 Site Suitability Assessment: Case............................ 20

3.1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment: Case ............... 22

3.1.4 Site Master Planning: Case .................................... 24

3.2 Existing Industrial Parks ........................................ 26

3.2.1 Transformation of Existing Industrial

Parks: Concept ...................................................... 26

3.2.2 Transformation Examples: Case ............................. 28

3.2.3 Environmental Management Cells: Case ............... 30

3.3 Infrastructure Development ................................... 32

3.3.1 Waste Management: Concept ................................ 32

3.3.2 Hazardous Waste Treatment Plant: Case ............... 34

3.3.3 Formalization of E-Waste Collectors: Case ............ 36

3.3.4 Waste Water Management: Concept ..................... 38

3.3.5 Common Effluent Treatment Plant: Case ............. 40

3.4. Management Improvements .................................. 42

3.4.1 Information Systems: Concept .............................. 42

3.4.2 GIS-based Information System: Case .................... 44

3.4.3 Monitoring and Control: Case .............................. 46

3.4.5 Disaster Risk Management: Concept ..................... 48

3.4.6 Interstate considerations for

Off-Site Emergency Plans: Case............................. 50

3.4.7 Stakeholder Participation: Concept ....................... 52

3.4.8 Stakeholder Workshops for Planning

Eco Industrial Park Activities: Case ....................... 54

3.5. Climate Change Considerations ........................... 56

3.5.1 Climate Change Mitigation: Concept ................... 56

3.5.2 Public Private Partnership on

Co-Processing: Case ............................................... 58

3.5.3 Climate Change Adaptation: Concept ................... 60

3.5.4 Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment: Case .... 62

4. EID APPROACH: AT INDUSTRY LEVEL

4.1 Eco-performance: Concept .................................... 65

4.2 Resource Efficiency in the Steel Sector: Case ........ 66

4.3 EcoProfit for Resource Efficiency

in a Rubber Company: Case .................................. 68

4.4 Energy Savings through Co-Generation of

Electricity and Steam: Case.................................... 70

5. CONCLUSIONS / ANNEX

Conclusions and Outlook ...............................................73

About GIZ ......................................................................76


8


9

1.1. Overview

Over the last few decades, industrialisation is increasing sub-

stantively, especially in emerging economies like India. Indus-

trialisation, if not properly planned, is associated with envi-

ronmental risks caused by unrestrained consumption of

natural resources, pollution, and disasters. The impacts of

industrialisation get exacerbated with those of climate change.

This situation calls for development of approaches that

satisfy the growing needs of the Indian population without

either damaging the natural environment irreversibly or con-

tri buting to climate change.

Internationally, there have been several concepts such as

Industrial Ecology, Eco Industrial Parks, Resource Efficiency,

and Industrial Symbiosis, which have been developed to

combat the risks of industrialisation and support sustainable

development. In India too, as in most other parts of the

world, several of these concepts have been applied in

recent years. Successes from these concepts vary from one

industrial sector or geographic region to another. These

concepts, in one way or the other, support balancing envi-

ronmental, social and economic interests. Eco Industrial

Development is an overreaching framework and a subset of

sustainable development, while Industrial Ecology, Industrial

Symbiosis etc. are specific strategies.

Industrialisation is an important driver for development.

Focusing on proper planning and development of industrial

areas, such as industrial estates, industrial parks, special eco-

nomic zones, or investment zones could contribute signifi-

cantly towards the goal of sustainable development.

Concepts and Approaches for Sustainable Industrial Development Industrial Ecology is the study of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and consumer activities, of the effects of these flows on the environment, and of the influences of economic, political, regulatory, and social factors on the flow, use, and transformation of resources.

Industrial Symbiosis is a cooperation between different industries by which the presence of each increases the viability/ profitability of the other(s), and by which the demands of society for resource savings and environmental protection are considered.

Environmental Management Systems are environmental management approaches that identify the environmental aspects of a company’s operations and legal requirements, establish environmental objec-tives and targets, create a set of management programmes to meet these objectives and targets, establish internal and external report-ing systems including regular audits, reports to management, and provide follow-up on the audit findings and reviews to ensure continual improvement.

Design for the Environment evolved out of product life-cycle analysis and concurrent engineering. This work considers all potential envi-ronmental implications of a product: energy and materials used in the product, its manufacture and packaging, transportation, consumer use, reuse or recycling, and disposal.

Not only the industrial areas, but also the individual com-

panies within these areas need to strive for achieving greater

competitiveness by resource-efficient modes of production.

Efficiency strategies play an increasingly important role for

emerging economies such as India for becoming competitive

locally as well as globally, especially in compliance of the

recent conventions and treaties.

1. INTRODUCTION ECO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

1.1. Overview

1.2. Learning from International Experience


10 Eco Industrial Development

1.2 Learning from International Experience

Initial ConceptsAt the United Nations Conference on Environment and Develop-

ment (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, nearly 180 nations

resolved that in order to achieve sustainable development,

environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of

the development process and cannot be considered in isolation

from it (Rio Declaration on Environment and Development).

Nations have agreed that sustainable development should be

the goal and operating principle for governments, businesses

and individuals around the world. The Agenda 21 calls for the

development of national strategies for sustainable development.

The Eco Industrial Development (EID) concept was first descri-

bed during a presentation at this very conference.

Since 1993, the EID concept became well-known in the USA

through its introduction by Indigo Development to the US-

Environment Protection Agency (Lowe et al.1998). In the United

States, in 1993, a President's Council on Sustainable Develop-

ment with representatives from business, labour, government,

environmental organizations and civil rights organizations was

constituted. The Council recommended assistance to create

Eco-Industrial Parks (EIP) as models of industrial efficiency.

As defined in the Eco Industrial Park Handbook1 (Lowe 2001)

for Asian Developing Countries, An Eco Industrial Park or

Estate is a community of manufacturing and service businesses

located together on a common property. Member businesses seek

enhanced environmental, economic, and social performance

through collaboration in managing environmental and resource

issues. By working together, the community of businesses seeks

a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of individual

benefits each company would realize by only optimizing its

1) Ref: http://indigodev.com/Ecoparks.html

individual performance. The goal of an EIP is to improve the

economic performance of the participating companies while

minimizing their environmental impacts. Components of this

approach include green design of park infrastructure and plants

(new or retrofitted); cleaner production, pollution prevention;

energy efficiency, and inter-company partnering. An EIP also

seeks benefits for neighbouring communities to assure that the

net impact of its development is positive.

Cooperation can have different forms and intensity. Figure 1.2

(Cohen-Rosenthal 1999) gives more detailed examples of

cooperation option for companies oriented towards EID.

The anticipation of these benefits can serve as an incentive

for companies to improve their environmental and economic

performance through more efficient management of raw

materials, energy and waste. However, this requires a lot of

foregoing activities such as consciousness building, facilita-

tion of stakeholder dialogues, management support, and

others – all of which are important elements of a strategy

to foster resource efficiency.

The benefits to communities and businesses for adopting

EID strategies are numerous, depending on the local con-

ditions. Table 1.2 lists some of the potential benefits to

communities, the environment, and businesses.


11

Quality of Life/Community Connections »�Integrating Work and Recreation »�Cooperative Education Opportunities »�Volunteer and Community Programs »�Involvement in Regional Planning

Human Resources »�Human Resources Recruiting »�Joint Benefits Packages »�Wellness Programs »��Common Needs (payroll, maintenance, security)

»�Training »�Flexible Employee Assignments

Figure 1.2 Cooperation Options for Companies towards EID

Materials »�Common Buying »�Customer/Supplier Relations »�By-product Connections »�Creating New Material Markets

Transportation »�Shared Commuting »�Shared Shipping »�Common Vehicle Maintenance »�Alternative Packaging »�Intra-park Transportation »�Integrated Logistics Environment, Health & Safety

»�Accident Prevention »�Emergency Response »�Waste Minimization »�Multi-media Planning »�Design for Environment »�Shared Environmental Information Systems »�Joint Regulatory Permitting

Information/Communication Systems »�Internal Communications »�External Information Exchange »�Monitoring Systems »�Computer Compatibility »��Joint Management Information System for Park Management

Marketing »�Green Labeling »�Accessing Green Markets »��Joint Promotions (e.g. advertising, trade shows)

»�Joint Ventures »�Recruiting New Value-Added Companies Production Processes

»�Pollution Prevention »�Scrap Reduction and Reuse »�Production Design »�Common Subcontractors »�Common Equipment »�Technology Sharing and Integration

Energy »�Green Buildings »�Energy Auditing »�Co-generation »�Spin-off Energy Firms »�Alternative Fuels

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12 Eco Industrial Development

Communities Environment Business

Expanded local business opportunities Continuous environmental improvement Higher profitability

Improved tax base Reduced pollution Enhanced market image

Community pride Innovative environmental solutions High performance workplaces

Reduced waste disposal costs Increased protection of natural ecosystems Improved efficiency

Improved environment and habitat More efficient use of natural resources Access to financing

Recruitment of higher quality companies Protection and preservation of natural habitat

Regulatory flexibility

Improved health for employees and community

Higher value for developers

Partnership with business Reduction of operating costs (i.e. energy, materials)

Minimized impact on infrastructure Reduction in disposal costs

Enhanced quality of life near eco-industrial development

Income from sale of by-products

Improved aesthetics Reduction of environmental liability

Good jobs Improved public image

Increased employee productivity

Table 1.2 Potential Benefits of Eco Industrial Development

Source: Cohen-Rosenthal, E. (1999): Handbook on Codes, Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions for Eco-Industrial Parks.

Over the years, the EID concept has evolved with expanded

scope due to added concerns such as climate change. EID

concepts have been applied in one form or the other in several

countries in America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

A Few ExamplesAll over the world, different aspects of EID have been imple-

mented. One of the earliest examples of the form of Industrial

Symbiosis can be found in Kalundborg, Denmark. The Kalund-

borg case started with a project in 1961 to use surface water

from Lake Tisso for a new oil refinery in order to preserve

the limited supplies of ground water. During subsequent years,

cooperation between companies emerged and Kalundborg

became the best known example of an industrial ecosystem

where one company's by-product became an important

resource to one or several of the other companies. The out-

come was reduction in resources consumption as well as

in negative impacts on the environment. The collaborating

partners also benefitted financially from the co-operation

because the individual agreements were based on commercial

principles. For example, the waste heat from a power plant

is used by the municipality and a fish farm, fly ash from the

power plant is used by a cement plant, yeast slurry from a com-

pany is used in a pig farm. Other examples include waste

water, steam, cooling water, etc. exchanged between industries.

The Bayer Chemical Park at Leverkusen in Germany was

established way back in the year 1891. The industrial plants

changed over time but the industrial park exists successfully

even today because it was well planned with appropriate

block/plot sizes, infrastructure and management structures.

Similar chemical parks are located at Dormagen and Krefeld-

Uerdingen that came up later. As a private park operator,

CURRENTA takes care of these three industrial parks located

at Leverkusen, Dormagen and Krefeld-Uerdingen with a

total area of approximately 11 km². It facilitates material

exchanges, sets up adequate environmental infrastructure,

offers services, and supports the companies in their commu-

nication with the municipality.


13

The Shanghai Chemical Industrial Park (SCIP) in Shanghai,

China with its 5,560 acres is based on Eco Industrial Park

concepts. SCIP claims to have adequate environmental infra-

structure and services as well as disaster management facilities,

and has whopping investment targets of US$ 35-50 billion

at the site.

EID in the Philippines focused on developing EID concepts,

manuals and guidelines, setting up an EID Information

Management System, undertaking pilot projects on cleaner

production in industries, planning disaster management,

setting up vermi-compost plants, and undertaking CSR acti-

vities related to health and sanitation.

EID in Indonesia includes setting up of Community Dialogue

Forums (CDP) to create understanding and to ease potential

conflicts among stakeholders; setting up of Cleaner Production

Clubs (CPC) among companies to work together to save money

and reduce waste through networking, strengthening infra-

structure, and preparing EcoMaps for industrial parks from

GIS-based information (Geographic Information System).

EID in Tunisia includes establishing management associations

(groupements de maintenance et gestion – GMG), surveying and

assessing industrial areas, developing action plans, creating

attractive green and public areas, preventing floods, impro-

ving management of water and waste water, managing risks

in a better way and improving safety and security.

EID in Thailand focuses on risk assessment and risk profiling

of selected industrial areas. It encompasses developing chemi-

cal safety management guidelines and a tool kit, promoting

safe transport and storage of dangerous goods, and creating

effective emergency management plans.

The EID approach employs a wide variety of measures and

tools. Whether working on the policy level, the industrial park

level or the single company level, a customised mix of measures

and tools is required. Working on Eco Industrial Development

in several countries across the globe, GIZ, together with its

international partners, has developed a variety of such tools

that have been compiled into the EID Toolbox.2

2) Ref: http://www2.gtz.de/network/eid-toolbox/index-asp or contact [email protected].


1414 The Indian Context


15

2.1 Industrial Development in India

India’s economy is booming. The Gross Domestic Product

(GDP) arising from the industrial sector (mining and quarry-

ing, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply, and

construction) showed an annual average growth of 8.1 % in

2010/2011.3 Besides textiles, traditionally a very important

industry in India, heavy industry, mechanical engineering

and chemicals predominate. The space, electronics and nuclear

industries are also relatively highly developed.

India has over three million Small and Medium Enterprises

(SMEs). Since the beginning of planned economic develop-

ment, India has followed a policy for the development of

industrial estates and industrial parks to facilitate the estab-

lishment of small and medium industrial units. Special Eco-

nomic Zones (SEZ) have been developed to host bigger com-

panies. Recent trends show setting up of Special Investment

Zones/ Regions, National Manufacturing and Investment Zones

(NMIZ), and Petroleum Chemicals and Petrochemical Invest-

ment Zones (PCPIR), in addition to the SEZs and the more

traditional industrial estates and industrial parks.

Many existing industrial estates face severe environmental

problems due to the lack of environmental infrastructure.

With regard to Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP),

as per a study of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

in 2005, only 6.4 % of about 78 CETPs studied comply

with the standards. With regard to wastes, there still are

problems associated with Hazardous Wastes, e-wastes, and

non-hazardous industrial wastes. Towards the end of the

Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-03 to 2006-07), there were many

2. THE INDIAN CONTEXT2.1 Industrial Development in India

2.2 Cooperation towards EID

2.3 Relevance of EID Concepts for India

schemes for the improvement of these estates as well of as

industrial clusters outside the estates. However, a Comprehen-

sive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) which was devel-

oped by CPCB for industrial estates showed that as per the

initial study taken up for 88 industrial areas in 2009 – 10, 43

of these areas were critically polluted with respect to one or

more environmental components.

Industrial effluents comprise organic pollutants, chemicals,

heavy metals, and run-offs from land-based activities such as

mining. These are major sources of water pollution. Major

water polluting industries include fertilizers, refineries, pulp

and paper, leather, metal plating, and other chemical indus-

tries. The existing pollution abatement infrastructure includes

installations by individual industries as well as common infra-

structure in the form of CETP. Fly-ash, phospho-gypsum,

and iron and steel slags are main forms of industrial solid

wastes generated in India. It is estimated that around 112.29

million tonnes of fly-ash is generated annually by thermal

power plants, of which only 53.92 million tonnes are utilized

by different sectors like cement, road embankments, fly ash

bricks and products, and back filling of mines. Besides, there

are 36,145 Hazardous Waste generating industries in the

country producing 6.2 million tonnes of Hazardous Waste

every year, brought about by expansion of chemical-based

industries. It is further estimated that about 147,000 million

tonnes of e-waste was generated in the country in 2005,

which is expected to increase to about 800,000 million tonnes

by 2012.

3) Review of the Economy 2010/11, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, February 2011, New Delhi


16

High growth rates of industry and pollution problems poten-

tially increase pressure on climate and the environment.

Fortunately, environmental and climate change issues are

high on India’s political agenda and initiatives have been

taken by the towards climate friendly and sustainable devel-

opment. The National Environmental Policy (2006), the

National Action Plan on Climate Change (2007), the Low

Carbon Inclusive Growth Strategy (2011), and the National

Manufacturing and Investment Zone Policy (2011) are a few to

name.

The Government has notified emission and effluent stand-

ards under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986. The

concerned State Pollution Control Boards/ Pollution Control

Committees along with the Central Pollution Control Board

(CPCB) monitor the effluent discharges, emissions and

wastes. As in the year 2009, a total number of 2,504 indus-

trial units have been identified as polluting, out of which

1,810 have set up pollution control facilities to comply with

standards, 265 are defaulting, and 429 have been closed.

The Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental

Protection (CREP) covers 17 categories of highly polluting

industries that provide for voluntary pollution control

commitments by various industry sectors.

Other measures taken by the Government towards effective

control of industrial pollution include inspection and

enforcement of emission and effluent standards through

issue of directions and consent mechanisms, mandatory

prior environmental clearance for designated development

projects, financial assistance for the establishment of CETPs

for small-scale industrial units located in industrial clusters,

identification of critically polluted areas, and preparation of

action plans for the abatement of pollution.

2.2 Cooperation towards EID

A comprehensive, yet customised EID approach has substan-

tial benefits for the industry, environment and communities.

Under the Advisory Services in Environmental Management

(ASEM) Programme of the Indo German Development Cooper-

ation, a number of initiatives were taken since 2002 to assist

the Indian Government on its pathway to Eco Industrial

Development.

2.3 Relevance of EID Concepts for India

While there are different EID concepts and approaches, it

is important to understand what it actually means to foster

EID, particularly for emerging economies such as India. An

EID strategy, appropriate for India, deals with the individual

industry level, the industrial park level, as well as regional,

national and global levels. All three levels are relevant: micro,

meso and macro. While single companies need to take action,

the industrial park level is an ideal structure to initiate and

implement savings through resource exchanges and shared

facilities. The regional level helps strike a balance between

socio, economic and environmental aspects. On the national

level, enabling framework conditions have to be worked out.

Furthermore, in the context of the two UN conferences on

Climate Change in Durban, South Africa, in 2011 and on

Sustainable Development in Rio, Brazil, in 2012, a global

perspective is relevant to the topic.

The Indian Context

(Source: http://indiabudget.nic.in/ Economic Survey 2010-11, Ministry of Finance).


17

Figure 2.3 Eco Industrial Development Approach

State/National Level

Investment Zone Level

Industrial Estate Level

Group of Companies

Industry Level

Policy framework, development strategy, laws, standards

Integration of environmental/ climate aspects into Regional Development Plans

New parks: Site suitability assessments, Site Master Planning, planning of infra-structure & services, integration of envi-ronment/ climate relevant measures

Existing parks: Transformation process with environment, climate and infra-structural measures

Industrial Symbiosis

Cleaner production, environment friendly technologies, resource efficiency, climate change adaptation/ mitigation


18 EID Approach – Industrial Park Level


19

Concept

3.1 New Industrial Parks

3.1.1 New Industrial ParksAn industrial park is a site accommodating several industrial

companies. In the past, industrial parks in India have often

been developed as agglomerations of companies housed on

smaller plots of land with low investments and limited serv-

ices and synergies. Looking at the recent trends across the

globe, as in the case of Special Economic Zones (SEZ), several

governments have decided to set them up with an effective

planning process beforehand including incentives for a more

environmental and climate friendly production. South Korea,

China and the United Arab Emirates have, for example,

taken great strides in implementing low-carbon green SEZs.

In the United Arab Emirates, Jebel Ali Free Economic Zone

(Jafza) has managed to save $1.03 million through sustaina-

ble measures such as proper planning, energy efficiency,

renewable energy supply, water savings, waste recycling and

green building codes. In addition, SEZs, by becoming local

centres for development and deployment of green technolo-

gies, have proved effective in facilitating knowledge transfer

and sharing innovations.

In India as well, the advantages of a proper planning pro-

cesses for the development of new industrial parks have

become obvious. India’s Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy

announced in the year 2000 intends to establish SEZs, backed

by quality infrastructure and attractive fiscal package, as an

engine for economic growth, both at National and State

level. Also, the recently announced National Manufacturing

Investment Zones (NMIZ) (2012) are proposed to have good

physical infrastructure and structures to support resource

efficient technologies.

3. EID APPROACH: AT INDUSTRIAL PARK LEVEL

3.1 New Industrial Parks

3.2 Existing Industrial Parks

3.3 Infrastructure Development

3.4. Management Improvements

3.5. Climate Change Considerations

Important elements of planning a new industrial park

include:

» vision for site development with environment

and climate orientation

» siting/ site selection

» defining investment and employment targets

» market analysis on potential investments

» identification of investors

» Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

» Site Master Planning.

At all the stages of planning, reliable data is crucial. However,

the availability of reliable data is often challenging when

planning is introduced for the first time and only becomes

less difficult with the passage of time and adequate processes

of data collection in place.

Planning an industrial park is more than just a technical

exercise. It encompasses stakeholder participation and con-

sultations at various stages. Stakeholders refers to neighbouring

communities, companies, local authorities, and political deci-

sion-makers.


20

Case

EID Approach – Industrial Park Level

3.1.2 Site Suitability AssessmentSuitability assessments within the park identify areas with constraints such as those prone to erosion or floods,

and areas with environmental functions such as ground water recharge zones. Planners determine block sizes

for industries, considering the type of industries likely to be established at the site. Decisions are based on

market surveys combined with site suitability assessments.

The Krishnapatnam International Leather Complex Private Limited (KPILC) is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)

company initiated by the Government of Andhra Pradesh for the development of an integrated Leather Park on

the east coast of India. The state government conceptualised this project along with the technical co-operation of

the Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) of India.

KPILC envisages to develop an environmental-friendly complex for the leather sector (especially tanning

units), which is traditionally regarded as a highly polluting industry. The planned integrated environmental

management systems for the complex would make it a benchmark for other proposed leather parks in the

country and also be at par with other international leather parks globally. For setting up the project, KPILC

initially identified two alternate sites in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh. L&T-RAMBØLL Consulting

Engineers Limited was appointed as the consultant for assessing the site suitability for the project and also for

preparing the Conceptual Site Master Plan. Various parameters were studied for assessing the site suitability

including location, extent of land and its availability, connectivity, physical features (terrain, land use, and

developable area), infrastructure availability, present level of pollution, social aspects, natural hazards, existing/

proposed developments in the region, environmental aspects including presence of environmental sensitive

zones and resource areas in the proximity, e.g. coastal regulatory zones, reserved forests, wild life sanctuaries,

endangered species, ground water recharge zones, etc.

Based on such an analysis, the first site located to the north of Krishnapatnam Port was found to be unsuita-

ble for development of the Leather Park due to - (i) insufficient land availability, (ii) environmental impacts

(owing to the passage of coal conveyors from the port to the nearby power plants and siting of the ash pond

of a power plant adjacent to the site, and pollution caused by coal dust or dust from the ash pond that would

have a negative impact on the leather industry processes,) and (iii) being partially located within the area of

the coastal regulation zone. This site was then proposed to be developed for logistical activities only. It is rea-

sonable due to its proximity to the port.

The second site located to the south of Krishnapatnam Port was recommended for the development of the

Leather Park considering its relative advantages of land availability, amenable terrain for industrial develop-

ment and minimal environmental impacts.



21

“In India, the availability of land for indus-trial use is decreasing by the day with increased public awareness on both envi-ronmental and social aspects associated with industrial projects. The past few years have seen a trend in developers seeking only suitable sites for project planning. This due diligence is helpful in providing caution on any issues relevant to the site prior to land acquisition.”

J.K. Smitha L&T – RAMBØLL Ltd., Senior Planner, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh


22

Case


3.1.3 Environmental Impact AssessmentThe Environmental Impact Assessment analyses the expected ecological threats, and in some cases, even disallows

activities with adverse impacts on the environment. As per the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification

of September 14, 2006 (as amended) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, certain scheduled industries

and industrial estates require prior Environmental Clearance for which an elaborate environmental impact

assessment has to be undertaken by the proponents.

The SEZ Act 2005 envisages a key role for the State Governments in export promotion and creation of related

infrastructure. Within this framework, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has initiated the development of several

SEZs in the state. The Andhra Pradesh Special Economic Zone (APSEZ) is one of such SEZs which are strategically

located in an industrial belt. It is close to Visakhapatnam, a port city. As per the EIA Notification, 2006, (as

amended) issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, APSEZ having an area more than 500 ha and

planning to house multi-product industries including chemical industries, requires to undertake Environmental

Impact Assessments and obtain Environmental Clearance from the Indian Ministry of Environment & Forests.

The EIA process undertaken for APSEZ comprised four stages, viz. screening, scoping, public consultations

and appraisal. Studies undertaken include:

» identification of ecologically/ environmentally sensitive zones within 10 km of the project radius and

assessment of baseline environmental conditions

» identification and prediction of significant environmental impacts due to proposed APSEZ on various

terrestrial and marine environmental components, including social impact assessment

» evaluation of significant impacts and delineation of impact mitigation measures

» preliminary risk analysis and disaster management planning

» analysis of alternate sites and identification of best suitable site

» preparation of environmental management plan and environmental monitoring plan for the construction

and operation phases of the project for the best suitable site.

For APSEZ, the study phase was followed by a public consultation process where the project was presented

to the local community in local language in the presence of the State Pollution Control Board and district

authorities. The study then underwent appraisal process at the Indian Ministry of Environment & Forests.

Based on the EIA study, certain categories of industries not suitable to the site were restricted from setting up.

Also, infrastructure such as separate pipelines for high TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) and low TDS effluents, an

adequate area for reuse of treated waste water for irrigation purposes, guard ponds for storing treated waste

water before disposal, online monitoring systems to check the quality of treated waste water, a desalination

plant for meeting additional water requirements, a captive power plant for power generation and supply, etc.

were provided for in the site master plan of APSEZ.


23

Key Features of APSEZ

» Environment, climate and energy related issues at planning stage were adequately considered and required land was allocated in the Site Master Plan.

» Very high emission industries that are not compatible to the site were restricted from the industrial park.

» For climate change adaptation, the aspects of stormwater drainage to cope with excess rain, recycling/ reuse of treated water for meeting with water shortages, adequate plantation to deal with micro climate control and temperature regulation were integrated.

» For effective waste water management, separate piping was provided for high and low total dissolved solid effluents. Common effluent treatment plants and sewage treatment plants were kept separate. Online monitoring systems were provided for key pollutant parameters at industry outlets as well as at the treatment plants. Furthermore, a facility to recycle treated waste water was provided.

» For reduced environmental impact, a systematic Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was under-taken, proper zoning of the site was done for different types of polluting industries, and adequate envi-ronmental infrastructure was planned.

» Solar street lamps were proposed in the park. A common co-generation plant is in the planning stage. Disaster risks were taken into consideration. A traffic and transportation plan was integrated into the Site Master Plan.

» The Site Master Plan included adequate parking areas, canteens, a business centre, and other services and logistics areas. Also, provisions were made for emergency exits in case of disasters.


24

Case


3.1.4 Site Master PlanningSite Master Planning is an important step for the development of any new industrial area. It helps to make

industrial parks attractive and competitive. One of the first steps for undertaking Site Master Planning is to assess

demands and the type of industries/ investments/ employment likely to come up at the site, an assessment of

potentials/ resources/ sensitivities and the formulation of a vision and strategy for the industrial park. Secondly,

environmental infrastructure requirements and environmental services needed at the site are also assessed.

Without proper planning, no common infrastructure and services are likely to be designed. Doing so at later

stages could become costlier or even unviable. If industries are not grouped well, it becomes difficult, for

example, to establish an effective sewerage system, waste management, effluent treatment, and other common

infrastructure. Also, unstructured set-up of companies reduces options for resource exchanges and industrial

symbiosis. Lack of buffer zones could pose challenges for compatibility with the neighbouring community.

The Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Limited (APIIC) decided to set up the Andhra Pradesh

Special Economic Zone (APSEZ) at Visakhapatnam with the underlying principles of Eco Industrial Develop-

ment. The work on the Site Master Planning was undertaken by the national consultants L&T – RAMBØLL

Consulting Engineers Ltd. under the technical guidance of Bayer Technology Services (BTS) from Germany.

APIIC’s objective was to establish an integrated well-planned infrastructure and an efficient management

structure to ensure continual global competitiveness and to be seen as a benchmark in Andhra Pradesh and in

the country – both in terms of market relevance and environmental sustainability.

Aspects included were assessment of energy and water demand, generation of solid waste and waste water, land

use and land cover, traffic situation and the need for environmental infrastructure like a Common Effluent

Treatment Plant and common services like a hospital, a community hall, postal services, banks, canteens, etc.

As a result of the Site Master Planning, the site was divided into five industrial zones to house different industry

sectors, viz. engineering, fine and specialty chemicals, as well as ancillary petrochemicals. Effective zoning

showed possibilities for co-operation between companies while also optimising infrastructure and services.

An area of 62 % was earmarked for the development of industrial units and 38 % of remaining space pro-

vided for the development of infrastructure services, common utilities, housing, and allied social infra-

structure services.


25

“India has an elaborate environmental legis-lation, however translating this into plan-ning and implementation is often a chal-lenge. For my team to perform the Site Master Planning tasks was not always easy due to data constraints. However, owning to customized technical approaches adopted, I can say that the results are convincing. We are following up for proper implementation of the plan and ensuring a successful ope-rational phase so as to form a model for all new industrial areas planned.”

C.V. Sundara Rajan L&T – RAMBØLL Ltd., Hyderabad City Office Manager

Figure 3.1.4 Map of Andhra Pradesh Special Economic Zone


26

Concept


3.2 Existing Industrial Parks

3.2.1 Transformation of Existing Industrial ParksTo achieve the transformation of existing industrial parks, it is

important to identify viable and environment-friendly solu-

tions, and strengthen organisations as well as human resources

for effective implementation. The scope of transformation of

existing industrial parks includes the following key elements:

» improvement in infrastructure and services

» improvement in eco-performance of individual

industries

» improvement of industrial park management.

Improvement in infrastructure and services: One important

element of improving existing industrial parks is to introduce

common services so that companies can better concentrate

on their core businesses. Common services capitalise on the

fact that companies are located in vicinity of other companies

with similar needs. The following common services are rele-

vant in an industrial park:

» environmental services – waste water collection, treat-

ment and disposal systems (including sewers and Com-

mon Effluent Treatment Plants); drainage systems and

rain water harvesting facilities; green belts and landscap-

ing; waste (Hazardous Waste, non-hazardous industrial

waste, municipal solid waste) management facilities

» energy services – electricity, steam, water, refrigeration,

compressed air, natural gas

» monitoring services – air quality, water quality, product

certification, environmental monitoring, green house gas

accounting, permits

» site safety and security – site protection, fire prevention,

disaster risk management

» infrastructure and real estate – facility management

» technical services – workshops, trainings, advisory

services

» social services – hospital, canteen, childcare.

Improvement in eco-performance of individual industries:

Eco-performance is an approach that targets improved

efficiencies, cleaner production, reduced consumption of

resources and reduced environmental impacts, thereby making

it profitable for enterprises to adopt. There are several tools

available based on this approach.

For example, the EcoProfit training tool aims to reduce the

cost of operations in the companies by optimising process

operations and minimising raw materials, water, waste and

energy. EcoProfit follows an approach with paradigm shift

from end-of-pipe solutions such as treating waste and emis-

sions to a preventive approach such as minimising waste and

emissions in the process itself with no or low costs. This and

similar training tools not only help individual companies,

but also support the overall sustainable development targets

communatively. The approaches include application of cleaner

production tools, energy and environmental audits, and

by-product exchanges or industrial symbiosis – which means

that a set of companies seek to utilise each other's by-prod-

ucts (energy, water, and materials) rather than these by-prod-

ucts disposed off as waste.

Improvement of industrial park management: Environmental

Management Cells and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

are set-up for providing industry-wise details as well as status

of infrastructure in the industrial park, awareness programmes,

mock drills for disaster risk management, public relations / cor-

porate social responsibility activities, facility management, etc.


27


28

Case


3.2.2 Transformation ExamplesIn Andhra Pradesh, an initial set of actions on state level took place between 2004 and 2007. Stakeholders

prepared strategy papers and gained consensus on the measures to be taken. They undertook a number of

awareness and training programmes along with measures towards plantation, which they considered easy to

begin with. Subsequently, they also initiated measures towards strengthening the basic infrastructure, viz.

storm water drainage, sewerage systems, plantation and waste water treatment through a Common Effluent

Treatment Plant, etc.

As early as in the year 2007 the Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Cooperation Ltd. (APIIC) decided to

transform all its existing industrial parks into Eco Industrial Parks (EIP) in a phased manner. It implemented

the first set of measures in industrial parks at Nacharam and Mallapur in the Moula Ali Zone near Hyderabad.

From the year 2008, APIIC itself increased its environmental staff and expanded efforts to several other indus-

trial parks in Andhra Pradesh. From two pilot industrial parks, the efforts spread across to over 30 industrial

parks in Andhra Pradesh.

Highlights from the pilot measures taken up in the existing industrial parks are given below:

» Environmental information reports were developed for six industrial parks to bring to the knowledge of

the authorities the key environmental and infrastructure issues in the industrial parks and the need for

improvement.

» Solar street lamps were installed in three industrial parks by replacing the conventional electric lights.

» Storm water drains were constructed initially in two industrial parks. Some of the low lying areas in

these industrial parks were previously getting flooded forcing the industries to close their production.

These industries are now free from such hazards.

» Sewerage systems were constructed in two industrial parks for carrying industrial effluents. A Common

Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) is in an advanced stage of completion. The industries, especially the

chemical industries in these parks, were under tremendous environmental regulatory risks. Once the

CETP is completed, the industries will benefit considerably, their regulatory risk will reduce substantially.

» Several companies such as M/s Salicylates, Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. and M/s The Times of India benefited from

the application of the EcoProfit tool. The savings achieved from implementing environmental measures

were to tune of Rs 25 million in the first year itself.

» Due to plantation measures taken up across several industrial parks, the parks have become greener.

Besides improving aesthetics, it also improves the micro-climate to an extent.

» Improved environmental management in the industrial parks implies reduced illegal discharges of

effluents and wastes besides overall improvement of the parks.


29

“The introduction of the Eco Industrial Park concept and the employment of Environ-mental Cells has been God’s gift to us. Roads are cleaner now, the estate is gre-ener, air quality improved considerably, we know how to save energy within our pro-duction processes, we advanced in man power management. All of these changes have taken place without much money being involved.”

P.S.S. Naidu, President Mallapur Industrial Units Welfare AssociationHyderabad, Andhra Pradesh


30

Case


3.2.3 Environmental Management CellsOne element to improve an existing industrial park is to have a sound environmental management structure

within the industrial park. In Andhra Pradesh, the industrial park authorities (known as Industrial Area Local

Authority (IALA)) were involved in functions such as maintaining roads, street lights and waste management.

However, they lacked environmental expertise. To fill this gap, Environmental Management Cells (EMC) were set

up, initially for industrial parks at Nacharam and Mallapur, to support IALAs with environmental management

functions and support the improvement of environmental management in the industrial parks. Subsequently,

the EMCs were expanded to over 30 industrial parks.

The following tasks are taken up by EMCs:

» provide technical, advisory, and planning support to IALA in all matters relating to environmental

management

» provide or organise support services to individual industries in industrial parks on environmental

related matters

» create environmental data banks

» ensure that the needed environmental infrastructure is identified in the industrial parks and give

advice for implementation, operation and maintenance

» conduct and assist in pollution control monitoring

» take necessary actions for setting up emergency/ disaster plans and preparedness guides

» coordinate implementation of training programmes for IALAs and industries

» improve communication about environmental management between IALAs and further stakeholders.

After gaining good experiences from EMCs in Nacharam and Mallapur Industrial Parks, APIIC expanded the

establishment of EMCs to six more zones (Shamshabad, Patancheru, Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Nellore and

Tirupati) catering to over 30 industrial parks. It outsourced the task of setting up these EMCs to professional

agencies. However, in due course, APIIC considered it useful to strengthen its own staff instead of outsourcing.

Now, it has environmental staff at its Zonal Offices to look into the environmental management functions.


31


32

Concept


3.3 Infrastructure Development

3.3.1 Waste ManagementIndustrial waste is any type of solid waste that any industry

generates/ produces through industrial/ commercial activity.

This waste may be hazardous and/ or non-hazardous. Never-

theless, it requires to be managed properly. The Indian legal

system has a separate focus on each type of industrial waste.

However, in general, the industrial waste is dealt with in

three major environment laws of the country – Water (Pre-

vention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; Air (Prevention

and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; and Environment (Pro-

tection) Act, 1986.

A guiding concept for waste management is named 3R which

refers to reduce, reuse and recycle. It calls for an increase in

the ratio of recyclable materials, reuse of raw materials and

manufacturing wastes, and overall reduction in resources and

energy used. Objectives should be applied to the entire life-

cycles of products and services – from design and extraction

of raw materials to transport, manufacture, use, dismantling/

reuse and disposal.

In order to manage Hazardous Waste in an environmentally

sound manner, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF)

of the Government of India notified the Hazardous Waste

(Management & Handling) Rules, 1989, under the provisions

of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

Waste management includes collection, segregation, storage,

transportation, treatment and disposal. For cost effective waste

management, it is necessary to explore the possibilities of

waste minimisation through process improvements and to

recycle and reuse to the extent possible. Waste management is

also carried out to recover resources from it. The reuse of

wastes could be done either within an industry or through

exchanges in a network of industries (industrial symbiosis).

As per an estimate, the Hazardous Waste generated in India

per annum is estimated to be about 4.4 million tonnes

(1999, Report of the High Power Committee on Management

of Hazardous Wastes). As per the Hazardous Waste Manage-

ment Rules, every industry generating Hazardous Wastes shall

have to obtain an authorisation for collection, reception,

treatment, transport storage and disposal of such wastes.

Also, any person who intends to be an operator of a facility

for the collection, reception, treatment, transport, storage

and disposal of Hazardous Wastes, shall have to also seek

authorisation for taking up any of these activities.

Lack of Hazardous Waste management facilities could lead

to illegal and wild dumping of wastes posing serious threats

to the environment. India has several facilities for treatment,

storage and disposal of Hazardous Wastes. However, the

number of these facilities is much lower than the target of

having at least one such facility in every district of the country.

The Common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF)

set up at Dobbasapete near Bengaluru in Karnataka in recent

years is one such example.

E-waste is another issue related to waste management. MoEF

passed the E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011.

While until now waste goes through formal recycling facili-

ties, a good amount of e-waste in India is handled by the

informal sector. A successful example lies in Bengaluru, an

IT hub, wherein a part of the informal sector was formalised

to ensure proper e-waste management.


33


34

Case


3.3.2 Hazardous Waste Treatment PlantTo manage Hazardous Waste (HW) in the state of Karnataka, the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board

(KSCB) initiated setting up of a Common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF). The TSDF Dobbas-

apete near Bengaluru in Karnataka was developed in a systematic way following international norms from

inception to commissioning. It is meant to be a showcase for other states.

To start the process of establishing a TSDF, all the companies in Karnataka likely to generate Hazardous Waste

were surveyed to determine the quantity of Hazardous Waste existing in Karnataka. The assessment of 1,600

industries concluded the requirement of TSDF capacity to handle 40,000 tonnes of Hazardous Waste per

annum. This study also determined the types and characteristics of Hazardous Waste generated in Karnataka

from various industries. The suitability of the site was assessed with respect to geological, hydro-geological

and geo-morphological conditions and operational aspects, followed by a detailed Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA). Further, a detailed technical concept, a financial proposal, and a note about its compliance

status with legal requirements were prepared.

To tackle the NIMBY syndrome (not in my back yard), an intensive public awareness campaign was conducted

in the surroundings (within a radius of 5 km of the site) for a period of seven months where all the stake-

holders were appraised about the project. Door-to-door campaigns and meetings with political leaders,

religious leaders, school teachers and technical university experts were conducted. Also, NGOs and local

communities were briefed about the project. A public hearing was conducted, and environmental clearance

was obtained for the project from the government.

Consultations with industries, industrial associations, government agencies and NGOs were carried out to

decide on the operator model for the TSDF. The operator model chosen for TSDF Dobbasapete was based

on the principle of DBOOT (Design, Build, Own, Operate and Transfer). In the initial years, the facility will

be monitored and managed by a Contracting Authority which is the Karnataka Industrial Areas Development

Board (KIADB). Later a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) company will take over. The SPV will have members

of industrial associations and Government representatives.

The TSDF is established on an area of around 93 acres of land and comprises a landfill, a storm water man-

agement system, a rain water harvesting system, a sewage water treatment system, a safety control system,

leachate treatment management ponds and monitoring wells to detect contamination of groundwater due to

accidental seepage of leachate. Also, the facility has an analytical laboratory where samples of waste from each

of the vehicles bringing in waste are tested. The TSDF has a green belt, which covers 30 % of the total area at

present and will further increase to 90 % after twenty years of usage.

By now, the TSDF Dobbasapete in Karnataka has land-filled 58,000 million tonnes of Hazardous Waste, and

has collected and stored 8,042 MT of it from 215 industries. Over the 51-years lifetime of the site, the total

investment costs are estimated to be about 54 crores (= 540 million) rupees.


35

"The establishment of the state-of-the-art TSDF in the KIADB industrial estate is a step towards promoting integrated waste management facilities within industrial areas. The Government of Karnataka feels that the industrial areas should be self sufficient in terms of environmental infra-structure development."

Hazardous Waste: CaseMeera Saksena, Additional Chief SecretaryIAS, Government of KarnatakaBangalore, Karnataka


36

Case


3.3.3 Formalisation of E-Waste CollectorsBengaluru city, commonly known as the Silicon Valley of the country, is among the fastest growing cities of

Asia. It is home to many industrial sectors of which the biggest is the information technology sector. This

sector has a high proliferation of electrical and electronic products and e-waste. The city alone generates over

8,000 tonnes of e-waste annually, encompassing a range of obsolete electronic devices such as computers,

servers, main frames, monitors, etc.

Although there are a few authorised (formal) e-waste recyclers in the country, almost 90 % of the e-waste in

India is handled by the informal sector with crude reprocessing of material.

In Bengaluru, a pilot process for formalising e-waste recyclers was successfully implemented. A group of inde-

pendent e-waste recyclers were transformed into a company named E-WaRDD. Extensive consultations were

held to assess the past experience and cumulative capacity of the group members.

The newly formed company, E-WaRDD, has nine proprietors who have, on an average, 10 years of experience

in recycling e-waste. The factory has a built-up area of 91 m2 and includes a reception area, a storage area for raw

materials, a processing area, an office and a service lab. The factory has an ergonomic plant layout, adequate

lighting, as well as ventilation and dust extraction systems. The use of simple hand operated power tools has

been employed in the dismantling operations in order to maximise productivity and minimise accidents. The

process flow of the company has been optimised.

The effluents from the recycling process are in the form of solid waste, and liquid and air emissions. Although,

the quantities are minimal, appropriate measures have been taken to contain and manage the pollution aris-

ing out of it. Conservation measures like roof top rainwater harvesting have been incorporated. Health and

safety measures have also been taken into account for the plant.

E-WaRDD generates an average of 20 kg of solid waste per day comprising of thermocole, wood, glass and

paper. This is stored in separate bins and disposed of as municipal solid waste. The domestic wastewater

generated is about 120 litres per day. It is discharged into a decentralised wastewater treatment system / septic

tank and a soak pit that has been provided to handle this wastewater. The total Hazardous Waste generated

during the process of dismantling is a maximum of 300 kg per annum. The waste is collected, securely stored,

and disposed off for proper management.


37

“E-WaRDD is the first ever informal recy-cler in the country to become a formal recycler! This has encouraged five other informal sector units to be formalised in Karnataka. To ensure sustainability of all these formalised units, the E-Waste Agency (EWA) in Bangalore is striving to encou-rage the e-waste generating companies to route their waste to these units”

Ms. Uma Reddy, EWA Board Member and PresidentConsortium of Electronic Industries in Karnataka (CLIK), Bangalore


38

Concept


3.3.4 Waste Water ManagementIndustrial processes are, in most cases, connected to water

usage. The effluent discharges and any resulting pollution

prove to be extremely harmful to the environment, especially

if the effluents are of toxic nature and are not properly

treated. In such cases, the neighbouring residential areas are

also at risk. However, there are numerous processes that can

be used to treat waste water as per its quantity and quality.

Traditionally, waste water was treated at the treatment plants

within the industries, which may include physical, chemical

and biological treatment processes. However in India, in

recent years, the concept of Common Effluent Treatment

Plants (CETP) is becoming a popular as well as effective way

to handle waste waters collectively by a group of industries.

CETP is the concept of treating effluents by collecting them

together from different industries, mainly from within an

industrial estate. Reasons to set up a CETP are manifold:

» Economies of scale in waste treatment can be achieved.

The costs of pollution abatement for individual compa-

nies can thus be reduced.

» The problem of lack of technical assistance and trained

personnel can be overcome as fewer plants require fewer

employees.

» The problem of lack of space can be overcome as the

centralised facility can be planned in advance to ensure

that adequate space is available.

» Pollution Control Boards gain easier access to a CETP as

compared to the access to small scale treatment facilities

of single companies.

» The organisation of the disposal of treated wastes and

sludge as well as the identification of reuse- and recy-

cling options can be managed more efficiently.

Particularly for SMEs, it is becoming difficult for each indus-

trial unit to provide for and operate an individual wastewater

treatment plant because of the scale of operations, lack of

space and technical manpower. Keeping in view the key role

played by small scale industrial units and the constraints in

complying with pollution control norms by these units indi-

vidually, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) of

the Government of India initiated an innovative technical and

financial support scheme to ensure their growth in an envi-

ronmentally compatible manner. The scheme provides finan-

cial assistance for setting up of Common Effluent Treatment

Plants with Central Government subsidy of 25 % and State

Government subsidy of 25 % on the project capital cost.

India today has over 145 CETPs.

CETPs have different technological options including primary,

secondary and tertiary treatments and could even handle the

recycling of treated waste water. Online monitoring systems

for key parameters such as flow, pH, COD, etc., facilitate

proper control and compliance with the discharge standards.

Various business models exist for setting up and operation of

CETPs, such as BOO (Build, Own, Operate) and BOOT

(Build, Own, Operate, Transfer) by private operators and PPP

(Public Private Partnerships) where public bodies play an

important role in overseeing the management of the CETP

and even putting in investments or providing grant support

for making the facility viable and cost effective.


39


40

Case


3.3.5 Common Effl uent Treatment PlantAs one of the components of transformation of existing industrial parks into Eco Industrial Parks, the Andhra

Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Ltd. (APIIC) is establishing Common Effluent Treatment Plants

(CETPs) in its industrial parks spread across the state of Andhra Pradesh.

The industrial parks at Mallapur and Nacharam were selected as pilot study areas for transforming into Eco

Industrial Parks. During the discussions with various stakeholders from the government, industries and

consultants, the problem of treatment of industrial effluents and the pollution of the adjoining water bodies

came to fore. It was decided to set up a CETP for treating the waste water in a collaborative process and

cost-effective way.

Initially, APIIC appointed a private operator on BOO (Build, Own, Operate) basis for the industrial parks at

Nacharam and Mallapur that are adjacent to each other. Considering the SME nature of industries in the two

industrial parks and to make the setting up of CETP viable, APIIC made three acres of land available for the

construction of the CETP. Also, the central and state governments provided grant support under the CETP

scheme. However, mainly due to difficulties on financing by the operator, especially to provide additional

facilities to meet the requirements of the Pollution Control Board, the construction of CETP got delayed.

In the meantime, particularly considering the long term sustenance of the CETP and its assured services,

industrial park management along with APIIC and the tenant companies in the park decided on setting up a

company in the form of a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for day-to-day management of the CETP. The SPV

was also expected to raise additional funds required for the construction of the CETP. They also decided that

the private operator will build the CETP and operate it initially for a few years before handing it over to the

SPV for operation and maintenance. The intervention of the regulatory authorities, the setting up of an SPV

and the mobilisation of additional funds pushed the CETP operator to expedite its activities and it is expected

that the CETP will soon be completed and commissioned.

For collection of effluents from different industries in the industrial parks, a sewerage network of 21 km in

total length has been laid by APIIC. Upon completion, the CETP will cater to more than 650 industrial

units of Mallapur and Nacharam. The CETP will receive mixed effluents from different sectors such as engi-

neering, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, dyes and many others.


41

“As the Secretary of our Association, I care about the larger interest of all industrial units in the Industrial Park. The issue of setting up a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) was pending for long. Finally, we decided to set up a Special Purpose Vehicle Company to manage the CETP on our behalf. We are extremely happy that we are becoming the ultimate owners of our treatment plant.”

Srinivas N R, Secretary,Mallapur Industrial Units Welfare Association.Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh


42

Concept


3.4. Management Improvements

3.4.1 Information SystemsA management information system for industrial parks pro-

vides information needed for their environment-friendly

management. It provides the right information at the right

time to facilitate decision-making processes. A proper infor-

mation system includes technical data to be stored in a data-

base as well as geographical information to be stored and

handled in a spatial/ map database.

The Geographical Information System (GIS) is a combination

of spatial maps and attribute data, which helps as a manage-

ment information system to effectively plan and manage

industrial areas.

Main purposes of a GIS in the context of industrial parks are:

» Visualisation of information stored in a database in a

spatial context: For example presentation of the per-

formance of the industrial area with regard to environ-

mental quality, and status of infrastructure/ utilities

(layout of sewerage system and its physical condition

at different stretches, power lines, water pipeline layout,

etc.), etc. Visualisation makes it easier for industrial

park managers to quickly comprehend the problems

and look out for options for resolving them.

» Facilitation of planning and management in the indus-

trial park: This is done with regard to disaster risk

management (spatial display of relevant infrastructure,

display of specific risks, risk analysis). The understand-

ing of the problem and its spatial extent makes it easier

for park managers to identify appropriate solutions.

» Support in investment promotion: This could mean dis-

play of vacant plots and their features on a platform

accessible for potential investors or companies.

A variety of information can be included for enabling a

good industrial park management. For example, this could

include information on the location of the industry (plot

number, products manufactured, details for communication,

pollution data, etc.), infrastructure in the park (roads, sewer-

age system, drainage system, plantation, water supply etc.)

and its status of functioning, status of services, and taxes/

fees paid by members industries.

Information systems enable effective monitoring and control

on the part of industrial park management. Monitoring is

considered as the collection, recording, and reporting of

information concerning performance, while controlling

makes use of the data from monitoring and helps informing

about compliance with laws and regulations or planned per-

formance.

In an industrial area, the industrial park management could

take the responsibility to monitor environmental performance,

to handle regulatory reporting, as well as to train and provide

feedback to company personnel. Also, such monitored data

could be placed in a public domain, either through a display

system within and outside the industrial area, or even via

internet.


43


44

Case


3.4.2 GIS-based Information SystemCommissioned in the late 1960’s, Naroda Industrial Estate is one of the oldest industrial estates of Gujarat.

The industries in the industrial estate are mostly dye, chemical, textile, ceramic, and engineering based. Pollu-

tion levels are often high. In order to establish a day-to-day management of services in the industrial park, the

planning of a GIS-based industrial information system has started.

Building a GIS-based information system for the first time is a challenge due to the common lack of data,

lack of hardware and software as well as lack staff and expertise. However, through a phased approach, GIS

could be built step by step. For Naroda Industrial Estate, the following methodology has been applied for

developing the first phase of its GIS:

» The GIS maps of the industrial estate have been prepared with reference to Google Earth (satellite)

images.

» The plot number and the corresponding industry information have been updated through a primary

survey and the directory of industries has been developed by the Naroda Industries Association (NIA).

» The infrastructure (water supply and sewerage network) data has been obtained from NIA.

» The road network has been documented and updated through a primary survey.

» Details of solid waste generated have been collected through a primary survey.

» The different layers generated for developing the GIS-based information system for the Naroda Industrial

Estate include plot-wise details (survey numbers, area of each plot, plot types), industry name, line of activ-

ity, products produced, waste generated, amenities available, drainage, high/ low tension lines, roads, etc.

Based on data sets, a GIS was developed. The team of the Naroda Industries Association which looks after

the management of the Naroda Industrial Estate was trained on the GIS utility and informed on updating of

information in the future.


45

“Naroda Industrial Estate is one of the first industrial estates in the state of Gujarat. The industrial estate is known for being proactive and for constantly striving towards improvement. Nevertheless, data collection is difficult. But once it’s done, one can work with it year after year with just a little time needed for updating it and adapting to new developments. I really really believe that putting in some effort in the beginning pays off very soon.”

Testimonial from Mr Rayjibhai Patel, President, Naroda Industries AssociationAhmedabad (Naroda), Gujarat

Figure 3.4.2 Map of Naroda Industrial Estate


46

Case


3.4.3 Monitoring and ControlMonitoring and control are relevant activities in every industrial production process in all industrial areas.

The collection of suitable data enables the management of industrial parks to monitor environmental

performance, handle reporting and offer appropriate trainings for personnel. In India, extensive air and water

quality networks exist through the central and state pollution control boards. Additionally, individual indus-

tries undertake monitoring. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has set up continuous air quality

monitoring stations across India. The advantages from these automatic continuous monitoring stations are:

» continuous information flow (including warning)

» accuracy and precision of information

» low response times (less than one minute)

» high temporal resolution in non-stop coverage.

For ensuring continuous data acquisition from these stations, CPCB was successful, with the support of GIZ,

in making this data regularly available on its website www.cpcb.nic.in. Information is drawn from four air

quality monitoring stations and a mobile laboratory in Delhi.

Another important aspect in monitoring is the environmental laboratory. Laboratories play an important role

in assessing the status of the environment. They carry out the analysis of water, air and soil, and of biotic

components (flora, fauna and human beings). The National Reference Trace Organics Laboratory at CPCB is

one such laboratory having advanced features. This laboratory is capable of analysing Pesticides, PCBs,

Dioxin & Furan, HCB, THM, HAPs, BTEX and Carbonyls.

Similar laboratories have come up at CPCB Bengaluru and Karnataka State Pollution Control Board in

Bengaluru.


47

S. Ram PrasadEngineer-in-ChiefAndhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC)Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

“In terms of monitoring and control we work closely together with the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB). They are implementing guidelines from the Central Pollution Control Board and lately created environmental cells with special experts. The estate management provides them with data on the various levels of pollution.”


48

Concept


3.4.5 Disaster Risk ManagementIn the aftermath of the Bhopal gas tragedy (1984), the Indian

government introduced the Environment (Protection) Act,

1986, under which the Chemical Accidents (Emergency Plan-

ning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 were brought

out to deal with chemical accidents. Subsequently, the Disaster

Management Act, 2005 was brought out by the Indian gov-

ernment providing for effective management of disasters.

Eventually, a national action plan has been published for

effective on-site as well as off-site emergency management

planning for both industry and local/ regional governments.

Management of on-site emergencies and off-site emergencies

is the key aspect of disaster risk management. An on-site

emergency plan is needed to cope with accidents/ incidents

that take place in a factory that affect factory premises and

the persons working in the factory. An off-site emergency

plan is needed for accidents/ incidents that spread outside

the factory premises. Whether catering to on-site or off-site,

the main objectives of an emergency plan are:

a. to control and contain the incident/ accident and if

possible, eliminate it

b. to minimise the effects of the incident on persons,

property and environment.

Industrial disaster risk management is significantly dependent

on the awareness and skills of the actors involved, as well as

on the cooperation between them. The key actors are:

» Industries: management and employees of all hazard

industries.

» Authorities: policy makers from relevant ministries, dis-

trict administration, crisis groups, as well as officials-in-

charge of the district disaster plans under the Disaster

Management Act.

» Emergency and rescue teams: from the district adminis-

tration, police, fire stations, medical services, civil

defence, armed forces, coast guards, home guards, trans-

port agencies.

» Public: mutual aid response groups, NGOs, and educa-

tional institutions.

» Training providers and experts: offering human resource

development services for the targeted groups.

Owing to the fact that technical knowledge skills play such

an important role in disaster risk management, the Disaster

Management Institute, Bhopal, as a training provider, is offering

15 training modules based on international best practices.

Topics included in these modules are Confined Space Safety,

Safety in Transportation of Hazardous Chemicals, Human

Factors in Accidents and Prevention, Job Safety Analysis, Risk

Assessment and Management, Consequence Analysis, On-site

Emergency Plan, and Off-site Emergency Management Plan.

Since capacity development is one of the most important

aspects, these modules will help trainees in developing

knowledge and skill in specific thematic areas to reduce the

risk of industrial disasters.

Furthermore, a web-platform was developed, which continu-

ously provides background material and up-to date news

about the topic (www.hrdp-idrm.in). The website offers the

opportunity to establish networks for an exchange of experi-

ences online.

4) The training modules can be downloaded from: www.hrdp-net.in/idrm/content/e5783/e17327/index_eng.html


49


50

Case


3.4.6 Interstate considerations for Off-Site Emergency PlansOn-site emergency plans have to be prepared by all companies which are considered Major Accident Hazard

(MAH)5 industries. As per the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Rules,

1989, published under the Environment Protection Act, 1986, the chief inspector of factories of each state

is required to evaluate these on-site emergency plans. Furthermore, on-site emergency plans prepared by

MAH companies are vital inputs for the preparation of off-site emergency management plans for entire

industrial areas. The plans highlight how emergencies could be managed in case of any accident due to toxic

release, fire or explosion. Under the MSIHC rules, the district collector is responsible for preparation,

monitoring and evaluation of off-site emergency management plans.

In the district Rupnagar of the state of Punjab, various MAH industries are located. Since some of these com-

panies are located at the border to another state, Himachal Pradesh, severe emergencies can be considered an

interstate issue. To give an example, from the modelling of impact from catastrophic chlorine release from

an alkalies and chemicals industry located in Punjab close to the border of Himachal Pradesh, it was observed

that the fatal concentrations of chlorine were found to go into the state of Himachal Pradesh. This called for

joint actions and preparedness by the local/ district administrations in both Himachal Pradesh and Punjab.

Following conclusions were made from this exercise:

» location of any MAH industries near state boundaries should be considered in every off-site emer-

gency plan

» effective coordination meetings between the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) of neigh-

bouring states should be held

» all these activities should be monitored and reviewed by the National Disaster Management Authority

(NDMA) with the support of SDMAs.

On-site and Off-site Emergency Management PlansConcept of On-site/Off-site Emergency Management Plan: Chemical emergencies are usually managed at state, district and local levels. However, if it is assessed that the consequences of crisis exceed the capacity of the State Government, then ministries at the central level are activated for prompt response by mobilising support in terms of emergency relief teams, support personnel, specialised equipments and other facilities depending upon the scale of crisis.

An effective emergency plan must strive to achieve the following: » identification of hazards » risk analysis and its assessment » reduction of the assessed risk at source » protection of the community » information availability of resources for emergency response in terms of manpower and material » education and awareness of the community and workers » effective coordination of government responding agencies » reduction of the environmental impact.

5) MAH industries have been classified in MSIHC Rules, 1989


51

“I am guiding the development of disaster risk management since many years. Roles and responsibilities of different stakehol-ders are not always obvious. They have to be made explicit in meetings, and subse-quent to this, in plans. Especially, inter-state issues have to be considered. There can be no tolerance for not being prepared!”

Dr Rakesh Dubey, DirectorDisaster Management Institute Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh


52

Concept


3.4.7 Stakeholder ParticipationStakeholders have to be included to guarantee a sustainable

implementation of planned changes. Stakeholders include all

those individuals and groups affecting, and / or affected by

decisions, policies and actions taken for achieving Eco Indus-

trial Development.

Simply getting official consent from the representatives of

the government, of an industry or of the community often

does not constitute true consent, understanding, or commit-

ment for planned activities. A broader group of stakeholders

can be approached through various educational, deliberative,

and collaborative methods to take an active part in shaping

development.

Before starting a participation process, it is necessary to con-

centrate on intended goals, which may be the following:

» Get approval from stakeholders: An example for this is

the Public Consultation Process, which was established

prior to the construction of a Hazardous Waste Treat-

ment Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF) in Dobbasa-

pete, near Bengaluru in Karnataka. Within the radius

of five kilometres of the site, it took seven months to

inform the stakeholders on the upcoming facility.

» Learn from stakeholders: Examples for this are Eco

Club Meetings at the industrial park in Mallapur,

Andhra Pradesh. During these meetings, company

representatives exchange experiences on environment

and climate-friendly production processes and also

share the environmental problems faced by them seek-

ing solutions or ideas from other industries.

» Educate stakeholders: An example of this is a four-day

Certificate Course on Eco Industrial Park Planning and

Management developed by the Indo German Institute for

Advanced Technology at Vishakhapatnam (Andhra

Pradesh, India), ifanos c&p (Germany), and the Center

for Development Research (ZEF), Germany. This course

has been widely applied in Andhra Pradesh for the offic-

ers of the Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corpo-

ration Ltd (APIIC).

» Identify common solutions for given challenges: An

example for this is the MANA CETP which is a Special

Purpose Vehicle (SPV) company consisting of stakehold-

ers from the industrial parks of Mallapur and Nacharam

in Andhra Pradesh who are concerned about the solu-

tions for their waste water treatment through a Common

Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP).

» Brainstorm about future activities: An example for this

is the Round Table on Eco Industrial Parks, helt at the

Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad in 2009.

The purpose of this was to share lessons learnt and expe-

riences gained from the on-going efforts on developing

Eco Industrial Parks in Andhra Pradesh and collection of

ideas on further activities.

To achieve these goals, it is necessary to determine stakeholders

who would be actively involved in the process. Stakeholder

analysis helps to gain an understanding of the diverse per-

spectives, needs, and desires of the relevant groups. Forms of

stakeholder participation can be very diverse. In some cases

one meeting is sufficient, while for other purposes, a contin-

uous process needs to be established. In the context of Eco

Industrial Development, often the question is"Who is in

charge of initiating and sustaining stakeholder participation?"

The process of public hearings as in the case of setting up a

waste treatment facility is more formalised as against regular

meetings of company representatives to exchange experiences

on environment and climate-friendly production processes

that take place on a voluntary basis. Nevertheless, whoever

plans to initiate Eco Industrial Development has to know the

reason to include stakeholders, which ones to include, how

to involve them, and what possibilities are there to sustain

introduced processes of participation.


53


54

Case


3.4.8 Stakeholder Workshops for Planning Eco Industrial Park ActivitiesWhen the Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Cooperation (APIIC) decided to promote the idea of trans-

forming their existing and upcoming industrial parks into Eco Industrial Parks, they planned to initially start

activities in two pilot parks. One of them is the Industrial Park Mallapur (IP Mallapur).

To decide which activities to start with, a stakeholder workshop with the title IDA Mallapur – Eco Industrial

Estate in the Making was organized by the Environment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTRI),

Hyderabad, in 2005. Participants comprised of industry representatives, senior officials of Andhra Pradesh

State Pollution Control Board (APPCB), senior officials of APIIC, representatives of the Ministry of Environment

and Forest (MoEF), and resource persons from EPTRI and GIZ.

The one-day workshop started with the presentation of technical inputs from different experts. Participants

were asked to discuss and present their views.

As a result of the group discussions and a plenary gathering, the following decisions were taken jointly:

a. Priority infrastructure that immediately needed to be set up for IP Mallapur was identified as follows:

» Storm water drainage system including water harvesting.

» Treatment systems for the treatment of industrial effluents. This includes a conveyance system, pre-

treatment system at individual industrial level, common treatment system at estate level, and final

treatment and disposal systems of treated wastewater.

» Storage facilities for solid and Hazardous Wastes from IP Mallapur.

b. The land required for the construction of waste water treatment system including conveyance system

would be provided by APIIC.

c. Detailed project reports for all the infrastructure requirements would be prepared. The issue of financ-

ing/ funding sources should be covered while preparing these detailed project reports.

d. APIIC will contribute up to 25 % of the costs for infrastructure set-up. The balance will have to be

borne by the service provider. Funding from governmental agencies such as the Indian Ministry of Envi-

ronment & Forests for setting-up of a CETP may be explored. All the costs towards operation and main-

tenance of common infrastructure/ facilities will be borne by the user industries.

e. A full time environmental manager will be engaged to take care of all environmental aspects including

following up with all the relevant stakeholders for planning/ designing/ implementation of the proposed

infrastructure development in the estate.

f. All the industries made formal commitments to participate in the training programs and requested train-

ing programs for their staff members as well.


55

“Stakeholder workshops are very important to gain a common understanding on what should be done, for what purpose and with whom? When we decided to have IP Mal-lapur as our pilot Eco Industrial Park, it was very important to ask representatives of the companies about their priorities. Without their ownership, we couldn’t have changed the park for the better. We all have to join hands to get things going.”

Ch. Vinod KumarCommissioner, IP Nacharam & IP MallapurAndhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation Ltd. (APIIC)


56

Concept


3.5. Climate Change Considerations

3.5.1 Climate Change MitigationGreenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions have been identified as the

main cause for human induced climate change. Hence, decou-

pling of GHG emissions from economic growth to mitigate

climate change has become a global challenge. GHG emis-

sions, mainly the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) due to

the combustion of fossil fuels, have risen dramatically since

pre-industrial times. Globally, energy-related CO2 emissions

have risen 145-fold since 1850, from 200 million tonnes to

29 billion tonnes a year, and are projected to rise another

54 % by 2030 (UNEP 2011).

India is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention

on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the objective of the Con-

vention is to achieve stabilisation of Greenhouse Gas concen-

trations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dan-

gerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

India could play a very important role in addressing climate

change issues.

In 2008, India released a National Action Plan on Climate

Change (NAPCC) which outlines how India plans to address

national climate change concerns over the coming years with-

out compromising on the country’s development.

In the case of industrial parks, there exist substantial poten-

tials. In a rough estimate undertaken for a few industrial

estates in Andhra Pradesh, the four existing parks released

approximately 2.1 to 3.5 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents.

It was estimated that substantial carbon emission reductions

can be achieved even with implementation of only a few

measures such as improved environmental infrastructure for

waste water, usage of renewable energies, and improved

processes with reduced energy consumption.

The benefits of strong and early action to curb GHG emis-

sions and to mitigate the effects of climate change could far

outweigh the economic cost of not acting. Furthermore,

mitigation measures need not necessary mean costs. Cost

savings could be achieved through appropriate planning and

implementation of measures and achieving efficiencies in

production processes.

For example, in a small scale industry located in Hyderabad,

by installing a heat exchanger to utilise the latent heat of the

vapours from an open evaporator, the anticipated reduction

in coal consumption was over 100 tonnes per year.

In another case in Korea, it was observed that 650 industrial

parks comprise 63 % of industrial emissions and now 12

projects are being implemented for transforming existing

industrial parks into eco-friendly parks.

Ones completed, the eco-friendly parks are likely to yield

economic benefit of $ 44.2 million and result in GHG emis-

sion reduction of 197,510 tonnes / year.


57


58 EID Approach – Industrial Park Level

3.5.2 Public Private Partnership on Co-ProcessingA Public Private Partnership (PPP) between GIZ and Holcim Ltd. (Holcim is one of the world´s leading

producers of cement and aggregates) was implemented in India and a number of other countries. The objec-

tive has been to explore options for using otherwise worthless, or sometimes problematic waste material as

a valuable resource in the energy intensive cement industry.

According to the principles of Eco Industrial Development (EID), waste can be a valuable input for production

processes in the industrial sector. Inappropriate disposal of waste causes contamination of soil, water resources

and the atmosphere, and consequent deterioration in the living conditions and health of the population.

Cement consumption is increasing, especially in emerging countries. The cement industry consumes a significant

amount of natural resources and energy. One way of reducing emissions in the production process is to grad-

ually replace fossil fuel and primary raw materials with waste-derived materials. Co-processing is the term used

for the use of alternative fuels and raw materials from waste by industries so as to substantiate their resource and

energy requirements. For co-processing, the waste should contain a high calorific value (at least 8MJ/kg), or a

substantial raw material value (at least 50 % ash or 80 % raw material in ash), or a combination of both. Co-

processing fully respects the waste management hierarchy of avoidance, minimization and recovery of materials.

This has to be considered first at all times.

A study conducted by the FHNW (University of Applied Sciences North-western Switzerland) in 2008 reveals that

the expected energy content in disposed waste within 25 countries of the European Union could almost satisfy

the energy requirements of the entire industry in Europe by the year 2030.

The figure below illustrates the climate relevance for co-processing in the cement industry when waste is not

disposed separately in an incinerator but co-processed in a cement plant, thus reducing the volume of

GHG emissions stemming from the use of fossil fuel.

Although, co-processing proved to be successful mainly in the cement industry, it can be stated that the

concept is applicable for any other resource and energy intensive industry, which makes it a recommendable

option to lower the industry’s environmental and climate footprint. The PPP efforts between GIZ and

Holcim resulted in internationally recognized guidelines on co-processing. The endeavours have promoted,

disseminated and anchored co-processing of waste in cement kilns in a participatory way. Legislative gaps

have been closed and technological expertise transferred. The guidelines and a training kit with eight modules

can be downloaded from www.coprocem.com.

Case


59

Figure 3.5.2 Contribution of Co-processing to CO2 Reduction

Sou

rce:

Stu

dy

rep

ort b

y F

HN

W, 2

00

8

Co-p

roce

ssin

g an

d CO

2-Red

uction

EmissionsCO2

Waste Waste

EmissionsCO2

Emissions CO2

Coal Coal

Landfill or dedicated

incinerator*+

Energy IntensiveIndustry (EII) Energy Intensive Industry (EII)

* Without energy recovery


60

Concept


3.5.3 Climate Change AdaptationThe whole world is feeling the impacts of climate change. It

is generally becoming warmer, rainfall is getting more erratic,

the sea level is rising and extreme weather events are becom-

ing more frequent and intense. Prolonged periods of drought,

floods and shifting climatic zones are endangering develop-

ment successes.

During the 20th century, earth’s mean global temperature

rose by almost 0.74 ̊ C and is expected to increase by a further

1.1 ̊ C to 6.4 ̊ C by the end of the 21st century (IPCC 2007).

Very minor changes in temperature can have major impacts

on systems on which human livelihoods depend, including

industries. For example, the availability of water has become

limited – this is an important factor for most production

processes. Industrial areas are often sited near the sea because

of infrastructural advantages. The loss of land due to sea

level rise can have a high impact. Extreme weather events

such as floods and heat waves are significant threats to value

chains as well as on infrastructure.

India with its long coastal line and its wide variety of geo-

graphical regions, biodiversity and natural resources, is one

of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. Risks

from the impacts of climate change on businesses vary greatly,

depending on sector and location.

Climate change impacts on businesses can be classified into

direct and indirect impacts. Direct impacts are caused by

extreme weather events and changes of temperature which

affect, for example, infrastructure and transportation. Indi-

rect impacts include such impacts as unavailability of inputs

and changed market demands. Both types of impacts can

cause a significant rise in business costs, and can even pose

threats to the core business itself.

Few potential concerns for companies due to climate change

include increasing costs for natural resources and raw materials;

water scarcity; energy scarcity; threats to human health; trans-

portation risks for materials, goods, and people; decreased

agricultural productivity and material supply; floods, ero-

sion, and temperature rise; and risks due to changing

weather patterns. Other impacts may be changed demands

of customers for goods and services or the health of the

workforce getting affected, for example due to floods.

Infrastructure and transportation is highly vulnerable. Such

impacts can cause significant rise in business costs.

Thus, climate change adaptation in the industrial sector is a

priority in order to avoid business losses. It becomes impor-

tant for decision makers on national, regional, and industrial

park levels, as well as on the level of single companies, to

prepare for or to adapt to the consequences of climate change.

The industries should look at the risks holistically from the

perspective of climate change adaptation, and develop a com-

prehensive strategy to address them.

In addition to the risks associated with climate change impacts

for industries, there are also business opportunities arising

from the change of circumstances. New products, processes

and services would become necessary to cater to changed

needs. These include climate resilient materials and products,

climate resilient value chains, microfinance and micro-insur-

ance, etc. For example, the State Action Plans for Climate

Change (SAPCC) of Gujarat and Rajasthan provide business

opportunities in the field of climate-proofing infrastructure

such as roads and bridges. New adaptation infrastructure

needs to be developed as well. Examples are new drainage sys-

tems to cope with severe flooding or innovative water storage

systems to cope with prolonged droughts. Here, companies

could potentially join forces with government entities creating

effective public-private partnerships.

Adaptation measures are required both at the industry level

as well as at the industrial park level. Especially infrastructural

aspects, for example, providing drainage to deal with excess

rains or floods, or modifying the designs and alignment of

the transportation network, or providing green buffers, etc.

could rather be addressed at industrial park level than at the

level of individual industries.


61


62

Case


3.5.4 Climate Change Vulnerability AssessmentVulnerability may be described as a function of exposure of a system to the impacts of climate change, the

sensitivity of the system and its adaptive capacity. It takes into account that socio-economic systems can

reduce or intensify the impacts of climate change.

Vulnerability of an industry depends on:

» the type and magnitude of the effect of climate change to which it is exposed (exposure)

» how sensitive is it to this change or to what extent it gets affected (sensitivity)

» the extent to which the system is capable of adjusting or adapting to this change (adaptive capacity).

In 2011, the Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre (GCPC) piloted a Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment

in Industries. The assessment aimed at testing and establishing a methodology for further replication. The

assessment took place in the Naroda Industrial Estate near Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat.

It was observed that in the past forty years, Gujarat experienced 12 years of drought and four situations of

major scarcity. The intensity and return period of major drought events have increased substantially in the

last couple of decades. In addition to this, a general increase in rainfall with more intense rain events was

expected. To find out what impacts such changes in the climate may have on industries, an assignment grid

was prepared.

Having identified a variety of impacts would lead to step two: assessing – a) the probability that a specific

impact will occur, and b) the amount of damage it will cause. These two key factors determine the level of

risk to the industries. The subjectivity of vulnerability assessments is inevitable. Nevertheless, experts’ advice

and technical data should be considered and care should be taken that prioritisation is not driven by special

interests. Once the impacts are identified and weighed, possible adaptation measures are formulated.

For the industries in the Naroda Industrial Estate, the reactive and anticipatory adaptation measures identified

are given in Table 3.5.4.

Figure 3.5.4 Vulnerability of a System

Sou

rce:

ad

apte

d fr

om A

llen

Con

sult

ing

Gro

up

Potential Impact

Vulnerability

Exposure Sensitivity

AdaptiveCapacity


63

“While carrying out the assessment, we came to know that SMEs are not prepared for climate change and did not even know that it can affect their business. The worksheets are self-explanatory and easy to work with. Our views have been broa-dened on how we can react to cope with future challenges – and how we can take action now.”

Neerja DesaiSr Programme OfficerGujarat Cleaner Production Centre

Vulnerable Sources Reactive Adaptations Anticipatory Adaptations

Water Resources

» Protection of groundwater resources » Improved management and mainte-nance of existing water supply systems » Protection of water catchment areas » Improved water supply » Groundwater and rainwater harvest-ing and desalination

» Better use of recycled water » Conservation of water catchment areas » Improved system of water management » Water policy reform including pricing and irrigation policies » Development of flood controls and drought monitoring

Energy Resources

» Improved energy supply » Increasing energy efficiency by proper measures like putting machine on invertors

» Better use of recycled energy » Developing the efficiency of machines » Use of renewable sources at maximum extent

Transportation

» Public health management reform » Improved housing and living conditions » Improved emergency response » Use of electric or compressed natural gas based vehicle or hybrid vehicle » Implementation of vehicle emission standard » Executive employees use public transportation

» Development of early warning system » Better and/or improved disease/vector surveillance and monitoring » Improvement of environmental quality » Changes in urban and housing design » Focus on mode switching and other behaviours affecting transportation » Encourage the use of Cleaner alternative fuel

Table 3.5.4 Reactive and anticipatory adaptation measures in Industries


64


65

Concept

4.1 Eco-performance

Eco-performance is an approach that targets improved efficiencies,

cleaner production, reduced consumption of resources and

reduced environmental impacts while increasing the overall

profits of the enterprises. The approach focuses on ecological

as well as economic benefits to companies. Individual companies

feel the growing demand on resources and the pressure to

increase their competitiveness to cope with rising prices of

their inputs. Further, they are compelled to take environmen-

tal compliance and also upcoming issues like climate change

mitigation and adaptation into due consideration.

There are several tools available for achieving eco-performance.

Certain tools focus on the individual company level, while

others on a network or a group of companies.

EcoProfit is one such promising training tools which is applied at

individual industry level. Its implementation was supported

by GIZ, and nurtured, tested and proven in more than 120

Indian SMEs since the year 2003. The EcoProfit tool aims to

reduce the cost of operations in companies by optimising pro-

cess operations and minimising the need for raw materials,

water, waste and energy. Similar tools like Profitable Environ-

mental Management (PREMA®), concepts like Cleaner Produc-

tion (CP), environmental audits and energy audits are similarly

applied at individual industry level. Though each concept has

a different approach, the common objective is to contribute to

economic and environmental performances of the industries.

In terms of approaches that facilitate a climate and environ-

mentally friendly production in individual companies, there

are four distinct approaches that are generally followed:

» Command and control: Enforcement of laws and

standards to force companies to comply.

» Facilitation: Introduction of economic instruments to

encourage companies to take action. One example for

an economic instrument is grant support for introduc-

ing cleaner production measures. Other instruments in

use in various countries include environmental taxes,

subsidies for energy auditing, funding for the introduc-

tion of new technologies and the option for companies

to participate in emission trading.

» Capacity development: Training and providing support-

ive information, including guidelines, tool kits etc. to

support companies in identifying and taking specific

measures. Education and training for resource efficiency

aims to build capacity and to ensure that participants

are able to address environmental challenges from their

own level or in cooperation with their company’s man-

agement. As stated above, two examples for successful

training methods are PREMA® and EcoProfit training

programmes.

» Cooperation: Developing networks to facilitate coopera-

tion and exchange of ideas.

Information centres as well as web-based information platforms

provide information on resource efficiency and related topics

to actively promote the concept. Their main target group is

private companies, including SMEs that often lack access to

the latest information and do not have the capacity to stay

up-to-date with every technological development in the mar-

ket. Information centres, thus, play an important role for

improving the technological competence of enterprises and

for providing up-to-date knowledge on resource efficiency.

Networks between companies, like waste minimisation circles,

benefit participants through mutual backing while exchanging

experiences on production activities. Expected economic bene-

fits and reduced environmental pollution motivate the involved

companies to participate in collective arrangements that are

expected to lead to improved production activities.

4. EID APPROACH: AT INDUSTRY LEVEL

4.1 Eco-performance: Concept

4.2 Resource Efficiency in the Steel Sector: Case

4.3 EcoProfit for Resource Efficiency in a Rubber Company: Case

4.4 Energy Savings through Co-Generation of Electricity and Steam: Case


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Case4.2 Resource Effi ciency in the Steel SectorThe steel industry in India is the backbone for industrial development because of the demand of steel in diverse

key sectors. It is a prospective business sector with estimations that the production levels of steel will more

than double in the next 20 years. It is estimated that the steel production capacity in the country will grow

from approx. 66 million tonnes (5 % of the global production) in 2010 to 143 million tonnes per year in 2020.

Steel is a commodity product, and therefore, it is price sensitive. This means that low manufacturing costs

are important for the industry. For that reason, most steel mills in the world are large scale facilities – cutting

costs by economies of scale.

The situation in India is different. Although there are only a few big integrated steel mills, the number of

small direct reduction companies (producing sponge iron from coal and iron ore), smelting shops (producing

crude steel in small electric induction furnaces) and so-called re-rolling shops (using steel ingots for rolling

long products like bars and rods) is in hundreds.

Unfortunately, the steel industry, globally as well as in India, is one of the major sources for CO2 emissions.

In India, it is estimated that about 8 % of total CO2 emissions are caused by the steel industry6 (2007).

However, while the global average of CO2 emissions has been reduced to 1.8 tonnes CO2/ tonne steel, India’s

emission intensity is still 30 % higher (2.4 tonnes CO2 / tonne steel). Thus, by adopting strategies such as

resource efficiency and application of best available technologies in India, there is a huge potential for reduc-

ing the intensity of CO2 emissions. This implies that India could potentially save raw materials like coal

and iron ore as well as secondary energy, that is, electricity, while cutting on about 100 million tonnes CO2

emissions.

Important technology areas are direct reduction, blast furnaces, furnaces for smelting and rolling, and numerous

specifically developed solutions. Moreover, especially the hundreds of small steel shops need support in terms

of operational excellence, for reducing CO2 emissions. Through energy management, resource efficiency can

be improved by approximately 10 %. This offers tremendous opportunities to the steel industry itself due to

the reduction in energy consumption and costs intrinsically tied to immense CO2 reductions.

Examples of measures required for reduction of CO2 emissions and process improvement are shown in

Table 4.2.1.

6) Planning Commission, Government of India; Centre for Science and Environment

EID Approach: Industry Level


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“The steel sector plays a very critical role in India – and surely, it is a major contri-butor to emissions. Most of the players from the large and medium sector under-stand the responsibility for controlling the CO2 emissions and are initiating active steps to reach international levels in due course of time. The small scale segment needs to be coached, guided and motiva-ted to achieve similar significant improve-ments. I strongly believe that a large opportunity exists for CO2 reduction in the Indian steel industry.”

Mr B Muthuraman, Vice Chairman,TATA Steel, Mumbai, Maharashtra

Process Step CO2 Reduction Solution

Sinter Plant » Sinter plant heat recovery

Coke Oven » Coke dry quenching

Blast Furnace

» Use of high quality ore » Direct injection of reducing agents (coal injection, pulverised coal injection, gas injection, natural gas injection)

» Improved blast furnace control systems » Hot blast stoves automation » Top pressure recovery turbines

Smelting Reduction » New processes – Finex/POSCO, IT mk3/Kobe Steel

Direct Reduction » Coal gasification

Basic Oxygen Converter » Energy recovery from the BOF gas » Increased energy efficiency by automation

Electric Arc Furnace

» Scrap preheating » Improved process control » Transformer efficiency » Bottom stirring/stirring gas injection

Table 4.2.1 Measures for CO2 emissions reduction


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Case4.3 EcoProfi t for Resource Effi ciency in a Rubber CompanyA tool for cleaner production and improved environmental performance is EcoProfit. This tool is applied in individual industries, in batches of 12-16, and takes about 10-12 months for completion of one batch of industries. This tool was introduced in India in 2002, and since then, 10 clusters have been completed in which around 120 industries have participated.

EcoProfit is considered a win-win model which economically strengthens industries by using environment-friendly technologies and simultaneously improves the ecological situation of the region. It enhances the efficiency of industries, reduces demand of raw materials and energy, and minimizes associated environmental impacts with little or no investment.

EcoProfit follows an approach with a shift of paradigm from end-of-pipe solutions such as treating waste and emissions to a preventive approach such as minimising waste and emissions in the process itself with no or low costs. The key steps in applying the EcoProfit tool include: In-depth analysis, process optimisation and capacity building. For details, visit http://ecoprofit.com. Recently, in one of the concluded EcoProfit activities, 22 % of the cost for activities implemented resulted in immediate payback, and 69 % resulted in short term payback (within one year). Only 9 % of the investment budget is applied with long payback expectations (of more than one year).

EcoProfit is a standard tool implemented in cooperation with STENUM Environmental Consulting and Research Company GmbH, Austria. To achieve the dual benefit of environmental and economical gains, EcoProfit works on three pillars: » technical Training Workshops (with group work, calculation tasks, and fun learning) » individual Consulting Visits (panel of international and national experts helping to find saving

potentials by strongly correlating the learnings from training topics and referring them with practical problems)

» evaluation (calculating and justifying the savings out of suggestions made).

Subsequent to the application of the EcoProfit tool, M/s Agarwal Rubber Ltd., a manufacturer for high quality automobile butyl tubes, was able to achieve impressive improvements in resource efficiency. The company produces about 12,000 tubes per day, ranging from tubes for two wheelers to aviation transport. In the past, the company was generating rubber waste of around one tonne / day (approximately 300 tonnes / year.) Major achievements of the industry on account of using the EcoProfit suggestions are summarised below: » Reduction in water consumption: 12,000 kilolitres per year of raw water was saved as a result of reduc-

tion in steam generation owing to decrease in steam losses. » Steam leakage reduction: Steam leakages constituted 30 % of total steam generation. Most of the leakages

were rectified which resulted in the reduction of steam generation up to 40 tonnes / day, leading to 1,785 tonnes / year of coal being saved.

» Compressed air losses reduction: Compressed air losses constituted 36 % and were later reduced up to 10 % by rectifying the leakages with help of leak detection tests. Energy needs were reduced by 329,400 kWh/ year.

» Raw material saving/ waste reduction: Power cuts were causing sudden drops in compressed air pressure leading to breaks in pneumatic operation which caused the rejection of complete batches.



69

“The workshop training package in itself provided much awareness, several techni-cal inputs, and ideas on savings to help us implement measures easily on our own. EcoProfit tool and support from experts proved to be a great help for implemen-ting the measures timely and efficiently.”

Mr. Mahesh AgarwalDirector, M/s Agarwal Rubber Ltd. Mumbai, Maharashtra


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Case4.4 Energy Savings through Co-Generation of Electricity and SteamThe main energy forms required for the process operations in bulk drug manufacturing industries are electricity

and heat. Electricity is used for motors, pumps, fans, air compressors, drives, lighting, refrigeration compressors,

process pumps and transfer pumps. Heat, in the form of pressurised steam, is used in reactors, dryers and

other machines.

M/s Zenith Energy Services (P) Ltd., Hyderabad has carried out a detailed study at M/s Andhra Organics Ltd.

for reducing energy costs of its plant and improving energy efficiency of the overall system. A co-generation

system was recommended for the plant as a viable mean.

Co-generation refers to the simultaneous production of electricity and useful thermal energy. Many companies

produce steam for process needs at a pressure higher than it is ultimately used on. This steam is usually passed

through a pressure-reducing valve which lowers its pressure. A steam turbine can take that same energy availa-

ble when pressure is reduced, and turn it into valuable electricity. Steam turbine generators make electricity

by converting the drop in the pressure of steam into mechanical power. High-pressure steam enters the turbine,

drives the generator, and finally, gets exhausted at a lower pressure for use in plant heating or the production

processes. A turbine does not consume steam, it only reduces its pressure. Steam turbine co-generation is an

established method of generating power which has been practiced for decades.

M/s Andhra Organics Ltd. is one of the leading companies in Andhra Pradesh engaged in the production of

bulk drugs. The plant is normally operated for 350 days in a year on a 24-hour basis. As a step towards

implementing various energy conservation and efficiency measures, the company has installed one coal-based

co-generation system for sequential generation of electricity and heat.

From this case of M/s Andhra Organics Ltd., the following two major results can be summed up:

» Installation of co-generation system provides electricity almost free of cost. Moreover, only 5 to 10 %

more coal is consumed for the existing steam requirement.

» The solution has a low payback period (of about 2.5 years) and quick returns. The demand of steam and

electricity matches for the bulk drug industry, and hence the scheme is technically and financially viable.

It can well be adapted for other industries according to their process needs.



71

“M/s Andhra Organics Ltd entrusted us with identifying possible solutions for energy costs reduction and improving energy efficiency. Conducting the study we identi-fied huge potential to increase energy efficiency by establishing a co-generation system. Now, energy that would have other-wise been lost is used to generate electri-city almost free of cost.”

P.R.K. Sobhan Babu, PresidentM/s Zenith Energy Services (P) LtdHyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

Figure 4.4.1 Co-generation Process

Turbine

Electricity Process heat

High pressure steam

Low pressure steam

Boiler


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Conclusions

The industrial sector is a key driver of India’s impressive eco-

nomic growth and, supported by the Indian government, it

will continue to expand. Well-aware of the current environ-

mental challenges, the Indian government and the industrial

sector are giving much attention to sustainable development.

First successes in balancing economic development, environ-

mental protection and social progress are already visible.

With this focus, the government and the industry have applied

the Eco Industrial Development approach in the Indian context.

The government has developed suitable framework conditions

at the policy level enabling the effectual implementation on

industrial park and industry level (that have been presented in

the preceding chapters). GIZ has supported the process of

policy development and implementation of measures at all

levels and will continue to do so in the future.

It is seen that on the industrial park level, the challenge of Eco

Industrial Development can be tackled by developing new as

well as by transforming existing parks into Eco Industrial Parks.

The advantages are obvious.

Thorough planning of new Eco Industrial Parks not only helps

to reduce pollution, resource consumption and environmental

impacts; but also ensures appropriate location, suitable infra-

structure, synergy effects and public acceptance. All this helps

enhance efficiency to a great extent. In addition to the envi-

ronmental and social benefits, these features make new parks

more attractive for investors.

It should be noted that not only new industrial parks can capi-

talise on the principles of Eco Industrial Parks. Experiences in

India show that even old parks with serious environmental

problems can be transformed with often simple and inexpen-

sive measures. Improvements especially in the three areas of

infrastructure, management and environmental performance

of certain industries have made these transformed industrial

areas more efficient, eco-friendly and safe. Supported by ap -

pro priate information systems and training programmes, the

management of industrial sites and individual industries have

implemented promising measures.

On the individual industry level as well much can be done to

improve environmental performance. Many examples descri-

bed in this publication have illustrated the benefits of this pro-

cess. It enables companies to gain monetary benefits while at

the same time reducing their demand for raw material and

energy, and minimising associated environmental impacts

from emissions, effluents and wastes.

In times of rising input prices, measures which increase effici-

ency and reduce consumption of resources seem just sensible.

Short payback periods of investments in these measures as well

as quick returns make improvement of their environmental

performance an even more attractive option for companies.

Supported by trainings and advice from experts, many indust-

ries have successfully taken measures to improve their environ-

mental performance.

5. CONCLUSIONS / ANNEX

Conclusions and outlook

About GIZ


74

The impacts of climate change are already noticeable and a

significant increase in their occurrence poses severe threats to

future development. India, as a party to the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),

aims at reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions. Especially the

country’s industrial parks have high potential for emission

reduction and can achieve great improvements by taking simple

and inexpensive measures. However, climate change consid-

erations do not only comprise emissions reduction measures.

Industrial parks are also affected by direct and indirect impacts

of climate change, such as floods or unavailability of inputs and

changed market demands. At the same time climate change

adaptation may provide business opportunities for firms,

for example in climate-proofing infrastructure or adaptation

infrastructure. Industries need to become aware of the impacts

of climate change and need to take appropriate actions,

whether deciding on preventive measures or actively seeking

business opportunities.

Some factors have proved to promote the success of measures

on every level:

» Capacity development is the key to successful Eco Indus-

trial Development as effective implementation depends

on the people involved, on government officials, indus-

try representatives, managers of industrial parks and

companies as well as employees. Their awareness, knowl-

edge and skills are crucial. For this reason education and

training programmes are necessary to ensure that people

involved are aware of the problems and are able to

implement appropriate actions.

» Stakeholder participation has proven to be a successful

tool in all stages of the process, in planning as well as

implementation. It can lead to new ideas and ensures

that all important points are taken into account. Com-

mon decisions about appropriate measures and responsi-

bilities improve acceptance, and thus, efficiency.

» Cooperation between companies may greatly enhance

their efficiency and improve environmental perfor-

mance. Possible synergies can be realised, for example,

by introducing common services or by using other com-

panies’ by-products (industrial symbiosis).

» Services should be provided through appropriate busi-

ness models. Moreover, the acceptance to pay for quality

services has to be created within the industries. Trans-

parency and reliability are key features for the relation-

ship between service providers and customers.

Of course the most important requirement for successful

implementation is the will to initiate change. Challenges for

implementation may arise from unavailability of data needed

for appropriate planning or the establishment of information

systems. Even if the process might be difficult and time con-

suming, once data is gathered and the information system

established, it be useful for all future actions. Another factor

might be lack of awareness and skills on part of the person-

nel which requires suitable training and education measures.

International cooperation promotes Eco Industrial Develop-

ment as it helps share technical expertise and experiences.

With the start of the Indo-German Environmental Partnership

Programme this year, conditions for successful cooperation in

the area are promising. The programme’s aim is to support

sustainable development, including Sustainable Industrial

Development. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale

Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) possesses expertise in this field. GIZ

plays an important role as an external actor to disseminate

information, motivate discussions and open new perspectives.

Apart from great achievements, there is great potential for

further engagement towards sustainable development. It can

never be emphasised sufficiently, that the threats environmen-

tal degradation and climate change pose to the community are

challenging and especially the industrial sector has a responsi-

bility to act. As has been shown in the case studies, change can

be fostered by applying simple measures without great costs. It

is also clear that change even bring economic benefits.

Industrial parks can certainly move away from being the

main cause of pollution and can transform into exemplary

production spaces.

Conclusions


75


76

About GIZ

The services delivered by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für

Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH draw on a

wealth of regional and technical expertise and tried and

tested management know-how. As a federal enterprise, we

support the German Government in achieving its objectives

in the field of international cooperation for sustainable

development. We are also engaged in international education

work around the globe. GIZ currently operates in more than

130 countries worldwide.

GIZ in IndiaGermany has been cooperating with India by providing

expertise through GIZ for more than 50 years. To address

India's priority of sustainable and inclusive growth, GIZ's

joint efforts with the partners in India currently focus on

the following areas:

» Energy – renewable energy and energy efficiency

» Sustainable Urban and Industrial Development

» Natural Resource Management

» Private Sector Development

» Social Protection

» Financial Systems Development

Indo-German Environmental Partnership Programme (IGEP)The work on Eco Industrial Development in India has been

implemented since 2002 under the Advisory Services in Envi-

ronmental Management (ASEM) Programme, which is a part

of the Indo German Development Cooperation and imple-

mented jointly by GIZ and the Indian Ministry of Environ-

ment & Forests. Since March 2012, the cooperation continues

under the new Indo German Environment Partnership

(IGEP) Programme. The objective of the new programme is

to establish innovative solutions for effective environmental

management, with a focus on urban habitat and industrial

development, including policy options, which lead to improve-

ments in inclusive growth, green economy

and climate change.

Core Competence: Capacity Development

The core competence of GIZ is capacity development. This

entails supporting people in acquiring technical expertise,

managerial competence and performance capability. And it

means supporting organisations, public institutions and pri-

vate companies in making their organisational, management

and production structures more efficient and effective. A

country’s political and social frameworks are crucial in imple-

menting effective reforms. GIZ advises governments on main-

streaming their goals and change processes in laws and strate-

gies, and implementing these country-wide (scaling-up) as

otherwise, changes remain isolated occurrences, and fail to

generate results beyond the short term.

Guiding Principle: Sustainable DevelopmentGIZ declares sustainable development as a corporate guiding

principle. In this case, sustainable development means:

» supporting economic growth for more prosperity in

partner countries

» ensuring equal opportunities for rich and poor, North

and South, women and men

» utilising natural resources for the benefits of present and

future generations.

There are no ready-made sustainable solutions to complex

developmental issues. GIZ understands sustainable develop-

ment as a constant process of negotiation and learning. In its

work, GIZ uses a combination of advisory services, such as

policy, technical and organisational advice. GIZ works at

government level as well as with associations, industry, local

populations and international donors. GIZ observes the prin-

ciples of good governance and operates according to interna-

tionally recognised fundamental values, such as respect for

human rights.

About GIZ


77


78

NOTES



Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Registered officesBonn and Eschborn, Germany

Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 4053113 Bonn, GermanyT +49 228 44 60-0F +49 228 44 60-17 66

Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-565760 Eschborn, GermanyT +49 61 96 79-0F +49 61 96 79-11 15

E [email protected] www.giz.de


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