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Gí-giân, G n-tông kap Khì-s…t-bîn

Language, Identity and Decolonization

701 1

http://www2.twl.ncku.edu.tw/~uibun

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Language, identity

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i

kám ê

chún ê -tàng ê t

ê lóng koh t g--khì in

ùi

koh t g--khì

m ùi

ùi 17 ta tiõh k ng ê Chit-

kóa lóng tòe tiõh ê tôa -á

ê kap ê ‹-koh ˜a ch…t kóa

t g--khì soah t ài t ê

ê kap ê t chit ê

t t

˜-koh t soah -

tàng ê kap ê

Ho n-sè kám kiâ ê à

k ng ê ho n-sè k ng ê 2000

chit -tàng kap

ê

ê t -kha t u-t u-á

Tòe tiõh ê m t u-

t u-á hông chit kúi b chió

ii

kap ê Chit ká-ná

ê à ‹-koh kám án-ne chún

ùi ê ê kap ê

k ng-khoán iáu ê ah ê

k ng-khoán

khah ê

soah ˜ ê

Chit

ê t t leh teh

thang t ê

teh t u-t u-á hông H -ló

ê tong ê hông

ê ún-tàng beh n chún -

tàng pê -pê 50 ê ê

b -tàng chiâ -chò Hit-kóa ê

Thomas Barclay, 1874-1935 William

Campbell, 1871-1918 George L. Mackay, 1844-1901

koh b chió --ê ê án-chóa in ê

b -tàng soah t hông Iáu koh

hit-kóa ê kham-p¬-di-a ê

ê kham-b¬-di-a thái

-sái ê ê languages of

iii

citizens ˜-koh ˜ Taiwanese languages

h m kap ê k ng-khoán -sái ê

teh ê ˜-koh lóng ˜

ê Ká-sú chit-kóa

koh chiâ -chò ê in

in ê ê ‹-koh in ê koh

khah lóng ài ê

‹-koh b -chió ê soah ê

l³-k¬-moâi chiah ê

Chit ê t leh ê kap

lóng k ˜-chiâ -m…h

ch ê kan-ta ê

kan-ta soah

kan-ta ê soah b -giàn Chit

ê t ài chiah tiõh Hit-kóa

kiò-s ka-t ê beh ê

khah ê thang in ê

ni -ni

chún kiâ ê --ê

ê tú-hó si ng-hó ê

Chit thçh beh t

kap ê

iv

--ê t 1996 kah 2004

t chit t ê

kap ê Chit-kóa ch…t kóa

ê tiõh ê kap ê

tãk iáu ê t k ng ê

kap

Chit ài ch Chit ê

t ê --ê hit Dallas-Fort

Worth ê t ê Chit

ê kap ê ê

kap ‹-t án-ne ê m chit ê

ê in

kap

kap ê chit

li ng ê ê m

ta

v

17

2000

vi

Holo

languages of

citizens Taiwanese languages

vii

1996 2004

viii

Bõk-liõk

ê

Thçh h m

1. 2

2. ê 3

2.1. ê kap 4

2.2. ê 6

2.2.1. ê 7

2.2.2. ê 9

2.3. ê 11

2.3.1. ê 12

2.3.2. ê 15

2.4. ê 16

2.4.1. ê 17

2.4.2. ê 18

3. ê 20

4. 22

ê

ê

1. 26

2. h m ê 27

3. ê kap ê 30

Bõk-liõk

4. Pái ê 32

5. ê 34

6. 42

teh ê

ê

1. 52

2. ê 53

2.1. 17 -19 54

2.2. 19 - 57

3. ê 63

3.1. ê 63

3.2. ê 66

4. ê 68

4.1. ê kap 68

4.2. ê 73

4.3. ê 79

5. 81

h m ê

1. 88

2. 88

Bõk-liõk

2.1. ê 89

2.2. ê 91

2.3. ê 96

3. ê 100

3.1. 102

3.2. 107

4. 116

1. 124

2. 125

3. 126

4. 131

5. 139

1. 144

2. 145

3. 147

3.1. 149

3.2. 149

3.3. 150

Bõk-liõk

4. 151

4.1. 151

4.2. 155

4.3. 171

5. 175

1. 178

2. 178

3. 180

4. 183

5. 185

1. 188

2. 189

3. 191

4. 193

5. 196

6. 201

Bõk-liõk

ê ê

1. 212

2. 213

2.1. 214

2.2. 214

2.3. 215

2.4. 216

2.4.1. j n-bat ê 216

3. 220

3.1. ê kap 220

3.2. ê 227

3.3. ê 230

3.3.1. word ê 230

3.3.2. polysyllable ê 231

3.3.3. h m ê hâm-h² 232

4. 233

ê /bi/ h m ê “bee” kám k ng-khoán

Ùi Voice Onset Time ê h m ê ê

1. h m 236

2. h m ê 236

3. 238

4. h m 240

Bõk-liõk

5. 247

Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan

1. Introduction 252

2. Socio-political background 253

3. Romanization prior to 1945 256

3.1. Sinkang Romanization (1624-early nineteenth century) 256

3.2.Peh-oe-ji Romanization (1865-present) 258

4. Romanization after 1945 263

4.1. Romanization for Mandarin Chinese 264

4.2.Romanization for Taiwanese 270

5. The Future of Romanization in Taiwan 273

6. Conclusion 276

Peh-oe-ji, Childish Writing?

1. Introduction 284

2. Historical Development of Romanization in Taiwan 285

2.1. Sinkang Romanization (1624-early nineteenth century) 287

2.2.Peh-oe-ji Romanization (1865-present) 289

3. Socio-cultural Factors of Developing Peh-oe-ji 295

4. Socio-political Background in Hanji Sphere 295

4.1. Sociolinguistics of Peh-oe-ji 298

5. A Linguistic Account of Peh-oe-ji 301

Bõk-liõk

5.1. Classification of Writing Systems 303

5.2.Evaluation of the Peh-oe-ji 306

6. Conclusion 311

Language Attitudes toward Written Taiwanese

1. Introduction 317

2. Background 319

3. Methodology 325

3.1. Selection of reading samples 326

3.2.Selection of raters 327

3.3. Procedure for conducting the research 328

3.4.Data analysis 328

4. esults and Discussion 329

4.1. Evaluations of the six characteristic scales 329

4.2.Different readings show different scores 329

4.3.Raters’ evaluations on writers’ backgrounds 334

4.4.Effects of raters’ backgrounds on their evaluations 339

4.5.The Taibun equation for predicting reading scores 341

5. Implications 344

6. Conclusion 347

Bõk-liõk

Impact of Monolingual Policyon Language and Ethnic Identity:

A Case Study of Taiwan

1. Introduction 356

2. Ethnic Background 357

2.1. The Taiwanese aborigines 358

2.2.The Holo people 359

2.3.The Hakka people 360

2.4.The Mainlanders 360

2.5.Ethnic relations 361

3. Methodology 362

4. Results and Discussion 363

5. Conclusion 377

2

1.

Beh 1 ê h m ê 2

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ê ê

ê

Ùi ê h m ê

kap t lóng bat

m lóng ê ê h m ˜-

ta ê ê t m ê

In ˜-ta tiõh m tiõh ê

t ˜-bat ˜-koh

h m ê ê m chiâ -chò ê

ê ê

h m ê m chit-kóa ¢g-b ng

kap ê

Ùi ê ê

chit-kúi-ê kap

ê h m ê 3 ê

˜-ta chit ê

h m ê k ng ê

1 ê bat iáu teh ê

kap2 t chia

ê kap ê3 th¢g-chhiah-kha chò-sit-lâng

ê 3

t ê ê to

b e-liáu--á thang Chit l³-bóe

ê kap ˜-bat ê ê

ê ê ê beh

ián-tó ê ê ê ê

nation-state ê

2. ê

ê h m ê tú-hó -sái t ê

ê ê

500 lóng-chóng lú t lú

ê t ê ê

ê iáu in ài

chiâ -chò ê

111 ê

ê 939 ê sî-

ch n chiah ê ˜-

koh ê ê chit-ê

108

kap 4 tòa t ê

ê sio-sòa

Koguryo Paekche kap Silla

3 iáu 668

sòa--lâi ê

918-1392 koh ê ê

ê m t chit-ch m ùi

4

t h m ê ê sî-ch n koh bat

˜-bat ˜-koh

h m ê m ê

ê

kap T

ê sî-ch n in lóng tú-tiõh in ka-t ê ê

In t 4 5

chit-ê ê in ka-t ê

ê Chu-Nom ê Hangul 6

kap ê Kana in ka-t ê ˜-koh chit-

kóa ˜-ta t ê t in

ka-t ê m ê ê kap

chiâ -chò ê ê 19 20

ê chhiâ -i chiah t u-t u-á

2.1. ê kap

ê tú-hó ê

ê 5 Chia-ê tú

ê ê ê

4 ê5 Bô-chhap ê kan-ta ê ê

6 Hangul: ê Hangul

Chu Si-gyong t 1913

Chosoncha Chongum

ê 5

1. word ê

2. polysyllable

3.

4. ch

5. ch 1996

ê ê

h m ê T

ê ê

nation-state ê

chit t

ê lóng ê

t b e ê

ê ê ùi ê

ê chiah

m ùi chit-ch m ê h m

t Ùi chit ê

kap

ê ê lóng chit

ê kap

ê in ê beh chiâ -chò ê

h m chhin-chiâ t ài

koh ‹-koh chia-ê ˜-ta

m in ê ê ˜

6

ê ê h m ê

k ng ê ê to

b e-liáu--á thang Chit

t u-t u-á kap ê

˜-bat bat

teh koh ê

2.2. ê

T 207

Trieu Da ê ê

ê 111 ê

ê ê

939 chiah ê sî-ch n

˜-koh ê

ê chit-ê 19 chiah

T ê Ly dynasty h m Tran dynasty

1010-1428 ùi chin-ch

h m ê

˜ t ê iáu ê m

ê ê Tran Trong Kim, 1882-1953

ê 7

1992

19

1885 h m

t ê hông ê

Ho Chi Minh

ê chiah t 1945

koh 2 pái ê

Indochina War, 1946-1954; 1964-1975 chiah ê

ê h m ê -sái ùi chit

111-939

/

939-1651 ê / /1651-1861 ê / / /1861-1945 ê / / / / /1945- Quoc Ngu

* John DeFrancis, 1977

2.2.1. ê

ê

ka-t ê ê h m lóng

kap ê 7 teh

iá-s ê

ê t

7 cha-b¯-lâng

8

chiah t u-t u-á in ka-t ê

˜-koh m ê

t h m beh

t ài ê

Chit -tàng h m

in ka-t ê ˜-koh

ê h m

k ng-khoán ê k ng-khoán

k ng-khoán ê -tâng-sî-á

koh khah ti -ti 2 1

1 chiâ -chò 1 ê

kap chiâ -chò ê

h m chiâ -chò

ê 17 chiah 1624 ê sî-ch n

ê Alexandre de Rhodes

l³-bóe koh t 1651

Dictionarium Annamaticum, Lusetanum et Latinum Chit

chiâ -chò ê

t 17 lóng kan-ta ê

teh

ch --leh ˜-koh 20 chìn-chêng m t

ê ê kap

ê ùi ê ˜

ê tú ê h m

ê

sá 18 ê t ê

ê 9

sak ˜-koh sak ê

m t ê sî-ch n in

khah ti thçh

ê

sòa--lòe sak

2.2.2. ê

20 ê ê

ê ê khang-khòe sak

ê beh chiâ -chò ê ˜-ta ài -

m ài - Beh chit-ê t ài

ê

t 1907 khí ê

Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc ê kap

chiâ -chò m ê

t chit-ê ê ê

t u-t u-á khah ch teh kui-ê

ê iáu ê Chit-ê ài kàu 1945

chiah

T 1945 chìn-chêng h m iáu hông

ê kap koh khah in

ê Ho Duy Kien t 1931

ê kap t ê Gascogne

Brittany Normandy Provence ê k ng-khoán

ê beh ê

ài liáu 500 ê

10

Tng-tong t 1945 9 2

s i t 9 9 kap Quoc Ngu

ê ¢g-b ng Quoc Ngu

h m kô-kô-tî ê thang-hó ê

T bat ê -sái ùi chit

Bat ê ê1945 2,520,678 14% 1946 4,680,000 27% 1947 6,880,000 39% 1948 9,680,000 55% 1949 11,580,000 66% 1950 12,000,000 68% 1953 14,000,000 79%

* 1953 p. 20

t kap in

ê ê

1. ê

2. t ê ê tín-t ngh m

chiú ê behsak ê

ê sî-ch n chiahk ng-khoán ê

3. ê êkhí-ch ê

ê ê ê ˜-koh h mê iáu khah

ch ê ê DeFrancis, 1977, pp.77-83

ê 11

án-chóa châi-ti u k in ê ê Quoc

Ngu ê kap ê

t 1945 chìn-chêng 95% ê lóng

ê ˜-bat hit-kóa kap

ê khah Quoc Ngu ê

2.3. ê

108

kap 4 tòa t ê

ê sio-sòa

Koguryo Paekche kap Silla

3 iáu 668

Sòa--lâi ê

918-1392 koh ê ê

ê m t chit-ch m

t ê kap k ng-khoán tú-tiõh

in ka-t ê ê m ê8 1443 Sejong, 1398-1450

sòa--lâi t 1446 t

Hun Min Jong Um l i-té

8 Chongum ê ê

12

Lee Sang-Baek, 1957

chin kut-lãt teh ˜-koh ê

beh

Yonsangun t ê 1494-1506

ê chit-ê koh

hông 9

bat ê b e chit

kan-ta t Chit-ê 500

19 ê giâ-koân chiah

ê h m ê

108-313

/

313-1446 ê /1446-1910 ê / /1910-1945 ê / / / /1948- Hangul+Hancha

10

1948- Hangul

2.3.1. ê

3

Hyangka I-du kap To

9 onmun ê ê10 Hangul h m Hancha ê t ùi

ê

ê 13

k h m ê

t 11

ê

m

h m

chai-iá beh k

ài ê

ê kap

ê

kap ê chiâ -chò ê

15 chiah

T ê kap hit

ê ê h m ê ê

kan-ta 50 chhun

ê ê -

sái ùi chit-ê 1444 2 ê

Choe Mal-li

1

11 Hyangka ê

14

2

3

4

5

ê 15

6

Lee Sang-Baek, 1957

2.3.2. ê

t 16 sio-sòa h m ê

1876 chiah koh t ê

ê ê nationalism ùi 19

1910 chiâ -chò chiah

t 1894 ê koh -sái

chiâ -chò ê t 12 1876-1916

h m ê sak t u-t u-á ê sî-ch n

ê t 1921 13 ê

kap In t 1933 1936

koh 1940

sak kap ê

kap sak l³-bóe ê

28

1945 t 1948

kap t 1949

12 1908 1910

191413 1931

16

14 t 1970 ˜-koh

ê khah iáu ch…t-kóa t

ê t ê -sái ùi chit

Chosun Ilbo ê ê

_____ ê-------- ê

Taylor, 1995

PercentHancha

Year of Sample

2.4. ê

108 ê

ê t u-t u-á hit ê

i 15 44516 7

ê sî-ch n 618-895 ê

14 60 ê ˜-koh iáu s kan-ta15 i ê16 57 Chit-liãp

ê 1784 t ê

ê 17

h m 16 ê

kui-khì 1853 chiah

koh t ê phah-khui t ê

ê 1867

2.4.1. ê

712 h m 720 ê

t 4 ê sî-ch n ê Si ng-

thâu-á ê iáu ˜ ài ê 645-

649 ê kap chiah kap

h m t si ng chhiâ -i ê 7-9

ê ê 2

t ê k ng-khoán tú-tiõh h m

ê ê

in ê ê chit

ê Manyogana 17

ê sù-s l³-bóe koh

ê ê

˜-koh t hit ê

kan-ta ê chiâ -chò18 10 chiah

17 a shi ta na

mo ca.759 chit18 tó-tà ê

18

hiragana 19 h m katakana 20 ê

2.4.2. ê

t 18 phah-khui tãk-kang tiõh ê

lú lú ch khah ê

18 ê

kap ê

1866

Maejima hit ê ê Kanji

gohaishi no gi ê

21 t 1873

Keimosha ê Mainichi

hiragana shinbun 1880 ê lú lú

koân ê t 1883 Kana no

kai b

soah t u-t u-á

ê

iáu ê 1869 Nanbu Yoshikazu

19 ê khah teh

m onnamoji onnade ê

hiragana chh m ê ê20 ê21 1954. P. 21.

ê 19

hit ê

1874 t

ê ê

ê 80

ê t 1885 Romaji kai koh

Romaji zasshi tú-tiõh k ng-khoán ê

koh ê kap

Hepburn kap Nipponshiki hit ê

20 ê t 1930

t 1937 Kunreishiki ê

ê chit-mái iáu-b e

ê teh t u-t u-á chiâ -chò ê

ê ê

iáu ê ê

Fukuzawa Yukichi t 1873 Moji no

oshie k leh ê thçh chhun ê

Yano Fumio m t 1886

Nihon buntai moji shinron koh

Sanzenji jibiki sak ê

1900 ê ê kap

l i-té t 1,200 T

20

soah t 1908 1921 22

ê ê Kanji seigen o

teisho 1923 ê 2,108 ê

Chit-ê t 1931 1856

soah 23 1942 ê

Hyojun kanjihyo 1,134

1,320 74 t ê 141

2,669 l³-bóe

t 1946 11 16 1,850 ê

Toyo kanjihyo koh ùi 881 chiâ -

chò t 1948 ê 1949

ê 24 ê

chit t u-t u-á chit-mái ê

3. ê

h m ê ê beh

ián-tó ê ê ê ê

ê ê tháu-pàng25

t 3000 ê

kap ê in ê

22 ch…t- t n23 ài ê m

ê24 30025 tháu-pàng: ê

ê 21

ê ka-t ê ka-t ê

k

ê ê

h m ê ê thçh

ê ê

kap kap ê

ê lú in ê lú ê ê

t ê kap ê

ê ka-t ê

ê

h m án-ne ê Chit t hit

ê hông ˜-koh tng-tong

chit ê soah ê ê

ê ê ê

ê

tín-t ng26 khah hiah ê

m ˜ ê

lú lú ch ê kap ê

ê ê

In ê ê T

ê ê sî-ch n tú-tiõh ê ê

ê ê beh ài ián-tó ê

m ài ê ê chiah

26

22

ê ê

ê

h m ê -tàng

m -tàng ê

2000 -tàng chiâ -chò ê ˜ hiông-hiông ùi

lak--lõh-lâi-ê ê t 19

chiah ê sòa--lâi

ê ê kap thang-hó ê

ê beh ê t ài tàn

ê kap ê ê tú-hó -

tàng tàu ê sòa--lõh-lâi ài ê ka-t ê

t kap téng-thâu s i to ài

ùi tàu h m ê

ê

ê Tng-tong 1945

s i ê ê

h m k ng ê ê

ê

4.

Ùi ê h m

k ng ê in ˜-ta ê m

ê ˜-ta iáu teh ài

m teh ê

ê h m

l m leh ê kap kan-ta ê Chit 3

ê 23

b e-s tú-hó h m ê

kap T in kan-ta ch…t-

kóa in ê in t 1997 ài ê

h m ê ê

beh chiâ -chò ê ài ê

ê chiah

t 1997 3 May 30-June 1, University of

California at Berkeley

24

Coulmas, F. 1991 The Writing System of the World. Oxford: Blackwell. DeFrancis, J. 1977 Colonialism and Language Policy in Viet Nam.Gernet, J. 1982 A History of Chinese Civilization. NY: Cambridge University Press. Habein, Y. S. 1984 The History of The Japanese Written Language. Tokyo: University

of Tokyo Press. Kolb, A. 1971 East Asia: China Japan Korea Vietnam. Great Britain: Methuen & Co.

Ltd.Lee Sang-Baek, L. D. 1957 Hangul: The Origin of Korean Alphabet. Seoul: Tong-Mun

Kwan.Lee Sang-Baek, L. D. 1970 A History of Korean Alphabet and Movable Types. R. of

Korea: Ministry of Culture and Information. Seeley, C. 1991 A History of Writing in Japan. Netherlands: E. J. Brill. Taylor, I. & Taylor, M. M. 1995 Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and

Japanese. PA: John Benjamins. 1954

25 pp. 30-321954 24 pp. 33-36

1954 25 pp. 18-20

197719781987

198819901954 26 pp. 20-24

19921954

27 pp. 15-181954 16 pp. 17-

221996 chiah châi-ti u1956 49 pp. 23-30

26

1.

pi n lóng

khi t ê ê chit ê

in chia ê ˜ beh

am-khàm chiah ê ê ê

chai-iá t chìn-chêng ê

ê Hit tong-ch n ê in ê

tú ê hit ê kan-ta

oral literature iáu written literature

ê ùi

koh chiah ch…t-kóa

2003:26 ùi 1652 chiah

m ê in ka-t

˜-chai thang ê In t 1636

ê à t chìn-chêng ch

ê Heylen, 2001 Chit-kóa kap

chiâ -chò ê ê

t ê -sái 2 Chiung,

2001 ê ê

ê 1933 Chit-ê ùi 17

kah 19 ê 19 tan

teh ê Pçh-o -j

2001 2004 ê

khah ê ê Chit

ê tú-hó ê

ê 27

kap lóng in lóng

ê

ê ê Hit-kóa ê

ê kap

ê lóng k

kap ê

in

khi t kúi

ê khi t ê ê

ê chiah tiõh

T chit l i-té kap ê koh

ê sòa--lâi ê

kap chiah ê

h m ê

kám tiõh chiah ê ‹

lóng t ê t ê ê

chiah ê Diamond, 1997:235

ê tiõh ê chiah

chín ê Sume Sumerian

cuneiform kan-ta ch…t-kóa kap niâ

ê Gelb, 1952:62 Koh ê

ê ˜ m ˜

ê hông thçh ê

ê Gelb 1952 thçh ê

28

ê ê T chit-ê

ê 3 word-syllabic

systems 1 syllabic systems kap

phonemic systems Sòa--lâi Gelb 1952 koh ê

ùi ê khah ê ùi

chiah koh

k ng ê ê siá -m…h leh

khah ê ê khah Smalley, 1963:7

ê ê phonemes

ê ê hit-kóa -tàng k

ê khah khah ê

ê m khah ê 2001

khah ê khah m khah

khah khah ê

khah ê ê

t ê

khah ê

ê ê

ê t ê t

kap Hit ê -sái ê

beh -hiáu ài ‹-koh

koh ê ê beh

bat chhiu beh k kah chiâu-ch£g oh ê

DeFrancis, 1996 hit-kóa khiáu--ê ê ch k 1 Gelb word-syllabic DeFrancis 1990 morphosyllabic

ê 29

à in sòa--lòe ài koh hit-kóa ê Chit

ê ˜ ka-t tiàm lìn bat neh

ê ài

k M ˜ chhìn-chhái chh e

-sái neh chh e ˜-tiõh ê m b -

sái hit-kóa ê ê t

ê châi-ti u m

ê

Chit ê t

lóng k m k t

hit-kóa beh ê t b -sái Tng chit-kóa

in ka-t ê t

ê T ê ˜-

koh chit ê iáu ê Hit-kóa

ê t ê ê

tiõh in ê ê ê chit

ê ê k ng-khoán

kap

ê h m ê ê

1997 ˜-ta chit ê

h m ê k ng

ê t ê ê t

b e-liáu--á thang Chit l³-

bóe ê kap ˜-bat ê ê

Chit ka-t ê ê ê

kah 19 chiah t ê

30

3. ê kap ê

ê

the Middle Age k ng ê ê

t m-põh-á k ng ê ‹-koh

ùi 5 kah 15 chit

ê 1 2 ê kap 3 sá ê

Davies, 1997:291 T hit-ê Latin hit-ê

ê the Roman Catholic Church ê

official language hông t kap

Crystal, 1992:223 hit ê lìn in

ê vernacular language ˜-koh t ê ài

t ê ká-ná t lìn

ê k ng-khoán Norman, 1988:83

t ê kah

Renaissances2 Reformations

chiah tiõh ê hông ê

ê chit-ê t ê

‹-koh Martin Luther, 1483-1546 thçh

lóng -sái ê h m chih-

chiap koh T chit-ê

ê t 1522

ê chit-ê

˜-ta t m se -thòa ê 2 ê kap ê k ng ê t m-põh-á k ng ê

Davies 1997:469 ê 1450-1670

ê 31

ê

T -hiáu

thang ê T

t u-t u-á ch…t-kóa ê Dante

Dante Alighieri, 1265-1321 ê ˜-koh ê

kap ài chiah khah ê t

ê chit

ê chiâ -chò ê chiâ -chò

ê 1996:51 chit

ê chiâ -chò ê

m in nation-state ê ê

Davies, 1997:482

ê m in ê

khang-khòe In ê pi n

ê in in khah ê

t 17 ê hit

chín

ê

ê ˜-koh ê siu

siu ê m in koh

ê chit 2

lóng ê ˜-koh siu in k ng-khoán

in ê T ê chit

ch Qu c ng t kap chit ê

Pçh-o -j 2003 2004

ê chit ê

32

ê T 19 ê lú

lú chit-kóa ê

tiõh in thçh ch…t-kóa ê

tiõh in ê -tàng

ê thang in ài

ê ê t

l i-té ê t ê

tiõh

4. Pái ê

1492 Kholanpos Christopher Columbus pái

ê Gama Vasco da Gama t 1498

The Cape of Good Hope phah ê

15 ê tú ê T tòe

táu ê ê kap l³-bóe ê

t 1579 ê sòa--lâi

t u-t u-á ê t 17 beh

thang h m ê ê kap

L³-bóe h m ài

ê beh ê b T

chit-ê t 1624 t tú-tiõh ê

pái ê ê ê

hit ê ê hit kh¬-ûi-á ê

Siraya ê t 17 t

teh ch…t-kóa m

ê 33

lóng chit ê ˜-koh ài 19

tiõh ê chiah ê

ê kap ê ê 2

Rev. William Campbell, 1871-1918 t ê ê

Formosa under the Dutch l i-té in

˜-ta gâu ch koh ê kap

ka-t châi-ti u kúi-n

5,000 Campbell, 1903:vii

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ê -sái

koh ê -tàng

ê m -sái ê -

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ê ê ê soah t u-t u-á -

hiáu in ka-t ê m ê

ch…t-kóa ê k ch…t-kóa ê kap

Jacobus Vertrecht ê Favorlang 3

Daniel Gravius ê ê 4 Chit-kóa

lóng chiâ -chò hit ê

T Koxinga

chiâ -chò hit ê ˜-koh ê iáu t

3 William Campbell t 1896 koh4 ê Het Heylige Euangelium Matthei en Jonannis Ofte Hagnau Ka D'llig Matiktik,

Ka na Sasoulat ti Mattheus, ti Johannes appa. Overgefet inde Formosaansche tale, voor de

Inwoonders van Soulang, Mattau, Sinckan, Bacloan, Tavokan, en Tevorang.

Campbell, 1888 1990:121-123

34

ch…t-ch m Siraya ê t u-t u-á ê sî-ch n

chiah t 19 ê in bat ê Chit-kóa

ch…t-kóa ê In ê kan-ta

m h m l m leh Chit-kóa

ê

1933:IV chit-kóa lóng t ê

ê k ê

k 1990:125-127 T chit l i-té

k chit-ê ê

1933:XV ê ê 1415 T chit thóng ê l i-té ê 1683 ê oàn ê

1813 t 19 iáu Siraya ê -hiáu

pái ê 19

˜-koh kín t 19 koh chit-ê

ê khang-khòe

5. ê

19 ê án-ne -sái

ê ˜-ta 19 20

ê ê ê

ê lóng t 1920

1993:28 1996:2 1996:18 1996:149

2004:134 In ê 1

2 ê chiah ê Chit ê ê

5 chit kúi kap m koh ê

ê 35

ê ê ê

ùi 1885 Barclay Thomas Barclay 1849-1935 t

Tâi-oân-hú-siâ Kàu-h e-pò ê

à Tng hit-kóa iáu teh

ê sî-ch n b chió ê kap

1882-1963 1900-1990 1887-

1947 1896-1951 1898-1970 1889-1983

2000

ê t

ê ê ê ê

koh ê

2 ê niâ ho n-sè hit-kóa

ê ê ˜-koh

ê iáu ê

ê

t 1922 ê

ê 2003:78 Che

ê Barclay ê

-sái t 1922 chìn-chêng ch ê

1886 1 7 J…t-

pún ê koài-s ê Chit

ê ê ê

Chit ˜-ta m

1926 40 ê

m kap ê 1886 2

8 Pak-káng Má ê sin-bûn

36

ê 1887 20 T Hêng-chhun-ko n kiâ -iû thoân-t

T

‹-ta án-ne m ch…t-kóa ê 1912 6 327

Kong-phòa t a-chûn teh Titanic

péng ê

ùi 1885 1969 chit

ê ê -sái 12 2000

1 5 9 kap2 6 103 7 114 8 kap 12 kap ê

t hông kap chiah

ê ê Barclay Barclay 1849 t

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lóng t 60 Barclay

2003 Band,

1936 Barclay ê kap ê chiah-

n…h -sái ê

ê 37

Barclay t 1885 ê ê l i-té

beh sak

Khó-sioh lín pún-kok ê j chin oh, chió chió lâng khòan hiáu--tit. S¯-í goán siat pãt-m…h ê hoat-t³, ng pçh-o -j lâi ìn-chheh, h³ lín chèng-lâng khòan khah khoài bat... Lâng ˜-thang phah-s¢g in- i i bat Khóng-chú-j s¯-í ˜-bián õh chit-h ê j ; i ˜-thang khòan-khin i, kóng s gín-á s¯-thãk--ê Barclay 1885 .

ê ohê khah bat

phah bat chit-h êê

chiah án-ne án-chóa ê neh

t ê

t ê ê t ti m à

kah 19 chiah koh t chhiân-i 1860 ê

sî-ch n h m

hit-ch n h³ ê m h³

T t chit-ê kap

si ng kut-lãt sak ê t 1865

James L. Maxwell, 1836-1921 chh a t

ê ê 1995:6-8 1990:277-280

si ng-thâu-á ê chiah ê

ê kap lóng h m ê Chit-

kóa ê ê -sái 6 1

2 3 kap 4

5 6

ê phoe

38

19 b chió ê t

ch…t-kóa Medhurst Water H. Medhurst 1796-1857 t 18376 Douglas Carstairs Douglas 1830-

1877 t 1873 7 t si ng ê8 Campbell William Campbell 1871-

1918 t 1913 ê 1990

1993 1996

ê 9 t 187310 t 1884 t ê

hông ê 11 t

1885 Barclay ê h m

m ch…t-kóa kap khah ê m…h-á 12 1897 Gê

Uî Lîm ê 13 1917 G. Gushue-

Taylor ê 14 1925 L a Jîn-seng 6 A Dictionary of the Hok-keen Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the

Reading and Colloquial Idioms Chit t 1932 19377 Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with

the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects8 -m£g-im Sin J -tián A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular

Spoken throughout the Prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa9 Lán ê Kiù-chú Iâ-so

.Ki-tok ê Sin-iok

10 K -iok ê Sèng Keng11 kúi-n pái Chit

t 1970 chìn-chêng lóng 1970 chit koh

t 1 ê12 -sái 199413 Pit Soàn ê Chh¬ Hãk14 L i G a Kho Khan-h³-hãk The Principles and Practice of Nursing

ê 39

ê ê 15 1926 T n Khe-phoàn ê16 1925 Chhòa Pôe-hóe ê ê17 Chit-kóa lóng t 30

à Hit-kóa l i kan-ta té ê iáu b

ê kap ê iáu t hia kám

90 ta ê iáu b chió iáu teh chh e

kám -tàng Che ê

ê t -hiáu in k chit

t phoe h³ h u-sen cha-b¯-kián

t i-chì ê t 1970 chìn-chêng18 t ê

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ê soah t u-t u-á lú lú chió

ê cha-p¬ cha-b¯ ê T

ê cha-b¯-lâng lóng leh ê

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m phái Chit-kóa cha-b¯-lâng t

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15 Án-niâ ê Bãk-sái16 Chhut Sí-Sòan k -sái t

17 Chãp-h ng Koán-kiàn18 hit

40

kan-tan -hiáu 19

si ng-thâu-á ê tan

t ê niâ T 1980 20

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kap l i-té ê ch

t ê 22

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ê ê ê

ê

Ùi ê t ê

ê kúi-ê ê -sái ê

ê ˜ hit kúi ê ê T

ê ê t b e-liáu--á

thang ê tú-hó chit-kóa ê t

ê -hiáu kap t 20 ê

ch -ch ê ê tháu

19 t 1955 ê t H -ló ê

lóng 115,500 -hiáu 32,000

1992:7020 1980 ê -sái Chiung 1999:33-4921 t chia ê ê H -ló22 ê -sái & 199923 T 1996 ch…t-t n ê 5% chit-ê t

beh k ch…t-kóa khah ê 1996

10 ê à

ê 41

khah ch -hiáu kap thang ti 1925

ê ê l i-té

Pún-tó lâng lóng-ki ng san-pah lãk-chãp-b n lâng, k n-k n chiah chha-put-to j -chãp-b n lâng hãk-b n, kiám ˜-s chin chió mah? Che s sím-m…h goân-in neh? Ch…t h ng, s lán ka-t b -hiáu khòan hãk-b n t ng;ch…t h ng, s siat-hoat ê lâng bô chãp-hun ê sêng-sim. Iáu koh ch…t h ng,chi -s beh õh hãk-b n ê b n-j giân-gú thài kan-kè hui-siông oh-tit õh

Chhòa, 1925:14-15 .

360 k n-k n 20 kámb -hiáu

ê ê Iáu kohbeh oh

khah soah k

ê t ê hông ê

kap chit-ê chit 3

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lóng hông ê

ê beh ê ài -hiáu

ê lóng khah ê teh ê

ê kap soah

ê -tàng ch chit ê soah

ê in ê ‹-koh

ê ê Hawaii DeFrancis 1990

chit ˜ tiõh ê

ê ê ê t

ê

ê ê

42

ê bat ê

ê t 1975 ê

6.

ùi ê

ê kap pái ê 17

ê pái ê ùi 1885 Barclay

t ê ke

chit-mái iáu b chió ê teh

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in ê

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koh sak ê lóng

˜ án-ne m ˜

hit-kóa chah ê Arab m ˜

Arab ê Arab in

lóng teh ê chit kan-ta

24 T ˜-koh t 1945 m

ê ch Quôc ng ta ê chiâ -chò

ê

ê 43

ê kap khah

ê ˜-thang ê

ê ê i in

lóng ê

t 2004 10 9-10

ê

44

Band, Edward. 1936. Barclay of Formosa. Tokyo: Christian Literature Society. Barclay, Thomas. 1885. Tâi-oân-hú-siân Kàu-h e-pò. No.1. Campbell, William. 1888. The Gospel of St. Matthew in Formosan Sinkang

Dialect With Corresponding Versions in Dutch and English Edited From Gravius's Edition of 1661. reprinted in 1996 Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.

Campbell, William. 1903. Formosa Under the Dutch. reprinted in 1992 Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.

Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 1999. Language Attitudes toward Taibun, the Written Taiwanese. MA thesis: The University of Texas at Arlington.

Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 2001. Romanization and language planning in Taiwan. TheLinguistic Association of Korea Journal 9 1 ,15-43.

Crystal, David. 1992. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages.Oxford: Blackwell.

Davies, Norman. 1997. Europe: A History. London: Pimlico.DeFrancis, John. 1990. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Taiwan edition

Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. DeFrancis, John. 1996. How efficient is the Chinese writing system? Visible Language.

Vol.30, No.1, p.6-44. Diamond, Jared. 1997. Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: W. W. Norton &

Company.Gelb, I. J. 1952. A Study of Writing. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Heylen, Ann. 2001a. Dutch language policy and early Formosan literacy 1624-

1662 . In Ku Wei-ying ed. . Missionary Approaches and Linguistics in Mainland China and Taiwan, 199-251. Leuven: F. Verbiest Foundation and Leuven University Press.

Norman, Jerry. 1988. Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smalley, William. et al.1963. Orthography Studies. London: United Bible Societies.

20031996

20031994 1978

1995

1933

ê 45

1996 1999 t

12004

1993a4 10-25

1993b4 1-9

19961996200319932004 55 2

289-3241925 Chãp-h ng Koán-kiàn1997 t 3

2001 teh ê ê51 4 15-52

2003 h m êê 94-123

19902000

46

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ê 47

Pak-káng Má ê sin-bûn ê 1886 2 8

48

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Kong-phòa t a-chûn 1912 6 327

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Koh

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ê soah

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bat 2 pái pái t 17 19 ê

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pái ùi 19 tan ê Chit 2 pái lóng

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Formosa under the Dutch in

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2 k3 during that period they [i.e., Dutch] not only carried on a profitable trade, but made

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established a number of schools and received over five thousand adults into the membership of

the Reformed Church Campbell, 1903:vii

teh ê 55

koh ê Chit -tàng

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ne ê ê ê soah t u-t u-

á in ka-t ê m ê

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pái ê

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James L. Maxwell, 1836-1921 chh a t

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1852 t Chit t

k chit

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ê kap lóng h m Chit-kóa

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6 -sái 1978:18-257 T£g-o hoan-j chh¬-hãk

58

1.

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3. kap

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ch…t-kóa Water H. Medhurst, 1796-1857 t 18378 Carstairs Douglas, 1830-1877 t

1873 9 t ê10 t 1913 ê

1990 1993 1996

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hông ê 13 t

1885 ê h m

8 A Dictionary of the Hok-keen Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the

Reading and Colloquial Idioms9 Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with

the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects10 -m£g-im Sin J -tíán A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular

Spoken throughout the Prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa11 Lán ê Kiù-chú Iâ-s¬ Ki-tok ê Sin-iok12 K -iok ê Sèng Keng13 kúi-á pái Chit

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60

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64

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28 chit-ê ê

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ê 17 ê

ê ê -sái DeFrancis, 1977

Chiung, 200030 T ê Hangul Hangul ê

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Chu Si-gyong t 1913 k

Hangul Chosoncha Chongum

31 ùi 8 ê 19

chiah ê

teh ê 65

in ka-t ê ˜-koh hit-kóa ˜-

tan t ê t in ka-t ê

m ê ê kap chiâ -chò

ê ê 19 20

ê chhiâ -i n chiah t u-t u-á kap

ê

1443 Sejong, 1398-1450

sòa--lâi t 1446 t

Hun Min Jong Um l i-té

Lee Sang-Beck, 1957: 47

T ê kap hit ê

ê h m ê ê

kan-tan 50 chhun ê

ê -sái ùi

chit-ê 1444 2 ê Choe

Mal-li

Lee Sang-Baek,1957:4,31

66

in ê

ê -sái ùi ê ê Tran Trong Kim, 1882-

1953 t ê ê l i-té ê

1992:1-2

3.2. ê

Ùi ê t ê ˜

ê kúi-ê ê -sái ê

ê ˜ hit kúi ê ê T

ê ê t b e-liáu--á thang

ê tú-hó chit-kóa ê t ê

kap t 20 ê ch -ch ê

ê tháu

khah ch kap thang t 1925

ê ê l i-té

Pún-tó lâng lóng-ki ng san-pah lãk-chãp-b n lâng, k n-k n chiah chha-put-to j -chãp-b n lâng hãk-b n, kám ˜-s chin chió mah? Che s sím-m…h goân-in neh? Ch…t h ng, s lán ka-t b -hiáu khoàn hãk-b n t ng;ch…t h ng, s siat-hoat ê lâng bô chãp-hun ê sêng-sim. Iáu koh ch…t h ng,chi -s beh õh hãk-b n ê bûn-j giân-gú thài kan-kè hui-siông oh-tit õh.

Chhòa, 1925: 14-15

360 k n-k n 20 kám

teh ê 67

˜ ka-t b -hiáuê ê Iáu koh

beh ê oh

khah soah k

ê 32 t ê hông ê

kap chit-ê chit 3

ê ê t l i-té kúi

lóng hông ê

ê beh ê ài

ê lóng khah ê teh ê T 19 ê

ê chit-ê t

1885 ê ê

Khó-sioh lín pún-kok ê j [Hàn-j ] chin oh, chin chió lâng khòa -hiáu-tit.S¯-í goán siat pãt-m…h ê hoat-t³, ng pçh-o -j lâi ìn chheh, h³ lín chèng-lâng khòa khah khoài bat. Lâng ˜-thang phah-s¢g in-ùi i bat Khóng-chú-j [Hàn-j ] s¯-í ˜-bián õh chit-h ê j ; i ˜-thang khòa -khini, kóng s gín-á s¯-thãk--ê.

ê ohê khah bat

phah bat chit-h êê

ê kap soah

ê -tàng ch chit ê soah

ê in ê ‹-koh lú

lú ch ê ê Hawaii DeFrancis

32 l i-té ê “digraphia” digraphia -sái DeFrancis 1984;Dale 1980;Tiun

1998

68

˜-tiõh ê t chit

ê

ê ê ê t

ê

ê ê

ê bat ê

ê t 1975 ê 33

4. ê

Chit ê ê kap ê

beh ùi ê ê kap ê

4.1. ê kap

ch lóng kap

ê sòa--lâi

ABC ê chit k ê

m

ê ê “semi”kap“er” kap ê ê

ê ê

“McDonald” chit-ê

án-ne ê h m ê

ABC k ng chiah tiõh ‹-koh ch ê

lóng k ê kap ê

33 kap ê -sái 1993 1996

teh ê 69

ê Tzeng, 1992 ê k ng-khoán

ê chit-ê kap ê ê 34

kap ê t k ng-khoán

ê 1992 ùi ê

ê t ê

ê lú lú chió ê ùi 11 ê

27% 12 ê 90%

l i-té m

Chit m ˜ ê

beh k ng k ng ê

homophone chit t ch

l i-té m in k ng ê lâi k ng-khoán ê

ê k ng k ng k ng ê

“see” kap “sea” “too” “two” 2 “to”

ê l i-té

lóng ê chit tong-ch n ê hiah

ch à McGraw-Hill 1963 ùi ê

l i-té ê 5% DeFrancis,

1990:187 t ê l i-té lóng

polysyllabic words compound words T chit

beh ê ke kan-tan -sái

34 the phonological effect in the reading of the Chinese characters is real and its nature

seems to be similar to that generated in an alphabetic script Tzeng et al., 1992:128 .

70

ê niâ 35 kap

˜-koh teh sô ê káu-hi ant

súi ê kh ng rainbow chit 5% ê soah

chit ê ˜ DeFrancis

hiah ê -

kap koh khah ê 36

ê ê Gelb 1952

kap Smalley 1963 ê In ê

ê ê chiah -tàng ê

kap ê ê

teh ê phoneme syllable

morpheme kap word ùi k ng ê

T chit-ê -sái - word-

syllabic - morphosyllabic ê 37 ê

ê

kap -sái t chit-ê l i-

té ê

kap lóng ˜-koh in iáu t m-põh-á

ê h m ê kap

ê k ng h m ê kap

35 ê -sái 199836 the inefficiency of the system stems precisely from its clumsy method of sound

representation and the added complication of an even more clumsy system of semantic

determinatives. DeFrancis, 1996:4037 Gelb word-syllabic DeFrancis morphosyllabic

teh ê 71

˜-koh ê

kap

lóng ê ˜-koh kap lóng ê

ê

kap lóng ê ê

-sái ê

Gelb ùi ê ê ê

ùi ê ê chit úi ê

ê ê tng ê

khah ê khah ê

ê

T iáu sa ê chìn-chêng kan-tan

-tàng t ê lìn in beh ê ê Chit-ê

ê ê kui ê ê in t

lìn hit ê lìn ê ê

chit pak ê beh t

sa leh kap hit M

beh t beh

kan-tan chit pak ê ka-t Tng ê chit

pak ê in ài t hia ioh ê

Tng ê ê

ê k hit-ê ê

tãk-pái beh k ng ê

k ng chit ê

ê à

chit-ê Tng ê ê

72

ê k k ng-khoán

ê ê k ng-khoán ê ê

ê k ng ê

t chit - ê chiâ beh

ê ê ê soah

ê ê khah

khah ê

ê In -tàng ê

-sái ê T chit-ê in

50 ê 50 -

sái kap ê ê

koh khah in koh khah ê ê In

ê koh khah ê 28

-sái ê

ê ê kap leh

khah ê ê khah

ê in -sái ê ê ê

ê ê -tàng chit

ê lóng ê vowels kap

consonants ê k ng ê k ng ê

kap -sái k hit-ê ê

Smalley 1963:7 kan-tan ê

26 -sái hit-ê ê

ê ch ê

ài ch ê chiah châi-ti u

ài 2,600

teh ê 73

ê ài ch…t-kóa leh ê

ê ê ài

3,000 chiah ê Hannas 1997 ê

chit-mái ê 7,000 Chit 7,000

ê niâ k khah ê

ê -sái

ê 47,035

ch…t-kóa ê k beh

ê ká-ná ˜-koh

k hiah

ê 1,000 1,000

˜ khah sió-khóa niâ

k ng-khoán ê ê

thán ê

ch a ê ê khàm

khàm ê m teh ê

k ng

Chit ê ˜-tan

ê

4.2. ê

Chit ê ˜ t

l i-té ê ch ê

ê lóng k ng k ng

H -ló ê ê ê T chiah ch

t 1837 ê

74

ê 1873 ê ê

ê kap ê ê

1996 1993 1913 ê t

ê m t hông ê

Chit kúi ê ê -sái ùi 5

5. ê

IPAin in

ien ian oa oa

o.

k ng k ng ê sán k ng ê

kah chit-mái iáu teh ê

-sái 38

ê kap tone ê

38 /ts / kap /ch / ê /ch/

teh ê 75

6. ê

bûn

t /i/, /e/ ê chi

tsa

chha

gí

hi

j…t

ka

kha

lí

m

ni

ng³

pi

phoe

sì

tê

thai

7. ê

ti

ê tê

/n/ /t/ kian

ta

tu

to toh

ê to.

/ / tong kok

76

8. ê

-

-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

44 53 21 3 12 22 5 IPA

˜ -tàng ê hit-ê ê

hit-ê ê ê

ê hit-kóa ê lóng M in

ê -sái ê h m

kap ê ê

H -ló

ê chit

án-chóan ê ê kap ê 39 Chit

ê t 9 kap 10 Ùi 9

kap 10 -sái chit ê ê

m -tàng teh ê 3

ê ê

- ê

39 ê kap ê -sái 1977 1999

teh ê 77

9. ê

bilabial alveolar velar glottal -asp/+asp -asp/+asp -asp/+asp

voiceless stop p / ph t / th k / khvoiced stop b gvoiced flap lvoiceless fricative s hvoiceless affricate ch(ts)/chhvoiced affricate jvoiced nasal m n ng

10. ê

front central back

high i u mid e o ¬

low a

ê ti ê lìn thán

ch a kap ê ch a Ùi 9 kap

10 -sái m chit-ê kap

ê ˜-tan kap

ê IPA 40 voiceless

voiced kap aspiration ê /p t k/ /b g/

/h/ ch…t-kóa

40 International Phonetic Alphabet.

78

thái-- /p t k/ ê / / thái-- ài /b d g/

/p t k/ / / chit ê

ê ê lóng in

ka-t ê beh ê ê

ê l i-té kan-tan kap kap

khi t ê -sái ê

ch lóng kap

beh ê kap ê

ê ê

kap ê m /h/

spelling ê k ng ê

beh ê iah beh

siáng ê hit-ê khah

ê ê ê

- ê ch…t-kóa 41

h m

/p/ / / /ph/ / / Chit

ê m án-ne ê -tàng koh ê

ê

ê t kap ê

- ê ê

lóng 24 ê 23 17 kap 6

chit 24 kan-tan 17 ˜-bián

26 kan-tan 17 châi-ti u H m

41 /ts / kap /ch/ ê

teh ê 79

kúi ê ê ˜ ê

-tàng ê T chit kúi l i-té khah chiãp ê

/ch/ kap /chh/ ê 42

ê teh ê ch…t-kóa

Sòa--lâi ê

k ê ùi pêng pêng sio-sòa sòa--lâi43 chiah t ê “-”

ê ˜

Tâi-oân-lâng ˜-s Tiong-kok-lâng Chit ê ê

koh ch…t-kóa ê

án-chóan án-chóan án-chóan án-chóan

4.3. ê

ê khah koh ê leh Smalley 1963:34-

52 ê 5 siáng -tàng chit 5

siáng khah ê Chit 544

1. -tàng ê kap

2. -tàng ê hit-ê ê

42 chit 2 /c/ kap /ch/ -tàng koh khah43 ê ê

ài ³-kóe-khiau b -sái ò.-koe-khiau44 1 Maximum motivation for the learner, acceptance by its society, and controlling

groups such as the government. 2 Maximum representation of speech. 3 Maximum ease of

learning. 4 Maximum transfer. 5 Maximum ease of reproduction.

80

3.

4. ê

5. phah

chit 5 -sái ke

hit-kóa ê kap ê

khi-m¬ giang chhun-ê ê

pi n hit-kóa khàm-khàm ê

ê kap ê in

ê lóng kan-tan beh in

in moh leh ê

ê hit-kóa ê

-tàng in ê

-tàng ê ˜-koh ê

ê ê ê

ch iáu hit k

ê 45 chit-ê iáu t

l i-té ê ch lóng

khah án-chóan ê

hông hit-kóa ê àu ê

Án-chóan ê kap ián-tó ê

ê sak ài ê

- ê

koh ê

ê chit

45 kap ê -sái Chiung, 1999

teh ê 81

ê chit-kúi-ê -tàng

ê j n-bat sòa--lâi in

kap ê k ng-khoán -tàng

khah ê sòa--lâi khah k hit-ê

-tàng

ch pi n ài hiah in ê

lóng ê -tàng

ê khah ch in khah

Lú ch lú t

b hông beh m khah án-ne

chiah -tàng -tàng ê

t ê T ê lú lú

t ê ti n-ti n ài khah

ê kap ê lóng khah m

ê hiah OCR

-sái ch…t-kóa ê

-sái

5.

ê chit

ch…t-kóa chit ch…t-kóa

˜-koh k hit-kóa hông ê h m ê ê

ká-ná niâ ê

ê -tàng t l i-té

kap lóng ê ê ê k ng Beh

ài khah ê beh ê

82

kap sòa--lâi -sái

ê iah beh ê ài án-ne

t 2001 51 4 , 15-52

“Peh-oe-ji, Childish Writing?” t 6

NATSC 2000 ùi

t ê Dr. Jerry Edmondson

Pete Unseth ê

ê kap t ê tàu ê

ê

kap

t chia k in

teh ê 83

Barclay, Thomas. 1885. Tâi-oân-hú-siân Kàu-h e-pò. No.1. Campbell, William. 1979. -—ng-im Sin J -tián A Dictionary of the Amoy

Vernacular Spoken throughout the Prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa . originally published in 1913 . Tailam: The Taiwan Church Press.

Campbell, William. 1992. Formosa Under the Dutch. originally published in 1903Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.

Campbell, William. 1996. The Gospel of St. Matthew in Formosan SinkangDialect With Corresponding Versions in Dutch and English Edited From Gravius's Edition of 1661. originally published in 1888 Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.

Chen, Ping. 1999. Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 1999. Language Attitudes toward Taibun, the Written Taiwanese. MA thesis: The University of Texas at Arlington.

Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 2000. Language, literacy, and nationalism: a comparative study of Vietnam and Taiwan. Paper presented at the 5th International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics: Pan-Asiatic Linguistics, Nov. 16-17,Vietnam National University, HCM, Vietnam.

Dale, Ian R. H. 1980. Digraphia. International Journal of Sociology of Language.Vol.26, p.5-13.

DeFrancis, John. 1950. Nationalism and Language Reform in China. Princeton University Press.

DeFrancis, John. 1977. Colonialism and Language Policy in Viet Nam. The Hague. DeFrancis, John. 1984. Digraphia. Word. Vol.35, No.1, p.59-66. DeFrancis, John. 1990. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Taiwan edition

Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. DeFrancis, John. 1996. How efficient is the Chinese writing system? Visible Language.

Vol.30, No.1, p.6-44. Gelb, I. J. 1952. A Study of Writing. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Hannas, William. C. 1997. Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. Lee, Sang-Beck. 1957. The Origin of the Korean Alphabet Hangul, According to New

Historical Evidence. Seoul: Tong-Mun Kwan. Naojiro Murakami, B. 1933. Sinkan Manuscripts. Taipei: Taihoku Imperial University. Norman, Jerry. 1991. Chinese. originally published in 1988 Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.Smalley, William. et al.1963. Orthography Studies. London: United Bible Societies.

84

Tiun Hak-khiam. 1998. Writing in two scripts: a case study of digraphia in Taiwanese. Written Language and Literacy. Vol. 1, No. 2, p.225-247.

Tzeng, Ovid. et al. 1992. Auto activation of linguistic information in Chinese character recognition. Advances in Psychology. Vol.94, p.119-130. 1994 http://ws.twl.ncku.edu.tw/hak-

chia/l/lu-heng-chhiong/peh-oe-ji.htm 1992 1978 1993a

4 10-25 1993b

4 1-9 1996

1995

1992 1992

1993 1999 t

1 1997 t 3

1998 ê ê t 4

1925 Chãp-h ng Koán-kiàn 1989 1990

1977 1999t 1 1990

teh ê 85

1897 ê ê

1917 ê

86

ê 43

ê ê

88

1.

1492 Kholanpos Christopher Columbus pái

ê Gama Vasco da Gama t 1498

The Cape of Good Hope phah ê

15 ê tú ê T tòe

táu ê ê kap l³-bóe ê

m t chit tòe ê

h m t t án-ne ê t 17

ê t ˜ ˜-koh

t chiâ -chò in ê

t beh ê ê h m

ê chit 2 ê

ê kh¢g t ê ê

beh khah ch ê

DeFrancis 1977 Hannas 1997 Chiung 2000

2002 beh t ê Chiung 2001

2001

2.

bat 1000 ê 111- 939

ê ˜-koh iáu h m ê

Chit-ê 19 ê chiah

h m ê 89

2.1. ê

ê

Ch Nôm ê ˜-koh lóng kap

ê

t ê ùi ê 204- 111

hit-ch m Nguyen, 1999:2 T ê

chiâ -chò ê T t 10

kap soah

t ê t

kap ê Nguyen, 1999:3-4

t in ê

á ê ê

ê ê m -

sái t 10

chiah DeFrancis, 1977:21 ê

ê kap

Nguyen, 1999:2 T ê t 13 chiah

ê ê 1 ah t 16 18 2 ê

ê kap chió ê

t

kap Nguyen, 1999

ê h m ê nih ê ê

1 ê2 H m Nguyen Thanh Xuan ê

90

ê ê t ê3 ê gín-á t /kon/

/kon/t ê chit ê /kon/ t

koh gín-á ê kap

/kon/

ê ê m ê

kan-tan ê

soah ê Chit-ê t ê

k ng-khoán ê

t t koh ka-t ê ˜-

koh soah ê Che ê

ê t hông ê

koh ê b -sái k

ê lóng k

m k t hit-kóa beh ê

t b -sái Tng chit-kóa in

ka-t ê t ê

ê ê

2 ê chiâ -chò ê

ê m thòan koh khah ch ê

ê t nih t

/tre/ nih ê /le/ ê

ê Ùi chia -tàng

3 H m Nguyen Quang Hong ê

h m ê 91

khah phái beh t ài bat chiah

châi-ti u kap ê

2.2. ê

ê kah 17 phoneme ê

ê chiah ê t ê -sái 4 ê

17 19 ê 19

ê 20 ê

kap 1945 ê

16 17 ê ê t u-t u-á In

khah k thang t in ê k

1 4 ê h m ch

k ng-khoán ˜ t ê

ê ê 5 T b

chió ê phah Dac Lo6 t 1651

3 7 Do, 1972

Dac Lo h m ê t Medherst8 h m t

1837 ê ê k ng-

khoán In lóng ê k kap ê 1

Dac Lo ê t k ng ê sió-khóa chiâ -chò

4 ê Do Quang Chinh 19725 Thompson 1987:54-55) and Ly 1996:56 Dac Lo Alexandre de Rhodes7 Dictionarium Annamaticum, Lusetanum et Latinum Viet Bo La

8 Walter Henry Medherst, 1796-1857 ê

92

ê

T 19 chìn-chêng kan-tan t

niâ 9 chiah sió-khóa

kap t ê Vien Van Hoc, 1961:21-22

sak ê ˜-koh soah

ê k

sòa--lâi t 1865 1 ê Gia Dinh Bao

m ùi hit-ch m ch Quôc ng

Vien Van Hoc, 1961:22 t h m 1885 ê 1

Tâi-oân-hú-siân Kàu-h e-pò k ng-

khoán chh a ê t 1882

1 ê ài ê Vien Van Hoc,

1961:22-23

sak ê

h m

lóng k m

kap t h m

ê h m ê thang

b -sái 10

9 1862 kap 3 1885

10 1866 Paulin Vial t 1 phoe--nih “From the

first days it was recognized that the Chinese language was a barrier between us and the natives…;

it is the only one which can bring close to us the Annamites of the colony by inculcating in them

the principles of European civilization and isolating them from the hostile influence of our

neighbors” quoted in DeFrancis, 1977:77)

h m ê 93

ùi ê

tng in beh t khah

l³-bóe -tàng

ê DeFrancis, 1977:131-134

t chit t i-chì

ê ê beh

˜-koh soah ê

t ê sak t 19

khah ˜-koh ê iáu DeFrancis,

1977:69 ê ài 20 t ê ê

chiah ê DeFrancis, 1977:159 Che t

ê ê t hông oá

ê ‹-koh t

ê in t ê k

chiâ -chò ê

20 ê ê11 t ê t ká-n 20 ê

ê kan-tan

Chit-ê tú t h m k ng ê

ê ch…t-kóa ê In t

1907 t 12 Ha Noi thang

11 H m Nguyen Quang Hong ê m -sái Marr

1971:156-18412 ê

94

kap In beh ê b -

sái ê t beh in beh

thang

1 t ˜-koh in ê soah

t h m T in ê

soah chiâ -chò ê kap m

ch…t-ch n ê Vuong & Vu, 1980:20-32

kah 1930 á 75 ê Hannas,

1997:86

t ê sak ê ˜-koh

che t hit-ch n ê t 1945

chiah ê

t 1945 9 2

t 9 8 t s i ê t hit 10

koh 1 chò-hóe ê phoe i t phoe--nih

Lán ê

Khah lán in in lánin lán bat thang k lán

Lán ê ê 95% -sái lónglán beh án-chóan

Lán chit-má ê êlán ài ê khang-khòe Lán

ài t 1 -hiáu chu Quoc ngu ê Lán

Lán ê

h m ê 95

Lán ài k ê thi u-á chh i ân Lán ài Lánài iá ka-t ê kap êchiah ê ah che m siá -m…h ài

-hiáu ê

Bat --ê ài ˜-bat --ê thang lán ê t m-põh-á

‹-bat --ê m ài kut-lãt phah Ang-sài ài b¯-kián a àisió ˜-bat ê p ài kián --ê ài

--ê ài

Cha-b¯ lóng ài koh khah phah chiah tòe ê

¢g ê chò-hóe phah

Ho, 1994:64-65

1945 bat ê 20% t

1953 70% DeFrancis, 1977:240

-tàng ùi ê ch si ng

ê kap

t kap

chiâ -chò ê thang ê

T 40 soah thçh

ê thang

ê ê ‹-koh hit iáu ê

koh ˜ k koh thçh t g

ê nih ê án-chóan ê thang

ê t i-chì m

soah ê

96

1971:107 ê

1971:228-240 T chit p n-sè chiâ -chò

ê si ng

ê T t

phoe ê án-chóan hiah ch ê

thang chiok ê t i-chì T 19 ê

nih in ê t hit

ê chiâ -chò ˜-koh án-ne -sái ê

koh -tàng ê ‹-koh kah 20

ài ê ˜-tan niâ ài koh sio sòa--lâi ê kap

˜-koh soah siu kap phái

ê t chiâ -chò

ê si ng ê t ê

chhân-chhân T kan-tan

chió bat 13 ê ê sak

t

2.3. ê

t ê -sái 2 ê Chiung,

2001 ê ê

ê 1933 Chit-ê ùi 17

kah 19 ê 19 tan

13 -hiáu ê ê ˜-bat ê

khah Stubbs 1980:72 t

ê ê t beh

h m ê 97

teh ê 2001

1 pái ê

ê t ê t ê

t ê ê t ti m à

kah 19 chiah koh t chhiân-i 1860 ê

sî-ch n h m

hit-ch n ê m

T t chit-ê kap

si ng kut-lãt sak ê t 1865

James L. Maxwell, 1836-1921 chh a t

ê ê 1995:6-8 1990:277-280

T chìn-chêng in t

à in t hia t k 114 John Van Nest Talmage 1819-1892

án-chóan ê 15

1852 t Chit t

k chit

ê t -sái -hiáu ùi in ê

án-ne iáu b ê

si ng-thâu-á ê chiah ê

ê kap lóng h m ê Chit-

kóa ê ê -sái 6

14 -sái 1978:18-25)15 T£g-o hoan-j chh¬ -hãk

98

1.

2.

3. kap

4.

5.

6. ê

19 b chió ê t

ch…t-kóa Medhurst Water H. Medhurst 1796-1857 t 183716 Douglas Carstairs Douglas 1830-

1877 t 1873 17 t si ng ê18 Campbell William Campbell 1871-

1918 t 1913 ê 1990

1993 1996

1 ê 19 t 187320 t 1884 t ê

hông ê 21 t

16 A Dictionary of the Hok-keen Dialect of the Chinese Language According to the

Reading and Colloquial Idioms Chit t 1932 193717 Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with

the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects18 -m£g-im Sin J -tián A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular

Spoken throughout the Prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa19 Lán ê Kiù-chú Iâ-so

.Ki-tok ê Sin-iok

20 K -iok ê Sèng Keng21 kúi-n pái Chit

t 1970 chìn-chêng lóng 1970 chit koh

t 1 ê

h m ê 99

1885 Barclay Thomas Barclay 1849-1935

ê h m m ch…t-kóa kap

khah ê m…h-á 22 1897 Gê Uî Lîm ê23 1917 G. Gushue-Taylor ê

24 1926 T n Khe-phoàn ê 25 1925

Chhòa Pôe-hóe ê ê 26

ê t -hiáu in k chit

t phoe h u-sen cha-b¯-kián

t i-chì ê t 1970 chìn-chêng 27 t

ê iáu hông ê ˜-koh kap

ê soah t u-t u-á chió

ê cha-p¬ cha-b¯ ê

T ê cha-b¯-lâng lóng leh

ê Chit-ê ê

m phái Chit-kóa cha-b¯-

lâng t tú-hó in thang ê

ê In ˜-tan ê m -sái

ê t iáu ch…t-kóa ê

22 -sái 199423 Pit Soàn ê Chh¬ Hãk24 L i G a Kho Khan-h³-hãk The Principles and Practice of Nursing25 Chhut Sí-Sòan k -sái t

26 Chãp-h ng Koán-kiàn27 hit

100

˜-bat kan-tan -hiáu 28

si ng-thâu-á ê tan

t ê T 1980 29 ê

ê m chhùi30 T khah ê 3

kap ê ch

t ê 31 Tâi-

oân-j kap 5% 32

t ê lóng ê

ê ê ê

3. ê

h m t ê lóng

lán t chit beh ê

ê ê

nih ê

h m ê lóng h m in ê

28 t 1955 ê t H -ló ê

lóng 115,500 -hiáu 32,000

1992:7029 1980 ê -sái Chiung 1999:33-4930 t chia ê ê H -ló31 ê -sái & 199932 T 1996 1 ê 1 ê 5% chit-ê t

beh k ch…t-kóa khah ê 1996

10 ê

h m ê 101

lán t t chia ch…t- -á kap ê

h m k ng-khoán lóng

isolating languages t in ê siá ê

‹-tan án-ne chit 2 ê lóng koân ê

monosyllabic ê t in ê ch lóng ê

ê h m ê

ê koân ˜-koh ch ê

soah hit ê

kap ê h m lóng

hông ê 7 ê

6 ê T koh ê tone

sandhi ˜-koh t nih chió ê -sái

ê

h m chit 2 lóng

ch…t-kóa phonetics ê ˜-koh

lóng -sái phonemic writing h m

ê in lóng ê ˜-koh

b chió ê -kha lán t k h m

sio-siâng h m siâng ê

Sio-siâng ê

1. Pê -pê lóng ê

2. Lóng ê

3. Lóng diacritics “^” t

ê téng-koân thang

4. Lóng ê ch

102

ê

5. lóng ê ˜-koh

lóng -sái ê

6. chit 2 ê lóng a lóng

ch…t-kóa h m siâng ê

siâng ê

1. ê t ˜-koh ê t

kap chit-ê 2 ê

3 ê

2. h m ê “-“

làng space

3. h m ê ê

˜-koh b chió ê

3.1.

ê lóng t hit-ê ê k ng ê

k ng ê ê

zero consonant kap nâ-âu glottal

stop 17 ê consonants 6 ê simple vowels kap

7 ê 33 In t 1 2 kap 3

33 ê kap -sái 2001

1977

h m ê 103

1. ê IPA

(bi-labial) (alveolar) khok (velar) Nâ-âu (glottal)

- / + - / + - / +

(voiceless stop)

(voiced stop) g (voiceless C. fricative) (voiceless G. fricative)

(voiceless affricate)

(voiced Affricate)

(voiced lateral) *34(voiced nasal)

2. ê IPA

front central back

high

mid

low

3. ê kap i ê

-

*35 -

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ê 44 53 21 3 12 22 5

IPA ê

34 ê /l/ ch sî-ch n [d] [ ê 2001:31-32

˜-koh t chia ê35 4 8 ê p t k h ê 1 p t k h

4 h m 1

104

ê -sái t 1 2

kap 3 ê ê Lán t k nih kap

h m ê t 4 kap 5

4. ê h m ê

/b/ b bûnch t /i/, /e/ ê chi/ts/ts tsa

/tsh/ chh chha/g/ g gí/h/ h hi/dz/ j j…t/k/ k ka/kh/ kh kha/l/ l lí

/m/ m m/n/ n ni

ng³

/p/ p pi/ph/ ph phoe/s/ s sì/t/ t tê/th/ th thai

5. ê h m ê

/i/ i tie ê tê/e/ia piah /n/ /t/ kian

/a/ a ta/u/ u tu

to toh

o. ê to./o/o piah / / tong kok

h m ê 105

Ùi 4 kap 5 -sái chió ê

lóng /b/ t b /kh/ t kh

ê -sái ê

Chai-ián h m ê lán t ê

k word sòa--

lâi ùi tò-pêng pêng k ê 4 kap 5 ê

k koh k 3 ê t

nucleus 36 l³-bóe chiah koh k “-” t

h m chhit-thô han-chî ám-bõk-kóe chhài-thâu-kóe

ê ê

base tone of a syllable ê

ê chhái-th u-kóe ˜-koh ê ài ê

chhài-thâu-kóe Chit -sái ê

˜-koh chit tiõh

ê t ê k

ê t nih chiah

kap “-” t Chit m bái Bái t

ê Chit t koh

khah ê k motorbike ¬-t¯-bái

t ¬-tó-bái ˜ 3 ê “¬” “tó” kap “bái” tàu

ê ê 3 ³t¬bái ¬t¬bái ho n-sè

khah

36 t 1 ê ê niâ m ch…t-kóa ˜ t

ê “p e” kap “o ” ê t

106

ªt¬bái chit kap

ê ˜ ê sòa--lâi k

ê “-” thçh ¥t¬bái ê kap ³t¬bái ê ê

kan-tan ê lóng

homophone ê t nih

t leh -sái m -tàng kah

kah “-” chit-ê -sái k

ê ˜ ê

-sái k “-”

han-chî i ê /n/ h m /ch/ tàu-t n chò-hóe

ê -sái hanchî kokong kok-ong

m ko-kong t t ê

khah leh kokong chit chió

lóng t ê chió

chit-ê k thçh ê

he khi t ê ê

hàn t hanchî án-ne hanchî t -tàng

ê ê

ê glides /w/ t nih o góa koe

thái ài w u /w/ ê Che

ê /w/ gâu piah ê ê /w/ piah

koân ê [-high] /a/ /e/ t [+high] ê /w/ [-high]

ê Chit ch…t t /w/ ê [o] [ /w/

khah sêng [o] [ t k góa koe Chit /w/

piah ê t m m t in ê

h m ê 107

nih 1

b chió ê T nih k

“ n ” t ê pêng koân tin chiún koain

iáu nâ-âu glottal stop ê IPA

[ ] chit-ê nâ-âu t nih h IPA

ah IPA tih

3.2.

ê in ê ê

koh khah k ng ê k ng ê

Ngueyn Dinh Hoa 1997:10 ê -sái

3

ê ê t ê Doan

Thien Thuat 1999 ê 19 ê 13 ê 3

ê diphthongs 37 ê ê

6 ê 38 Lán k chit-kóa kap t

6 7 8 9 kap 10

37 /p/ t Doan Thien Thuat k ê

ê iáu /t 3 ê38 k ng ê -tàng 2 ê 4 ê 6 ê 8 ê

108

6. ê IPA

khok khok Nâ-âu

- / +

(voiceless stop)

(voiced stop) d (voiceless fricative)

(voiced fricative)

(voiced lateral) l (voiced nasal)

7. ê IPA

(- ) (+ )

upper high i u

upper mid e o

lower lower mid

low a

8. ê ê

(- ) (+ )

upper high

upper mid

lower lower mid

low

9. ê

(- ) (+ )

upper i ulower

h m ê 109

10. ê

ngang s c huy n h i ngã n ng?

ê 33 35 21 313 435 3

IPA ê

ê h m ê kap

khah sió-khóa beh k kh¢g t nih lán

t k in ê t 11 kap 12 thang ê -

kap

11. ê h m ê

t t«i

th thu

ch cho

/t tr trång

k i, y, e, ê, kªq /w/ qu¶ c c¸ b ba

® ®i

ph ph¸p

s xa

x so

kh khi

h hái

¨n

v vÒ

d da gi t giag i g× r ra

110

gh i, e, ê ghi g gμ l lμ

m mÑ

n nam

nh nhí

ngh i, e, ê nghØng ngäc

* ---

12. ê h m ê

i khi iy t ®ång ý

e ê ghÕe em

a thanh

u cò

tõ

« c«

¬ th¬

© thÊy

o co

o cong

a ta

¨ ¨na y, u tay

ê h m ê kap

khah sió-khóa Che ê ê

1 ê t khah ê

ê - ê ài t ê

ch…t-kóa t “o” chiân ô

h m ê 111

thang o

2 ê k ng ê ê

gi [z] ê Italy ê Thompson 1987:62 nh [ ]

ê Jerold Edmondson;David Silva c, k, q [k]

Doan Thien Thuat ph [f]

DeFrancis, 1977:58

3 ê /t ˜-

koh ch lóng lóng t ê

nih ê “ch” /c/ “tr” / t

ê /c/ h m / t ê ti n b ài “ch”

iah “tr” tr ng ˜-tiõh ch ng

4 ê tan m

400 ê t chit 400

ê chit-má à “d” h m “gi” chit 2

t 17 ê [d] h m [kj] ê ˜-koh chit

2 ê lóng [z] ê ê iáu “d” h m “gi” ê

t Doan, 1999:163-164 hit-ch n

k “d” thçh [d] ê /d/ i

ê pre-nâ-âu pre-glottalized ê [ ] t ài “ ”

5 ê ê

“k” kap “q” k ng /k/ t

kioh [w] ê “q” qu ê h m ê “k”

kê k ng in t chit 2 Koh

â h m / ê ˜-koh soah h m /a/

a ê ê ê chiah á

112

ê hit ê ˜ ˜-koh ê

à

khah ê lán sòa--lâi

kap ê

ê ê kap

ê h m k ng-khoán p t k b d g

h

ê nâ-âu [ ] ˜ ê ê

k ng ê T ê nih k nâ-âu [ ]

ê chit-ê n [ n]

ài nâ-âu t ˜-koh t nih

k [ ] che b án-ne t

hoe

double closure ê t m

T nih kap /k/ t u, o, ô piah t

kap ông

ê final consonants [c] kap t nih

2 ê ê “ch” h m “nh” ‹-koh [c] h m [ ]

m -sái /k/ h m / ê allophonemes

“k” h m “ng” t -tàng chit-ê ê t

piah ê /k/ h m / [c] kap

sinh súi; [si ] [si ]

ê h m khah ˜-koh ch…t-kóa

-sái thang ê Chit-ê ê k

vs. piah vs. vs. chhùi vs. chhùi 7

8 9 Lán /k/ piah

h m ê 113

t ài “k” ê t ài “q” “c” kê cá

11 /w/ piah t ài “u”

t ài “o” nguy hoa 1

coda [ j ] t ê piah t ài “y” ê t

ài “ i ” ây tai 1 T ê á

“ ’ ” t u [u] [ ]

ê ê che t ài ê siá

ê sió-khóa k ng ch lóng

6 ê che ê

kan-tan 6 t kioh kan-tan 6

kan-tan 6 in ê

/p/ p /t/ t /k/ c

ch ê soah k in s c n ng ê

8 13 ê t

nih hông lòe 39

t nih ê ê

s c h m n ng lóng -sái koh 2

“sáng” h m “sáp” lóng pê -pê s c ˜-koh in ê k ng

“sáng” ê duration khah sêng ê 2

c.k. 40 “sáp” ê khah sêng ê 8

“ ng” h m “ c” lóng pê -pê n ng ˜-koh “ ng” ê

huy n huy n “ c”

39 H m Nguyen Quang Hong ê40 ê 2 212 h m ê 2 35 k ng--

ê

114

“ c” ê “ ng” khah sêng ê 4

ch…t-kóa ê ngã in hia ê

k ngã h i hia ê teh ê khah

k ngã phiãt h i

chió ê án-chóan t án-

chóan ê m i 10 ê

m i i hai m i 20 ê ê

m i ê t m i ê

k ng ê k ng ê ê

-sái cám n c m n ê

hit-kóa à ê sî-ch n hit

ê hông ˜-tiõh à ê chit ê

t m t kap

13. ê

41

ngang huy n h i ngã s c n ng s c n ngê 33 21 313 435 35 3 5 3

IPA ê

p t c ch p t c ch

ê sî-ch n h m k ng-khoán ˜-

koh t làng 1 space ê

Vi t Nam hi n nay ti n s

41 ê

h m ê 115

ê kap ê ê

koh in ê ê ka-t t sió-

khóa

ê lóng ài ài “.”

ê ài

2 ê chit-kóa

kap ài Loan

Vi t Nam ˜-koh m ê n

Che ê ê b -hiáu b

n ô ê t

Qu c ng Xã h i ch

ngh a C ng hoà xã h i ch ngh a Vi t Nam m -sái

C ng hoà Xã h i Ch ngh a Vi t Nam

ê Chit

Áp-ga-ni-xtan Afghan Ô-xa-ma Bin La- en Osama Bin Laden

ê sî-ch n Vi t Nam

VN Xã h i ch ngh a XHCN

ê 2 ê

ê k

M Pháp v n h c Xã h i ch ngh a

ê t k ê

lóng

ài “-” Ô-xtrây-li-a Australia pa-

l ng palan péc-m ng-ga-nát permanganate ô tô

automobile cà phê coffee Ucraina Ukraine photo copy

m -sái pho to co py photocopy

116

ê ê

ê ˜-koh iáu

4.

400 ê l³-bóe ián-tó

chiâ -chò ê t ê m

ê ê

ê khah ˜-koh ê k

lán beh k ê ê

ê khah koh

chit 1 koh khah châi-ti u chiâ -chò ê

t 2002 1 kap 7 14

h m ê 117

Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 1999. Language Attitudes toward Taibun, the Written Taiwanese. MA thesis: The University of Texas at Arlington.

Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 2000. Language, literacy, and nationalism: a comparative study of Vietnam and Taiwan. Presented at the 5th International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics: Pan-Asiatic Linguistics, Nov. 16-17, Vietnam National University, HCM, Vietnam.

Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo. 2001. Romanization and language planning in Taiwan. TheLinguistic Association of Korea Journal 9(1),15-43.

DeFrancis, John. 1977. Colonialism and Language Policy in Vietnam. The Hague. , Quang Chính. 1972. L ch S Ch Qu c Ng 1620-1659 [ 1620-

1659]. TPHCM: T Sách Ra Kh i.oàn, Thi n Thu t. 1999. Ng Âm Ti ng Vi t [ ]. Hà N i: NXB ài

H c Qu c Gia. Hannas, William. 1997. Asia’s Orthographic Dilemma. Hawaii: University of Hawaii

Press.Lý, Toàn Th ng. 1996. V vai trò c a Alexandre de Rhodes i v i s ch tác và

hoàn ch nh ch Qu c ng [ Alexandre de Rhodes ê ]. Ngôn Ng 27(1), 1-7.

Marr, David G. 1971. Vietnamese Anticolonialism: 1885-1925. California: Univ. of California Press.

Nguyen, Dinh Hoa. 1997. Vietnamese. John Benjamins. Nguy n, Quang H ng. 1999. Ch Hán và ch Nôm v i v n hi n c i n Vi t

Nam [ h m ]. Ngôn Ng & i S ng 6(5), 2-7.

Thompson, Laurence. 1987. A Vietnamese Reference Grammar. Hawaii: University of Hawaii.

Vi n V n H c. 1961. V n C i Ti n Ch Qu c Ng [ ê ]. HàN i: NXB V n Hoá. 1994

1933 1978 1978 19934 1-9

118

1996 1995

2001 &

19922002 tú ê t

4 4 27-28

1999 t1

19712001 teh ê ê

51 4 15-522002 4

4 26-27 1977

1990

h m ê 119

Ch÷ Quèc Ng÷ ê - kapVietnamese Phonemes and Their Corresponding ch÷ Quèc ng÷

V.1.2 Designed by Taiffalo Oct. 13, 2002 CQN kap êPhonemes IPAOnset Glide Nucleus Coda

Conditions Examples Remarks

p For loanwords pin 'battery' /p/ [p] p t¹p 'complex' t t«i 'I' /t/ [t] t tèt 'good'

/th/ [th] th thu 'autumn' /c/ [c] ch cho 'give'

/t / [t ] tr trång 'grow' dialects k Followed by

front vowels /i e(i, y, ª, e)

kia 'there' ký 'sign' kª 'chicken' ke 'tartar'

q Followed by the glide/w/ (u)

qu¶ 'fruit' quy 'tortoise' que 'stick'

c Elsewhere cò 'old' cø 'continue' c« 'aunt' c¬ 'muscle' con 'child' c¸ 'fish'

[k]

c Elsewhere kh¸c 'other' c Preceded by

/u / (u, o, «)ôc 'punch' häc 'to learn' èc 'snail'

/k/

[c] ch Preceded by front vowels /i e /

thÝch 'like' Õch 'frog' s¸ch 'book'

Frenchinfluence

/b/ [b] b ba 'three' /d/ [d] ® ®i 'go to' /f/ [f] ph ph¶i 'must' ancient

Greek/s/ [s] x must be

learnedxa 'far'

/ / [ ] s must be learned

sa 'land in' dialects

120

/x/ [x] kh khi 'when' /h/ [h] h hái 'ask' /v/ [v] v vÒ 'go home'

d must be learned

di 'move' d× 'aunt' da'skin' dÎ 'chestnut'

gi must be learned(used for Sino-Vietnamese in many cases)

gia 'family'giò 'shake' gi Î 'cloth'

Italianinfluence

/z/ [z]

g Followed by/i/ ( i )

g× 'what' giÕng 'well'

/ / [ ] r must be learned

ra 'go out' dialects

g Elsewhere gμ 'chicken' / / [ ]gh Followed by

front vowels /i e (i, ª, e)

ghi 'record' ghª 'terribly' ghe 'boat'

French & Italianinfluence

/ l / [l] l lμ 'is' m mÑ 'mother' /m/ [m] m nam 'south'

n nam 'south' /n/ [n] n ®en 'black'

/ / [ ] nh nhí 'recall' Portugu-eseInfluence

ng Elsewhere ngäc 'jade' ngh Followed by

front vowels /i e (i, ª, e)

nghØ 'rest' nghÒ'business'nghe 'listen'

coincidewith g and gh

[ ]

ng hμng 'goods' ng Preceded by

/u / (u, o, «)ung 'addle' cong 'bent' c«ng 'public'

Doubleclosure

/ /

[ ] nh Preceded by front vowels /i e /

tinh 'clever' Ònh 'swell' nhanh** 'fast'

samecondit-ions as final ch

h m ê 121

u Followed by upper vowels / i e(y, ª, ¬, ©) or preceded by/k/ ( q )

nguy 'danger' HuÕthuë 'time' xu©n 'spring' que 'stick' qu¶ 'fruit' quèc* 'state'

/w/ [w]

o Followed by lower vowels / ¨(e, a, ¨)

khoÎ 'heathy' hoa 'flower' xo¨n 'curly'

i Elsewhere*** khi 'when' /i/ [i] y Usually Sino-

Vietnamese words***

®ång ý 'agree'

/e/ [e] ª ghÕ 'seat'

/ / [ ] e em 'younger'

/ / [ ] a only -anh, -ach thanh 'sound' s¸ch 'book'

/u/ [u] u cò 'old' / / [ ] tõ 'word'

« Elsewhere c« 'aunt' /o/ [o] «« Followed by

the phonemes / (ng, c)

c««ngc«èc

Only a few cases

/ / [ ] ¬ th¬ 'poem'

/ / [ ] © thÊy 'see'

o Elsewhere co 'bend' / / [ ]oo Followed by

the phonemes / (ng, c)

coongxoong 'pot' moãc

Only a few cases

/ / [ ] o Followed by the phonemes / (ng, c)

cong 'bent' cãc 'toad'

/a/ [a] a vμ 'and' an 'safety'

¨ Elsewhere ¨n 'eat' /¨/ [¨] a Followed by

the coda y, u tay 'hand' sau 'later'

122

iª Elsewhere tiªn 'fairy' [ ] yª Preceded by

glottal stop / /or glide /w/

yªu 'love' truyÖn 'story'

ia Without glide /w/ and coda

bia 'beer' Øa 'shit'

/ /

[ ]

ya Preceded by glide /w/, and without coda

khuya'midnight'

[u o] u« Elsewhere chu«ng 'bell' uèng 'drink' quèc* 'state'

/u o/

[ ] ua Without coda vua 'king' cña 'of' ïa 'rush'

[ ] ¬ Elsewhere ® îc 'able' / /[ ] a Without coda m a 'rain' [w] o Elsewhere vμo 'enter'

sao 'star' keo 'gum'

/w/

[w:] u Preceded by upper vowels /i e

( i, ª, , ©, ¬,iª, yª ) or short vowels/¨ ( a, © )

chÞu 'endure' kªu 'call' cøu 'save' ¢u 'Europe' r îu 'wine' kiªu 'proud' yªu 'love' sau 'later' ®©u 'where'

[ j ] i Elsewhere tai 'ear' /j / [ j:] y Preceded by

short vowels /¨(a, ©)

tay 'hand' Êy 'that'

* The word 'quèc' was pronounced as kw (as in quÊc) in the past, but nowadays

it is pronounced as ku ok (as written in cuèc), in which 'u' represents a part of the

diphthong /u o/ instead of the glide /w/.

** In fact, a is a short front vowel [ ] in the spelling of this case. *** The letter y is usually used for Sino-Vietnamese words; however, in the cases such as tói (i is coda) and tuý (y is necleus), y functions as the distinction between a necleus and a coda; and y functions as the distinction between short and long [j] in the cases such as tai and tay.

124

1.

1492 Columbus

Vasco da Gama

15

17

17

Siraya

19 1933 19

125

2001 2002 Chiung 2000 2001

2.

isolating

languages

2

7 6

phonetics

phonemic writing

126

1.

2.

3. diacritics ^

4.

5.

6.

1.

2. -

space

3.

3.

1913

127

zero consonant

17 consonants 6 simple

vowels 7 tones 1 2 3 1

1 / l / [ d ] [ ]

2001: 31-32

1. IPA

2. IPA

(front) (central) (back)

(high)

(mid)

(low)

1 1977

2001

128

3.

-

-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

44 53 21 3 12 22 5

IPA

4 5.

4.

/b/ b bûnch /i/, /e/ chi/ts/ts tsa

/tsh/ chh chha/g/ g gí/h/ h hi/dz/ j j…t/k/ k ka/kh/ kh kha/l/ l lí

/m/ m m/n/ n ni

ng ng³/p/ p pi/ph/ ph phoe/s/ s sì/t/ t tê/th/ th thai

129

5.

i tie têia /n/ /t/ kiana tau tuo to

toho. to.

o (/ / ) tongkok

4 5

phonemes

/b/ b /kh/

kh

2 nucleus

- chhit-thô han-chî ám-bõk-koé chhài-thâu-koé

chhái-th u-koé chhài-thâu-

koé

2

p e po

130

motorbike ¬-t¯-bái

¬-t¯-bái ¬ tó bái

³t¬bái

homophone

³t¬bái

¬t¬bái

-

han-chî /n/ /ch/

hanchî kokong kok-ong

ko-kong

kokong

hanchî

hanchî

131

glides /w/ o góa koe

w u /w/

/w/ -

[-high] /a/ /e/ [+high] /w/ [-high]

/w/ [o] [ ] /w/

o

n

tin chiún koain

glottal stop IPA

[ ] h IPA

ah IPA tih

4.

Nguyen Dinh Hoa 1997:10

Doan Thien Thuat 1999

19 13 3

6 7 8 9

132

6. IPA

- / +

7. IPA

(- ) (+ )upper high i u

upper mid e olower lower mid

low a

8. IPA

(- ) (+ )upper high

upper mid

lower lower mid

low

9. IPA

(- ) (+ )upper i ulower

2 4 6 8

Doan Thien Thuat Ch Quôc

133

Ng 6 10

10.

ngang s¾c huyÒn hái ng· nÆng

?ê 33 35 21 313 435 3

IPA ê

-

11 12

11.

t tôith thuch chotr Tr ngk i, y, e, ê, kêq /w/ quc cá b ba

iph phápx xas so

kh khi h h i

nv vd da gi gia g i gì r ra

134

gh i, e, ê ghi g gà l là

m mn nam

nh nhngh i, e, ê nghng ng c

12.

i khi y ông ý ê ghe ema thanhu c

tô cô

thâ th yo coo conga ta

na tayiê tiênyê / / /w/ yêu

truyênia biaya khuya

uô chuôngua vua

ca m a

135

-

-

o

^ ô [o] o [ ]

gi [z] Italy Thompson, 1987:62 nh [ ]

Jerold Edmondson; David Silva c, k, q [k]

Doan Thien Thuat ph [f]

DeFrancis, 1977: 58

/t

ch /c/ tr

/t /c/ /t

ch tr tr ng ch ng

d gi 17 [d] [kj]

[z]

Doan, 1999: 163-164 d [d]

/d/ [ d]

k q /k/

136

/w/ /k/ k

q

p t k b d g h

[ ]

[ ]

n [ n]

double closure

/k/ u o ô