The Gospels and Their Stories in Anthropological Perspective · studied against the broader background of Greco-Roman literature dealing with identical or similar phenomena and using

Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Herausgeber / EditorJörg Frey (Zürich)

Mitherausgeber / Associate EditorsMarkus Bockmuehl (Oxford) · James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Tobias Nicklas (Regensburg) · J. Ross Wagner (Durham, NC)

409

The Gospels and Their Stories in Anthropological Perspective

edited by

Joseph Verheyden and John S. Kloppenborg

Mohr Siebeck

Joseph Verheyden, born 1957, is professor of New Testament Studies at the University of Leuven.orcid.org/0000-0002-8646-5233

John S. Kloppenborg, born 1951, is professor of religion at the University of Toronto.

ISBN 978-3-16-156308-9 / eISBN 978-3-16-156309-6 DOI 10.1628/978-3-16-156309-6

ISSN 0512-1604 / eISSN 2568-7476 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament)

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

© 2018 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. www.mohrsiebeck.com

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproduc-tions, translations and storage and processing in electronic systems.

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Printed in Germany.

Table of Contents

Joseph Verheyden and John S. KloppenborgIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Bodies, Demons, and Magic

Giovanni B. BazzanaBeelzebul vs Satan : Exorcist Subjectivity and Spirit Possession in the Historical Jesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Laura FeldtMonster Theory and the Gospels : Monstrosities, Ambiguous Power and Emotions in Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Sarah E. RollensFrom Birth Pangs to Dismembered Limbs : The Anthropology of Bodily Violence in the Gospel of Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Brigidda BellDiscerning the False Prophets : An Embodied Approach to Prophetic Testing in Matthew and the Didache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

William ArnalTextual Healing: Magic in Mark and Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Practices

Zeba A. CrookReligion’s Coercive Prayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Martin EbnerDer Wanderprediger und sein Anhang als „Lehrer“ und „Schüler“ : Jesus und seine Jünger im Rahmen der römischen Lehrertopographie . . . . 147

Table of ContentsVI

Spaces

Halvor MoxnesSecrecy in the Gospel of Matthew from an Anthropological Perspective: Creation of an Alternative World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Daniel A. SmithExcursion, Incursion, Conquest: A Spatial Approach to Mission in the Synoptics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Visions

Santiago GuijarroThe Visions of Jesus and His Disciples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Jan N. BremmerGhosts, Resurrections, and Empty Tombs in the Gospels, the Greek Novel, and the Second Sophistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Pieter F. CraffertRe-Visioning Jesus’ Resurrection: The Resurrection Stories in a Neuroanthropological Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Response

Simon ColemanBeing Undisciplined: An Anthropologist’s Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Index of Biblical References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Index of Inscriptions, Papyri, and Other References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Index of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Abbreviations

AGAJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Antiken Judentums und UrchristentumsAncB The Anchor BibleANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen WeltAPA American Philosophical AssociationARA Annual Review of AnthropologyBBB Bonner biblische BeiträgeBETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum LovaniensiumBibInt Biblical InterpretationBiTS Biblical Tools and StudiesBTB Biblical Theology BulletinBThSt Biblisch-theologische StudienBWANT Beiträge zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und Neuen TestamentBZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche WissenschaftCQ The Classical QuarterlyCSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum OrientaliumDDD K. van der Toorn, B. Becking, P. W. van der Horst, Dictionary of Deities

and Demons in the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1995)DJD Discoveries in the Judaean DesertDNP Der Neue PaulyEdF Erträge der ForschungEKK Evangelisch‐Katholischer KommentarFRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten

und Neuen TestamentsFzB Forschung zur BibelGNT Grundrisse zum Neuen TestamentHBS Herders biblische StudienHTR Harvard Theological ReviewITQ Irish Theological QuarterlyIESS International Encyclopedia of the Social SciencesJAAR Journal of the American Academy of ReligionJBL Journal of Biblical LiteratureJBLMS Journal of Biblical Literature. Monograph SeriesJECS Journal of Early Christian StudiesJHS The Journal of Hellenic StudiesJJS Journal of Jewish StudiesJLH The Journal of Library HistoryJRS Journal of Roman StudiesJSHJ Journal for the Study of the Historical JesusJSNT Journal for the Study of the New TestamentJSSR Journal for the Scientific Study of ReligionLCL Loeb Classical Library

AbbreviationsVIII

LNTS Library of New Testament StudiesLSJ H. G. Liddell, R. Scott, H. S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)LTK Lexikon für Theologie und KircheMAAR Memoirs of the American Academy in RomeMEFR (A) Mélanges de l’École française de Rome. AntiquitéMTSR Method and Theory in the Study of ReligionNeot NeotestamenticaNT Novum TestamentumNTA Neutestamentliche AbhandlungenNTOA / StUNT Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus/ Studien zur Umwelt

des Neuen TestamentsNTS New Testament StudiesNTTSD New Testament Studies, Tools, and DocumentsÖBS Österreichische biblische StudienQD Quaestiones DisputataeR&T Religion & TheologyREA Revue des Études AnciennesRRR Review of Religious ResearchSBAB Stuttgarter biblische AufsatzbändeSBB Stuttgarter biblische BeiträgeSBLDS SBL Dissertation SeriesSBLSP SBL Seminar PapersSBS Stuttgarter BibelstudienSNTSMS Society of New Testament Studies. Monograph SeriesSTAC Studies and Texts in Antiquity and ChristitanitySupplJSNT Supplements to the Journal for the Study of the New TestamentSupplJSOT Supplements to the Journal for the Study of the Old TestamentSupplNT Supplements to Novum TestamentumSupplVChr Supplements to Vigiliae ChristinaeTDNT Theological Dictionary of the New TestamentThGl Theologie und GlaubeThKNT Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen TestamentThPQ Theologisch‐praktische QuartalschriftTWNT Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen TestamentTynBull Tyndale BulletinUSQR Union Seminary Quarterly ReviewVigChr Vigiliae ChristianaeWUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen TestamentZNT Zeitschrift für Neues TestamentZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde

der älteren KircheZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik

Introduction

Joseph Verheyden and John S. Kloppenborg

Christianity originated in a world that in many respects was very different from ours. The differences involve certain practices, beliefs, and on a broader lev-el, worldviews, and the language that is used for expressing one’s convictions. The evidence can be traced through the literary sources and the archaeological remains that have come to us. This conference focused on the literary sources, as they are often thought to present a more direct entrance to the matter. In particular, attention was paid to the New Testament gospels and what they can tell us about these religious practices, beliefs and language. This evidence was studied against the broader background of Greco-Roman literature dealing with identical or similar phenomena and using an approach that is informed by recent research in (historical) anthropology.

The conference brought together a number of expert biblical scholars, special-ists of ancient Greek and Roman religion, and proponents of an anthropological approach to early Christian and Greco-Roman religious tradition. Several of the speakers are members of the so-called “Context Group” that since several decades has been a leading voice in developing social-scientific approaches for studying early Christianity and that has been instrumental in getting the results trickling down in biblical studies at large. The meeting also offered an opportuni-ty for entering in discussion with colleagues who, while fundamentally interested in the method and its results, have been working with a more classical paradigm of reading the earliest Christian sources against the background of the Greco-Ro-man sources to discover similarities and dissimilarities in beliefs and practices.

The speakers were asked to focus on a particular topic in the field of religious practice or belief that is found in the gospels and in other ancient literature and study this topic in dialogue with recent scholarship and with a specific interest for the insights that can be gained from an anthropological approach. The essays here collected are divided into four sections. The first one is entitled “Bodies, Demons, and Magic” and consists of five studies. Giovanni Bazzana analyses the Beelzebul controversy in Mark and Q focusing on the relationship between (the demon) Beelzebul and Satan, the mysterious reference to “a strong one” who is to be conquered, the type of accusation that is levelled against Jesus as healer and exorcist, and the way the powerful intervention of God is expressed. Laura Feldt continues her research on monstrosity in an essay dealing with

Joseph Verheyden and John S. Kloppenborg2

Mark’s construction of the demoniac as monstrous, but also as ambiguous and as provoking deeply traumatising emotions. Sarah Rollens asks why Mark shows a special interest in developing the motif of assaulting or hurting the bodies of major characters of the story (Jesus and the Baptist, but also the believers) and links it to the genre of Mark as a “mythic” account on identity creation in a par-ticular group. Brigidda Bell studies the topic of the “false prophet” in Matthew (7:15) and the Didache (11:8) from the perspective of a typology of discernment, comparing the ancient sources to the practice of embodied discernment in a contemporary evangelical community in the USA and in ancient Greek religion. William Arnal contributes a lengthy essay on magic in Mark and Acts read against the background of modern socio-anthropological trends in studying ancient magic and the perception of magic in the ancient world itself. Among the New Testament passages to be studied in some detail are Mark 7:32–6 and Acts 16:16–9 and chapter 19.

Two essays are listed under the heading “Practices”. Zeba Crook deals with co-ercive prayers, exploring the relationship between religious and magical practice in using prayer as a tool to obtain something from the divine and the complicated interaction it creates by working with a model of reciprocity to obtain what is asked for all while making sure the gods remain satisfied. Martin Ebner studies the figure of Jesus as a teacher and preacher accompanied by his disciples in the four gospels in comparison with Roman models of the teacher – disciple topos in (primarily) philosophical tradition, thereby focusing on the distinctive features that can be found in each of the gospels with regard to how Jesus’ power and authority are represented.

The section entitled “Spaces” contains two essays dealing with space, though in quite different ways. Halvor Moxnes connects the concepts of secrecy and separation as it is developed in Matt 6:1–18, 11:25–7 and chapter 13 with that of identity formation and the creation of another kind of spatial context that al-lows the group to understand itself as “different” or even as an alternative to the society in which it comes about. Dan Smith is rather more interested in “real” spatial categories as these are linked up with the missionary ambitions of the earliest Christian communities and evidenced in Q and in the synoptic gospels, the oldest of which interprets the move into new territory as incursion, while the two others seem to look upon it as forms of conquering or appropriating.

The last section bears the title “Visions” and brings together three essays, the first of which analyses gospel passages depicting visions by Jesus while the other two deal with the resurrection stories. Santiago Guijarro connects visions with specific states of consciousness, situates Jesus’ visions in line with those of Jewish prophets that are told about in Hebrew Scripture, and ends with a brief survey of the visions of the disciples after the resurrection. Jan Bremmer studies resur-rection narratives in Luke and Acts against the background of similar stories as told later on in Greek novels and in Philostratus’ Life of Apollonius, with special

Introduction 3

attention to the issue of the “reality” of what is seen and told. Pieter Craffert proposes to read the resurrection narratives in the gospels in a neuro-anthro-pological perspective focusing on the particularities of visionary experiences.

Simon Coleman was asked to contribute a response to the essays from the perspective of an anthropologist recalling first how anthropology has evaluated some of the claims made in Scripture and in early Christianity about its identity before offering some brief but well-informed comments on each of the essays in this volume.

Over the past three or four decades, biblical scholars and scholars of early Christianity have gradually become more aware of the importance of the social sciences for their own field. This has produced a steady flow of studies rooted in work that was done in the fields of religious psychology, group formation psy-chology, the sociology of emerging groups and movements and the sociology of religion, ethnology, and historical anthropology. The Leuven conference wished to offer an inevitably selective survey of what has been achieved over these years and to reflect on how these efforts should be pursued in the future. It was the explicit purpose not to limit ourselves to purely methodological reflections, but to explore and evaluate how concepts and constructs can be developed and then also checked in applying them to specific cases and topics that are typical and crucial for understanding earliest Christianity.

Bodies, Demons, and Magic

Beelzebul vs Satan : Exorcist Subjectivity and Spirit Possession in the Historical Jesus

Giovanni B. Bazzana

No scholar denies that “spirit”1 possession played an extremely significant role in the experience of the Jesus groups, beginning already with the historical Je-sus, about whom all the sources attest to a rich and successful exorcistic activity. Nevertheless, scholarship almost systematically marginalizes this aspect or tries to “explain it away” in reductionistic fashion. Thus, possession is often attribut-ed either to psychopathology (even today, when large sectors of the field are progressively becoming more and more conscious of the implications of certain representations of disability) or to the need to “vent out” in order to find a mo-mentary relief from the oppressiveness of unequal social and political situations.2 Such a tendency in biblical scholarship cannot be surprising when one takes into account the long-standing aversion of institutional Christian theology towards “mystical” phenomena that are often deemed dangerous for their supposed indi-vidualistic and amoral thrust. However, there are in fact deeper reasons behind the inadequate treatments of possession that one encounters in New Testament academic writing. Indeed, the very phenomenon of possession entails aspects that are fundamentally at odds with some of the principles on which critical scholarship has been built since the Enlightenment.3 By definition, possession presupposes a fracture of the modern autonomous and coherent self or results in an embodiment of cultural scripts and idioms that is largely independent from linguistic and textual mediation. Given such premises, it is almost natural that the tools of traditional historical-criticism prove themselves inadequate to

1 I will write “spirit” throughout as a way to acknowledge the fact that using this term to translate the Greek πνεῦμα as it occurs in the New Testament and in other ancient texts imports a dualistic worldview of Platonic origin that was scarcely at home in those writings.

2 The second approach (which has the undeniable advantage to take into consideration the social context of possession) is often carried too far in New Testament scholarship on account of too wooden a reception of the influential (but by now seriously outdated) functionalist par-adigm of I. M. Lewis, Ecstatic Religion: A Study of Shamanism and Spirit Possession (London: Routledge, 20033).

3 Such a thought is advanced insightfully already by H. Moxnes, ‘Ethnography and His-torical Imagination in Reading Jesus as an Exorcist’, in Neot 44 (2010), 327–41, on the basis of theoretical proposals of Jean and John Comaroff.

Giovanni B. Bazzana8

deal with this phenomenon and that consequently most scholars see themselves forced to resort to strategies of reductionism or marginalization.

Fortunately, cultural anthropology has also experienced (going back to the very first steps of the discipline in the nineteenth century) a trajectory compara-ble to that observed in biblical studies in its dealings with possession.4 However, ethnographers enjoy the great advantage of witnessing these episodes first-hand and of interrogating the human subjects involved in them in a way that is sim-ply impossible for those scholars who have only ancient textual reports at their disposal. Thus, by building on an enormously rich treasure of ethnographic accounts, anthropologists have been able in recent years to move beyond the functionalist and structuralist interpretations that had characterized a previous generation of scholarship on possession. The most recent ethnographic literature on the subject shows very compellingly that possession as an embodiment of Otherness is a jarringly traumatic experience for mediums, but also that it can be turned into a very positive cultural impulse when it empowers them to heal, gives them a way to know the mythical as well as historical past of their group, or even provides them with means to reflect on and confront dialectically their socio-cultural conditions. Several theorists, such as Michael Lambek, Janice Boddy, and Adeline Masquelier, have succeeded in illustrating that possession is not merely a mechanistic response to psychological or social conditions, but that it has a strong “productive” role in enabling humans to reflect on their cul-ture, to embody their personal and group history, and to construct new forms of moral agency and subjectivity. For these reasons, I too would like to treat possession as an ordinary phenomenon, moving away from the exoticizing (and thus ultimately marginalizing) note that is usually sounded in the earlier New Testament scholarship that has often associated these phenomena with “magic” and witchcraft.

This paper is part of an ongoing attempt to employ the results of ethnographic studies of possession to help the historical imagination when the ancient record of the early Christ groups is lacking in full descriptions of ritual performances or in detailed representation of the intimate relationship between human “hosts” and their “spirits”. After all, in the words of Jean and John Comaroff, “no hu-manist account of the past or present can (or does) go very far without the kind of understanding that the ethnographic gaze presupposes. To the extent that historiography is concerned with the recovery of meaningful worlds, with the interplay of the collective and the subjective, it cannot but rely on the tools of the ethnographer”.5 This paper constitutes an attempt to apply such an approach

4 For a good, but now slightly outdated, summary of the state of anthropological scholarship on possession, see J. Boddy, ‘Spirit Possession Revisited: Beyond Instrumentality’, in ARA 23 (1994), 407–34.

5 J. Comaroff, J. L. Comaroff, Ethnography and the Historical Imagination (Boulder CO: Westview, 1992), 13–5.

Beelzebul vs Satan 9

to the figure of the historical Jesus as a possessed individual.6 Combining tradi-tional historical-critical methodologies and insights drawn from anthropological literature, the examination of a key Gospel pericope (the so-called “Beelzebul ac-cusation”) will show that possession in all likelihood constituted for the historical Jesus a traumatic experience of penetrability and fragmentation of the self, but also a moment of empowerment through the construction of a new subjectivity (one could almost say, an “assemblage”) as exorcist.

I. Beelzebul vs. Satan?

It might be convenient to begin this analysis not from the “charge” that Jesus is performing his exorcisms “with the help” of Beelzebul, but from the rather puzzling answer that he gives to his interlocutors (I will come back in due course on the nature of this “alliance” and on the issue whether this pericope was an “accusation” at all in its “original” stages).

Mark 3:23: Καὶ προσκαλεσάμενος αὐτοὺς ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν ἐκβάλλειν; 24 Καὶ ἐὰν βασιλεία ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτὴν μερισθῇ, οὐ δύναται στα-θῆναι ἡ βασιλεία ἐκείνη; 25 Καὶ ἐὰν οἰκία ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτὴν μερισθῇ, οὐ δυνήσεται ἡ οἰκία ἐκείνη σταθῆναι; 26 Καὶ εἰ ὁ Σατανᾶς ἀνέστη εφ᾽ ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἐμερίσθη, οὐ δύναται στῆναι ἀλλὰ τέλος ἔχει.And he summoned them and began to speak to them in parables: “How can Satan drive out Satan? And if a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom is not able to stand. And if a household is divided against itself, that household will not be able to stand. And if Satan has rebelled against himself and he is divided, he is not able to stand, but is at an end”.

Q 11:17 Εἰδὼς δὲ τὰ διανοήματα αὐτῶν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· πᾶσα βασιλεία μερισθεῖσα [καθ᾽] ἑαυτῆ[ς] ἐρημοῦται καὶ πᾶσα οἰκία μερισθεῖσα καθ᾽ ἑαυτῆς οὐ σταθήσεται. 18 Καὶ εἰ ὁ Σατανᾶς ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτὸν ἐμερίσθη, πῶς σταθήσεται ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ;But, knowing their thoughts, he said to them: “Every kingdom divided against itself is left barren, and every household divided against itself will not stand. And if Satan is divided against himself, how will his kingdom stand?”

Despite its apparent straightforwardness, however, the argument Jesus develops here has generated significant exegetical problems. There are basically two op-tions for understanding the final rhetorical question posed by Jesus in the overall context of the entire pericope.7 On the one hand, Jesus is presenting an actual

6 I will assume throughout that the pericope does not only reflect a historical charge leveled at Jesus, but also that he had to be possessed to begin with in order to perform his exorcisms (as it is almost the norm cross-culturally). A similar conclusion is also reached by S. L. Davies, Jesus the Healer: Possession, Trance, and the Origins of Christianity (London: SCM, 1995), 91, and P. F. Craffert, The Life of a Galilean Shaman: Jesus of Nazareth in Anthropological-Historical Perspective (Eugene OR: Cascade, 2008), 231–2.

7 Or one can simply dismiss the verses as done by G. Van Oyen, ‘Demons and Exorcisms in

Giovanni B. Bazzana10

scenario, in which the realm of Satan is in turmoil and even threatens to come to its telos. If one adopts this interpretation, then Jesus is admitting that he is performing his exorcisms and healings by virtue of the power of Beelzebul and against that of Satan. On the other hand, one might take Jesus’ final question as a reductio ad absurdum, a rhetorical ploy that depicts an impossible outcome in order to show that the implicit premises of the accusation are logically untenable. In this case, Jesus would prove that Beelzebul does not possess him by showing that it is absurd to assume that Satan’s rule might be divided, since it does not seem to be coming to an end.

There is little doubt that the two options present problems, both theological and in the rhetorical construction of the pericope. One of the most accurate readings of this section (which is usually side-stepped by commentators)8 is Joel Marcus’, who compellingly shows that the only two viable positions are those summarized above. Marcus chooses to interpret the last question of Jesus as a reductio ad absurdum. While Marcus’ choice is argued in a very convincing way overall, there are two major points at which he does not seem to provide a completely satisfactory explanation. The first issue concerns the interpretation of the verses immediately following the rhetorical question. Both in Mark (3:27, the burglary of a strong man’s house) and in Q (11:19–20, Jesus’ saying on the exorcisms performed with the “finger of God”), it appears that exorcisms do indeed signal at the very least the beginning of Satan’s downfall and – more implicitly – of the victory of God’s sovereignty. It is worth emphasizing straight away that, were one to adopt Marcus’ reductio ad absurdum option, one ought to also provide a convincing explanation for this logical contradiction in the space of a few verses.

The second problem with the reading of the “divided kingdom” saying as a reductio ad absurdum is that this interpretation is forced to assume that the two names “Beelzebul” and “Satan” refer to the same entity. Most scholars seem to take this assumption for granted, but its historical support is actually quite flimsy. The name “Beelzebul”, in particular, is almost unknown before the time of composition of the gospels and this has generated a significant debate con-cerning its correct spelling and its etymology.9 Indeed, the lone mention of the name in the Hebrew Bible occurs in 2 Kings 1, where King Ahaziah is injured because of a fall out of a window and sends for the help of “Beel-zebub, the god

the Gospel of Mark’, in N. Vos, W. Otten (eds.), Demons and the Devil in Ancient and Medieval Christianity, SupplVChr 108 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 99–116, who summarizes Jesus’ words like this: “So what? What are you worried about? Let me do as I like to do, as long as the outcome will be that Satan will be beaten” (110).

8 For instance, A. Witmer does not even mention these verses in her rather long treatment of the Beelzebul episode (Jesus, the Galilean Exorcist: His Exorcisms in Social and Political Context, LNTS 459 [London: T&T Clark, 2012], 109–29).

9 The scholarly positions and the related evidence are conveniently summarized in W. Herr-mann, s. v. Baal-zebul, in DDD, 154–6.

Index of Biblical References

Old Testament

Genesis15:1 22315:12 223

Exodus8 268:15 (8:19 lxx) 2614–5 4314:9 22819 4521:30 5924 45, 223, 22824:1 22824:6 22824:12–8 22724:16–8 228

Leviticus 289

Numbers12:6 223

Deuteronomy32:8 42

1 Samuel1–2 19515:16 223

1 Kings 5719 4519:9–18 227

2 Kings 571 10, 12

Job4:13 223

Psalms13:4 238110 208

Wisdom17:14 237

Sirach38:24–34 14749:8 223

Isaiah2 1986:9–10 184, 18714:14 4225:6 lxx 19726 23827:11 19829:7 22363:19 225

Ezekiel 571–3 222, 224

Daniel 2222:27–8 1853:26 427 2077:13–4 lxx 1947:14 lxx 20712 27312:1–3 238

Hosea6:11 198

Joel3:13–4 198

Zechariah1–6 222

Index of Biblical References310

New Testament

Q1:14–5 2021:21–8 2021:38–9 2023:9 1983:14–5 2023:17 198, 2004:1–13 12, 266:47–9 2117:1–9 197–87:22 2027:25 2007:26 1717:28 1717:34 1709:57–8 16810 198, 201–2, 204,

20610:2 192, 198–20010:2–16 20610:2–12 20210:3 198, 200, 20610:4 20110:5–9 192, 20010:5 19110:7–8 20110:8–9 20110:9 192, 19810:10–5 20010:10–2 20010:13–5 20211:14–23 11011:17–8 19311:17 911:19–20 10, 24–711:20 25, 111, 19211:21–2 1511:24–6 26, 19311:25–7 18111:31–2 197, 20011:39–44 2212:22–31 20513–4 19713:18–9 20213:20–1 20213:24–7 197–8, 200

13:28 192, 197, 20013:29 192, 197–8, 20013:34–5 197, 20213:35 19714:16–23 197–817:26–30 20017:34–5 20022:28 20022:30 200

Matthew 71, 851:20 372:1 972:13 373–11 2064 504:1 574:13 1644:23 1625 1795–7 1625:1–12 1875:1–2 1635:1 1645:9 1916 180, 184, 1886:1–18 2, 178–816:6 1887 717:12 1707:15 2, 69, 737:16–20 747:21 857:28 1628:16 2378:31 379:35 1629:37–43 9510 162, 20610:1 186, 23710:5–15 18410:5–6 198, 206, 209, 21110:16–23 20610:18 206, 20910:24–5 16310:25 163

Index of Biblical References 311

10:27 18611 184, 18811:1 18611:25–30 17811:25–7 2, 181–311:25 18812:24 15, 2212:25–6 1512:27–8 15, 2412:29 15, 19312:33–5 7412:43 23712:45 23712:46–50 18512:47 18612:49–50 18513 2, 162, 178, 184–813:52 16214:21 18614:26 23614:36 11215:15 16316:19 16317:9 27417:24–7 16318 16218:1–14 18318:6 18318:8–9 5618:10–4 18318:21–2 16320:28 5821:22 14423:1 16223:2–7 16123:4 16323:7 16123:8 161–223:9 16223:10 16223:13–36 18023:13 16323:27 18024–5 162, 20724:11 8524:14 194, 206, 20924:24 6924:27–31 207

24:30 20825:31–46 18325:40 18325:45 18326:1 16226:28 17026:36–46 27427:52–3 27627:64 26628 19428:2 27528:13 26628:16–20 194, 20728:16 27628:18 20728:19–20 21128:19 163, 191, 206, 21128:20 163, 186

Mark1 381:4 1711:7–8 211:7 161:8 21, 391:10–2 1141:10–1 217, 2251:10 39, 45, 2251:11 118, 2271:12–3 38, 2031:12 39, 571:13 121:15 1921:16–20 41, 164, 1681:21–8 158–9, 203–41:21–6 611:21 1141:22 114, 119, 1601:23–8 391:23–6 51, 1191:23–4 391:23 19, 39, 2371:24 611:25 1141:26–7 39, 2371:26 1141:27 39, 119, 1581:29–31 39


1:31 1141:34 39, 2041:38 191–21:39 39, 1141:40–5 391:41 114–51:42 1141:44 115, 1202–3 1602:1–12 39, 1192:1 1142:10 1142:11 1142:12 1142:13–4 1602:14 41, 1682:15 160, 1703 22, 2053:1–6 393:1 1143:6 57–8, 120, 1603:10 1143:11–2 393:11 39, 114, 2373:13–9 413:13–5 2043:14–5 1933:15 39, 1933:19 1103:20–30 403:20–1 1933:21 22, 45, 2263:22–30 110, 193, 2043:22 22, 45, 1143:23 93:27 10, 15–6, 1933:29–30 393:30 2373:31–5 22, 193, 205–63:31–4 1934:10–2 1844:35–41 40, 43, 158–94:38 1584:40–1 444:41 395:1–20 40–4, 204, 2335:1–13 615:1–4 40

5:2 19, 39, 2375:5 415:6 425:7 39, 415:8–10 415:8 39, 2375:11–3 2055:11–2 435:13 2375:15 395:17 1695:18–20 1685:21 2045:26 205:27–9 1125:34 475:36 445:38 1145:40 1155:41 1145:42 1145:43 1156 2066:1–6 2056:3 1476:6–13 2046:7–13 2066:7 39, 159, 193, 2376:10 2056:13 39, 2046:14–29 606:17–29 566:17–8 606:21–5 606:27–8 606:30 159, 2046:31–44 2056:31–2 2056:35 2056:41 1146:42–3 1146:45–52 406:45–51 2496:49 2366:56 1127 1607:1–15 1197:24–6 39


7:25 19, 22, 2377:31–7 397:31 1147:32–6 2, 113–4, 114, 1188:22 1148:23–6 1138:23 114–58:24–5 1148:25 1148:27–10:52 1588:31 598:32–3 408:33 128:34 688:38 399 65, 67, 2379:1–2 459:2–13 459:2 2279:4–8 2279:4–7 217, 2259:6 46, 1189:7 2279:14–29 399:17 22, 399:18 619:20 399:22 619:25 399:31 599:32 449:33–4 599:36 639:42–50 569:42–8 62, 679:42 639:43–8 569:43–7 639:44 5810 16010:13–6 15910:28–31 20510:32 4410:38–40 15910:42–5 16010:42–4 15810:42–3 15910:42 160

10:43–4 15910:45 58, 159–6010:47 11410:52 114, 15911:15–9 12011:15–6 20311:18 5711:27–33 20311:27–30 11912 16012:1–12 6112:9 5912:29–31 17012:38–40 16012:41–4 16013 65–713:9–27 5613:9–13 19313:9–12 20613:9–11 20513:9 5613:10 193, 205–613:12 5613:14–6 6613:19 6613:24–7 20313:26–7 6613:26 217, 23014:1–2 12014:1 5814:10–1 12014:21 6614:43 5814:58 17014:65 5915:16–20 6015:39 16015:46 4516 6716:8 44, 4716:9–20 6616:9–11 4516:9 47, 27516:11 4716:12 47, 275–616:14 47, 275, 27816:15 19416:17–8 47


16:17 6716:18 113

Luke1–2 371:5 1712:1 2092:11 2082:41–51 1643:16 164:1 574:14–5 1644:15 1664:29 1644:31 1644:33 2374:36 2374:38–9 214:43–4 1644:43 1644:44 164, 1665:1–11 1645:1–3 165–65:12 1645:17 1645:21–4 1645:29–39 1646:6 1666:11 576:17 1666:18 2376:20–49 1666:27–36 1646:40 1636:43–4 747 2347:2 2347:10 2347:12 2347:14 2347:15 2357:21 2377:36–50 1648:2 2378:4 1658:23–7 1668:29 2378:40 165

8:41–56 2358:53 235, 2388:54–5 2359:42 23710:7 20110:18 217, 225–610:20 23710:30–5 17011:14 2311:15 15, 2311:17–8 1511:19–20 15, 24–611:21–2 15–6, 19311:22 1611:26 23711:29 16511:37–52 16412:1 16512:13 16513:10–21 16613:23 16514:1–24 16414:25 16515:1–32 16515:1 16516:1–13 16516:9 16416:14–31 16517:20–1 16518:15 16518:18 16519:1–27 16519:48 5820:1 165–620:19 16520:20–6 16520:27–44 16520:45 16521:12–9 20621:23 6621:24 20921:26 20921:37–8 165–622:1 16522:4 16522:14–38 16522:21–3 6622:43–4 225


22:49 2122:66 16523:1 16523:4 16523:6–12 16523:13 16523:14 16523:22 16523:28–31 5623:34 5623:43 5623:46 5623:55 23624 207, 23624:1–12 24124:4 27524:11 238, 24124:12 23624:13–53 4824:13–35 276, 27924:16 4824:22–4 4924:23 27524:25–7 48–924:30–1 4924:32 4824:36–49 27624:36–43 236, 27924:37 23624:39 23724:44–9 21224:47 194, 206–8

John1:18 167–81:33–4 2251:35–9 1681:51 217, 2301:52 2263:1–21 1663:1–2 1683:13 1664:7–26 1664:14 1674:28–9 1675:16–47 1666:15–21 2376:46 225

6:66 1677:16–7 1677:38 1677:40–4 1678:6 1478:8 1478:12 1678:28 1678:30 1678:31–2 1678:38 2258:59 1679:4 1679:39 16710:19–21 16711:43 23611:44 23613–7 16713:23 16815:9–10 16715:12–3 16815:14–5 16819:26–7 16820:1–10 241–220:11 27520:13 26620:19–23 27621:1 276

Acts1:3 2381:8 191, 194, 2082:9–11 2092:32–5 2082:36 58, 2084:27 2095:1–11 1125:31 2088:9 1118:11 1228:13 1119:3–9 1129:36–42 2389:40 23810:11 22610:45 20912:20–3 11213:1 148


13:6–12 11113:6–11 11213:6 11113:23 20813:50 24014:11–2 24115 21215:2 21215:22–35 21216:4 21216:16–9 2, 11116:23 5817 21217:6–7 21217:31 194, 208–9, 21219 2, 11119:11–2 11219:13–6 11219:13 4219:19–20 11119:19 12219:24–7 11219:27 21220:7–12 23828:23–6 113

Romans2:28–9 1802:29 1816:17 1478:15 23012:7 148

1 Corinthians 71–21 1821:26–9 1833:1 1829:1 27610 4312:13 7312:28–9 14813:11 18214 71

14:26 9515 275–615:3 26715:11 267

2 Corinthians4:7 1712:16 58

Galatians1:12 2764:1 1824:6 230

Ephesians4:11 148

1 Thessalonians2:3 584:4 175:3 65

1 Timothy2:7 148

2 Timothy1:11 148

James3:1 148

2 Peter1:17–8 227

1 John 71

3 John15 168

Revelation4–5 2224:1 226

Index of Inscriptions, Papyri, and Other References

Inscriptions and Papyri

IG II2, 9481 244

I. Priene 104.9–12, 108.366.70, 113.I, 14–116 240

P.Oxy.7.1021 20944.1065 14290.4760–1 242148 58

P.Petr2:11 20

P.Tebt41 21

P.Turner19 58

PDM (Demotic Spells)12.21–49 11614.554–1109 passim 116

PGM (Papyri Graecae Magicae)1.40, 130, 146–7, 193 ff. 1031.42–5 1041.56, 70 1021.83, 84 1021.96–103 1021.193 1041.247–62 1012.1–182 1022.147–52 1062.148 1023.193 102

3.199–200, 204 1034.62 1024.75 ff., 84–5 1034.86–7, 1227–64 1164.171 1024.922 1034.2188 1024.2469, 2711 1024.2518–9 103–45.96–172 1047.193–6 103, 1167.199–271 passim 1167.197–8 104, 1167.320–3 1037.490–685 passim 1028.59 10212.14–95 10312.104 10213.214 10513.343 10513.719 10513.755 10456.6 10263.24–5, 26–8 11665.1–4, 4–7 11685.1–6 11689.1–27 11690.14–8 11691.1–14 11694.4–60 passim 11694.17–21 11695.14–8 11697.1–6, 15–7 116104.1–8 116106.1–10 116113.1–4 116114.1–14 116115.1–7 116119b.4–5 116

Index of Inscriptions, Papyri, and Other References318

120.1–13 116122.51–5 116123a.48–68 116128.1–12 116130.1–13 116

SEG31.1316 240

33.1039 24041.1343, 1345–6, 1353 24042.1215 24046.1524 24051.1811 24055.1492 24060.1115 240

Other References

Achilles Tatius 243–43,9.13 2434,7–18 2435,18,1 243

Acts of Peter 234

Aelius Aristides

Oration 45 141

Aeschylus

Orestes (Libation Bearers) 255ff 142

Seven against Thebe 710 237

Apocalypse of Peter 65, 25223 6527 65

Ammonius 234

De adfin. voc. dif. 216 235

Antonius Diogenes

Incredible Things beyond Thule 242

Aphrodisias 251

Apollonius of Tyana 99

Epistulae 16 and 17 247

Apuleius 99, 152, 244, 251

Apology 9225–6 9954,7 245

Florida19 24720,2 150–1

Metamorphoses 92, 101, 2442 2452,28–30 2452,28 2473 923,17 1029,29 24710,11–12 24711 92

Aristides

Roman Oration 93 211

Aristophanes

Knights 591–4 141

Aristoteles 163, 167

Nicomachean Ethics4,3,10 1379,8 168

Index of Inscriptions, Papyri, and Other References 319

Artemidorus

Oneirocritica 5,18 154

Arulenus Rusticus 157

Augustinus

Confessiones 1,13,22 150

Doctrina christiana 20,9 150

Barnabas20:1 110

Book of the Dead 65

Cato 155

Catullus 138

Carmina 63,91–3 82

Celsus2,6,15 247

Chariton 234, 242–4, 250–1

Callirhoe 239–401,1 2391,6,4 2401,7,2 2401,9,4 2401,9,9 2411,134 2402,5,4 2403,3,1 2413,3,3 2413,6,5 2404,3,1 2404,4,3 2406,7,10 240

Cicero 138, 167

De republica 5,4 137

Pro Flaccio 31 240

Tusculae 2,24,58 137

Dead Sea Scrolls11Q15 11

Didache 69–862:2 1105:1 11011:5–12 8411:5 8411:6 8411:7 84, 11111:8 2, 69, 8311:9 8411:10 70, 8411:12 84

Dio Chrysostomus 157

Orations46 13970,7 15471,2 15471 152

Diogenes Laertios 154–52,47.105.109 1542,48 1682,105.134 1542,108.111.113.126 1542,109 1542,125–6 1542,126 1542,205 1552,603.738 1543,5–6 1544,16 1544,19 149, 1684,21–2 1684,29 1684,46 1544,59 1545,52–3 1685,52 1685,53.71 1625,58.65 1545,70 1686,103–5 1556,103 1546,87 1549,112 168


EmpedoclesB 111.9 DK 251

1 Enoch 16, 22271 20710:4–8 16103:1–4 185

Epictetus 152, 157

Dissertationes1,11,39 1534,13,5 157

Euripides

Cyclops 354 ff. 143

Hecuba 237

Hercules Furens 346 143

Orestes 407 237

4 Ezra 18214:5–6 185

Gospel of Thomas14 180

Gregory of Nazianze

De vita sua 751–4 237

Heliodorus of Emesa 112

Aethiopica 3,16 113

Herennius Senecio 157

De vita Helvidi libros 157

Hippocrates 97–8

Historia Augusta

Aurelianus 247–81,5–10; 8,1 24824,7 248

Probus 2 248

Homer 144, 249

Iliad1,39 1418,236–44 1428,242 135

Odyssey 57

Iamblichus 251

Babyloniaka 248

Life of Pythagoras 248

Josephus 106, 120

Jewish Antiquities9,19 1118,11–22.23–25 166

Jewish War2,14 1662,119–66 1664,487–9 204

Jubilees 1110:11 1223:29 1240:9 1246:2 1250:5 12

Justin Martyr 981 Apology 30 98

Juvenal 138, 140

Satires 6,511–6 82

Libanius

Oration 1 139

Livy 138

Lucian 82–3, 86, 234, 244, 251

Alexander the False Prophet 2493–4 82

Index of Inscriptions, Papyri, and Other References 321

4 82, 855 24910 8213 82

Apologia 4 154

Hermotimus 5 151, 153

Lovers of Lies 99, 24914 247–8

Onos 244

Marcion 236, 251

Marcus Aurelius1,16,4 153

Martial 140, 242

Epigram 8,24,5–6 142

Musaeus

Fragm. 16 154

Origen

Contra Celsum1,71 986,41 247

Philo of Alexandria 112, 182

Legatio 21,147 210

De migratione Abrahami 46 182

De posteritate Caini 15 180

Quod omnis probus 160 182

De specialibus legibus2,32 1823,100 973,101 112

Philodemus

Epigram 26 82

Philostratus 99, 234, 246–9, 251

Heroicus 33,41 245

Life of Apollonius of Tyana 2, 2451,3,1–2 2471,7 1504,45,1 2457,39 99

Photius 242, 248

Bibliotheca74b42 24994 248110b11 243

Plato 99, 167

Epistulae 7 (347E) 168

Symposion 166179B 168

Plautus

Mostellaria 275 236

Pliny

Epistulae 7,19,5 f. 157

Natural History 7,124; 26,15 247

Panegyricus 34,3 140

Plutarch 199

Lives 157

Life of Romulus 28,1–3 207

Life of Sulla 35,4 102, 112

Life of Theseus 1,1 199

Moralia 455C 127

On the Pythagoreans 397a–b 81, 83

Polybius

Histories 13,5,7 17


Pseudo-Quintilian

D. Mai. 10 236

Quintilian 156

Rabbinica

m. Pe’ah 8,7 201

M.Chr. 362 58

Seneca 138, 152, 156

De ira 2,24,1 137

Epistulae 108,23 153

Naturales quaestiones IV A Praef 7–8 152

Sextus Empiricus 153

Adv. Mathematicos 7,16–9 153

Sextus Pompeius Festus 30

Shepherd of Hermas 71–2

Straton 163

Suetonius 100

Domitian10,2–4 15710,3 157

Vespasian 7,2–3 100

Tacitus

Agricolae2,1 15745,1 157

Annales 15,44,3 169

Tertullianus

Adv. Marcionem 4,43 236

Theognis6,373 142

Tosefta 201

Vergil

Aeneis 7,810 249

Verrius Flaccus

De verborum significatu 30

Xenophon

Memorabilia 4,2 168

Xenophon of Ephesus 243, 251

Ephesiaka 3,6,4–9,1 243

Index of Authors

Abu-Lughod, L. 137Achtemeier, P. J. 116Ackerman, R. 287Adak, M. 240Ady, T. 101Aguirre Castro, M. 237Aland, K. 60Albinus, L. 37Alderink, L. J. 145Alessandri, S. 246Alföldy, G. 149Alkier, S. 252Allison, D. C. 267–8Alston, R. 243Andreassi, M. 246Appel, B. 156Arbel, D. V. 224Armstrong, D. 251Arnal, W. E. 2, 87, 96, 120, 123, 132, 192,

200–1, 297, 303Artz-Grabner, P. 202Asad, T. 294Asgeirsson, J. M. 27Aslan, R. 66Aubriot-Sévin, D. 133Aune, D. E. 70–1, 73, 75, 84, 91, 105–6,

110, 114, 117, 129, 133–4, 207, 250Austin, J. L. 76Aycock, A. 290

Bachrach, B. 274, 278Baert, B. 235Baker, C. A. 250Baker, J. R. 253–6, 259, 263, 265, 272, 277Balch, D. L. 186, 189Bald, H. 163Balot, R. K. 139Balzat, J. S. 239Barbero, M. 248–9Bardel, R. 237Barnard, L. W. 98

Barnes, J. 163Barrett, S. R. 254, 257–8, 260–3Barth, G. 74Bartholomew, C. 233Barton, C. A. 136–40Bastianini, G. 244Bauckham, R. 192Bauer, W. 179Baumgarten, A. 242Bazzana, G. B. 1, 7, 13, 25–6, 123, 192,

201, 291, 294, 297, 303Beekes, R. 97Behr, C. A. 141Beilby, J. K. 53Bell, B. 2, 69, 293–4, 301, 303Benavides, G. 143Bergeron, J. W. 278Bergman, J. 26Bernsdorff, H. 242Betz, H. D. 74, 101–4, 106, 246Beutler, J. 147Bialecki, J. 300Bickerman, E. 242Bielo, J. 292Bienert, D. C. 164Billerbeck, M. 152Blenkinsopp, J. 75Bloch, M. 299Blom, J. D. 269Bloom, M. 290Blouin, K. 243Blount, B. K. 158Boas, F. 257, 259Bockmuehl, M. 189Boddy, J. 8, 14Boer, R. 195Bösen, W. 147Bohak, G. 97, 110, 112, 114Bond, G. D. 289Bonte, P. 141Booth, A. D. 149

Index of Authors324

Borg, M. J. 268Boring, M. E. 57, 63, 65–6, 71–2, 75Bornkamm, G. 74Boschung, D. 30, 95, 97Bourdieu, P. 79, 137Bovon, F. 233, 251Bowden, J. 267Bowersock, G. 239, 242–3, 250–2Bowie, E. L. 240, 242, 247Brandenburg, H. 238Braun, W. 67, 120, 132Bremmer, J. N. 2, 30, 37, 41, 45, 94–5, 97,

104, 127, 233, 243–4, 247, 252, 296, 303Brenner, N. 196Breytenbach, C. 11Brittnacher, H. R. 31Brown, I. 124Bruce, L. D. 248Buckley, J. J. 132Burkert, W. 91–2, 97, 135Burrus, V. 96Buyandelgeriyn, M. 23Byrskog, S. 148, 161–2

Calhoun, R. M. 168Cameron, A. 248Camia, F. 240Campbell, J. K. 137Cannell, F. 288, 292Caplan, J. P. 269Cardeña, E. 220, 270, 275Carmignani, M. 249Carroll, N. 31Carter, W. 41–3, 204–5Casanova, A. 244Chaniotis, A. 234Charland-Verville, V. 275Chase, A. H. 144Christes, J. 151–3Cioffi, R. 244Clark Wire, A. 186Cohen, J. J. 31Cohen, S. J. 161Cohn, D. 33Cohn, Y. 131Coleman, K. M. 56, 243Coleman, S. 3, 285, 292, 296, 304Collard, C. 237

Collerton, D. 269Collins, D. 100, 129Collins, R. F. 167Colson, F. H. 210Comaroff, Jean 7–8Comaroff, John 7–8Conklin, H. C. 254, 257Conrad, E. W. 195Conway, C. 41Cook, J. G. 235, 252Cotter, W. 87, 114, 117, 207Cousland, J. R. C. 186Craffert, P. F. 3, 9, 218, 253, 266–7, 270,

273, 276, 294–5, 304Craig, W. L. 267Crook, Z. A. 2, 127, 137, 291, 296–7, 304Crossan, J. D. 53, 59, 90, 95, 115, 122–3Croy, N. C. 128Csordas, T. J. 79, 294Curran, A. 31Cwikla, A. 124Czachesz, I. 46, 65, 90, 94, 102, 105

Dalman, G. 162Dana, D. 243Danker, F. W. 237d’Aquili, E. G. 270Darnell, R. 286Davies, O. 101Davies, S. L. 9Davies, W. D. 73, 161Davis, S. T. 268Day, P. L. 11de Certeau, M. 32DeConick, A. D. 223de Halleux, A. 70De Hemmer Gudme, A. K. 131Deissmann, A. 20de Jonge, H. J. 26Delobel, J. 198Delorme, J. 42, 50DeMaris, R. E. 200Demoen, K. 242, 246Dendle, P. J. 30Dennett, D. C. 286De Troyer, K. 27Deutsch, C. 182–3Devisch, R. 258

Index of Authors 325

Dewey, J. 33de Zwaan, J. 233Dieleman, J. 104Diethard Römheld, K. F. 34Dignas, B. 243Dihle, A. 153, 155, 170Dix, T. K. 248Dixon, E. P. 38, 51Dobbeler, A. von 168Dodds, E. R. 222Dolansky, S. 131Donneau, A.-F. 275Doudna, J. C. 21Douglas, M. 54–5, 89, 93, 117, 289–90,

294Dowden, K. 248Draper, J. A. 70Driver, H. E. 254Dudley, R. 269Dunn, J. D. G. 71–2, 76, 230, 268Dupertuis, R. 233Durkheim, É. 88–90, 92–4, 123

Eade, J. 292, 298Ebner, M. 2, 147, 152–3, 156–8, 163–6,

169–70, 295–7, 304Eddy, P. R. 53Edmonds, R., III 146Ego, B. 162Ekman, P. 33Elden, S. 196Eliade, M. 32, 97Elsner, J. 246Engelke, M. 292Engels, F. 287Eperjesi, F. 269Erlemann, K. 168Erler, M. 163Espinosa, U. 151Espirito Santo, D. 17Evans, C. A. 128Evans-Pritchard, E. 255, 288

Falwell, J. 292Faraone, C. A. 16, 132Farquhar, J. 54Feldt, L. 1, 29–33, 35, 41, 45–6, 50,

296–7, 305

Felton, D. 30, 233Ferguson, E. 132Ferguson, J. 130Fessler, D. M. T. 274Ffytche, D. 269Fisher, N. R. E. 137Flashar, H. 153, 163Flinterman, J. J. 242Foakes-Jackson, F. J. 233Focant, C. 218, 228Ford, S. 269Foster, G. M. 138Foucault, M. 54–5, 64France, R. T. 180Franchi de’ Cavalieri, P. 240Frankfurter, D. 34–5, 42, 51, 88, 96, 98,

103–5, 107–9, 122–3Frazer, J. G. 89–91, 93, 127, 129, 286–7,

289–90, 293–4, 296Freedman, D. N. 37Fridman, E. J. N. 256Fullmer, P. 240Furley, W. D. 133–4, 136Fusillo, M. 242Futre Pinheiro, M. P. 244

Galaty, J. G. 141Garnsey, P. 140Geertz, A. W. 35Geertz, C. 253–4, 256, 259–61Georg-Zöller, C. 164Giesler, P. V. 256Gigon, O. 153–4Gilbert, G. 210, 213Gill, C. 135Gilmore, D. G. 137Girard, R. 54Glare, P. G. W. 30Glass-Coffin, B. 258, 260, 272–3Gleach, F. W. 286Gnilka, J. 158, 228Görgemanns, H. 166–7Good, B. 256Goold, G. P. 240Goulet, J.-G. A. 253, 257–8, 260–1, 264,

271–2, 277, 279Goulet-Cazé, M. O. 156Graf, F. 97–8, 129, 132

Index of Authors326

Green, W. S. 89, 132, 224Grieser, A. 33Griffin, M. 163Grindal, B. T. 261, 271–4, 276–8, 281Grossardt 245Grundmann, W. 87, 115Guijarro, S. 2, 204, 217, 226, 295, 305Guillaume, P. 131Gyselinck, W. 246

Habermas, G. R. 266, 278Habermas, J. 175Hachlili, R. 234, 236Hackett, R. 292, 296Hägg, T. 241Hahn, J. 150–5Hahn, R. A. 261Halperin, D. 265Hanson, F. A. 255Harder, R. 150Harding, S. 292Harmon, A. M. 82Harnack, A. von 75, 236Harrison, S. J. 244Harvey, D. 196Hauser, L. 164Hayes, R. B. 252Hays, C. M. 193Heiligenthal, R. 168Held, H. J. 74Hendel, R. 289Henderson, I. 41–2, 44, 47–8Hengel, M. 26Henrichs, A. 240, 243Herder, J. G. 289Herdt, G. 176–8, 181, 184–7, 189–90,

293, 299Herrmann, W. 10Herzfeld, M. 137Herzog, R. 156Herzog, W. R. 59Hieke, T. 27Hill, D. 74–5Hingley, R. 210–2Hock, R. F. 250Hoenes del Pinal, E. 300Hoffmann, P. 16, 192Hofius, O. 236

Hofmann, H. 243, 250Holbraad, M. 104Holmén, T. 148Holzberg, N. 250Hopwood, K. 243Horbury, W. 161Horn, F. W. 161Hornblower, S. 128Horsfall, N. 249Horsley, R. A. 93, 96–7, 105, 109–10,

116, 123Horton, R. 93Houston, G. 248Hubert, H. 91Hufford, D. J. 271–2Hull, J. M. 115Hunink, V. 238Hvidt, N. C. 70

Jacobus, H. R. 131James, W. 270Jardri, R. 269Jensen, J. S. 35Jerryson, M. 66–7Jeska, J. 164Johnson-DeBaufre, M. 23, 25Johnston, J. 33Johnston, S. I. 91, 95, 97, 101, 103–4, 131,

237Jones, C. P. 234, 244–7, 249Jordan, D. R. 89, 97, 131Joseph, S. 53, 268Jourdan, J.-P. 275Juergensmeyer, M. 66–7Juschka, D. 124

Kalleres, D. S. 37, 51Kankaanniemi, M. 148Kany, R. 241Keane, W. 261–2, 264Kee, H. C. 64, 115–7Keen, S. 33Keith, C. 147Kelhoffer, J. A. 65–7, 194Kendall, D. 268Kenney, E. J. 92Keulen, W. 249Kieffer, R. 26


Kiley, M. C. 133, 145Kippenberg, H. G. 175Kirk, A. 200Kirsch, T. G. 292Kitts, M. 66–7Klagge, J. 91Klass, M. 255Klauck, H. J. 128Klein, R. 151, 153Klinghardt, M. 132Kloppenborg, J. S. 49, 52–3, 59, 65, 104,

120, 123, 192, 197–8, 200, 210, 305Klostergaard Petersen, A. 131Knopf, R. 73Koch, G. 235Kok, J. 193, 198Koskenniemi, E. 246Kotansky, R. 132, 237Kreinecker, C. 202Krippner, S. 275Kroll, J. 274, 278Kroskrity, P. V. 300Kunin, S. 290Kuper, A. 254, 257, 262–3, 286–8, 290–1

Labahn, M. 26, 53, 195Lacore, M. 235Lahood, G. 258, 272Lake, K. 233Lalleman, P. J. 250Lambek, M. 8, 19Lange, A. 34Larøi, F. 269Larsen, T. 287Latour, B. 18, 23Lattimore, R. 238Lau, M. 160Laughlin, C. D. 260–4, 270–1Laureys, S. 275Leach, E. 289–90Leander, H. 40Ledoux, D. 275Lefebvre, H. 191, 193–6, 200, 211, 213–4Légasse, S. 15Lehrich, C. I. 93Lendon, J. E. 135–9, 141Lévi-Strauss, C. 93, 290Lewis, I. M. 7, 24

Lichtenberger, H. 34Licona, M. R. 268, 278Liddell, H. G. 43Lieb, M. 222–4, 226Lincicum, D. 189Lindemann, A. 26Linos, N. 55, 64, 67Littlewood, R. 274Lloyd, G. E. R. 218, 264–5Lock, M. M. 54Löning, K. 164Lörincz, B. 248Lohmann, I. 153Longenecker, R. N. 134Lopez, D. C. 209–10Lucarelli, R. 35Lüdemann, G. 217Lüth, C. 151, 153Luhrmann, T. M. 77–81, 84, 262, 264,

269, 294Luz, U. 73, 75, 162, 181–3, 211

Maccubbin, R. P. 31MacDonald, D. R. 57, 250Mack, B. L. 65, 67, 120Macknik, S. L. 219MacMullen, R. 95, 122, 127, 156–7, 240März, C.-P. 164Maier, B. 157Malbon, E. S. 118Malina, B. J. 133, 136, 138, 141, 143Malinowski, B. 89, 93, 257, 262, 293Malitz, J. 156Marcus, J. 10, 14, 16, 20, 43, 228, 229Marett, R. R. 291Marin, L. 30Marks, J. 254, 257, 262–3Marrou, H. I. 150Martin, D. 58Martin, J. 166Martin, L. H. 145, 17–7Martin, R. 255Martínez-Conde, S. 219Marx, H. 124Marx, K. 123, 195, 287Marx-Wolf, H. 87, 89, 95, 100, 109Mason, H. J. 244Masquelier, A. 8, 18–9

Index of Authors328

Matthews, S. 212Mattingly, D. J. 210Mauss, M. 54, 88, 91, 93–4, 107, 296McCutcheon, R. T. 67, 120, 132McHardy, F. 237McLaren, J. S. 197McLennan, J. 287McManus, J. 270Meier, J. P. 12, 91, 116Merkel, H. 162Merkur, D. 224Merleau-Ponty, M. 79Merz, A. 147Messing, G. M. 144Metzger, B. M. 21Meyer, M. W. 27, 88, 130, 132, 143Michel, O. 209Milavec, A. 70, 84Millar, F. 248Miller, B. G. 253, 258, 260, 271Milligan, G. 20Mintsi, E. 238Miquel Pericás, E. 224Miquel, E. 219Mirecki, P. 88, 132Mittman, A. S. 30–1Möllendorff, P. von 252Montgomery, H. 89, 97, 131Moore, S. D. 42Moreland, J. P. 267Moretti, F. 32Morgan, D. 295Morgan, J. R. 248Morgan, L. H. 286Morrill, D. F. 31Moscadi, L. 246Mosimann, U. P. 269Moss, C. 46Moulton, J. H. 20Mounce, W. D. 144Moxnes, H. 2, 7, 14, 175, 193, 205–6, 293,

299, 305Mülke, M. 248Müller, U. B. 217

Naiweld, R. 161Nasrallah, L. 211–2Nauta, R. 242

Nel, M. 185Neufeld, D. 178, 200, 224Newman, J. H. 246Neyrey, J. H. 135–6, 178, 210Nickau, K. 235Nicklas, T. 46, 73, 193, 252Nineham, D. 267Nordmann, A. 91Nusbaum, H. 264Nyamnjoh, F. B. 258

Obbink, D. 16, 132, 240O’Collins, G. 268O’Connell, J. 278O’Donnell, M. B. 235Oepke, A. 180Ogden, D. 134, 233Ogle, M. B. 238Orlin, E. 134, 146Orlov, A. A. 224Otten, W. 10Otto, B. C. 89–90, 128, 130, 132, 145

Pagels, E. 13Palmié, S. 18Panciera, S. 149Parker, R. 135–6Paschalis, M. 242Peacock, J. L. 253, 255, 260Pecere, O. 244Pedersen, M. A. 23Pellegrini, S. 148, 168Penner, T. 233Penney, D. L. 11Peristiany, J. G. 137, 291Perkins, J. 251Perrin, B. 199Pervo, R. 233, 250Petersen, A. K. 34, 37Petersen, W. L. 26Petzke, G. 246Phillips, C. R. 145Phillips, H. 144Pietzner, K. 150, 152, 154Pilch, J. J. 178, 204, 220–2, 227, 276Pins, D. 269Piper, R. A. 53Pirner, M. L. 163


Pitt-Rivers, J. 137Pokorny, P. 250Ponczoch, J. A. 251Porter, S. E. 128, 235Postlethwaite, N. 135Powers, S. M. 275Praet, D. 242, 246Preisendanz, K. 102–4, 106Prickard, A. O. 81Prostmeier, F. R. 164Puech, É. 11Pulleyn, S. 131–6, 141–4

Quass, F. 240Quertemont, E. 275

Rabinow, P. 54Radt, S. 237Rajak, T. 235Ramelli, I. 239Raynor, D. H. 247Reardon, B. P. 113, 244Rebillard, E. 238Reese, D. G. 37Reiling, J. 38, 73, 75Reiser, M. 161Remus, H. 91, 98–100, 102, 110, 112, 114,

117, 124, 145Rengstorf, K. H. 149Richards, W. 108, 124Richardson, J. S. 207Riches, J. 103, 207Riesner, R. 153, 162Riess, W. 149, 151, 155–6Riggs, C. 104Riley, G. J. 37Rives, J. B. 130Rizakis, A. D. 240Robert, L. 240Robertson Smith, W. 287, 291Robiano, P. 249Robinson, J. M. 192, 197, 206Rohde, E. 242Rohrbaugh, R. L. 133Rollens, S. E. 2, 53, 55, 123–4, 192, 200,

293–4, 297, 306Romberg, R. 14Rose, V. 97

Rosenfeld, B. Z. 161Roth, D. T. 53, 193, 195, 198Rousseau, J. J. 13Rowland, C. 223, 226Rubel, G. 167Runesson, A. 179Rupke, J. 41Rupp, H. F. 163Rusam, D. 166Ruse, M. 286Rutherford, I. 243Rutherford, R. 240Rutter, K. 237Ryba, T. 289

Sack, R. D. 194, 199, 208Sacks, O. 220, 271Sahin, S. 240Saldarini, A. J. 22, 189Saler, B. 259Saller, R. P. 140Sallnow, M. 292, 298Salzmann, J. C. 148Schade, G. 153Scheer, M. 33–4Schenke, L. 167Schieffelin, B. B. 300Schiering, M. J. 250Schiering, S. P. 250Schindler, F. 240Schirren, Th. 246Schleiermacher, F. D. E. 176–7Schmeling, G. 244Schmeller, T. 162Schmidt, H. W. 156Schmidt, V. 244Schmitz, Th. 240Schneider, C. 233, 246Schreiber, S. 160, 166, 169Schröter, J. 168Schwartz, J. 244Schwartz, R. 54Schweizer, E. 72–3Scott, B. B. 269Scott, R. 43Seaford, R. 135Sedley, D. 163Segal, A. F. 91, 96, 99, 103, 273

Index of Authors330

Segal, R. A. 35, 143Sekunda, N. V. 244Sellew, P. 13Shanafelt, R. A. 258–61Shantz, C. 55Shiner, W. T. 168Shweder, R. A. 256Siegel, R. K. 269Sim, D. C. 197, 207Simecek, K. 34Sleeman, M. 191, 194, 202–3, 298Sluhovsky, M. 73Smedley, E. 246Smith, D. A. 2, 191, 195, 197, 200, 210,

233, 293, 298–9, 306Smith, J. Z. 89, 91, 93, 100, 102–4, 107–9,

123, 130, 132Smith, M. 117Smith, R. 130, 143Smyth, H. W. 144Söding, T. 170Sohm, R. 75Soja, E. W. 191, 194, 196, 203, 214Sonik, K. 34Sørensen, J. 90, 93Soverini, L. 246Sparkes, B. 237Spawforth, A. 128Spinoza, B. 289Spiro, M. 261Spittler, J. 46, 252Spong, J. S. 268Stanton, G. N. 189Stark, R. 129Stausberg, M. 89–90, 128, 130, 132, 145Stavrianopoulou, E. 234Stephens, S. A. 242, 244, 249Stern, T. A. 269Stewart, E. C. 191, 193, 197, 202–5, 209,

298Stewart, R. B. 267Stirratt, R. L. 298Stocking, G. 285Stone, J. V. 219Stowers, S. 109Stramaglia, A. 236, 244Stratton, K. B. 87, 89, 95, 97, 130Stroumsa, G. G. 175

Struthers Malbon, E. 203Stuckenbruck, L. T. 11, 27Sturdevant, J. S. 167Sturdy, J. 161Styers, R. 95, 130Swain, S. 248Syreeni, K. 179, 181

Tambiah, S. J. 91, 93, 256Tart, C. T. 220–1, 226Taves, A. 265Taylor, W. F. 128Tedlock, B. 257–8Teeple, R. C. 269Theissen, G. 103, 113, 115–6, 147, 166,

170, 192Thiede, C. P. 239Thisted, R. 264Thomas, C. 239Thomassen, E. 89, 93–4, 97, 101, 105, 131Thompson, E. P. 138Thonnard, M. 275Tiemeyer, L. S. 223Tilg, S. 240–2Tiwald, M. 25, 53, 197Todorov, T. Z. 31Trnka-Amrhein, Y. 244Tropper, V. 147, 150, 153Tuan, Y. F. 196, 200Tucker, G. M. 75Tuckett, C. M. 26, 197–8Tull, H. 289Tulli, M. 244Turner, E. 257, 260–1, 265, 271–2, 281,

291, 298Turner, R. 260Turner, V. 32, 257, 291, 298Tylor, E. B. 89–90, 93, 286Tyson, J. 233

Uebel, M. 31Uro, R. 87, 90, 93–5, 111, 113–4

Vaage, L. E. 55, 61, 66, 123Valette-Cagnac, E. 246Van Belle, G. 26Van Binsbergen, W. M. J. 258, 261van der Horst, P. W. 26, 246


VanderKam, J. C. 12van Eck, E. 193van Gennep, A. 32, 299van Henten, J. W. 37van Mal-Maeder, D. K. 244, 246van Nijf, O. 138, 140–1Van Oyen, G. 9, 14Van Segbroeck, F. 26Van Uytfanghe, M. 246Veenstra, J. R. 94, 247Vegge, T. 150, 154, 163, 168, 170Velji, J. 66Verheyden, J. 26, 73, 167, 210, 306Versnel, H. S. 97, 99, 103–4, 109, 124,

127–9, 136, 142, 241Veyne, P. 140–1Vinzent, M. 233, 239, 251Vössing, K. 149–152Volp, U. 161Vos, J. S. 26Vos, N. 10

Wahlen, C. 39, 41–2Walter, M. N. 256Waterhouse, R. 31Waters, F. 269Wax, M. 256, 261Wax, R. 256, 261Weeden, T. J. 229Wehrli, F. 242Wendt, H. 88, 109, 118Wenell, K. J. 191Wengst, K. 169Werline, R. A. 55, 134Wesch-Klein, G. 245Whitehead, C. 254, 262–3Whitmarsh, T. 82–3, 233

Whittaker, C. R. 210Wikan, U. 137Wilkins, M. J. 267Willerslev, R. 288Wilson, B. R. 123Wilson, L. 67Winkelman, M. J. 220, 253–6, 259, 263–4,

269–70, 272, 277Winkler, J. J. 242, 244, 249Wise, M. O. 11Witmer, A. 10, 61Wittgenstein, L. 91Witulski, T. 164Wörrle, M. 240Wolter, M. 147Woods, R. 124Woolard, K. A. 300Wright, N. T. 268Wülfing, P. 156Wunderlich, R. 163

Yarbro Collins, A. 12, 16, 38–40, 42–4, 46, 57, 63, 65–7, 102, 112–3, 203, 206

Yieh, J. Y. H. 161Yoder Neufeld, T. 53Young, D. E. 260–1, 264, 271–2, 277, 278

Zamfir, K. 73Zangenberg, J. 234Zeller, D. 198, 200Ziebarth, E. 153Zimmerman, M. 243, 250Zimmermann, A. F. 162Zimmermann, R. 53, 161, 195Zoumbaki, S. 240Zuiderhoek, A. J. 139Zwiep, A. 235