aa

ZEITSCHRIF'TFÜR

AGYPTISCFItr SPRAC}IEUND

ALTERTUMSKUNDE

HERAUSGEGE B EN YON

FRITZ HINTZE UND SIEGFR,IED MORENZ t

96. BANDMit 9 Tafeln und 46 Abbildungen im Texü

r970

AKAD E MIE -VB RLAG . B E RLI I\T

IN ARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT MIT J'C' HINRICHS VERLAG'LBIPZIG

?l -sJtv7ui:'!üi j3:BLIgTi'Ii'i;I

€"91ßl S,l*

to the 5th Dynasty frorn the Cairo Museum. IiJach object must be photographed sevearl times:one geuelal coloul photograph and one general black-r,r'hite photograph are necessary atrd thenso many close-ups that each sign could be enlarged to 3 cm at minimum. All these works willbc crr,n'icd on in close coolrcla,tion with rl gr'oul) of cxpelicnr:ed drawet's.

In colrcltrsion. I t,hinl< t,ltat llc could realistically cxpcr:t the lbllowing: tho first study on thelrieloglvplis of thc N{astaba of Ptahshepses could be finished about, 1975, Lhe second study on5t'h Dynasty hicroglyphs - if cvcrything goes well - about 1980. The third study on the OldKingdom hieroglyphs is perhaps too vast a project t,o anyone's single lifetime.

MIROSLAV VERNER,

Stalue of Tw0ret (Cairo Museum no.39145) Dedicated by Pabösi a,nd Scvcral Remarkson the Rolc of the Hippopotamus Godtlcss*

Iu t,Jrc llg;,ptirui coilecfiolr o1'1l'hc lnstitute o1'Hornela,rrcl and Nittule Study in Olomouc (Mo-

ravia, Czeclioslovirkia) there is a plaster copy (no. 6339-A) of a wcll-known statue of the goddess

'I'wöret &t present deposited in the Cairolluseum (no. 39 145). No further data on the provenanceof tliis plaster copy exist. According to some indications this plaster copy, together with ther,emaining Egyptian antiquities, was given by the Archduke Joseph Ferdinand to the town of0lorr-rouc about 1910.

'I'hc lllaster copy (see l,'ig. 1) in question rvas perfectly clabolated, irtrd thus it was quite easy

to reconstruct the hieroglyphic texts on the statue without comparing them with the original.

Titese texts are extrernely ir-rteresting I.rot onl.y owing to theil historical importance but becausc

thoy incrludo sollie datl on t,he lole of thc hipllopotamus goddess in Jlgvptian astronomy. 'Ihus

it is even more surprising that this frequently published statue }tas not received greater attention1p to lou'. 1'hat is rviry tve should like to give in this paper a translation aud an interpretation

of these texts on the statue of the goddess Twöret from the Cairo Museum. Before doing so itnly be useful to mention very briefly the role of the hippopotamus in &ncient Egyptian society

and, above all, the cult of the hippopotamus goddess.

'-l'he hippopotanus. togetl-rer with that otl'rer conspicuorts irthabitant of the Nile, the crocodilc,

5as beer.r knou,n in tlgypt since a very etrrly date. The fact that the Egyptians had been in close

contact rvith this aninal since prehistoric times meant that they were thoroughly acquainted

witS ali lspects of thc Iil'e of hippopotnmus, which wtrs reflectcd in the birth and development of

tlie hipltgJrotaruus cult,. \\'hen arlalysing the EgVptiarts' approach to the hippopotamus we are'

i1 the first place, struck by its evident ambivalence which runs through Egyptian history like a

coltinuous threacl. On thc one hand the hippopotamus rvas taken for an utterly negative pheno-

me.o, which had to be fouglrt against. This fact, transposed to the religious sphere, caused the

hippopotamus - tltc "tt"-y - to t e identified with the negative hero of Egyptian mythology'

* f am rnrrch obligccl to prof. J. öelnli anrl Prof . R. A. ?arkcl who havo helped mo to solve several difficulL

ploblems (see tho loxt )'

N[. Vt't'trt't': Stat,uc of 11.'u'6re1,1 e69l

viz. thc god Sctckh 1. All thl.ough l,)gyptia,rr histor.y wo oomo i\cl'oss tlrr: cvi<lcnco of hil)l)ol)ot&lllus

Suntsr; trcco'ding to Säve-Sö4crbcrghiJ thc rr)yal hillp<tllotamus hurtt \Ä/as slrl)Posctl to bc thtl

victory of the king and god over all wil powers before he ascetided thc thronc. Beside this erlemv

hippoiotamus which ."Ä. clearly to have been a male, there also existed a hippopotamus rvhich

was well-disposed towards men. 'Ihis well-disposed animal was iI {bmaltl hippopotamus $'hiclt

had become the most popular protective deitv, above all with the common folka' The hippo-

potamus goddess, the so-called "White One", may also be taken for a peace-loving deity; hel

feast probably fbrmed part of the Feast sIlD 5. 11. säve-Södelbergh sees the roots of t'his intcresting

situation0, viz.thatthe hippopotamus was on the one hand pursued aud on the other haud u'or-

shipped. ir-r t,hc duai nature o{'Egyptian socictv which hacl developed from fusion of a society of

hu'ters rvith th,t of peasants. iihe cxistence of thc 5ippopotamus which w'rs a 'eill bo'tl f'r'

hu'ti'g comrnu.ity Jo., utt thc other hatlcl' a 4isaster for the 'easa'ts'

fields' According to

r.. Vähala,s opinion? it is necessary to vierv t,his problem in a sornera'hat rvider cotrtcxt' 'l'hc question

of the colour of thc hippopotamus is also of considerable imllor-tance; it has beeri observed that

hippopotamus males *itir ""a-urown skin ocsur quite frequently; similarly there is some evidence

even if extremely rare, of the occurrence of the white-skinDed hippopota'mus8' lllhe male hippo-

potami are by nature very belligerent ancl their mutual fights irr rnany cases eud fatally' 'Ihtr

female, on the contrary, seelns typically to have a peaceful ltä'ture, except' of course u'hetr rvitl'r

young. In case of "ro"rg"n"y

the flmale hippopotami herd together and fonn a' strong and virtuallr'

impenetrable wall ,onnd their young on"r. Fro* the occasional skirmishes of the hippopotamus

with the crocodile the hippopotamus usually comes out victorous' The Egyptians were undoubtedlY

very well acquainted *iil, oil the habits oith"*" big animals they were in constaut contact with'

Therefore they also must have known that the red-brown hippopotamus male w&s a' very dangerous

beast and that the female was, on the contrary, a peaceful animal whosc main concern rvas to

;ü1 t.;'f"";*; This knowledge, acquired irom observation of nature hcrself seems to havtr

r,I]rcrccxls1,s(]Vcl.äl1lt.ool'stlftltt'sittttt',c.g.t}rtl1tlrtslt.tlll.]lt'c g.rl Ho.trs c,a.ght, a'n.l ,ie,r.,,o,l uith'is qirrt,t'tlt.grxl S.t'clih u'h.'ati ftll<t'tr tt't'lto I.trrt.f t'c iri''o-

potamr.rs _ cf. .. g. rL Alliot,. Lc crrltc ,r,'io..,," i r4dfo* arr tern,s <lcs l.'loicrrröes, Ilibriotirör1rrc rr'ötrrclr:'

t'xx,2efasc,,leCarrc1954.onthehippo1'lotam.'r",theariimalufSct"l.t',set:alsolll.Hoplncl''I)t:r'.Iier.krr,lltler alten Agypter,nach clen gr,iechiscl.r-rörnische.rr lJerichten rtnd dt:n u'i<lht'igcr,cn l)cnkmriler'n. l)e-nkschrift,ett

tler liaiserlict,"t'At'i"-ie ät:r Wisscnscht-tftt'n in \Arit'rr' I,hil'-hist' Klzlsse' ir?' IJantl' 2' Abhandlrrng' \\'iett

1914, PP.63-65'r lr. g. I<ing 1\rerlimcu.,s hippopobarnus hu.t - cf. \\r. M. 1-. 1)e t.ic, Royal llombs 1r' }l' vrr''I'here arc

still oltter.reprcsenrarions oi ti,," t,ippu t,,,,.,t, ". g.;; thc schisb.paret,te no.-6000 f.ur.t"t the I'rgl-Irtia. M.sertm

in Stocl<holm - cf' H' Ässclb<t"git'*' Ch"n* c"'l'"hcelsing' Leicltrn 1961 ' p' 264' Abf' 70'

3'l'. SÄve-Si)<lerbcrgh, On Ilgvptia" ff"f""""-ttiutions of HiPpoPottrrntts Hrrnting as rr lteligioLrs IIofrvt"

Htit a,t' Sot>tlt'rbltunianoc lJl' Uppstlla'.1{)51}' P' 51-r'

:..];,ll]'il:::f':1',!Llli,:il]til;,T:i:;r.rs,,sct.,.s t. r,t> rr*,s1, 1,r'.r,.1,rr, <,f r'rr. rr1';,';'r' r{rgvr,ti''. origin-

tu'::!'ut*'':::,:,-;;l ,äll,fmlffl üii:"n'*ii":iU*::'vtl:l'11}:1i;ii:::ilir:rtltt Citrtltrtrltt('lltl'll (\' I

t'ilrs ., rrif.[i,r.r,^r ,,1',r,,,,u, ,,f. ]r.lir,,,*, 2,, ;i;,,. ilr,,l<,,rlil- rr.,l Nil1,f,'r,trrrrt,.rr irn N.r'rrwrstrr.lt* r\gvl)t'rrts'

Stutli Roselli.'i rr, pp. r+l -|52; H.Keos, uu',,l'"*t tler,\\,eilJon,,...,,.r .ri" Sttr,tlt N,rt., z^S tJ:}, 1{)5t]. 1111. 1i27

bis 129'6 T. Süve-Sötlerbergh, op' cit'' p' 45'

.r^..i.. ,,Llinno..taln's arncl Rhinocelos in .ligy'pt an<l Nrrbitr""

7 l'rom as )'et tt"ptt[r?Jttr']'' Vdiala's thesis "Hippopotarnl

."- :.1-ß.:r fof rhe IIS)'t','_',la li,1.,,,,, i r.

_,il;r:r:-i;.:3 ;lt,lll*;m;:il'l t""';".1lli-r':..:;l';,,;;'g"'1'hi" öthiologiq'rc 'lr'lr 'hipp'lr.

potan-rc. IJruxolle-s 1954, p. 45' . :-.,..-.sti.g faienct, sttr,trLctte of "blr:trst fcccling"'llrvtalet' frorr.r tlro Lalt'

Ib is als. *or,n,oLl.in.tice rrl.a' i.tcr.sti.g faienct' *t1ttt"tt".;;oti."* ut Abrrlil -- <:f ' L' Ro.cha'r'<ll '

l,Ti"äSf;llJ:tr"u.*;':;:i!iii: J'lllt'lil:'iä;l"i-";';;';;':..rso cr Mö.er ' D.ri ''hLrörisnq.':c.

des Berliner uut"o-t'^ZeS'sa' tgrs' pp' 138-139'

t ) ('ul I lif It (j l.y I tisPUr I br

irr trucict'tt Il)gv1tt'itrtl text,s itnd lcln'esenf ations.

I. .or.ect,irip uith tlrc statrrtr of the gotlcless il'wör'cl rvhilt intcrests us tuclst is t'he Pctrcelirl arlcl

pr.gt,e1tio1-giving ft.rrrrr,lc hippopotanrus u'ltich ltir,s bt,ctr rvotshippocl b.y t'lrc llgylltirr'rrs sillce rc-

,r<-ltest t,imcs. il'he lorits of'thc hippopotuirrus cnlt l0 soeln to g<-i brLck to tho timo o1'tt'ansition {i'onl

thc l)rot,rtdt,rriistic 1o t,lrc I),,yrrastic Iterio<1, if n<it still etrrlielll. Irl 1'lrc J).yranlicl texts u'hic]r rc-

l)l.osolit iin intpt-rltürrt scl o1'r'cligious idcls of't,lrc l!gy'ptirttts li'<.lltt tllis vcl'y titt.lc, tltr Il'Y - Q O l]l]

is rtrcntionccl l:r. ,\<:corrlins to li. Sot,hc this ntr,mc hidtts thc ttiltrle of t'he hillpopotamrts goddess

lpct l:), u.r.it,ten in t,lie oklcl v'rry, i. c. u'ith<lut tho lbmininc ertdingla. ll'htl cult of the hilllloPoteunus

gtlclc1,ss glclr.ly girilc<l 1rcu'g poplllr'ity cluling tlro Nlitldlc I(ingdclnl trtrd, tr,l;clvc all, lzr'tcll;. A saltc-

tnarv \4.as built to this goddess nt Ka,rnak in the Ptolemaic Period l{;. rflle sanctuary in its present

{b11r citrtcs b:r,cl< to thc 2ncl hrrl{ of tho I[. <:entuly B. C. but is undoubtt:dly linked u'ith the oldclst1'uctures (coilonade from the Etltiopian Peliod) aud it is even possible that there was & sanctu€try

of thc hipllopot,tnrus g<id<lcss thcrc already cluring thc Ncrv I{irlgdoln.'l\veret was the most favoured goddess iurong thc cotnmon folk. This is not difficult to under-

stancl. Ir'or a sirnple, ordinary person the great deities of the Eg'yptian pantheon were too abst'ract,

unr.cal &nd remote, rvhcreas the good-natured hippopotamus female was fal moro comprehensible.

'.|'hc appcarance of the goddcss Twöret itsclf lcaves a very incongruous impressiorl. We can re-

cognizc not only obviously hippopotamus elernents in her but also parts of other animals, those

of a lion (legs and anns) and of a crocodile (tail) and, last but not least, a huma'n element (breasts).

llhis curious rnixture gavc rise to thc hypothesis that, 'Iweret was originally a masked individual

l,ppcaring on the occasion of certain rituu,ls and cereuronieslT. 'lllis hypothesis, howevel, does

not seem very plausible. Ou the contrary, the curious exterior of the goddess 'l'wöret secms to be

in harmony with the ancient Egyptian way of thinking. Her folemost task was that of protection,

especially of prcgnant women 18 ancl little children. It is therefore quite comprehensible that acleity w-ith a task like this hti,d to have duly "detettent" appearance, which was obtained by

combining thc hilipopotamus, crocodile, lion an<l hutnan elements. Another example of an Egyptian

"corlpositc" deity, knowr.r from the chap. 125 of the Book of the l)ea,d, w&s & combination of the

5i'pripotanrus, thc lion rlnd the crocodilc, u'hic'h also lrtd tho sittuc tlett:rrcnt chilrtlctcrll)' rlrhe

l0 As r.cgar.ds tho crrlt r,rf thc hiPPo|t.rtarnus gotltlcss cf. c. g. (i. JötlrLicr', ll,crt:.'l'rav. XXX, PP' 40-4iZ

anrl XXX\/II, pp.t18-120; H. Kccs, l)cr Oötterglaubr: irn altcri Agyplon, l)I). 12-14 antI pp.355-357;

\\'. II. l\{iille r, Ijg;zptian }Iythology, pp.59-60; Ii. V. Litnzotrc, I)izionalio di rnitologia cgizia, pp' 12130

bis 1233; J. Öcrnyr, Ancicnt lJgyptian Religion, 1.rp.59--60;'1'. Hopfner, op. cit., PP.65-67; etc'

1r Cf . K. Scthe, Die altägyptischen Pyramidentcxtc, $ 381a'r1 K. Sethe, Übcr.seLzr.rng und Kommentar zlt den altägyptischcn ?yramidcntexten II, p' 111'

r,jlpet *.as .ot the onl;y r-rr.me of t.his gocldess. Other names are knolr-n as well, above all T/'u:rt "The

O.cat Onc,,antl J?r.t "'fhc Sog,'' - cf. c. g. C. cte \\/it, Lcs fnscrilttions tlrr tt'mplc d'Opet ä Karnak, Biblio-

thcctr Acgt'ptiaca X.l , Rrrrxcllcs 1958' p. VTI.14 W() corno a<r16ss llrs n1:r1s of lpct; u'ithorrt tlrc fcrninilrt, cntling lit,lcl'its u't'll, <'f. c' g' 1')' Navillo' l)as

iigyl:tis<l}rtl'.fotltcnllrrc}rclt.r,X\/]1I.}lisXX'D;,rrasticl,lll.Cl,I,vigrrclttloit'lroc}rrr,1l.137I}.,., gi. Lcggo, l'. S. B. A. XX\r11, pP. lilct-l52 crnrl Pp.29?-303. Since NIli v'c ]tave n)t'l, uitlr u'n i]r-

crrcasing n.mber of statucs, statucttcs ancl anrulets of 'I'u'ör'et, from valioLts rna,tt:r'ials s<-r thaü tltcy fot'rn lrilrt'

nf ".r".V

nutneror.rs collection of Egyptian antiquities now - cf' c' g' G' Dalcssy, Statues de divinitels' CGC

vol. XXVIII , p1>.284-29? an<l pl. LV; W. M. Flinclcls l)ctric, Arnrrlcts' London 1914' p' 47' pl' XL;

J.I). Coonr,y, I!g1'1iti*n Hi1'rpopot,ami in t,ho Ilroolilyn <:ollr:t;l ion. 1'ht: I}oolilyn Mrtscltm' ljullct'in, }'all

19b0, vol. XII, Nr. 1, 5- 13; G. Roetler, Agyptische Bronzcfigurcn, Bellin 1956, $ 553' pp' 407-408'

fig.609; etc.ro The temple in Karnak v"-as not the oniy sanctuary thc hippopotamus godtless u'as worshipped in' Therc

$.u.,o st,ill othcrs, c. g. in oxylynkhos (dating bal<:l< to thc Gracr:o-llornan Pcliotl) and in Fayyrrm' lfhrrs it

iset,otl:ttot'esrtt,1lt'ising1}rtr,t't}rissigIrificaIl1,r]rt]ttlf.I-rr.t-'t,t'tiIr1I.irebtls1,-1.111'gl'l1ltllr.i. l{. licr,s, I)cr'(-ltittt:rgltlrrl.lr', 1r. lil'

rt (lf. (.1..f rlrllit'r'. l{1'1r.'l'tit,r'. NXXVIl' p1r. llli-120'rs ill\Ä.Lil.ot:.s srrr:)r r.cp'r's..ts:r, lrrognant hipyrolrotar'rts ft'rrtit,lt'-- t'l J. (lc'ni,.1l t'it', 1r' 71'

10 Cf. e. g. I). Naville, o1'r. cit , pl' CXXXVI'

5irl'1. Volnet': Statrt0 oI I'u'['t et

I 9691

!'ig. 2

::u::T,:;:"::":J:;t****i**;.Tö*:pi.,":;äil;*?}|ffi 'ä:iiffi }:':1'#

n:äii1Ti.'i"ffT;äu; il;, bv which'mäu""h" was incorpo'":::':;'o*n ,,," primi,,*

etc.Inthccaseoftlresta,tucrlo.3gl45'fromtheCairolv|us.erlrnwemeetwithbol

r.,,, "t

iu,., or rwöret, ; ":ö;;'ron,, u'll T#ffi#l \*':ä-#: ,llüi Ji;*: Tlf illi":

ä:$,'$jll,";::,fiit:i*:il1ö:"liö"i".;;;;eharf -of

his mistress '"u' 'f;;thc goddess

rrarror her propertv ii,tni"''' n" :1T9"]i'"'ä' l" n1"::Tä,,'::T"T::l{Hii" t1"*ü'111,'1j

',',,;:,,:: ll il i,i"liif;* tt*i4'

1' ä:':öffi ti]"i iF ä;; ;*e s'i ar i s m a d e' a' c' r d i.g

to Daressy, r,o* r,r"ä iLJi ("ru.uk;;;i;', according t: {:**,;ö.-J"l :"H:ti"ä':"?::;

r-rem schiefer.,,)rr. ä;-der.further says that the stat'ue *it".;oorrl.1ln ".'y,

otr tlic co'tr''r1"

"C;p;'-, ffi ffi ru ff **,*,,r 1!ä,*.,H ;l;:'ii' 1," l,' u ;,""

.H. 13r'ugsch' Ast'ro

;:jtJ;. c. r)&r.ossy, srnrues ,rtx f itT*i;,t:?;:t

**ut11' p' 284'

2: Cf. G' ltoettcr' Naos' CCC vol' lJ'\^)

t)silis S H t ä'" n. : h ra. Evcn if we do not know extrctlY rvhich material thc sta-

t'e a.cl the '.os u,ele made from we cannot fail to be impressed by the contrasting colouls of the two

rnrrterials : the dnrk statue stands out sharply against the light naos. The surface of the stzr'tue and of

t,hc pedestal is polishccl. Tweret is depicted in hel usual llosture, rvhich howevcr is quite unlikc

the iosturc of oiher a,r-rimal clcities: shc stands upright on her legs. Hcl clumsy artrd merssive head

is very ctrrefully carved. Her muzzle is open a little and between strong and pointed teeth the tip

of hcr tougue i,s to be seen. 'l'hc eyes ale elongated and too large for a hippopotamus' Little and

'oi't.cl ,,,rr.* ,'," bcnt bacl<wartls. IIcr tripaltitc wig is traccd u'it'h vcrtical grooving' l-lcr hcad

bcar:s a lotr', ct,lindliform clecorationl; nnd arouud lrer neck is suspendtlcl a broad pectolal' On hel

bacli thcre is a crocodile's tail'lr; lsashing dor.r,n to tlie pedestal. Loug breasts - r'epresenting

.,ccordi'g to Jöquiel tl.re bleasts of an old woma,ll:; - lie otr a rnonstrously convex bclly' Alrns

a'd legs replesent the paws of a lion. Her arrns lean against two la,rge signs f, s-1, i' e' "pro-

tect,ion,,2s. Both on the statue and on the pedestal are carved three hieroglyphic inscriptions (see

Fig. 2).

I,'rom the point of vierv of contents the most interesting seems to be the hieroglyphic inscription

(A), carved in three horizontal lines on the upper surface of the pedestal, between the left hind

lcg and the fi.o1t cdgc of the pedestal. All three lines are of the same length (see I'ig. 4)'

Fig. 4

r3 Cf. C. T)aressY' oP. ciü', P' 284'2'. Cf. A. l\{ariette, Monuments r-livers, pts' XC and XCI',liho

1>lacO is cir.ca 25 rn wcst of thc gu,Lc of 'l'hutmosis I, oppositc fho woll of lhc ttrrnPlo of Mont" According

to L. Clrrislrlll}to (Iiar'nalt.rror'(l' 11I, p.41, }.orrillcs dc I']nstitut fr.rrngilis dr.r Cait'tl, t. xx]11) thc c}rapt:l

.f Osiris l,)-a.:rt,ltwas b.ilt by t,hc king'r'aharcla in the time of thc'eign of the God's \\iife Shepenwepct' 11'

I'ortcr,-1,1 0ss ('I'opographical Bibliography II, Theban'Iemples' p' 7f rn,'intains t'ha1: thc cha'cl u-as built

,1,r,'ing thc .l)vn. XVIII' unrl only lcconst'ntct'crl bv 'Iahtlttl*t"

()Ir1lrcctLll'clf()siI'is/,;.-r1r1-.11|'1l|.t'.g'.|.Lt't.lrr,lrt,)!rr<1rriltt'sir I'epotyrc (iitt; "öti)ioPicnnc'' (XXVö clynastie)' p' 95'

2;\\-t)comQacr.ossthistlccorationwithotherileities,e.g.t,iththcgclclt'ltlsslsis,asrvell;int}te'cascclftlrc gocltlcss lsis, how-over', iL forrns the base of the sun disli wilh tlr'o cow hot'ns'

)rt rfhs eljoin of thrs element, rnr,tst be searched for in much older tirnes' Even on several so-called magic

il.or'ies of the Middle l(ingdom (cf. Legge, p. s. e. A. xxvll, pp. 130-1 52 and pp' 297-303) t}rer'e is

rlcl.ricterl a hi'1-ropotamr,* *it1, a crococlile t'" iith a croco<lile tail on its bacl<' lfhc same goes for somc ast.o-

nomit: s<'t.rrt's - <.f ' H. .l}r'rrgsc}r, rl1l. rlit,, 111r. l2tt._-t2ti; ()' Ncrrgt:btr,lLt.l,- ]l'. A. ?ar]ier.,llgyptian Astro-

rr,rrrrit.rrl ,l't.xts l.'l'lr. l,l.r'ly l).t'ttrts, L.ntlolr:l i'iu, i'r' 24 1t' "t"''it' ft.ttr tlt. 1.t.lr.f Str.rnrLt)'

;;:l i i"l;',,;::h:"::T"H":;1, 44, pp 71'.1e;G J6quier" Lo signe fl'n"' r'n"

XXX, PP.39-40'

i),ll. V elnor': StattLe of '.lwörett 9ri9 l

Text:

' qtnhfi H=-m-tr"l=

, +*al €=foTo'l" :gv ie \---'ll

/ Y::il=0ät$:4Nfl@, o /: n rq-F\ +t=s\ut'")a:/ l;{

!

'I'r an sl i ter at io n :

L.' Ind ftr.t rn, r:w il3t ßmd SntcL /ilt (?) m' nwt in n'l'r'w1'J'

). ttt .t Pttt illkrt.f I l{fr uty h'p tt' 't llrt, clll.it'ttll ^'{t-iktt3. ;nlt

Qt, $t rtiiwt, rtb tluy lltull''ib-Il', s! Il', Psm[k'n'!' Qtl

'I'ranslation:1. Hail to you (i. e. ,I.wöret) in the gates of the horizon u'hen Stnat a,nd lielet (?) tlrr'vel iD the

sky and the God (i. e. Rö') winds his arns'

2. around you and Ptah and what he has adornecl (i. e. cretr,ted?)lHow gracefuily r'r'tr'lks to yott

the Horus goddess, the God's Votaress Nitokre'

3' may shc live etcrnally!, thc rlarrg}rtcr: of thc I{ing, Lor't-l of]}otlr l,rr,ucls, Wrrlribrö., Sorr of Puö.,

Psa'rnmctik, may hc livc eternally !

CommentarY:

''.imd,Smd'Rrt(Ipt?)..._tr.romthegrammaticalpoirrtofvieu,itisurrdoubted]v!Qnt'.Jform whose predicate is the first ,md', averb äeaning "to t'i.vcl"' "t. t'ravot'sjc" (cf" \V,' IV' 146)'

llihe subject of this form is Smd, Rrt 1o, tptl1,i. e. the"clecan Snir,t .rnd. tlrc go<ldess ]lel.ct (o'. Illct).

Originaily it seemed to me that the ,ig;'äf a standing hippopotarnus gotltless \\'ärs 'r'r1

unusual

dcterminat,ive of thc.ccan srnat, i' whi.h cilse thc fcmininel ,,,rcling t rvoul<l bo-rvt'itt.rt trftc't'ht:

respectivc determinative. This i'terpretatio', perhaps acceptablc {-r'o.r trie'hilologictrl "i't'

ol'

view, was rejected by Prof. n. a. p*r.."j ";;d

to nis profo'ncl knowledge of a'cic't llgyptiart

ästronomical texts (he was l<ind enough to giv"e me his opinion of my intcr'prota'tion irt ir' privti'to

letter). He does nor think (contra chatley,-,lnl zo, p l2!) thattheäecansmd'forms part of tho

great, constellation Ärü whose parts are used to indicate the hours in the Ramesside sta'- clocks

(o. Neugebauer - n.a. purt "",Eg;;unAstronomicalrext's'rI'

1lhcll'amesside starclocks'

Brown university studies, v. London iuo+). In this ?se we have to take the sign of the hippo-

potamus for an id";;;; ond to translate ii either as Reret or lpet' Both possibilities seem to bc

cqualty plausible. d; ;;i;t.t po.siniiäyi. i" ,rrt" smiL Rrt for a dose co''ectiotr of the decan

smd,2swith the great constellation nri, L"rrtioned above' o"i 'u

think of theur as moving in

company. Likewisel"-"ur, ,"ur'.1^N" ;;;l;r aud. to tur'" ifi.ro". n]lT,L?.t-"'J::,i1?:1t:fr:l:

fbreleg in the ""r;;;; constellation by a ,o-p". cont"quentlv the d..a' mrg[!

."1.,ff ä;'r;iff 1j11il**l J*"*:*'t" ll$i"ffi'^::l :?:i 10 !/ r i s inacceptabrc

ri,rrn trro gr^,mm.ticar 'oi.t

of view 1w,,,hould "*y,""t it t;i;" ''uoy o'ly""ri "ot'It'tll f)'

'J'','t is

rvhy prof. J. ö"rrrj,,. oiir-,ion, ".,r r.^L.li",;";t*t' ö .ot',for 'Il'but fbr t'r ttttus-trtri rvriti'g o{'t'hc

sign e {ni, (:.'to'e'ciicle, enclose, to"ot"a"li; scems to t'" ,'o'"'l.usibie''llhctr *'o.ttrt tLalrs-

literate the respect''it" puttng" ' ' ' in n[r'u'y 'f ' ' '

-;r,*.*nsrarion oi this na,rn,, '" 't':"'lifr*i'i"";):ät*iJi:;i:* !,llT*i,il*lil;'l;l;'i-;'i;i;il;:;

",,;;"^i;;;" :',i:]:!;l;r{::l'i..'J,:u:j";;;.;;:, Griicr<sracir.r'.'ä'H",,'b"'g 1e:)ti'

'' ir' .' r'

z.rtr Gcschichtc ttet:)0 cf ' ri' u'

"'*ü""'1"'icn""i'" Dt";;;;;;" u-i n'aal" )igl'pt'ian' p' 267'

probably u nietaphor userl to depict the creative activity of the god I'tah (we have not yet succeeüeo

i' fi'<li'g ir'other.pii,r'tllcl fol this cxprcssion).'l'lris rr,ctivity is vcr'.y wcll a,ttostcd rlncl {brnrs thrr

btckbotro of' thc so-t'alled iflleogony of Nler-nphisrrl'

Hrt -,,Horus goddess". This title of the God's Votaress Nitokre is wolth noting. lVe also comc

irc'oss the 11me of Nitokre accompanie<iby this t'itle in the texts from the tomb of her High Ste-

wald Aba l]2.

On the dolsal pillar of the statue there are carved two columns of hieroglyphic text (B) which

t,xIltirrs, rrroto lllct,ist:ly, u'ho hrr,cl llad this statur: tnildc, ttrd rvlry (scc lrig' l])'

'l'c x t,:

' {T 5 ;'{i],^Aiit= 5T::-ft;:Uq?H{YE g SA, fTj ä::!4 öJll-rl [^__l1l:&ä.rU; glf ; El:X$-f4H^^^

<Ä n )B?a=il\ - r-1I\ arlJ Q-

lllransIite."atiorl:1. 'I wrt, i' urt, i IIrt, i' Rrtl

sQ)uty-bity,2. imr ro'ty ,n mrwt, htn nLr'Imn-R' ni,|wt nt-rw, imy-r l|mw ntr n ntrw T]-im'wt' imy-r Sm'wt rni

lcrl .s, imu-r pr4t)r'n d'utit-n[r, I)i-b! si n mry-n{r ]'l-di-I}Stt' m;'-l'9ru;'

lllranslü,tion:,l . ,,o Great one, o Great one, o lleret, o ReretlHail to you, Great one, Great oue, Mistrcss ot

the Horizon! Protect her things, fight for her property!", says the Hereditary Noble, Locai

Prince, Seal-bearel of the King of Lower Egypt,2. sole Beloved l'riend, Priest of Amenre-King-of-Gods, overseer of the priests of the Gods of'

uppel llg;rpt, t)vel'seel' of the rvhole of lJpper Egypt, High steward of the God's vot'aress, Pabcsi'

son of the God's Favourite, Petubast, justified'

Oomment'arY:'1 is än interjcction introclucing the vocativc. After the twice repeated vocative follows tho

idion inrl hr.l uscd as tl solemn for* of address. The whole introductory part of the text has an

cn]phitt,ic cxclir,matory character. We have to bear this fact in mind when analysing the passage

rrt,kl.t)nkl.t).!. illt tL; I,i.t.,i (then follow the trame and the titles of the author of this exclamation)'

Therefore for'rs mk.t *nd, i,lr..t may be taken to be öQm./ with an optative rneaning:]:r'

,I.ire rvay oI writing K : ü i, also u'orth noting' Accord'ing to Prof' J' Öern'f 's opinion' wt:

.D1\\ \M +

have here two cases in rvhich feminine I has not been written ; this is quite frequent in the texts o1'

Saite Period. Hence it is necessary to complete Io mkl'tl and nkf'tl"i (coptic'NKI - "thing'

property", cf. \\/b. II, 347). A ,a

,1ro is the lQm.n.,f fol'm of the auxiliary verb i.lfi; specially used after quoted speechsl'

---rr\, .i Nlrrrrrlrlris --.rr rr"lt,.rrr1rt, t..r1rulliz.. tht: 't'w.tr,Pi,t'ul Mcrrllrhis u'ith llrt'ttltl t'tlligiorts.t'rt1t't'

tit:liorr.ris _ (.r. (.. g. r-i . .ri,,,,*, r)t:r. (iö1,t..r,gl.r,.,be ir,, rr,rt.r,rr r\tiyPter',, 1,. 2g0; H' J rr.l<t'r" l)ic ('ltitt.r'lrh't:

r..n Mel.'his. Abh. Jlerl. Aka<.. 1939' no' 23; K' Sethe' I)rar.atischc 'Iext'e' llnt'etsrtch.ngen zrtr' (i.-

schichte uncl Alterlumsl<uncle Agyptens' t929; eLc'

lt2 Cf . Mömor.". . . . .1" tu mit'iot' arch6ologique flanqaise' t'' 5' p' 627'

:r:l A. Cl ar.<linr:r', llgyptian Grammtlr:]' $ 450' 4'

:r1 Cf. R.0. l'rrrrll<ncr" illhc vcrb i "to tuy:i""-"t its tlcvcloptnents' JI'lA 2l' p' 179f'

l 9691 M. Vorner.: Sbatue of Twi_,r.t:t

3i Cf' J' Vandicr, IInc statuette dc'I'ouöris. Lzt, r'evuc cirr Louvrc ct tlcs rnrrsöcs r.lc l,'r'ancc, 12c a.nöt:.I'}a,ris 1962, no. 5, pp. 197-204.

:ul lbidsm. D. 1gg.

38 Cl . Ilocrlot, Ntr,os, p. 108.rl{r'I'he adoption of Nitol<re by Shepenr.r'epet II was an intelior l4gypl,ian evcnL of an extraor<linaly im-

portance. tsoth C. E. Sander-Hansen (Das Gottesweib des Amun, Kobenhavn 1940, p. 17)ancl H. Zcisscl(Ät,hiopen r.tnd Assyrer in Agypten. Beiträge zur Geschichte der iigyptischcn Spritzerit, Glückstadt-Hambr.rrg1944, p.63) point out the exüraordinarily important role of the God's tr\rife for thc succession of Bgvptiankings. That is'vl'hy r.,r'e understand Psammetik's effort to get this office trnrler']ris contlol rvhich u'a,s alsoclosely conncctc(l with thc cxtension of his influence ovel the Uppel Ilgy1,rt. .Lt was a cliflicult ta,sl< becauscthe rnost important ecclesiastic and sccular offices in'l'hebes u'ere heltl by the adhorcnts of the -l!thiopianDynasty (the reigning God's W.ife was Shepenwepet lI, the dar.rghter of Pianlihl'; her adoptivo claughtcr'wes Taharqa's daughter Arnenardis 1I; thc adrninistraüion of the Uppcr lr)gypt u'as undcl tho control ofMr:ntrrtmhet, Tahrr,r<1a,'s adhcrcnt) ancl tholo is nn cvi<lcn<:tr thot' only' u, I't:at'bt'fotc tltt: rttlol;tioIt of Nitolirc.i. c. (i55 ]1. C., the lJthiopian.lting'J'anr-Ltarlon w&s lecognizccl as J{ing in'I'}rc}-lt's (cf. Logluin, r\SAE Vil1r. 190 nn<l pp,22ß-227). I3y t,ho adoption of ftsrlrnnrol,il<'s <lrrrrglrtt'r'Nitoklr'. ltou't'r't't', tt,tist's tt, Icttll\'pttttt.-<ltlrit.rr,lsit,rrrlLicltt:tltorcu,t.t.ltlrl'ooltlgalClotl'sWivcsirr.1'hcbosin(i54l].a',viz.S}tt:1tlnwt:1lcltu,n4 Nitokrc.'I'ho montion of Amcnardis II on thc so-c&ll(]d "Stcln of Acloption" (of Nitolirc) is thc ll,st'

.r,id.nce of this lfaharqa's <luughtc.r'known ns yct,. It is vory diflicrrlt to c<.rnclutlc fr'orn ilris cxisting tnaltrt'ial

rv5ot5c' s1c was cxpcllotl ol not. lt is not implobtr,blo llru,t, shc livorl antl hcltl lrt:r of{icc not in'I'hcbc's brrl

in Napata (cf. L. Christophe, BM XXXV, p1't. 147-148). tsLrt li. A. Carninos ('Ihc Nitoclis Acloptiorr

Stela, JEA b0, pp. Tl-101) tnaintains rlLito u <liflbrt'r-rt, oPiuiolr. llt, ttsstuttes tlttlt J)sartunt'til<.[ tli<l rtrrt rlis'

.1.rossos tho,.igt'rif.,t hcilcss Arnonu,r,tlis of hcr claim. Nitoklc ltcld the ofäcc of thc Clo<l's Voltrt't'ss till ltcr'

<lctr,th in lho ycar.4 of Apr.i<:s, i. c. iiil5 Il. C. Ilul it is rlor-rbtfttl $'ltcrt shc leally l;cgan Ieigning indepenrlcntly'

\\-e rna' prc;ume it, was immc,iiatclS, aftcr. 1,he tlcat,h of Slrepens'cpct II whic,h tlattr lrrls t'crn&irlccl rttrl<noNn

ils,vot. In an' case it n)ust lravc becn bcforc (i3fJ R. C. (r'car'26.f Psat.rlrctili's'cigrl) irs follori's florn tltt'

59

Also in this text there is an evident allusion to the associatior of the goddess Twöret rvithastronomy: she is called ftnt3!t, "Mistress of the Horjzon". Almost exactly the sarnc title for he.appcars in &nother text carved olt a feldspar st.,tue .l'this goddcss fro'r tiro Louv..(no' I! - 2lt479):i5' Qn this statue, just as on the cairo statue, there is hieroglyphic text calveclon the pedestal and on the dorsal pillar. At the begi''ing of the micldic colum, \r,e ''eaci

:,Ink'Ipt llry 't-ib 7lJ't ' - "r am rpet, the one who is in tlrc midäe of'thc holizo' . . .., (i. r). \\.lro 'osicleso. thc hot'izo')' va'dicr himself noticed the striking

""*r;;;;. betwee' both statues ol.the hippo-potamus goddess' But u"e c&rlnot, hou'ever, agrec fully ",ith hi, Iurther ipterpretation of thetext on the cairo t-?t":'vandier savs: "Lir, st&tuc agi+s d' cai'e rorls offr,e ''e textc rrssczirnalogue' 'roudris, d'aprös ce texte, e,st la souveraine de l'Ho'izclr, cellc <1ui protögc .voc solicouteau "l]{i' rrt our opinicln the passage "celle qui protöge ave. son couteiru,,does,ot exist i' th.text on the statue in question. As to tlie statue of Twöiet frorn the r,,uvre, it is rvorth notici.gthat thc matl who cledicatcri it, Djcrtdjchutiufr'rl<lr (lr<: livcd rrrrrkrr. t,h. r,.ig, <if tlrc I{irrg s6c-shonq rlr whosc dauglrtcr 'l'tr,pcshetenbastct is suPposcd t,o havc bccn DjccldjcSutiuf a'kh,s wifc; :r;iived in'Ihebes as well, and was a priest of Amenre" just like pabösi. Thus, once again, rvc havc

;*T[:dencc of thc significatrt tol. ot'the liippo/ota,rnus goddess cult in illhebes cluling ilio

As regards the text on the dorsal pillar of the statue of Tweret from the Cai.o lluseun, a further,question remains to be answered, viz. who dedicated this statue and why? As we knorv from thetext itself it was dedicated by the High Steward of the Cod,s Votaress Nitokre, pabösi, son ofPetubast' rn the text in question Pabösi asks the goddcss 'r'w€ret to protect Nitokre,s propertvbecause it was in his charge. Both the statue of rwöret and the naos werc cliscovered in the chapelbuilt by Taharqa in the reign of the God's Hand Shepenwepet rr (on the naos there is the name of)l,oY:,-{:ll?.ü:1 by the expression "may she live eterÄily,,, and rhe name of Shepenrvepcr"justified") rs. This fact' seems to suggest that both the statue and the niros were dedicated justrrfter the death of Shepenwepet fr, when Nitokre took over completely the office of the God.,sVotaress' We do not know the exact date of the death of Shepenwepet 1I but it must haye beelbefore 638 B. C.3e.

of the I)yn. XXVI has been published as yet. Nlorcover, such a work is im-

ltossible now as, ex<rept for a sholt preliminary report otr the excavatiott, utr

alchaeologic,:rl or epigraphical matelial from his tomb in Asasif (no 297) has

been publisllgd',0. il'herefbre u'e should like to confine ourselves, in the pre-sent state of affairs, to a list of already published tnonument's of Pabdsi t t.

'l'lris list is givcu irs nn itl)l)cntlix to this prt,pcr.

'l'lro litst, arr<l 1,lrtr sholt,cst insr:r'iPtion (0) is crrlvccl ott tlrc ul)l)ol sulfirce o1

tlrrr Iredesttrl, approximately betrveen the left leg and the back edge of t'he

pcrlestal (see Il.ig. l>).

'l't: -x t :

[]i:\i! ]ir#ff1:!3k;g.'ri'ä 3 r^^^ ricl

N-FH*il!-,."111-U"iflllrrr n sl i Ltr lit t i o rt :

[,'ig. 5

flsw, mrw, hmw (?) i'my-r i,myw'fttü n' dwst'n[r, l.t'nt' R',

!')-Hr-!,p,{, s; n i,my-r llmw-nlr n nl.rut T}-im''wt, P}-Bl

'l-'r' u, n s l a t i o rr :

l. ?r.triscrl sles iip4 Seloved oues, llraiso (?) the Ovelscer of Ohamberlains of the God's Votarcss,

Priest of ltö,9. 'fiakharkSgpe.slr, sop o{'thc Overseel of the priests ol'tlte Gods of [Jllper Bgypt, Pabösil

(-lo nr mentary :

.llhe vcry beginuing ol the first column is fairly difficult artd its interpletation is I'ar from being

certain. \\Ihe,n tlanslating rve accepted Prof. J. Öern1i's opinion that the sign I should probably

be co'rect*a to l. S' u,e may consider lrao and mrw as plural fo'ms of the perl'ective 'assive

participles ar.rdtrlother lisu, (written hmto) as an imperative. lllhen it ispossibleto,translate; never-

tlreless tlrc problenr of *'ho lis'u' and rmrw really are remains open' 'Iheoretically another inter-

Pr'ctir,tiotr sccllts t,o bc possible. The text could be transln'ted in its original form' without any

..r..d.t,iorr: "lrr.list,rl orrcs l,nd bclovccl ollcs, servtrltts of thc Ovcrseer of Chamberlairls ' ' '"' Tht'

selvants ol'Prrbösi's son'I'jtrha,rkhepesh u'ould, according to this translation, join the Pabösi's

ir,plleal to 'l'rvör'ct itr fir,vour of the God's Vot'aress Nitokre '

1.-)

t{r\L on thc sttrtrre of Aba (cf. I)alessy, ASAII v, pp.94-96) who_becarne her'lligh steward in the same

vcar..IJcsiclcsAbaantl.llabesit,hcrc*llclrvoltorep"t"ntt*whohcl<ltheofficooftheHighstcwar<l<luringtho rcign of Nitol<r.o: I't'rrliltot't't'strt:t' n,Ittl She"honti, son of Harsit\c (<rf' Christophc' ASAE LIV' pp' 8:t

bis100).ll.hcpt.tlctsosrrcctlssiorrtrft}reseHighStewarclsremainsstilltlrcmatterofcliscrrssion:Padihorresnet\!.as the last b.t .ne Hig5 stewar.tl of Nitokre (cf. christo,phe, Il^rtr'Ao LV, pp'65-83) and sheshonq'

son.f .H*rsi1:5s, thc l.st o.. (cf. oh.is1,.phe, ASAE Lrv; pp.86-100)' B.t' thc s'ccession of t'he f'rst

trvo Higir Stcu'a|tis is still rrtrt:t,t'tain. M. Lichtheim (JNIIS VII' p' 165) suggests t'he sequenco Aba -

?ab€si, Christophe (Iial'nak-norr.l, tLt, pp' 40-41), on Lhe conü'ary' likcs l'abc.si for the predecessor of Aba'

,1{) J)f. Iischor, }ras infolmerl rne that American Egypüologists are pleparing the publication concetnlng

lhis tomb' ""'r ''r - 'r TI Kces- " lyl.rtischeIt staat vom Nouen lieich bis

al On l)abcsi in genclal cf' c' g' H' Kees' I)as Priestertttm trn tl1

zrrr.Slriitzcit, Lei<lt,n-Köln 1958, 1>y.271-.212; M. Lichühcirn,'llhe-Hjgh stcwat'clAkhamenru' JNI's vrr'

u. 1(i5; L. ohrist,ophe, IJn monrrrnenL inedii clu Grand Major',lome .ä, Nitocris, Aba' ASAE LIII' p' 51'

ir. +, C. li. Str,nrlct'-Hanson' op' cit''' p' 39; etc'

M. Vcrner': Staür-rc of Twbrct 611 9691

From the very text we also learn about Pabcsi's son Tjaharkhepesh who was the Priest of

Rö'and,atthesametime,theoverseerofthechamberlainsl'20ftheGod'svotaressNitokre'Thisindication also completes our knowledge of Pabcsi's family: his father was Petubast" Beloved of

bhe Godal (cf. inscription B), and his mother was Tasentnethor (cf' funerary cone no' 181 from

the Cairo Museum) aa'

Appenilix I

List of Published Monumeuts of Pabösi

A. On the northern wall of the chapel of Osiris : t A N /,;' in the inner south-west coruer of

r-reenclosurewall of thetemple of Mont atKarnak, are depiJed four scellcsl(i' We ru'c intcrestccl

in the scene r1o. t: God,s Votaress, looking to the west, is iollowed by hei- High Stcward carrying

a flagellum. -B'rom the preserved remaindä of the inscription it is obvious that' the High stewn'rd

inquestionwasPab€si'Asamatteroffactthefirstlineofthetextcontainsoneofhistitles,,Overseer of the priests of the Gods of Upper Egypt" and t'he second line the name of his father

Petubast.

B.StatueofthegoddessTwöretfromtheCairoMuseum(no.39|45)/'1.

c. Limestone (sandstone?) naos (cairo Museum no' ?0027) discovered in tho chapel of osiris

W' I\ ng *: The naos enshrined the above mentioned statue of Twöret/'s' In the inscript'iotrs on

n H l" )o*; ".ross

the name and the titres of pabösi and rhose of Nitokre, shepcnrvepct II

rr,'d psammetik r. The name of shepenwepet is, however, followecr by the expressior"r "j.stified"'

which means that she was already dead'

D' Funerary cone (Cairo Museum t'o. "t)z's'

On its base t'here are four lines of a liieroglyphic

inscription containing the name and the titlls of PabÖsi and the name of his father Petubast and

"g $*;TJi"JJffi'#il;:""* no. 191)50. on its base there are four ]ines of a hieroglyphic

rscription containing the name and the titles of PabÖsi urrd ih" name of his fathe' Pctubast and

-rnl:ir"*il-':nJöfJillos:um-no.28r;i,r. on its base there are four liues of ., hicroglyphic

inscription co'tai'i'g the name an<t thc tities of pabösi o.r.t th. namc o1' his f.t'"r l)ctu'.'st *u.

,rt."r1iääT:1;- TJIJ;:HL, r, p. 107, 11)

'entions another fu'erarv co'e betr'riug trrc'.'rc

of pabösi (Mus6e du Louvre ,,o. rrsl. wl-aia ,rot, t o*"rr"r, succeed i. fincli'g .'y othcr ir.r-

"ä."ääJä'-T:"är#llti *'our, deposited t: 'n" l*.{ptia' Hall or the

'amilton Pal.'ce iu

scotlands2. oampbell,s translatron or thä inscriptions o'tirä.ur"ophagus is-rather obsolete today

but its new translation and' i,tt"rpr"tuti* u"ä connected wi'n 'ätt"Ät technical obstacles' As a

-r',

o*h" LiLle irny-r i'nt'yw'fuit"t cf' e' g' c' E' sander-Iransen' op' cit'' p' i)7'

at Mra'ntr,"f ' ;';' A' it'äi"o"'.at'"i""t Egypbian onomastica I' p' 50f '

1,/,Cf.G.rlaressy,Recueila""O"""-itte"#"''Mdmoires"'cle^iaMissionarchöologique{r'tr'nqir'Lsc, y]*r;;il;. rn" chaper of osiris,,Nep.ll-l'lllj^"i;: j.11:"ranr, Recherchcs srtt'rcs tnonttmetrts

1höbtrins at' It Xü" tiv'""-.,i" dito 6thiopienno' lo Cairo 1965' p' 94'

4t; (11. l'. Ohristophc ' Iiru'nal<-nord llI' p' 40'

z'7 See Lht; above rnenLioned toxt'

:::ltä*::'JH;lfi;"t;,1ä1tl;ä*1"0"u.1'*u,"o,""s " ' cle ra Mission arclröologiq.c r'a'nq'ise '

t. VIII, P' 289'ro ibidem.r't ibidem'

,tlihf,

tit.

on rt.,I. TI"ie tomb of Pab€si at Asasif (no. 279). Up to now therc is onl.y the preliminary Lansing's

lcpolt on tltc cxcrr,vatious a,vailaltle5:|.

Ii. Fragnient, of a black granite statue5a from Buhiairir. Qn the fragment there ate 15 columns

of the hieroglyphic text. Florn the text we learn that the offering is "for the KA of the HereditaryNoblc, Locirl Prince, Oversecr of Uppel llgypt, High Stew:lrd of the God's Votaress, Pabösi"'

Itrven if thc form of thc namc of Prr,b6si differs from the current one thc coirlcidence of the titlesis mor,c than striking. Nowhcrc in thc text, however) \{'e meet with any gcnealogical indicationwiiich could. hclp us to iclcntify definitcly "this" Pabösi. Sander-Hanselrs(i t&kes him (i. c. Pabesi

from this Buhia fragrncnt) for thc High Stcward of thc God's Votaress Maatkarö Mutemhet'

(Dyn. XXI). Further on hc rcmarks that Pabösi's titles cnn be found in ll,ec. Trav. XIII, p. 148;

i1 the passage quoted, however, u'e rneet with the name of Harsiöse, the High Steward of thcGod's Votaress Maatkarö Mutemhet.L. Christophe holds the view that this flagment is not that of Pabösi, the High Steward of the

God's Votaress Nitokre, while Legrain, on the othel hand, believes it is. We may make the final

decision only after tlie publication on the tomb of Pabesi at Asasif has been finished5i.

Äppentlix II

List of Titles of Pabösi

(Except the titles from his tomb)

I) tr l c s s y , Stat rres <le rlivinitös. (CGC, vol. XXVIII)Ji o e ri r, r', Nnos. (CCC, vol LXXV)Drllt'ssy,Iicctrt>il clc r:6ncs Iunörn,ilcs. (MMAlr, t. VIII)C arnpboII, il'hc Sa,rcophagtrs of Pabasn, in Harnilton Palacc, Scolltr,n<l

Christophe, Karnak-nord fIL (Fouilles de I'IFAO, t. XXIII)

im,y-r pr-wr (n) dwlt-ntri'8: f,284; If, 107, 108, 109; III,289,299; IV,9. 10, 1t. 13,11,15.

ittr,y-r ltmut-n{r n(yw)rt[rw (nyw) T3-Jm'wt3r: I,284;III,299;IV, 11, li];\'. 40.

:l (i. (-i trrrltlrt. ll,'l'lrr,srr,r't,o1rhu,grrs of l)illrustl in Hanrilton'llillilcc, Sr:ot'lanrl,.L)tlinbrLlgh 1910.:rr Lansing, Excavations in thc Asasif at'Ilhcbes, Part II of the tsulleLin of ühe Metropolit,an Mtrsetrm

of Art, Neu'York, July 1920, pp. 11-2a.5', Cf . Ilec. 'Iraw. XXIIf , p. 126..,5 L. Borchardt, Statrren und Statuetten von I(önigen und Privatleuüen, $ 922; cf. also ASAE VIII,

p.726.56 Cf.57 Cf.

bis 2fi8.

t it.lc folrns t,hc cxprcssir>n 7n' (n) rl,utit-ttlr which San<l<rr'-Hilnsctt (op. r:it'., 1t. 32) translatcs "rlic I)orniint'rlerr Clottesanbeterin" and A. l.lrman, \\radi Gazus, p. 18 "Vermögen des Gottesweibes". From the "Stelaof Acloplion" rve learn that this term <lesignated not only the actual dwelling place of the God's \/otaress]nrt also various rnovablcs anrl immovables scattered all over the Egypt. The man who v'as entrusted withthc arlmirristration of all this property held the title of imy-r pr-wr rt, dwit-ntr ("grar-rd pajordom, Ober'-

vermögensverwalter, High Stcrvard", etc.).,q ')

:u Signs {a and J have been confused since the New Kingdom onwards (cf. H. Gauthier, Dictionnairc"'v<Ygöographique, 1II, p. 138); that, is why it is difficult, to decido whether we deal with the natne riwt ot im'tot

III

ruIY\I:

a <>\ <+\ .R l"I j I : ta

. q0' ' '11q=-1 l)1**. lll*eI

tt

Ild. Sander-Hansen, op. cit., p.39.Christophe,I(arnal<-nord III, p. 1:)t and G. Legrain, Notes d'inspection ASAI'I VIII, pp.26{i

S. \\rcnig: llcliolt Ilt"t'ltt ttttl dtt ol'''1969j

q 0, ' ,111F; rltl imy+' hmw-nlr n(Ew) nlrw (ngu:) T3-im"wt mi' l9d' 's: I' 284; rrr' 289'

a\)l^** lll*ettr\ A imY-r Sm'wt: If' 107' 108;IV' 9'

-T? 0 *n öms-r Sm'ut mi' bd"i: r' 284;rrl' 28e' 2ee; rv' 10' 11' t3'

.-1Va*\l

= (i')r\y)-p't: r' 284;Ir' 109; rrl' 299; rv' 9' t0' 13' 15'

5\ o rh-ni'|u:t: IV, 9'

*e\ o F rh-niSwt m3' mr./: IV, 10' 15'I ^<Eve{-4) hJt'u:'J'284' IIr' 299; rv' 9' 10' 13' t5'

#I].*" hm-nt-r'Imn''R'"r' 284;rI' 107' 108' 109: rII' 289; rV' 9' tt' 13'

I )l'\ nnn" '

no-4 ^ .* a sm,r u'ty n m'nttt: I, 284; III' 109'

l' l-5\c a

ryq sQ3wt11'bitY:I'2841 IV' to'

STEFI'EN WENIG

Bertolt Brecht untl das alte Agypten

Wieergiebig,belehrendundanregendeineDarstellung.der.Begegnygl":"'|?s.mitdetnaitenAevpten sein kann' '"ig'

t"'* S' wto'""''lo t"i""* neuesten ;;;;' Er zeichnet darin den \Yeg

nJi, a"r, diese BegegJö- äa"" r.r"..i*ä"" a"i'." til h-rn "o it'o*ur Mann --' genommen hat'

r)aß bei solch einem';;.fo..""d"" Th"*;;;;l'i Ji ""a j"d"' ;;;;'l"r"ig' ""d

gar ausgeführt

sein kann, versteht .,;r;;;**r. I"h ;;f hi"' - g"*i""'-oÄ"" ,ls Ergä'zung 'cles

vorgeiegteu

Materiars -- auf tsreJts Beschäftig,rrrg -ir, ä"* .nJr Agupt",l'i-i"*J*r' ate übrigens - uud das

sei schon volwes q"."ä - 'richt ;n' :':jllil",i::J1'.ern alten Agvpl"'l "lf

(1:1" (lebict seincr

'' g"r,"i, Rrechl ist - was keineswegs '

Literatur begegner. u"a'a,,n *rn l-,ierbei ;;* ;;.;rior" ".rna .lriuri,iti'"r''" Aspekt .'ngesproche'

hat und zur übernai*",,' ."," w"rk "";;;i.ui", ,r, t-"i ."ir*"*"itu"rrrtu"riche'Haltung

ebenso

verstä'drich. B"i d;;;;zurärigen B"s;;;;;;:.i: lr,::lr**::i,Jö:il"TTl,f;ll:läJ":;

;äf xJ,t,.,TJ""*:i*6l";kffi l":"$J"::;:T;ffi;;ä;ffi t"DieLiterat'rrvirddurch.

"r.,.fti."ta"n" beschrieben hat' 3 :

Gtrrtze I'iteraturenIn erlesenen Ausdrückerr verf'aßt'

Werden a"t"fttl'"ftt werden nach Anzeichen'

l)nll citr' luch Aufrührcr gclcbt' habcu' wtr

Untcrdrückung war'

t).)

ATt ar,

;*,,u r i ;; 1,*1",' TilS f.li tT'ä6i*;l"i"::iö:;F :'- Bc r I n 1 e 6 8

r B. Brecht, n"I'a"'tLläiru'^'äi'-'nuo' o'1ii*lj;;;i's Beriin rs52' r12t'