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Universitätsklinik für Pneumologie Standorte Insel – Tiefenau “Verschnarchter” Schlaf Sebastian R. Ott Leitender Arzt, Ko-Leiter Schlafmedizin Universitätsklinik für Pneumologie

“Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

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Page 1: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Universitätsklinik für PneumologieStandorte Insel – Tiefenau

“Verschnarchter” Schlaf

Sebastian R. Ott Leitender Arzt, Ko-Leiter Schlafmedizin Universitätsklinik für Pneumologie

Page 2: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Das  Problem  der  Evolu0on...  

Page 3: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Obstruk0ves  Schlaf  Apnoe  /  Hypopnoe  Syndrom  (OSAHS)  

Zentrale  Schlaf  Apnoe    Cheyne-­‐Stokes-­‐Atmung  

Schlaf  Hypoven0la0on  

Schla&ezogene  Atmungsstörungen    

Page 4: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Pathophysiologie  der  Schlafapnoe    

Page 5: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Physiologische  Funk0onen:    Atmung,  Sprechen,  Schlucken:  

•   par0ell  kollap0scher  „Muskelschlauch“  •   par0ell  starre  offene  Röhre  

>20  Muskeln  sind  beteiligt  

Vulnerabel  für  Kollaps    •   Sprechen/Phona0on  benö0gt  einen  flexiblen          Pharynx  und  ein  bewegliches  Os  hyoideum    •   Komplexer  Zugang  zur  Trachea  

Der  Pharynx  –  der  Engpass?!    

Kehlkopf

Erschlaffen  der  Muskulatur  und  des  Weichteilgewebes  im  Hals  /  Rachenbereich.    è Schnarchen,  Hypopnoe  und  Apnoe                  Desatura0onen  und  Arousals.  

Was  passiert  beim  Schlafen?  

Page 6: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Atemflusseinschränkung  /  „Abflachen“  

Page 7: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Einfaches  Schnarchen  

Page 8: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Einschränkung  des  Atemfluss  im  Schlaf  

Page 9: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Apnoe (=Atemaussetzer)

Page 10: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Apnoe / OSA

Totalkollaps

Hypopnoe

Partieller Kollaps

Obstruktives Schnarchen

Habituelles Schnarchen

Normale Atmung

Page 11: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Gesicherte  Gründe  § Habitus  

§  Obesitas  §  Verteilung  des  Körperfe[  („zentrales“  oder  Stammfe[)  §  Halsumfang  

§   Gesichtsabnormalitäten  and  Veränderungen  deroberen  Atemwege          (z.B.  Makroglossie  (z.B.  bei  Down-­‐Syndrom)  

Vermutete  Gründe  § Gene0k  § Rauchen?  § Menopause  § Alkoholkonsum    § Behinderte  Nasenatmung              

 Young  T,  Skatrud  J,  Peppard  PE  ;  JAMA.  2004  Apr  28;291(16):2013-­‐6  

OSAS  -­‐  Risikofaktoren  

Page 12: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Prävalenz    -­‐  Volkskrankheit  

Betrij  4-­‐7%  der  Erwachsenen    Frauen  6.5-­‐9%    Männer  17-­‐31%    unterdiagnos0ziert    Beginn  ca.  30-­‐70  Lebensjahr      Zunahme  der  Häufigkeit  mit  höherem  Lebensalter  

Young T. NEJM 1993, Heinzer et. al. Lancet Resp. Feb 2015.

Page 13: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Obesity

Depression

40%

Diabetes

50%

CHF

50%

50%

Stroke

50%

Hypertension

35%

Wolk et al 2003 Javaheri et al 1999, Somers et al 2007

Einhorn ADA 2005

Sjostrom et al 2004 Sandberg et al 2008 Smith et al 2002, Schroder et al 2005

% D

isea

se C

o-m

orbi

dity

wit

h O

SA

= With OSA

Yaggi et al, NEJM 2005; Young et al, Sleep 2008; Teran-Santos, NEJM 1999, Linz et al Clin Res Cardiol 2015.

Komorbiditäten

Page 14: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Wie  erkenne  ich  „gefährdete“  Pa0enten?  

Page 15: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Beruf  

•  LKW-­‐Chauffeur  •  Piloten,  Lokführer  •  AKW-­‐Mitarbeiter  •  etc.  

Schlafuntersuchung  

•  Oximetrie  •  Polygraphie  •  Polysomnographie  

Schlafanamnese  

•  Symptome  •  Schnarchen  •  Schlafqualität  

Fragebögen  

•  ESS  •  Stop  Bang  •  Berlin  •  NoSAS  

Klinische  Untersuchung  

•  Obesitas  •  Craniofaciale  Veränderungen  

•  Komorbiditäten  

Wie  erkenne  ich  „gefährdete“  Pa0enten?  Bei  wem  sollte  ich  genauer  nachschauen?  

Page 16: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Common symptoms in OSA

Daytime symptoms   Nighttime symptoms  

Difficulties in concentrating   Snoring  

Sleepiness /Fatigue   Witnessed apneas (Bedpartner)  

Microsleep   Awakening with dyspnea  

Dry mouth   Nocturia  

Morning head ache   Fitfull sleep  

Changes in personality Sweating  

Mood changes/depression   Insomnia  

Pediatrics    

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder   Snoring  

Growth retardation   Nocturia  

Learning difficulties   Fitfull sleep  

Page 17: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Gender-­‐related  differences  in  sleep  apnea  symptoms  

Typical  complaints  by  men  •  Snoring    •  Witnessed  apneas  •  Day0me  sleepinesss  

Typical  complaints  by  women:    •  Insomnia  •  Restless  legs  •  Fa0gue/Sleepiness  •  Depression  •  Head  ache  

 

1 Valipour, A., et al., Gender-related differences in symptoms of patients with suspected breathing disorders in sleep: a clinical population study using the sleep disorders questionnaire. Sleep, 2007. 30(3): p. 312-9.

2 Lin, C.M., T.M. Davidson, and S. Ancoli-Israel, Gender differences in obstructive sleep apnea and treatment implications. Sleep Med Rev, 2008. 12(6): p. 481-96.

Why  are  women  underdiagnosed?    

They  use  different  terms  to  describe  their  problems  o  Snoring  is  «non  lady  like»    o  Sleepiness:  men  have  higher  values  on  ESS  and  other  scales  o  Doctors  do  not  think  about  it  (eg.  OSA  in  pregnancy)  

Page 18: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Clinical exam and medication – risk factors

Nasal congestion, polyps, deviation of the nasal septum  

Mouthbreathing  

Craniofacial changes  

-  Retrognathia of ≥5 mm in the supine position  

-  Hypertrophia of the tonsils  

-  Cleft lip and palate (also after it has been corrected)  

Obesity

Neck circumference of > 40 cm in women and > 42.5 cm in men

Higher age

Sleeping in the dorsal position (eg due to hip, back or shoulderproblems)

Use of benzodiazepins/opiods

Alcohol consumption before bedtime

Page 19: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Schlafapnoe – Fragebögen

Page 20: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Elbow sign - for a selected group of patients

1. Does your bed partner ever poke or elbow you because you are snoring? 2. Does your bed partner ever poke or elbow you because you have stopped breathing?

Men, BMI > 31 kg/m2: •  Positive predictive value: 90% •  Specificity for OSA: 96.6%

Chest. 2014 Mar 1;145(3):518-24. The utility of the elbow sign in the diagnosis of OSA. Fenton et al.

Page 21: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Epworth sleepiness scale

Value of > 10 points indicates sleepiness Not specific for sleep apnea

By Murray Johns

Page 22: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

STOP BANG

Often used in anesthesia For AHI > 30/h Sensitivity 100% (91-100) Specificity 37% (28.9-45.6) Low positive predictive value 31 % (23-40) High negative predictive value 100% (93-100) You do not miss patients at risk for severe OSA

Anesthesiology 2008. Chung et al.

Page 23: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Berlin questionnaire

OSA High risk: ≥ 2 categories positive OSA Low risk: ≤ 1 category positive

Developed for primary care Takes some time

Page 24: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

NoSAS Score Lausanne

Neck circumference >40cm 4 points Obesity BMI 25-30 3 points Obesity BMI >30 5 points Snoring 2 points Age >55 years 4 points Sex male 2 points

Marti-Soler H., Haba-Rubio J., Heinzer R. Lancet Resp Med. 2016

Score positive if >7 points High negative predictive value 0.9

Page 25: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Respiratory diagnostic sleep studies

CATEGORIES Polysomnographies Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited channel devices (usually respiratory polygraphy with

3-4 channels) Type 4 1-2 channels (usually pulsoximetry or single devices) Type X New other electronic devices

Varna 2016 - Sleep apnea screening

Screening studies

Diagnostic studies

Page 26: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Nächtliche Pulsoxymetrie - reicht das zum Screening?

Oxymetrie verpasst >1/3 der OSAHS Douglas NJ, Lancet 1992;339:347

Page 27: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Wie  kann  die  Diagnose  gestellt  werden?    Screening-­‐Untersuchung  (z.B.  Apnealink  ®)  

In  der  Regel  beim  Hausarzt  

+

Page 28: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Apnea Link – best resultes with RDI > 15/h

Varna 2016 - Sleep apnea screening

Page 29: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Type 1 or 2 - Polysomnography

Varna 2016 - Sleep apnea screening

PSG remains the diagnostic gold standard Quality of evidence Sensitivity % Specificity %

Clincal prediction model

Low 36-97 18-89

Single-channel devices

Moderate 27-100 67-100

Home resp. polygraphy

Moderate 83-97 48-100

Home PSG Moderate 88-94 36-77

In Lab PSG High 99-100% 99-100%

Page 30: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Wer sollte jetzt untersucht werden?

Jeder der Schnarcht?

NEIN, Gewohnheitsschnarchen ist nicht gefährlich... ...kann aber störend sein (für den Bettpartner)

ABER, wenn weitere Symptome / Beschwerden hinzukommen (vor allem beobachtete Aussetzer, Tagesschläfrigkeit)

UND/ODER wenn zusätzlich Herz-Keislauferkrankungen, wie

Bluthochdruck oder eingeengte Herzkranzgefässe (St.n. Herzinfarkt?), St.n. Schlaganfall oder Zuckerkrankheit bekannt sind.

Dann sollte an eine Schlafapnoe gedacht werden!!

Page 31: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

Diagnostic algorithm

Varna 2016 - Sleep apnea screening

Probability of moderate to severe OSA

High Low

Suitable for Type 3/4 Not suitable for Type 3/4

Type 1 or 2

OSA confirmed

OSA not confirmed

OSA confirmed or refuted

Suitable for Type 2 Not suitable for Type 2

Satisfactory Not satisfactory (technical)

Type 1

Adapted from AASM Australia 2014

Clinical exam History Questionnaires

Page 32: “Verschnarchter” Schlaf · Type 1 Full attended PSG (> 6 channels in laboratory settings) Type 2 Full unattended PSG (> 6 channels) Limited channel sleep studies Type 3 Limited

„Laugh and the world laughs with you, snore and you sleep alone.“

Anthony Burgess (1917 - 1993), British Writer

[email protected]