TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////200320032003200320032
33333
s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba
politkoreqtuloba dapolitkoreqtuloba dapolitkoreqtuloba dapolitkoreqtuloba dapolitkoreqtuloba da
Semoqmedis (rogorcSemoqmedis (rogorcSemoqmedis (rogorcSemoqmedis (rogorcSemoqmedis (rogorc
adamianis) uflebebiadamianis) uflebebiadamianis) uflebebiadamianis) uflebebiadamianis) uflebebi
samoqalaqosamoqalaqosamoqalaqosamoqalaqosamoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba dadaumorCilebloba dadaumorCilebloba dadaumorCilebloba dadaumorCilebloba da
araZaladobrivi aqciebiaraZaladobrivi aqciebiaraZaladobrivi aqciebiaraZaladobrivi aqciebiaraZaladobrivi aqciebi
evTanazia - mowyalebaevTanazia - mowyalebaevTanazia - mowyalebaevTanazia - mowyalebaevTanazia - mowyaleba
Tu mkvlelobaTu mkvlelobaTu mkvlelobaTu mkvlelobaTu mkvleloba
giorgi gvaxariagiorgi gvaxariagiorgi gvaxariagiorgi gvaxariagiorgi gvaxaria
N7(19), ivlisi, 2003N7(19), ivlisi, 2003N7(19), ivlisi, 2003N7(19), ivlisi, 2003N7(19), ivlisi, 2003
88888
3030303030
3939393939sasjeli da sinanulisasjeli da sinanulisasjeli da sinanulisasjeli da sinanulisasjeli da sinanuli
444446presa presis qveSpresa presis qveSpresa presis qveSpresa presis qveSpresa presis qveS
fridon sayvareliZefridon sayvareliZefridon sayvareliZefridon sayvareliZefridon sayvareliZe
nugzar papuaSvilinugzar papuaSvilinugzar papuaSvilinugzar papuaSvilinugzar papuaSvili
sityva Tqmuli quTaisissityva Tqmuli quTaisissityva Tqmuli quTaisissityva Tqmuli quTaisissityva Tqmuli quTaisis
sapyrobileSi eklesiissapyrobileSi eklesiissapyrobileSi eklesiissapyrobileSi eklesiissapyrobileSi eklesiis
kurTxevasa zedakurTxevasa zedakurTxevasa zedakurTxevasa zedakurTxevasa zeda
1871 welsa ianvris 3-sa1871 welsa ianvris 3-sa1871 welsa ianvris 3-sa1871 welsa ianvris 3-sa1871 welsa ianvris 3-sa 4343434343
gabriel episkoposigabriel episkoposigabriel episkoposigabriel episkoposigabriel episkoposi
4747474747Tu `baTumelebi~Tu `baTumelebi~Tu `baTumelebi~Tu `baTumelebi~Tu `baTumelebi~
gqvia saxeladgqvia saxeladgqvia saxeladgqvia saxeladgqvia saxelad
4949494949`qaTamaZe saqarTvelos`qaTamaZe saqarTvelos`qaTamaZe saqarTvelos`qaTamaZe saqarTvelos`qaTamaZe saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg~winaaRmdeg~winaaRmdeg~winaaRmdeg~winaaRmdeg~
3TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
giorgi
gvaxaria
politkoreqtuloba
(rogorc adamianis)
1988 wlis dasawyisSi, Tbilissa da erevanSi sergo
farajanovis ukanaskneli filmis, `aSuR yaribis~
premiera gaimarTa. Tbilisis kinos saxlSi gamosvlisas
farajanovma, am namdvilma `saiaTnovam kinoSi~,
romelsac `kavkasiuri kulturebis Semrigebelsac~
uwodebdnen, ganacxada: Tbilisuri kultura somxebma
Seqmnes, qarTvelebma mxolod miiTviseT yvelaferio...
ori kviris Semdeg farajanovi erevanSi Cavida, `aSuR
yaribis~ pirveli Cvenebis win scenaze avida da brZana:
somxebi uniWo xalxi xarT, kavkasiaSi WeSmarit
kulturas mxolod qarTvelebi qmniano.
orive saRamos, ZiriTadad, farajanovis Semoqmedebis
Tayvanismcemlebi eswrebodnen. amitom Tbilissa da
erevanSi darbazma karga magrad moilxina didi
reJisoris am morig oinbazobaze. yvelam icoda, rom
`aSuR yaribis~ avtors uyvarda publikumis
provocireba, gaRizianeba, misi farisevlobis
`gaSiSvleba~. kinematografiuli sazogadoeba
`ar avarda~ Tbiliseli somexis qilikze. Tumca, Zneli
warmosadgeni araa, rogori iqneboda xalxis reaqcia,
farajanovs es sityvebi TbilisSi, an erevanSi
romelime xalxmraval mitingze rom eTqva.
daSemoqmedis
uflebebi
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////200320032003200320034
sxvaTa Soris, `aSuR yaribis~ gadaReba
sul ramdenime TviT rom
gaWianurebuliyo, somxeTsa da
azerbaijanSi sergo farajanovi xalxis
risxvas ver gadaurCeboda. `aSuR yaribis~
ramdenime scena xom baqoSia gadaRebuli,
yarabaxis konfliqtis dawyebamde
ramdenime TviT adre, moxetiale aSuRisa
da mdidari feodalis uiRblo
siyvarulis ambavi, Turqulenovan xalxTa
folkloria, romlis ekranizacias omis
pacifistebis xalxmraval demonstra-
ciebs evropaSi. frangi kinematografis-
tebis absoluturi umravlesoba omis
winaaRmdegi iyo. `Satles~ TeatrSi
`sezarebiT~ dajildoveba daemsgavsa
jorj buSis politikis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul aqcias, romelSic frangebma
holivudis sagangebod mowveuli
varskvlavebic CarTes _ magaliTad,
meril stripi. man bevri ilaparaka omis
saSinelebaze, `mSvidobi-ani dialogis”
`xulignoba~
Semoqmedis stiqiaa.
igi hgavs Carlis
mawanwalas,
romelsac yovelTvis
ori mteri hyavs _
policieli
da umravlesoba.
dawyebis Semdeg somxeTis mosaxleoba
uTuod gaaprotestebda, azerbaijanSi ki
veRar gamarTavdnen somexi reJisoris
filmis premieras.
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom did reJisors
gulma ugrZno, rom am regionSi sazareli
omi mzaddeboda. amitom misi gamosvlebi
TbilisSi, baqosa da erevanSi, iyo ara
oinbazoba, aramed ukanaskneli cda,
SeeCerebina sisxlisRvra kavkasiaSi... es
iyo `mesiji~, romelsac igi SemoqmedebiT
sazogadoebas ugzavnida, TiTqos sTxovda:
gaaCereT es brbo, gaaCereT
umravlesoba, Tqven mainc nu
SegeSindebaT arapopularuli
lozungebis.
`aSuR yaribis~ kavkasiuri premierebi am
zamTars gamaxsenda, roca parizSi
franguli kinoakademiis premiebis,
`sezarebis~ gadacema moewyo. `sezaris
saRamo~ daemTxva eraySi dawyebul oms da
aucileblobaze da Sesabamisad, frangebis
aRfrTovaneba da ovaciebi daimsaxura.
ramdenime kviris Semdeg, roca eraySi omi
daiwyo, imave meril strips los-anJelesSi,
`oskariT~ dajildovebis ceremonialze
mouxda gamosvla. bunebrivia, yvela
eloda, rom amerikeli varskvlavi aqac
Seutevda omis momxreebs... magram ara.
meril stripi ostaturad `Caewera~
ceremonialis organizatorTa mier
mogonil formatSi. omis winaaRmdeg erTi
sityvac ar dacdenia.
es ori magaliTi garkveulwilad
adasturebs, rom `yofiereba yovelTvis
ar qmnis cnobierebas~ da rom Tavisufali
xelovanisTvis ar unda hqondes
mniSvneloba, Tu sad, romel garemoSi, an,
Tu gnebavT, romel sistemaSi uxdeba mas
moRvaweoba. xelovani, Tuki mas
Tavisuflebaze aqvs pretenzia,
umravlesobis diqtats ar unda
damorCildes. piriqiT, umravlesobasTan
~
`
5TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
konfliqti garkveuli TvalsazrisiT
`siamovnebasac~ unda aniWebdes da
rogorc pazolini ityoda,
sistematiurad,
yoveldRe unda
dgamdes Tavis sikvdils,
sakuTar jvarcmas.
es ki imas niSnavs, rom `xulignoba~
Semoqmedis stiqiaa. igi hgavs Carlis
mawanwalas, romelsac yovelTvis ori
mteri hyavs _ policili da umravlesoba.
kanoni, rogorc wesi, umravlesobis
xelSia. amitom sityva `kanonmorCili~
didi SemoqmedisTvis yvelgan da
yovelTvis nonsensia, fiziologiurad
autanelia. es ukve tradiciaa, romelic
xelovans uqmnis `giJis~, `paTologis~,
`damnaSavis~, `maniakis~ imijs... romelmac
araerTi didi mwerali, mxatvari
gamoamwyvdia cixeSi da suliT
avadmyofTa dawesebulebebSi, romelmac
Seqmna ufskruli Semoqmedsa da
sazogadoebas Soris.
niSnavs Tu ara es, rom didi
xelovanisTvis miuRebelia samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis faseulobebi?
rusi kinematografistebi ganuwyvetliv
qilikoben berlinis saerTaSoriso
kinofestivalze, romelic Tavis
memarcxene orientacias arasdros
malavda. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi sakmaod
gavrcelebulia azri, rom Tu
kinoreJisori gadaiRebs films
holokostze, erovnuli da religiuri
umciresobebis Cagvraze, seqsualur
diskriminaciaze, misi suraTi
aucileblad moxvdeba `berlinales~
konkursSi maSinac ki, Tu films
araviTari mxatvruli Rirebuleba ara
aqvs. rusma politikosebma bevri
imxiarules arizonas Statis
gubernatoris TanaSemwis, joana raitis
cnobil werilze, romelSic es qalbatoni
kategoriulad sTxovda xelisuflebas,
aekrZalaT saskolo programebSi jon
tolkienis nawarmoebebis CarTva. raiti
miiCnevs, rom tolkienis wignebSi
SeimCneva `nacionaluri, rasobrivi,
seqsualuri da religiuri
arasrulfasovnebis propaganda...
mis dadebiT personaJebs evropuli
garegnoba aqvT, uaryofiT gmirebs ki _
monRoloiduri da afro-amerikuli...~,
rom `qalebs mxolod aTi procenti
eTmobaT tolkienis nawarmoebebSi~.
cxadia, joana raitis `kalkulacia~
marTlac rom Rimilis momgvrelia, iseve
rogorc Rimilismomgvrelia, magaliTad,
`tolerantobis testi~, romelsac
amsterdamSi, ana frankis muzeumSi
utareben damTvalierebels.
sazogadoebis `gamosworeba~ aRzrdiT
(romelic jer kidev platonma daiwyo),
mosaxleobis zombirebis es ZvelTaZveli
forma, romelic ase Zalian uyvarT
dasavlel memarcxeneebs, politkoreqtu-
loba – isev da isev doqtrinaa, romelic
aiZulebs cocxal arsebas, jer kidev
skolaSi daizepiros ukve Camoyalibebu-
li sqemebi da axali stereotipebiT
SeizRudos azrovnebis sivrce.
politkoreqtuloba – pirovnuli,
individualuri Tvisebebis dakargviT
emuqreba adamians, faqtobrivad
avtoritaruli azrovnebis axali formaa,
radgan akviatebuli azri, raoden
sazizRaric, raoden miuRebelic ar unda
iyos, yovelTvis moicavs pirovnuls.
adamiani, rogori sazizRaric ar unda
iyos igi CemTvis, cocxali arsebaa.
amitom yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom
masac SeiZleba hqondes safuZveli,
aRmiqvas me `sazizRrobad~. sqemebiTa da
doqtrinebiT akviatebuli azris
daTrgunva ki arafers mogvcems agresiis
da, rac mTavaria, `humanuri sqemebis~
diskreditaciis garda.
erTxelac imave berlinis festivalze,
sadac xSirad, seqsualuri umciresobebis
Temaze gadaRebul usaSvelod primitiul
films didi zar-zeimiT uCveneben da
asaReben rogorc `movlenas~, kinodar-
bazSi viRac wamoxteba da ityvis: `ratom
gviburRavT tvins, ra gagviWireT saqme
Tqveni pederastebiT?”
~
`
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////200320032003200320036
da es `viRac~ marTali iqneba; radgan
primitiuli, mxatvrulad ususuri filmi
Tu wigni yovelTvis tovebs `propagandis~
STabeWdilebas; radgan Semoqmedi
arasdros araa iq, sadac umravlesobaa.
jerjerobiT am `viRacis~ rols
`berlinaleze~ da ara marto berlinis
kinoforumze, presaSi, nair-nair
internet-saitebze, specialur kvleviT
institutebSi, rusi kulturologebi,
politikosebi, sociologebi asruleben.
bolo dros ruseTSi dasavlur
faseulobebTan brZolisTvis axali
taqtika airCies _ dasavlur liberalizms
Tavad liberalizmis poziciidan uteven.
Tu demokratia `saukeTeso wyoba~ ar
aris, ratom ar SeiZleba, SevutioT mas da
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba _ farisevlobaSi,
siyalbeSi, aragulwrfelobaSi vamxiloT?
rusebs mxari aubes qarTvelma
qsenofobebmac, romlebic adamianis
uflebebisTvis brZolas kulturul Tu
religiur TviTmyofadobaze agresiad
naTlaven. maTi umravlesoba fariTa da
maxviliT icavs kulturul Tu religiur
mravalferovnebas am planetaze, sZuls
globalizacia, duJmoreuli laparakobs
masonur SeTqmulebebze, magram imis
gagonebac ki ar unda, rom kulturuli
Tu religiuri mravalferovneba SeiZleba
arsebobdes (da unda arsebobdes) erTi
kulturis, an erTi qveynis `SigniTac~,
rom samoqalaqo sazogadoebam Tavad
unda Seuwyos xeli azris, poziciis
mravalferovnebas, rom igive joana
raitis werili amerikis sazogadoebas
diskusiis, da e.i ganviTarebis sababs
aZlevs... da rom tolkienis wignebs iq
aravin wvavs.
ra Tqma unda, Rimilis momgvrelia, roca
rusi politikosi, romelic CeCneTSi,
mTeli xalxis genocids uWers mxars,
amerikis administracias militarizmSi
amxels erayis omis dawyebis pirvelive
dReebSi. ra Tqma unda, is xalxi, vinc
zamTarSi, mravalaTasian pacifistur
demonstraciebSi monawileobda parizsa
Tu berlinSi, ar aris is xalxi, romelmac
moskovSi, SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos
win antisaomari mitingi gamarTa sabWoTa
kavSiris droSebiTa da stalinis
portretebiT xelSi.
sergo farajanovisnamuSevari`romuli da remi~.fragmenti
7TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
saqarTvelosa da ruseTSi, sadac
sazogadoeba qsenofoburi
doqtrinebisgan ver gaTavisuflebula,
sadac is xalxi, vinc adamianis
uflebebisTvis ibrZvis, jer kidev
umciresobaSia, `politkoreqtuloba~
ar aris `dasavluri
politkoreqtulobis~ identuri.
amitom joana raiti, romelmac
mxatvruli nawarmoebis `kalkulacias~
mimarTa, mere ki misi akrZalva moiTxova
da qarTveli qsenofobebi, romlebic
wignebis (maT Soris, ukve `hari poteris~)
dawvisken mogviwodeben, erTnairad
iqcevian, magram sazogadoebisTvis maT
qcevas ara aqvs erTnairi mniSvneloba.
adamianis uflebaTa damcvelebi yofil
komunistur sivrceSi garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT unda hgavdnen im
adamianebs, romlebic dasavleTSi
adamianis uflebebis `doqtrinad~
gadaqcevas ewinaaRmdegebian... radgan
adamianis uflebebis damcveli _
adamianis, rogorc Semoqmedis uflebis
damcvelia, igi sazogadoebis
ganviTare-bisTvis, maT Soris kanonis
ganviTarebisa da daxvewisTvis iRwvis.
igi ufro Carlis mawanwalaa,
vidre policieli... igi ar uyvars
umravlesobas, amitom igi ar SeiZleba
iyos `eris sindisi~, e.i. is,
rac SemoqmedebiT inteligencias
daarqves CvenSi.
qarTulma inteligenciam
cnobil Sexvedraze parlamentis
TavmjdomaresTan, nino burjanaZesTan,
siamovnebiT `SeiTvisa~ es termini,
Semdeg ki, Cveni Semoqmedebis
umravlesobam arc mwvadi dawva da
arc Samfuri, verc prezidenti
moixsenia augad da verc parlamentis
Tavmjdomare. sainteresoa, ra
moxdeboda am Sexvedraze, mas sergo
farajanovi, an dasavluri kulturis
romelime saxelganTqmuli `xuligani~
rom daswreboda?
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////200320032003200320038
samoqalaqodaumorCilebloba
daaraZaladobrivi
aqciebi
winaaRmdegoba Zaladobis
gareSe... emyareba rwmenas,
rom samyaro
samarTlianobis mxaresaa.
aqedan gamomdinare,
araZaladobrivi meTodebis
momxreebs momavlis Rrma
rwmena aqvT.
es rwmena kidev erTi
safuZvelia imisa, rom
aramoZalade
mowinaaRmdegem aitanos
tkivili da tanjva
SurisZiebis survilis
gareSe, radganac icis,
rom samarTlianobisaTvis
brZolaSi mas kosmiuri
Zalebi uWeren mxars.
martin luTer kingi
am statiaSi mahaTma gandis, martin
luTer kingis, henri torosa da
sxvaTa gamocdilebas gagiziarebT
da istoriuli magaliTebis
moSveliebiT SevecdebiT, avxsnaT
araZaladobrivi aqciebis arsi.
visaubrebT moqmedebis iseT
formaze, romlis meSveobiTac
SesaZloa, opozicia Sinaganad
gardaiqmnas, Tuki Tqven Tavadve
SeicvlebiT. Tqven unda moaxdinoT
zewola opoziciaze sakuTar Tavze
zewolis meSveobiT.
qvemoTmoyvanili citatebis
gacnobisas, vfiqrob, gagaocebT
yvela is problema, romelTac
zemoTxsenebuli liderebi TavianTi
ideebis adamianebamde mitanis
procesSi awydebodnen. gagakvirvebT
isic, Tu ramdenad exmaureba maTi
ideebi da midgomebi dRevandelobas!~
`
istoria
9TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
konferenciaze, romelic araZaladobrivi
aqciebis mokle prezentacias mieZRvna da
sadac gandisa da ieso qristes magaliTebi
moiyvanes, erT-erTma oratorma
aucileblad CaTvala, eTqva: `gijobT,
moeSvaT iesosaviT qadagebas da ufro
adamianurad dagvelaparakoT!~. am
sityvebze dafiqreba uTuod Rirs.
bibliis axleburi xedva
Tu Tqven `rwmenaSi daeWvebuli~
qristiani xarT, gamonaxeT dro imisaTvis,
raTa xelaxla aRmoaCinoT Tqveni rwmenis
Zala. sxvas Tu arafers moimoqmedebT,
scadeT, waikiTxoT iobis wigni. ueWvelia,
yvelas SeaZrwunebs is tanjva, romelic
man gamoiara da gauCndeba
sasowarkveTili SekiTxva: `ratom?~
`araZaladoba,
rogorc meTodi,
mCagvrelis guls
umalve ar Secvlis.
Tavdapirvelad is
Tavad ideis erTgulTa
gulebsa da sulze
axdes gavlenas.
is sakuTari Tavisadmi
pativiscemiT
ganawyobs maT,
mobilizacias ukeTebs
adamianebis im Zlier
da mamac resursebs,
romelTa arsebobis
Sesaxeb maT SesaZloa,
arc ki icodnen.
da bolos, igi aRwevs
oponentamde da ise
aRviZebs mis sindiss,
rom Tanxmoba realuri
xdeba~.martin luTer kingi
ieso nazareveli
wminda francisk asizeli
henri devid toro
mahaTma gandi
doqtori martin luTer kingi
konstanca litoni qalTa uflebebisaTvismoZraobis aqtivisti
siuzan b. entoni da elizabet qeidi stentoni
araZaladobrivi aqciebi _
filosofia
btcjyfpfhtdtkb
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200310
CaxedeT biblias (an sxva romelime
religiur literaturas). es aris
istoria, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen
sxvadasxva xalxebi TavianT RmerTs
kacobriobasTan mimarTebaSi. yvela
TaobisaTvis mniSvnelovania es
gakveTilebi: ganmeorebadi Temebi,
romlebic Semoqmedis Zaxilia, krebuli
monaTxrobebisa, Tu rogor reagirebdnen
adamianebi am Zaxilze...
davubrundeT rwmenis moTxovnilebis
sakiTxs. ifiqreT Zveli bibliuri
moTxrobebis Sesaxeb: patara daviTze,
romelic Zlieri goliaTis gasanadgu-
reblad miemarTeba; dabrmavebul
samsonze; ebrael xalxze, romelic
iZulebulia 40 weli udabnoSi ixetialos
imis gamo, rom ar irwmuna, RmerTis mier
aRTqmul miwaze cxovrebas Tu SeZlebda...
SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani ideebi
wminda werilSia, sadac naTqvamia: vidre
uflis nebis Zalas davinaxavdeT, jer
Tavad am Zalis Sesabamisad unda vimoq-
medoT. vidre mTeli israelis mama
gaxdeboda, abraami mzad unda yofiliyo
Tavisi mxolodSobili Ze Seewira
msxverplad.
cxovreba rwmeniT, siyvaruliTa
da msxverplSewirviT
gaixseneT iesos yvelaze Zlieri sityvebi,
romliTac cnobili locva `mamao Cveno~
iwyeba. es sityvaa `abba~ (ebraulad _ mama,
rogorc bavSvebi eZaxian sakuTar mamebs).
am sityvebiT israelis yovlisSemZle
RmerTi mosiyvarule mSoblad iqca
(amaze ufro adamianurad rogorRa unda
miemarTa misTvis iesos!).
SegviZlia ki, SevcvaloT qveyanaSi
arsebuli saojaxo samarTlis saocrad
korumpirebuli da fesvgadgmuli
sistema? naklebad savaraudoa. magram
Cven ubralod unda gvaxsovdes, rom
mamas, RmerTs, marTlac SeuZlia,
dagvexmaros da gagvamarjvebinos. Cven
mxolod pirveli nabijebi unda
iyo Tu ara is
RmerTis
erTaderTi Ze?
aRsdga ki igi
mkvdreTiT?
es piradi rwmenis
sakiTxebia. magram iyo ki igi
realuri pirovneba? ueWvelia,
iyo. gasaocaria, ramdeni
adamiani fiqrobs, rom ieso
nazareveli mxolod miTia.
is realuri istoriuli
pirovnebaa, romelic
moxseniebulia ara mxolod
imdroindeli ebraeli
istorikosebis, aramed
romaelebis naSromebSic.
es naSromebi ar moicavs bevr
cnobebs nazarevelis Sesaxeb
garda imisa, rom is iyo
religiuri lideri, romelic
jvars acves. realobas
Seesabameba misi
gamonaTqvamebi `kontr-
kulturis~ Sesaxebac. kargiT,
erTi wuTiT davuSvaT, rom is
mxolod xorcieli arsebaa..
magram gana misi cxovreba da
ideebi mxolod adamianur
ganzomilebaSi gamoixateba?
30 wlis asakSi is uars ambobs
Cveulebriv cxovrebaze da
gadis xalxSi, raTa
daarwmunos isini, rom:
`RmerTs vuyvarvarT,
rogorc Tavisi Svilebi,
Cven erTmaneTi da-
ZmaniviT unda gviyvardes.”
aseTia Zala kacisa, romelsac
marTla swams.
11TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
gadavdgaT, adgilidan daviZraT da
virwmunoT, rom is gvixsnis.
ieso mzad iyo, yvelaferi ukan
moetovebina, radganac mas marTlac
swamda. es cxadi xdeboda masTan
urTierTobisas an misi namoqmedaris
xilvisas. zogs afrTxobs erTi ram _
nazarevels unda scodnoda, rom
`xelisufleba~ apirebda mosvlas da mis
ganadgurebas. mas xom SeeZlo,
gaqceuliyo da kidev ebrZola...
magram qriste ewama, gaborotebisa da
SurisZiebis gareSe. ratom aris ukvdavi
is 2000 wlis Semdegac. `is cxovrobda
imave principebiT, romelTac qadagebda.”
yuri ugdeT mTaze warmoTqmul qadagebas,
romelic, albaT, adrec gsmeniaT:
Tu vinmem marjvena loyaSi
gagawnas, meore loyac miuSvire;
vinc moisurvebs Sens gankiTxvas
da Seni mosasxamis waRebas,
samoselic Tan gaatane mas;
vinc erT milze wayola
gaiZulos, orze gahyevi.
maTes saxareba 5:39-41
ras gvaswavlis ieso: rogor unda
vimoqmedoT, roca saqme
usamarTlobasTan gvaqvs?
bevri adamiani qristes ideebs ubralod
`morCilebisaken~ mowodebad aRiqvams,
Tumca, es sulac ar aris ase. mTavaria
ara imdenad miteveba, aramed moqmedeba.
Cven unda davupirispirdeT Cvens
mowinaaRmdegeebs. magram mogviwodebs ki
ieso, umowyalod moviTxovdeT dasjas?
cxadia, ara.
`...da Tu vinme Tqveni Svilis wayvanas
ganizraxavs, maSin...~ ra?
iqneb pasuxi aseTia: `maSin sakuTari
Tavisuflebac SesTavazeT maT.~
es daexmareba Tqvens `mCagvrels~,
dainaxos sakuTari Secdoma. is
iZulebuli gaxdeba, sakuTar Tavs
hkiTxos, `ratom moiqca es adamiani
amgvarad?~. SesaZloa, Tqvenma
mowinaaRmdegem umalve ara, magram mainc
gaanalizos rogorc sakuTari qmedeba,
aseve Cveni reaqcia. `mCagvrelisadmi~
siyvarulisa da Tanadgomis gamovleniT,
Cven met tanjvas viRebT sakuTar Tavze.
giyvardeT Tqveni mtrebi,
daloceT Tqveni mawyevrebi,
raTa iyveT Tqveni zeciuri mamis
Zeni, visac Tavisi mze amohyavs
borotTa da keTilTa Tavze da
wvimas ugzavnis marTlebsa da
usamarTloebs.
maTes saxareba, 5:44,45
~
`
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cven davaSaveT _ da
SesaZloa, loyaSi gartymac davimsaxureT
_ Cven ubralod maT Sansi miveciT, kidev
erTxel gagvartyan da ziani aravis
miadges, Cvens garda.
sxva meTodebi
reformebis gasatareblad didi samuSaos
gaweva mogvixdeba. zogierTi
TqvenganisTvis misaRebia iseTi
tradiciuli meTodebi, rogoricaa
lobireba da mSvidi aqciebi, muSaoba
sistemis SigniT, sasamarTlosa da
sazogadoebaSi. yvelaferi es kargia.
magram Cven vimedovnebT, rom Tqven
saTanadod daafasebT im pozitiursac,
rasac nebismier samoqalaqo moZraobas
araZaladobrivi aqciebi SesZens.
Tqven udaod karg kampaniaSi
igrZnobT Tavs!
bevri adamiani qristes
ideebs ubralod
`morCilebisaken~
mowodebad aRiqvams,
Tumca, es sulac ar aris
ase. mTavaria ara
imdenad miteveba,
aramed moqmedeba.
~
`
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200312
Tanamedrove adamianebis umetesobisTvis
wmnida franciskis saxeli `cxovelTa
moyvarulTan~ asocirdeba (mas
yovelTvis mxarze mjdomi CitiT
gamosaxaven). is, rac toros Sesaxeb iTqva,
kidev ufro metad Seefereba wminda
francisks –
Rirseuli adamianis nimuSi,
tradiciebis mqone pirovneba,
romelsac aqvs unari,
gamoafxizlos mTvlemare
Tanamemamuleni da moraluri
principebiT cxovreba
aswavlos maT.
is mudam gvaxsenebs, rom vinc
araZaladobriv qmedebebze amyarebs
imeds, mosiyvarule RmerTisadmi rwmeniT
unda ganimsWvalos.
iloceT mudmivad, sityvebi ki
maSin warmoTqviT, roca es
aucilebelia.
wminda franciski
man sakuTar Tavze itvirTa adamianebSi
qristianuli ideebis gamoRviZebis
urTulesi misia. is Seecada am misiis
ganxorcielebas ara sxvaTa qcevis
gakontrolebis, aramed sakuTari Tavis
gardaqmnis gziT. bevri adamiani, romelic
reformebisaken iswrafvis, xSirad
problemis masStaburobis gamo vardeba
depresiaSi. `ras Secvlis Cems mier
gaRebuli mciredi msxverpli?~
franciski gvaxsenebs, rom siyvaruliTa
da rwmeniT ganmsWvalul moqmedebas
CvenTvis yovelTvis kargi Sedegi moaqvs.
magram sakmarisia ki es sxvebisaTvis da
mTlianad samyarosaTvis? amis marTva
Cvens Zalebs aRemateba. gandic im azrzea,
rom rodesac zedmetad did aqcents
vakeTebT Sedegebze, Cven vkargavT unars,
vimoqmedoT sakuTari mrwamsis mixedviT.
wminda franciskma mogvca morCilebisa da
siduxWireSi cxovrebis magaliTi. uari
Tqva yvelaferze, rac gaaCnda. mzad iyo
etanja imisaTvis, rom Tavisi mrevli
moeqcia. qvemoT moyvanilia nawyveti
ovbylfahfywbcr
fcbptkb
francisk asizeli adreul
Sua saukuneebSi, sakmaod
SeZlebul ojaxSi daibada.
es iyo Zaladobis epoqa,
roca adgilobrivi
qalaqebi erTmaneTs
`Rirsebis~ dasacavad
eomebodnen, TiTqos yvela
simdidresa da
Zalauflebaze nadirobda.
~`
~
`
13TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
romanidan, romelic ar aris
biografiuli, Tumca asizelis
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas efuZneba
(`sakuTar cxovrebaze sqolastikuri
muSaobisaTvis~). aq moTxrobili
SesaZloa, fantastikadac ki mogeCvenoT,
magram es SemTxvevebi sruliad
Seesabameba wmindanis realur cxovrebasa
da miseul meTodebs _ is marTlac
unikaluri iyo. RvTis es patara
`masxara~ gaxda mizezi imisa, rom
realur cxovrebiseul siameTa Ziebis
procesSi, araerTma `mcodne~ da
`mdidarma~ adamianma, uari Tqva
yvelaferze, rac gaaCnda.
nawyveti `berZeni zorba~-s
avtoris, nikolas kazanZakisis
Sesavlidan
adrec damiweria, rom am wmindanis
uxilav arsebobas yvelgan
vgrZnobdi. radganac CemTvis
wminda franciski nimuSia
adamianisa, romelsac aqvs
pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba;
adamianisa, romelmac SesZlo,
moexada Cveni upirvelesi vali,
romelic gacilebiT aRmatebulia,
vidre zneoba, WeSmariteba Tu
mSveniereba: esaa valdebuleba,
RvTis mier boZebuli xorcieli
sxeuli gardavqmnaT sulier
sxeulad.
`axali sigiJis~ qadageba
francisks mosasxami aekeca,
moednis napiras xtoda da cekvavda.
`modiT, modiT yvelani,~_
gahyviroda is, _ `modiT, Zmano,
moismineT axali sigiJe!~
ukan adevnebuli bavSvebi siciliT
uSendnen mas qvebs... mSvidi da
momRimari drodadro ukan
brundeboda, bavSvebisken xels
iwvdida da gahyviroda: `vinc erT
qvas mesvris, RmerTma dalocos
erTxel mainc; vinc or qvas
mesvris, RmerTma orjer dalocos;
vinc sams mesvris, RmerTma samjer
dalocos,~ – amis Tqmaze misken
qvebis mTeli jeri midioda.
Sublidan da nikapidan ukve sisxli
gadmodioda... sisxlSi gasvrili
aRfrTovanebuli xtunavda da
cekvavda. `ismineT, Zmano~, _
mReroda is, _ `ismineT axali
sigiJe!~...
`gviTxari, gviTxari, gviTxari!~ _
ismoda yoveli mxridan xalxis
xarxari.
franciski taZris kibeebze adioda,
damcinavi brbos winaSe
xelebgaSlili gahyviroda:
siyvaruli!
siyvaruli!
siyvaruli!
Semdeg is moednis erTi bolodan
meorisken garboda, xtunavda,
cekvavda da gahyviroda... `mSvidoba
Tqvenda!~ _ eubneboda saTiTaod
masTan misul adamianebs. rodesac
bevri adamiani Sejgufdeboda da
skveric gaivseboda, is xelebs
aRapyrobda da gahyviroda _
`mSvidoba~, `mSvidoba Tqvens
gulebSi, Tqvens saxlebSi, mSvidoba
Tqvens mtrebs. mSvidoba qveyanasa
zeda! samoTxe sul axlosaa!~
is mudam gvaxsenebs, rom
vinc araZaladobriv
qmedebebze amyarebs
imeds, mosiyvarule
RmerTisadmi rwmeniT
unda ganimsWvalos.
~`
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200314
SegiZlia simdidris gaReba?
...erTxel franciskTan mivida
vaWari, saxelad bernard
kanitavaleli, romelic
franciskos mamis, sinior
bernardinos msgavsad qsoviliT
vaWrobda... mas smenoda franciskis
Sesaxeb da Tavdapirvelad Rimilis
momgvrelad eCveneboda
bernardinos ganebivrebuli
vaJiSvilis iseTi gamoxtomebi,
rogoricaa keTrovanTa kocna,
sajarod gaxda da sakuTari
mamisaTvis Tavisi tansacmlis
dabruneba. bernards ar SeeZlo
zustad aReqva, Tu raSi
mdgomareobda franciskis es
`axali sigiJe~... marTla RmerTi
xom ar aZlevda mas Zalas, aetana
SimSili, siSiSvle da damcireba?..
`erTi azri mtanjavs~, _ mimarTa
bernardma franciskos, _
`Semiwyale da gaanaTle Cemi suli.~
franciskom bernards xeli
mouWira da wamoayena is.
`gismen, Zmao bernard. Sens suls
me ki ara, RmerTi gaanaTlebs.
miambe Seni gasaWiri.”
`erTma keTilSobilma didi ganZi
momabara Sesanaxad. am ganZs me
mravali weli vicavdi, magram axla
xangrZliv da saxifaTo
mogzaurobaSi vapireb wasvlas.
ra unda vuyo am ganZs?~
`unda daubruno im kacs, vinc
mogabara. vin aris is keTilSobili?~
`qriste. mTeli Cemi simdidre mas
ekuTvnis. rogor davubruno is
mas?~
...rogorc ki wminda jorjos
moedans mivaRwieT, bernardma
Tavisi maRazia gaaRo da zRurblze
mdgarma daiyvira: `vinc ki Raribi
da Caucmelia, modiT CemTan!
qristes saxeliT me gavcem mTels
Cems saqonels.~
...rogor morboda xalxi! qalebi,
gogonebi, moxuci kacebi,
maTxovrebi: rogori
gabrwyinebuli iyo maTi Tvalebi,
rogor xarbad epotinebodnen
yvelafers am kvira dRes! bernardi
RimiliTa da kmayofilebiT xan
erTs eoxunjeboda, xan _ meores,
didi makratliT Wrida qsovils da
arigebda Tavis simdidres.
drodadro bernardi francisks
eubneboda: `ra sixarulia Zmao
francisk! ra Svebaa!~
am dros gzad mama silvesterma
Caiara. imis xilvaze, Tu rogor
aniavebda bernardi Tavis qonebas,
mRvdels guli gauskda.
`ra sircxvilia aseTi simdidris
gaflangva!~ CaiCurCula
TavisTvis... franciski miuxvda,
ras fiqrobda is.
`mama silvester, gaxsovT, ras
ambobs ieso qriste? bodiSs
gixdiT, rom gaxsenebT:
`Tu ginda, rom srulyofili iyo,
wadi, Seni qoneba gayide da mieci
Raribebs da geqneba saunje
zecaSi~. (maTe, 19:20)
maS, raRatomRa aqnevT Tavs?~
mama silvesterma Caaxvela,
wamowiTlda da Tavisi gza
ganagrZo. franciskma Zlier
ganicada, rom mas tkivili miayena.
`mama silvester, mama silvester!~ _
daiyvira man. mRvdeli Semobrunda.
`me Tqven qristes sityvebi
SegaxseneT. momiteveT. Tqven,
rogorc RvTismsaxurma, es
sityvebi xom Cemnair codvilze
ukeT uwyiT.~
franciski mama silvesteris
gverdiT rom mdgariyo, mis
Tvalebze or did cremls
SeamCnevda.
15TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
SegiZliaT inteleqtis gaReba?
sinior pietro boloniis universitetis
samarTlis fakultetis saxelovani
profesori iyo... Tavisi sayvareli
studentis sikvdilis gamo man bolonia
ramodenime dRis win datova. is ver
moeria wuxils, mamiseul saxlSi
gamoiketa da aravis naxva ar surda...
SuaRamemde kiTxvis gamo mas loyebi
Caucvivda, saxe gamouSra da iseTi
yviTeli gauxda, rogorc is ZviradRire-
buli pergamentia, romelsac qristes
vnebaTa Casawerad iyenebdnen berebi.
`mapatieT~, _ Tqva man, _ `Tavidan rom
viwyeb. me myavda studenti saxelad
gvido, romelic sakuTari vaJiSviliviT
miyvarda... oci wlis asakSi mas ukve
xandazmuli kacis cnobiereba da
erudicia hqonda. ramodenime dRis win
is gardaicvala.~
qviTinis Sesakaveblad man tuCebi
moikvnita.... `bolos, roca is agoniaSi
iyo, mis baliSTan daviCoqe da vuTxari:
`gvido, Svilo Cemo, Tu RmerTi TavisTan
mogixmobs... msurs, rom erT Rames sizmrad
mewvio da miambo, ra xdeba im qveynad.~
`...is movida. dRes gamTeniisas... ucnauri
mosasxami emosa. ara, es ar iyo mantia, es
iyo aseulobiT qaRaldis furceli,
romelic misi sxeulis garSemo erTad iyo
akinZuli, es iyo yvela misi
swavlisdroindeli xelnaweri. aq iyo
yvela problema, SekiTxva, filosofiuri
da iuridiuli dilemebi, Teologiuri
sakiTxebi... is imdenad iyo damZimebuli am
qaRaldebiT, rom miuxedavad didi
survilisa, siaruli ar SeeZlo. `gvido,
Svilo Cemo~, _ davuyvire mas, _ `ra aris
es... ra giSlis xels, rom iaro?~
`me axlaxan movbrundi jojoxeTidan~, _
mipasuxa man, _ `da viRwvi, rom mivaRwio
salxineblamde, magram amaod. qaRaldebis
es grova mabrkolebs...~
sinior pietro wamodga. `axla yvelaferi
dasrulebulia~, Tqva man. `aq mosvlamde
yvela Cemi xelnaweri, yvela Cemi wigni
cecxls miveci da davwvi. me gadavrCi...
CemTvis axali cxovreba iwyeba, dideba,
ufalo!~
SegiZliaT, uari TqvaT
Zaladobaze?
`Cemi saxelia francisk asizeli. me RvTis
patara sayvarel glaxasac meZaxian da mis
masxarasac...~
`me var beri espaneTidan. cxra mTa
imisTvis gadmoviare, rom papis nebarTva
miviRo iseTi ordenis dafuZnebaze,
romelic eretikosebisa da urwmunoebis
winaaRmdeg gailaSqrebs. Cemi saxelia
domeniki~.1
`mec viTxove papisagan nebarTva, Semeqmna
ordeni da meqadaga.~
`ra unda geqadaga, Zmao francisk?~
`srulyofili siduxWire da WeSmariti
siyvaruli.~
`Tqven ar apirebT eretikosebis,
codvilebisa da urwmunoebis dasawvavad
yvela sofelSi koconis danTebas?~
`ara, ara~, _ SekrTa franciski, _
1 wm. domeniki, dominikanelTa ordenis da wminda
inkviziciis damaarsebeli. avtoriseul teqstSi
wm. domenikis Sexedulebebi sakmaod
hiperbolizirebuladaa warmodgenili da
gaigivebulia inkviziciis sisastikesTan.
sinamdvileSi, wm. domeniks inkviziciis funqcia sul
sxvanairad hqonda warmodgenili sulac ar iyo
adamianebis koconze dawvis momxre (red. SeniSvna).
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200316
me ar vapireb codvilebis
mokvliT codvis mospobas, me ar
vapireb omis gaCaRebas
borotebisa da urwmunoebis
winaaRmdeg. me siyvaruli unda
viqadago da amavdroulad me unda
miyvardes; me Tanxmoba unda
viqadago da am qveyanad yvela
ZmasaviT unda miyvardes...
`adamiani bunebiT borotia _ boroti,
cbieri da demonuri,~ _ braziT wamoiZaxa
TeTri mantiiT Semosilma domenikma.
`sikeTe, romelzec Sen saubrob, sakmarisi
ar aris; aq iZulebaa saWiro. Tu sxeuli
xels giSlis, is unda ganadgurdes sulis
gadasarCenad. me espaneTSi SeSas cecxli
unda wavukido, sulebi sxeulebs miwas
miabareben, ferflad aqceven da Tavad
zecas miswvdebian.~
siyvaruli!
Zala!
miteveba!
`Zmao, francisk, cxovreba ar aris
adgili, sadac xelgayrili wyvilebi
siyvarulze RiRineben da daseirnoben.
cxovreba omi, mZime Sroma da
Zaladobaa!... wylis daleva Tu gsurs,
Wa amoTxare; Tu borotebis damarcxeba
gsurs, Tavs daesxi borotebas...
nu miyureb SeSinebuli, sacodao,
Zvirfaso bero. Tavad bibliac igives
ambobs: `moZaladem sasufevelSic
ZaliT SeaRwia.~
franciskma amoioxra. `me ar vicodi,
Zaladobac Tu RmerTis Seqmnili iyo.
Sen gaafarTove Cemi Tvalsawieri,
magram Cemi guli sxvas ambobs da
mosTqvams: `siyvaruli! siyvaruli!~
magram vin icis, iqneb Cveni gzebi erT
dRes Seiyreba da erTmaneTs uflisken
mimaval gzaze SevxvdebiT.~
`hqmeni ese, ufalo~, _ upasuxa ucnobma, _
`magram vSiSob, rom Sen kacTa Soris
dacemuli kravi xar _ mgelTa Soris
dacemuli kravi. isini manam SegWamen,
vidre Sens mizans miaRwev. momiteve, Tu
gulwrfelad geubnebi imas, rasac
vfiqrob: Sen yvelaferi ici siyvarulis
Sesaxeb, magram es ar aris sakmarisi. Sen
isic unda icode, rom siZulvilic
RmerTisagan modis da isic RmerTis
samsaxurSia. da aseT droebaSi, maSin
rodesac es qveyana dacemulia, RmerTs
siZulvili ufro emsaxureba, vidre
siyvaruli.~ is adga, raTa wasuliyo.
`mSvidobiT, Zmao domenik. minda icode,
rom lomebi da kravebi, siyvaruli da
Zala, sinaTle da cecxli, keTili da
boroti _ yvelani RvTisaken iltvian,
Tumca, amis Sesaxeb ara uwyian.
siZulvilma es ar icis, ueWvelia,
magram siyvarulma es namdvilad icis...
me Sen erT sasixarulo saidumlos
gagandob: erT dRes yvela erTad
Seiyreba iq, sadac ufali dgas
gamowvdili xelebiT.~
~
`
~`
~`
~`
17TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
henri devid toros esse _ `samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba~ _ swored msgavsi
gamocdilebis Sedegad daiwera.
`monoba da omi miuRebelia aTasobiT
adamianis SexedulebisTvis ... Tumca,
arafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom yovelive
amas bolo moeRos .... isini meryeoben,
wuxils gamoTqvamen, zogjer peticiebsac
adgenen, magram suliT da guliT arafers
akeTeben da arc raime Sedegi moaqvs maT
aqtivobas. isini mSvidad daelodebian,
rom sxvam aRmofxvras es boroteba da
aRar mouxdeT amaze wuxili...
erT Rirseul adamianze 999 Rirsebis
qomagi modis.
maSinac ki, roca xmas aZlevT
samarTlianobas, bevrs arafers akeTebT
misi damkvidrebisaTvis. Tqven mxolod
mokrZalebiT gamoxatavT Tqvens survils,
rom samarTlianobam unda gaimarjvos.
keTilgonieri adamiani samarTals marto
bedis anabara ar miatovebs da arc
umravlesobas gadaulocavs mis
aRsrulebas. masebis qmedebaSi arc Rirs
raime saTnoebis Zieba...~
im qveyanaSi, sadac xelisufleba
adamians usamarTlod apatimrebs,
patiosani adamianis adgili
mxolod cixeSia.
...magram mdidrebi... maT yovelTvis
moisyidis is dawesebuleba, romelic maT
amdidrebs. pirdapir rom vTqvaT, rac
metia fuli, miT ufro naklebia Rirseba,
radganac fuli adamiansa da mis miznebs
Soris dgas... ase, rom moraluri
safuZveli mas fexqveS ecleba...
Cems erTob Tavisuflebismoyvare
mezoblebs rom vesaubrebi, CemTvis
naTeli xdeba, ramdenic ar unda
ilaparakon sakiTxis mniSvnelobasa da
sirTuleze... mTavari mainc isaa, rom...
maT aSfoTebT imaze fiqric ki, Tu ra
bedi ewevaT maT ojaxebsa da qonebas
daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi... Tu me
ugulvebelvyof saxelmwifos moTxovnas,
rodesac gadasaxadis qviTars
warmomidgens, is dauyovnebliv
/tyhbltdblnjhj
henri devid toro
daibada 1816 wels
masaCusetsSi,
SeZlebul ojaxSi.
man harvardis
koleji daamTavra,
ris Semdegac
adgilobriv sko-
laSi daiwyo
maswavleblad muSaoba. Tumca,
skolaSi torom mxolod
2 kvira dahyo, radganac
adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan
uTanxmoeba mouvida. amis
Semdeg man garkveuli periodi
kerZo maswavleblad da
daqiravebul muSad imuSava,
Semdeg ki weras Seudga. is
uaRresad SeaSfoTa iman, rom
misma erma dasaSvebad miiCnia
monoba da meqsika-amerikis omi.
1845 wlis 4 ivliss Tavisi
xelmokle sacxovreblidan is
gadasaxlda qoxSi, romelic
uoldenis gubis maxlobel
tyeSi aaSena. axdenda ra mTav-
robisagan sakuTari damouki-
deblobis demonstrirebas, ori
weli is iq cxovrobda.
swored aq daapatimres toro
adgilobrivi suladobrivi
gadasaxadis gadauxdelobis
gamo. am nabijiT torom imis
demonstrireba moaxdina, rom
is ar aRiarebda mTavrobas,
`romelic rogorc saqonels,
ise yidulobs da hyidis
qalebs, kacebsa da bavSvebs...~
man cixeSi mxolod erTi Rame
dahyo, radganac es gadasaxadi
misi ojaxis wevrma gadaixada.
~
`
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200318
CamomarTmevs mTels qonebas da amis
Semdegac mosvenebas ar mogvcems arc
me da arc Cems Svilebs.
es Zneli gadasatania...
ase rom, saxelmwifo ganzrax arasdros
ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis cnobierebas,
inteleqtualursa Tu moralurs, aramed
mxolod mis sxeuls ebrZvis. igi
aRWurvilia ara gansakuTrebuli
sibrZniTa da patiosnebiT, aramed
aRmatebuli fizikuri ZaliT.
mahaTma gandi 1869 wels indoeTSi,
SeZlebul ojaxSi daibada. mamamiss
adgilobriv provinciaSi maRali
Tanamdeboba ekava. is principul
adamianad iyo cnobili. gandi misi
meoTxe vaJi gaxldaT, romelic
meoTxe colisagan SeeZina (pirvel
sami gardaecvala). yvelaze Tbili
grZnobebi mas dedasTan akavSirebda,
romelsac im `uwmindess~ da
`Rrmad religiur pirovnebad~
moixseniebda, romelic daTqmul
sityvas ar gadavidoda.
mozardobis periodSi igi qurdobda,
rasac sakuTar ojaxs ar umxelda,
Tumca sakuTari rwmenis karnaxiT, is
yovelTvis aRiarebda danaSauls da
patiebas iTxovda. mas axsovs, mamis
pativiscema da siyvaruli, romelic
man ara SiSis, aramed siyvarulis
karnaxiT, gulwrfeli aRiarebisa da
sinanulis gamo daimsaxura.
inglisSi samarTlis skolaSi
swavlisas man bhagavatgitas kiTxva
daiwyo. es iyo hindus enaze dawerili
teqsti, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT
musulmanuri yuranisa da qristianuli
bibliis analogiuria. orTodoqsi
indoelebi gitas im istoriuli
brZolis aRmwer nawarmoebad aRiqvamdnen,
romelSic moTxrobilia, Tu rogor
Seecada lideri sisxlisRvris
Tavidan acilebas, magram rodesac
RmerTma mas sakuTari movaleoba
Seaxsena, igi daTanxmda, Zaladobrivi
qmedebebisTvis miemarTa. gandim,
romelic araZaladobrivi meTodebis
momxre iyo, am `brZolaSi~ im duelis
alegoria dainaxa, romelic mudmivad
mimdinareobs adamianis sulSi. ase Tu
ise, is eTanxmeboda umoqmedobis
`gita~-seul dagmobas da amavdroulad
Tavad aridebda Tavs im borotebas,
romelic qmedebebs sdevs Tan.
vf/fsvfufylb
19TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
is, vinc Sedegebze fiqrobs, xSirad
sakuTari movaleobis Sesrulebis unars
kargavs. is sulswrafi xdeba da brazs
anTxevs ... erTi saqmidan meoreze
gadaerTveba da arcerTis erTguli ar
aris... vinc Sedegebze zedmetad fiqrobs
...yuradReba efanteba, sindisze xels
iRebs, misi SefasebiT, yvelaferi
marTebulia da amitomac, miznis
miRwevas is yvela patiosani da
amoraluri saSualebiT cdilobs.
saboloo miznis misaRwevad saWiro
Sinagani simSvidis mopoveba
SesaZlebelia ara `Sedegebze~
orientirebiT, aramed TviTuaryofiT...
qristianuli `Zveli aRTqmis~ pirveli
wignebi mas mosawyeni eCvena, magram
`axali aRTqma~, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs,
“pirdapir gulSi Caswvda”. iseTma ideebma,
rogoricaa `meore loyac miuSvire... da
giyvardeT Tqveni mtrebi~, suliT
xorcamde SeZra.
24 wlis asakSi, axalbeda iuristi samxreT
afrikaSi gaemgzavra. sazogadoebaSi,
romelic mkveTrad iyo dayofili kanis
feris, mrwamsisa da profesiis mixedviT,
calkeul jgufebs Soris Surisa da
undoblobis atmosfero mefobda. gandim
matarebelze pirveli klasis bileTi
SeiZina. miuxedavad imisa, rom
konduqtorma gaafrTxila, yvela
indoeli mesame klasiT mgzavrobso _
man vagonis datovebaze uari ganacxada.
incidentis aRsakveTad policiels
mouxmes da igi bargTan erTad
matareblidan gadmoagdes. mTeli Rame is
eklebze ijda da fiqrobda, Tu rogor
moqceuliyo: indoeTSi dabrunebuliyo
Tu... gadawyvita, ebrZola. is gaxda
araformaluri lideri, romelic
mouwodebda indoelebs, nebismier saqmeSi
(biznesis CaTvliT) ar daekargaT
TavianTi Rirseba, daeviwyebinaT
gansxvavebuli mrwamsi da eswavlaT
inglisuri. man rkinigzas werilobiT
mimarTa da `kargad Cacmuli~
indoelebisaTvis pirveli klasiT
mgzavrobis organizeba moiTxova.
am incidentma didi gavlena moaxdina
mis Semdgom cxovrebaze.
araZaladobrivi aqciebi
_ satiagraha
gandis ar moswonda arc Tavad termini
`pasiuri winaaRmdegoba~, arc amgvari
winaaRmdegobis idea. termini satiagraha,
ori sityvis – satias (simarTlis
siyvaruli) da agrahas (simtkice, Zala)
kombinacias warmoadgens.
simarTlis dacva tanjvis
miyenebiT ara
mowinaaRmdegisaTvis, aramed
sakuTari TavisaTvis.
satiagraha mSvidobiani meTodia,
romelic iTvaliswinebs mowinaaRmdegeTa
moqcevas siwmindis, Tavmdablobisa da
patiosnebis demonstrirebis gziT.
es aris gardaqmna da ara ganadgureba.
Zaladoba da agresia msxverplSi _ mware
grZnobebs, xolo moZaladeSi
daundoblobas aRviZebs.
mTavari iyo, moexmoT mowinaaRmdegis
saRi azrisa da zneobisaTvis. `CemTvis
yovelTvis warmoudgeneli iyo, rogor
SeuZlia adamianma Tavi igrZnos
Rirseulad, sxvaTa damcirebiT.~
mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris saboloo
Serigebis misaRwevad satiagraha
dasaSvebad miiCnevs mudmiv dialogs.
Seuracxyofa, daSineba da propaganda am
miznis miRwevas mxolod xels uSlis.
cixe
SemoTavazebuli kanoniT, indoelebs
sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebSi xmis
micema ekrZalebodaT. igive kanoni maT
registraciis gavlasa da piradobis
damadasturebeli mowmobebis tarebasac
avaldebulebda. vinc kanonis moTxovnebs
ar daemorCileboda, patimroba da
SesaZlo deportacia eloda. kanonma
indoelTa sazogadoeba aRaSfoTa, erT-
erT Sekrebaze bevrma RmerTs Sehfica,
rom arasdros daemorCileboda am kanons.
gandim maT mimarTa:
~
`
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200320
mTavrobam Rirsebis yovlgvari
grZnoba dakarga. Tu Cven ar
gavriskavT, mxolod sakuTar
ususurobasa da silaCres
gamovavlenT.
gandim uTxra xalxs, Tu risi tolfasi
iyo es riski: SesaZloa, isini cixeSi
CaesvaT, ecemaT, Seuracxyofac ki
mieyenebinaT maTTvis, daekargaT samuSao
da sakuTari qoneba. `magram me
danamdvilebiT SemiZlia giTxraT~, _
warmosTqva man, _
rom vidre sakuTari sityvis
erTguli Tundac erTi muWa
adamiani iarsebebs, am saqmes
mxolod erTi dasasruli
eqneba da es dasasruli
gamarjvebaa.
es ar iyo martivi gza. mTavrobis
sadamsjelo RonisZiebebma moZraobas
bevri adamiani CamoaSora. zogierT
aqtivists CamoarTves qoneba da
moaxdines maTi indoeTidan deportireba.
transvaalSi mcxovrebi 13 aTasi
indoelidan erTdroulad 2500 cixeSi
ijda, xolo 6 aTasi provinciidan iyo
gaqceuli. winaaRmdegobis moZraobis
zogierTi aqtivisti cixeSi zedized
xuTjer ijda da sasjelis moxdis
momentisTvis sasamarTlos axali
ganaCenebis molodinSi iyo. xelisufleba
zogierT aqtivists sastikad epyroboda,
zogs fizikuradac ki anadgurebda.
cnobebi am movlenebis Sesaxeb indoeTsa
da inglisSi gavrcelda, rasac
sayovelTao aRSfoTeba mohyva.
xelisufleba SiSma moicva. masobrivi
demonstracia maSin daigegma, rodesac
TeTri rkinigzis TanamSromlebi sul sxva
mizeziT gaificnen. gandim dauyovnebliv
moiTxova demonstraciis gadadeba.
satiagraha xom ar iyo mowodebuli
mowinaaRmdegis ganadgurebis, ngrevisa
da damcirebisaken. winaaRmdegobis
moZraobis monawileebi imedovnebdnen,
rom gulwrfelobiT, raindobiTa da
TviTgvemiT mowinaaRmdegis cnobierebasa
da sulze moaxdendnen gavlenas.
maT arasdros usargebliaT mTavrobis
problemebiT da arc arabunebrivi
aliansebi daumyarebiaT. amgvari
Jesti bevrma daafasa.
mTavrobam TandaTan Secvala Tavisi
damokidebuleba. `Tqven ar SegiZliaT,
20 aTasi indoeli cixeSi
gamoamwyvdioT~, _ am sityvebiT
generalma smatma Tavisi axali,
Semrigebluri damokidebulebis
deklarireba moaxdina. kanonebi
Seicvala. ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg smati
ixsenebda:
bedma marguna, vyofiliyavi
iseTi kacis mowinaaRmdege,
romelsac adrec udides pativs
vcemdi... mas arasodes daviwyebia
adamianuri mxare, ar gamosula
wyobilebidan da arc siZulvils
damorCilebia. iumoris daxvewili
grZnoba ki yvelaze eqstremalur
situaciaSic ki SeinarCuna. misi
qmedebaTa xasiaTi da sulieri
Tvisebebi maSinac da Semdgomac
absoluturad gansxvavdeboda im
sisastikisa da Zaladobisagan,
romelic dRes ase moduria...
misi meTodi iyo, kanonis ganzrax
darRveva, mimdevarTa
mxardaWeris masobriv
moZraobaSi gadazrda...
kanondaumorCileblobis gamo
didi odenobiT indoelebis
sapatimroSi aRmoCena...
oqsfordis universitetis profesori
jilbert mari ase afasebs mas:
ufrTxildiT adamians, romelic
ar iRwvis materialuri
keTildReobis, komfortis,
aRiarebis Tu dawinaurebisaTvis,
aramed ubralod akeTebs imas,
rasac sworad miiCnevs.
is saSiSi da mouxelTebeli
mowinaaRmdegea, radganac
misi sxeuli, romlis daTrgunvac
Tqven yovelTvis SegiZliaT,
mis sulTan SedarebiT naklebad
Rirebulia.
~
`
~
`
~
`
~
`
21TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
reidi marilis sawarmoSi
problemis aRwera
indoeTi britaneTis kolonia iyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom inglisi indoeTss
mravali TvalsazrisiT keTilganwyo-
bilad marTavda, es mainc erTi qveynis
mier meores marTva iyo. indoel xalxs
damoukidebloba surda. damoukideblo-
bisTvis saxalxo moZraobis egidiT
araerTi aqcia ganxorcielda. erT-erTi
maTganis Sesaxeb qvemoT giambobT.
gegma
erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelzec gandim
fokusireba moaxdina, iyo britanuli
`marilis aqtebi~. am dokumentis
Tanaxmad, danaSaulad gamocxadda
indoeTSi, britaneTis mTavrobis garda,
vinmesgan marilis Sesyidva. es ki niSnavda
monopoliis gamocxadebas iseT
nivTierebaze, romelic cxel klimatur
pirobebSi gadasarCenad adamianebsa da
cxovelebs erTnairad esaWiroebodaT.
marilis damzadeba kanonsawinaaRmdego
qmedebad iTvleboda. britanelebze
zewolis moxdenis mizniT, gandim am
kanonis ganzrax darRveva dagegma.
dasawyisi
aqciis dawyebamde gandim weriliT
mimarTa britanel mefisnacvals.
`Zvirfaso megobaro, vidre
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas
gamovacxadebde da im riskze
wavidode, romlis gawevac mTeli am
wlebis ganmavlobaSi SiSs mgvrida,
iZulebuli var, mogmarToT Tqven da
veZio gamosavali. Cemi piradi mrwamsi
absoluturad naTelia. ar SemiZlia
ganzrax mivayeno ziani sulier
arsebas... miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor
momeqcevian isini me da Cemianebs...
wyeulad vacxadeb britanul wess...
eqspluataciis gaZlierebiTa da
damangrevelad ZviradRirebuli
samxedro da samoqalaqo adminis-
traciis SeqmniT, romlis Senaxvis
fufunebac qveyanas ara aqvs,
milionobiT adamiani gaRatakda. man
Cven politikurad dagvamona. Ziri
Seuryia Cveni kulturis safuZvlebs...
man Cven sulierad dagvaknina...
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
araZaladobriv aqciebSi gamoixateba...
Cemi ambiciaa, araZaladobrivi
meTodebiT gardavqmna britaneli
xalxi da davanaxo maT is
usamarTloba, rac maT indoeTs
damarTes. me ar vapireb, Tqveni
xalxisaTvis zianis miyenebas. me msurs,
vemsaxuro maT iseve, rogorc sakuTar
xalxs...
da Tu indoeli xalxi me gamomyveba,
vfiqrob, rom is asec moiqceva,
tanjva, romelsac isini gaivlian...
sakmarisi iqneba yvelaze gulqva
gulebis mosalbobadac ki~.
TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba 1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////2003200320032003200322
mefisnacvalma gandis mxolod mokled
upasuxa: `misi udidebulesoba... wuxils
gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom Tqven airCieT
kursi, romelic kanonis darRvevas da
sazogadoebrivi wesrigisaTvis safrTxis
Seqmnas isaxavs miznad.~ razec Tavis
mxriv, gandim upasuxa:
muxlmodrekilma gTxoveT puri
da sanacvlod miviRe qva.
ra moxda
gandim da misma 75 mimdevarma msvleloba
moawyves 250 miliT daSorebuli zRvisken
da es manZili 24 dReSi gaiares. aqciis
monawileebs sixaruliT xvdebodnen
soflebSi, sadac gandi xalxs mimarTavda.
1930 wlis 5 aprils maT zRvamde miaRwies.
gandim aiRo wylisgan gamoxdili marili
da amiT kanoni daarRvia. ase daiwyo
ajanyeba iaraRis gareSe. sxvadasxva
mxaris soflis macxovreblebi tafebiT
xelSi zRvisken miemarTebodnen da
marils amzadebdnen. erT TveSi 60 aTasi
adamiani gisosebs miRma aRmoCnda _
indoelebs winaaRmdegoba ar gauweviaT.
daapatimres gandic.
moZraobam dharasanas marilis sawarmoSi
specialuri `reidi~ ganaxorciela.
demonstrantebis rigi dadga 400
mcveliTa da ekliani mavTulebiT dacul
marilis sabadoebis misadgomebTan.
isini Cumad miuaxlovdnen Robes.
ubrZanes ukan daexiaT. policia Tavs
daesxa demonstrantebs da xelketebiT
cema isini _ miuxedavad amisa, aqciis
arc erT monawiles xeli ar aRumarTavs,
Tundac Tavdacvis mizniT. Tavis qalaze
dartymis xmebsac ki gaigonebdiT.
300-ze meti demonstranti, romelmac
dazianeba miiRo, saavadmyofoSi
gadaiyvanes. ori adamiani gardaicvala.
britanelebi indoelebs xelketebiTa da
iaraRis kondaxiT scemdnen. es incidenti
britaneTis administraciisaTvis did
sircxvilad iqca, isini sindisma Seawuxa.
indoelebs qedi ar mouxriaT da arc ukan
dauxeviaT. inglisi dauZlurda, xolo
indoeTi uZleveli gaxda.
~`
ljmnjhvfhnby
kesthrbyub
kingi 1929 wels `Sav~ atlantaSi
jorjiis Statis dedaqalaqSi
daibada, saSualo fenis ojaxSi.
mamamisi Zlieri nebisyofis
adamiani iyo, romelmac
damoukideblad gaikvlia
cxovrebaSi gza da baptistTa
cnobili sasuliero piri gaxda.
dedamisi mSvidi da
windaxeduli adamiani iyo,
romelic wonasworobas
iSviaTad kargavda. samxreTuli
cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb man
5 wlis asakSi Seityo, rodesac
TeTrkanian megobars mxolod
imitom daaSores, rom am
ukanasknels TeTrebisaTvis
gankuTvnil skolaSi calke
unda eswavla. maSin dedam mas
uTxra: `sxvaze naklebad Tavi
arasodes igrZno. yovelTvis
unda gqondes imis SegrZneba,
rom pirovneba xar.~
23TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba1111199999/0/0/0/0/077777/////20032003200320032003
Tu gvsurs, ar gavimeoroT warsulis
Secdomebi da sxvaTa `warmoudgeneli~
warmatebebi Cvenive STagonebis wyarod
vaqcioT – gavecnoT doqtor martin
luTer kingis cxovrebas da mis brZolas
samxreTSi segregaciis (rasobrivi
dayofis) winaaRmdeg. Znelia moiZebnos
kingis ukeTesi biografia, vidre stiven
b. outsis bestseleri `dae, igugunon
dafdafebma~.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa imis xilva,
Tu rogor icvleboda politikuri
fortuna, da rogor iqca erT dros
warmoudgenlad miCneuli `samoqalaqo
uflebaTa aqti~ kanonad. waikiTxeT
prezident kenedis mimarTva xalxisadmi,
romelic Cven, rogorc mSoblebs, dResac
bevrs gveubneba.
erTxel kingi Tavis maswavlebelTan
erTad avtobusiT Sin brundeboda. roca
avtobusi TeTrkanianiebiT gaivso,
mZRolma maT ukan gadajdoma mosTxova.
Tavdapirvelad is uarze iyo, Tumca
bolos mainc gadavida ukan. mogvianebiT
am epizods kingi ase ixsenebda:
is Rame arasdros waiSleba Cemi
mexsierebidan. cxovrebaSi ase
Zlier arasdros
gavbrazebulvar.
kingma swavla murhauzis kolejSi
gaagrZela da ZiriTad sagnad sociolo-
gia airCia. zafxulSi is Sav muSad
muSaobda, raTa adamianebTan urTierToba
daemyarebina, `gaego maTi mdgomareoba da
ganecada maTi gasaWiri.~ man daiwyo imis
gacnobiereba, rom kapitalizmi eqsplu-
atacias uwevda Savebs da rasizms
aRvivebda. Tavisi agresia kingma TeTrka-
nianebis nacvlad sistemis winaaRmdeg
mimarTa. koleji 1948 wels sociologiis
bakalavris xarisxiT daamTavra.
Semdeg swavla pensilvaniaSi, qveyanaSi
erT-erT saukeTeso krozeris seminariaSi
gaagrZela. miuxedavad imisa, rom
RvTismetyvelebis doqtoris kurss
gadioda, mas surda, daufleboda
socialuri usamarTlobis aRmofxvris
sakiTxebs. 90-iani wlebis Teologis,
uolter rauSenbaxis Sromebidan man
gaacnobiera aqtiuri qristianuli
rwmenis mniSvneloba, romelic vrceldeba
rogorc amqveynad, aseve imqveynadac.
man uaryo karl marqsis Sromebi,
romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda mis rwmenas
imis Sesaxeb, rom: `realobis centrSi
guli Zevs, cocxali mama, romelic mTeli
sicocxle Tavisi Svilebis gadarCeni-
saTvis iRwvis.~ marqsi am sulier sawyiss
uaryofda. is arc im midgomas eTanxme-
boda, romlis Tanaxmadac `mizani
amarTlebs saSualebas~. Tumca,
kapitalizmis sisastikis marqsiseul
kritikas isic iziarebda.
buker t. vaSingtoni Savkanianebs
mouwodebda, daeviwyebinaT segregaciis
winaaRmdeg brZola, romelsac aSS-s
uzenaesma sasamarTlom saqmeSi `plesi
fergiusonis winaaRmdeg~ (1896) mxari
dauWira. vaSingtoni urCevda Savkanianebs,
ezrunaT sakuTari Tavis srulyofasa da
TeTrebis pativiscemis moxveWaze,
romlebic maT, rogorc Zmebs, ise
moepyrobodnen. am gziT ki rasobrivi
simSvide daisadgurebda. nebayoflobiT
segregacias sxvebic emxrobodnen. bevri
Savkaniani sasuliero piri mouwodebda
Tavis mrevls, Segueboda arsebul
status qvos im imediT, rom aRTqmul
miwaze yvelani Tanaswori iqnebodnen.
kingma amgvari midgomis winaaRmdeg
gailaSqra: `SavkanianTa goneba da suli
damonebulia.~ rogor SeiZleba,
Savkanianebma raime ufleba moipovon im
qveyanaSi, romelsac TeTrkaniani
umravlesoba marTavs. man waikiTxa
henri devid toro, da aRfrTovanda
im ideiT, rom:
erT patiosan adamians
SeuZlia, moraluri
revolucia aagoros!
seminariaSi swavlobda erTi samxreTeli
studenti, romelic saSinlad ver itanda
Savkanianebs. erTxel is kings oTaxSi
~
`
~`
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Seuvarda da datenili pistoletiT
daemuqra. kingma situacia mSvidi saubriT
ganmuxta. saerTo sacxovrebelSi am
ambavs didi aJiotaJi mohyva, magram
kingma am kacis winaaRmdeg sarCelis
Setanaze uari Tqva. Tavdamsxmelma kings
bodiSi mouxada, ris Semdegac isini
damegobrdnen. am SemTxvevam kings aswavla,
Tu rogor unda aqcio mteri megobrad.
kingi arc ise gulubryvilo adamiani iyo,
eWvis Setana rom ar daewyo qristianuli
siyvarulis SesaZleblobaSi _ gamoewvia
realuri socialuri gardaqmnebi.
istoriam mas daanaxa, Tu rogori uZluri
SeiZleba iyos zogjer siyvaruli.
siyvarulma ver SesZlo samxreTSi
monobis aRmofxvra, verc meore msoflio
omis SeCereba. is daafiqra sakuTari
Tavis pacifistad warmodgenis SesaZleb-
lobam. nicSes Sromebis gacnobisas, misi
rwmena Searyia gamonaTqvamma, rom RmerTi
mokvda da adamians mxolod umdablesi
emocia _ gadarCenisaTvis brZola
amoZravebda. `giyvardes moyvasi Seni~
SesaZloa, amarTlebdes kerZo
SemTxvevebSi, magram ara erebsa da
adamianTa jgufebs Soris urTierTobaSi.
is eswreboda seminarebs mahaTma gandis
moZRvrebis Sesaxeb da ecnoboda, Tu
rogor iyenebda gandi socialuri
cvlilebebis misaRwevad WeSmaritebisa
da siyvarulis Zalas. gandim daanaxa mas,
rom SesaZlebeli iyo agresiis pozitiuri
mimarTulebiT gardaqmna. araZaladoba
borotebasTan TanamSromlobaze uaris
Tqmas niSnavs. gandis istoriam kings
daanaxa, Tu rogor SeiZleboda
gaficvebisa da saprotesto aqciebis
Catareba mowinaaRmdegis siZulvilis
gareSe – RvTiuri samarTlis Rrma
rwmeniT. termini satiagraha Tavis TavSi
swored siyvarulisa da Zalis erTianobas
moicavda. es sulac ar niSnavda borote-
bisaTvis winaaRmdegobis argawevas,
aramed borotebis winaaRmdeg pozitiur
araZaladobriv aqciebs warmoadgenda.
indoeTSi gandis warmateba kingisaTvis
iyo stimuli da cocxali magaliTi imisa,
Tu ra gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos
siyvarulis Zalam radikalur socialur
cvlilebebze iseT garemoSi, sadac
zangebi iseve itanjebian, rogorc
samxreTSi. qristianuli siyvarulis,
`agapes~ meSveobiT kingma dainaxa, rom
cxovrebaSi yvelaferi
urTierTkavSirSia, yvela adamiani
erTmaneTis Zmaa da rom kacobrioba
saerTo procesSia CarTuli.
avtobusis ukana adgilebi,
montgomeri, alabama (1955 weli)
problemis aRwera
qveynis Savkaniani mosaxleobisTvis
avtobusi gadaadgilebis ZiriTad
saSualebas warmoadgenda. zogierTi
TeTrkaniani mZRoli Seuracxyofas
ayenebda zangebs da maT `nigerebs~,
`maimunebsa~ da `Sav Zroxebs~ uwodebda.
zangebs ar hqondaT pirvel oTx rigSi
jdomis ufleba (molod TeTrebisaTvis
aseTi warwera iyo gamokruli am
adgilebze). Tu avtobusSi gacilebiT
meti TeTrkaniani amovidoda, vidre
maTTvis gaTvaliswinebuli adgili iyo,
Savkanianebi unda amdgariyvnen da
maTTvis sakuTari adgili
SeeTavazebinaT. Tu TeTrkaniani
Savkanianis gverdiT dajdeboda,
Savkaniani unda amdgariyo. Tu avtobusSi
SavkanianTaTvis gankuTvnili nawili
gaivseboda, magram TeTrkanianTa
adgilebi carieli darCeboda –
Savkanianebs iq dajdomis ufleba mainc
ar hqondaT. es politika qalaqis
xelisuflebis brZanebiT iyo
damkvidrebuli da am wesebis darRveva
patimrobiT isjeboda.
dasawyisi (1955 weli)
mkeravis zangi asistenti, q-ni roza
parksi avtobusiT saxlSi brundeboda.
mas SavebisTvis gankuTvnili adgili
ekava. avtobusi gaivso da
TeTrkanianebisTvis adgili aRar darCa,
amitomac misis parks uTxres, amdgariyo
da TeTrkanianisTvis adgili daeTmo,
magram Savkaniani qalbatoni daRlili iyo
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da am sityvebs ar daemorCila. mZRoli
mas policiaSi darekviT daemuqra.
`wadi da dareke,~ – upasuxa qalma. am
incidentis gamo misis parks brali
kanonis darRvevaSi dasdes da patimroba
miusajes. amis Sesaxeb satelefono
zarebis saSualebiT Seityves SavkanianTa
liderebma da samoqmedo gegmac dasaxes.
gegma
40-50 RvTismsaxuri da sxva samoqalaqo
lideri erTad Seikriba. maT organizeba
gaukeTes qalaqis avtobusebSi Savkaniani
mosaxleobis boikots, magram amave dros
akrZales Zaladobrivi mogeriebis
yovelgvari SesaZlebloba, radganac
ramodenime Savkaniani imuqreboda, rom
TeTrkanian mZRolebs Tavs gautexavda.
ra moxda
`sandi feiferma~ (kviris gazeTi)
Savkanianebi problemebis SeqmnaSi
daadanaSaula. gazeTi werda, rom misis
parksi ganzrax dasves im avtobusSi da
rom zangebs apirebdnen miemarTaT imave
taqtikisTvis, romelsac `TeTri
sabWoebi~ Savi biznesebis boikotirebisas
iyenebdnen. kingi daibna, xom ar iyo es
araswori gadawyvetileba? xom ar iyo
boikoti araeTikuri? bevri gansjis
Semdeg kingi mixvda, rom sinamdvileSi es
`boikots~ ki ara, im sistemis
ugulvebelyofas niSnavda, romelic maT
uflebebs bRalavda. isini sulac ar
isaxavdnen miznad saavtomobilo
kompaniebisaTvis zianis miyenebas.
kingi toros sityvebze fiqrobda:
vinc borotebas protestis
gareSe iRebs,
sinamdvileSi borotebasTan
TanamSromlobs.
Savkanianebi TanamSromlobdnen am
borotebasTan.
boikotis wina RamiT kingi SiSma da
dardma aitana – vai Tu xalxi Zalzed
daSindeba an aqciis mimarT gulgrilobas
gamoavlens? isini imedovnebdnen, rom
aqciaSi SavkanianTa 60% mainc miiRebda
monawileobas, magram ra moxdeboda maSin,
Tu boikotSi naklebi xalxi CaerTveboda
– maT dascinebdnen da es moZraobisTvis
didi dartyma iqneboda? gamTeniisas is
Zalzed gaakvirva im faqtma, rom
Savkaniani mosaxleobis TiTqmis 100%
aqciis monawile gaxda!
amis Semdeg araerTi Sekreba gaimarTa,
romlebzec kings iwvevdnen da
gamosvlebs Txovdnen:
Cven amerikis moqalaqeebi varT da
gvsurs, movipovoT moqalaqeoba
am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT...
Cven aq imitom SevikribeT, rom gvsurs
situacia gamoswordes.... dadga dro,
roca adamianebi daiRalnen. am saRamos
Cven aq imisTvis SevikribeT, raTa
vuTxraT Cvens mCagvrelebs, rom
Cven daviRaleT – segregaciiTa da
damcirebiT, fexqveS gaTelviT.
protestis garda Cven sxva gza ar
dagvrCenia... Cven am RamiT imisaTvis
SevikribeT, raTa gadavrCeT, davZlioT
is Tmenis unari, romelic gvaiZulebs,
SeveguoT yvelafers, SeveguoT
usamarTlobasa da Tavisuflebis arqonas
...minda vTqva, rom nebismieri qmedebis
dros Cven erTad unda vidgeT. Cven
kanonisa da samarTlianobis umaRlesi
principebiT unda vimoqmedoT. erTianoba
dRevandelobis udidesi moTxovnaa, da
Tu Cven erTad vidgebiT, Cven ara
mxolod sasurvelis, aramed imis
miRwevasac SevZlebT, rasac
samarTlianad vimsaxurebT.
Tu Cven ara varT marTalni, maSin qveynis
uzenaesi sasamarTloc usamarTlo
yofila. Tu Cveni qmedeba arasworia,
maSin aSS-s konstituciac usamarTlo
yofila... Tu Cven ara varT marTalni,
maSin ieso nazarevelic ubralo
utopisti meocnebe yofila, romelic
dedamiwaze arasdros mosula.
Tu Cven ara varT marTalni, maSin
samarTali tyuili yofila.
Cveni protesti... muqarisa da daSinebis
~
`
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gareSe. Cven kanonisa da samarTlianobis
umaRlesi principebiT
vixelmZRvanelebT... Cven qmedebebs
mxolod qristianuli rwmenis yvelaze
Rrma principebi gansazRvravs...
giyvardeT mteri Tqveni, daloceT
Tqveni mawyevrebi, da iloceT maTTvis,
vinc Tqven giyenebT. Tu Cven amas ver
SevZlebT, Cveni winaaRmdegoba
dasruldeba, rogorc istoriis
umniSvnelo drama da misi xsovna
samarcxvino saburveliT daifareba...
istoriaSi daiwereba... cxovrobda
adamianTa rasa, SavkanianTa rasa,
xalxi, romelsac gaaCnda moraluri
Zala, sakuTari uflebebi daecva.
da maT axali furceli Caweres istoriisa
da civilizaciis labirinTebSi.
intrigebi
isini mersa da iuristebs Sexvdnen,
romelTac ramodenime miuRebeli
winadadeba SesTavazes. maTi interesi iyo
mxolod erTi ramis – rasobrivi status
kvos SenarCuneba. kingi mixvda, Tu
ramdenad rTuli iyo privilegirebulTa
gadarwmuneba, uari eTqvaT sakuTar
privilegiebze. isini unda iaZulo,
ase moiqcnen. unda gaagrZelo
winaaRmdegobis gaweva manam, vidre isini
Tavadve ar daTmoben. Savkanianebi
ganagrZobdnen masobrivi mitingebis
Catarebas, rac maT udrekobas da
mizandasaxulobas aZlierebda.
am moZraobas zogierTi TeTrkaniani
TanaugrZnobda da mxars uWerda,
rogorc Riad, aseve farulad.
erT-erT molaparakebaze meri Seecada,
moZraoba gaexliCa, xolo kingisTvis
iseTi adamianis iarliyi miekra, romelsac
`didi mada~ aqvs da SeTanxmebis
miuRwevloba swored misTvis daebralebina.
meri Seecada, moZraobis sxvadasxva
liderebis siamayis grZnobaze eTamaSa.
ianvarSi kingi muqaris zarebsa da
siZulviliT aRsavse werilebsac ki
iRebda. misi meuRle da mcirewlovani
Svili daSinebulni iyvnen, magram mas
brZola ar Seuwyvetia. 30 ianvris Sekrebaze
man Seityo, rom misi saxli aafeTqes!
garkveuli periodi mis saxls SeiaraRe-
buli megobrebi darajobdnen, ris gamoc
kingi Tavs uxerxulad grZnobda da male
aseTi samsaxuris gawevaze uari uTxra.
nebismier Zaladobas kingi mxolod
RmerTis rwmeniTa da siyvarulis ZaliT
upirispirdeboda.
sasamarTlo, sajarooba
da gadawyvetileba
martSi is daapatimres da boikotisaTvis
gaasamarTles. miuxedavad imisa, rom
moZraobas sasamarTloSi kargi advokati
warmoadgenda, kingi mainc damnaSaved
cnes. man ganaCeni gaasaCivra. es saqme
yvela axali ambisa da gazeTis mTavar
Temad iqca. moZraobis saqmianoba Zalzed
farTod gaSuqda televiziiTa da presiT.
saqmem uzenaes sasamarTlosac miaRwia.
1956 wlis noemberSi uzenaesma sasamarT-
lom gamoitana gadawyvetileba, romliTac,
avtobusebze dawesebuli segregaciuli
kanonmdebloba arakonstituciurad cnes.
erTi wlis Semdeg, 1956 wlis dekemberSi
TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs avtobu-
sebSi erTad jdomis ufleba hqondaT.
samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqti
(1961 weli)
montgomeriSi miRweuli warmatebis
Semdeg moZarobis politikuri gavlena
kidev ufro gaizarda. Tumca, moZraobis
wevrebs arwmunebdnen, rom jer kidev ar
iyo `Sesaferisi dro~ samoqalaqo
uflebaTa aqtis kongresSi gasatanad.
kingsa da prezident jon kenedis Soris
situacia daiZaba, radganac kingi
`moralis kiTxvis toniT saubrobda, rac
miuRebeli iyo kenedisaTvis~.
prezidentma ganacxada, rom is ar
apirebda kongresSi samoqalaqo
uflebaTa aqtis gatanas, rogorc es
kings surda, radganac es aqti
kapitoliumis mimarT gavleniani
samxreTelebis gaucxoebas gamoiwvevda
da safrTxes Seuqmnida sxva aucilebel
socialur kanonmdeblobas.
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olbani, jorjia _
warumatebloba (1961-1962 wlebi)
problemis aRwera
olbaniSi (jorjiis Stati) Zalian mkacri
segregaciuli kanonebi moqmedebda.
xalxma kings qalaqSi Casvla da maTTan
saubari sTxova. zogierTi olbaniSi
kingis Casvlis winaaRmdegi iyo, radganac
isini adgilobrivi moZraobis adgilze
gakontrolebis momxreebi iyvnen.
ra gegma iyo da ra moxda
xalxi nebayoflobiT arRvevda
segregaciul kanonmdeblobas,
daapatimres aseulobiT adamiani.
saprotesto moZraobas kingic SeuerTda
da Canda, rom 1961 wlis dekemberisTvis
maT gamarjvebisTvis unda mieRwiaT.
kingma uari ganacxada Tavdebis Tanxis
sanacvlod cixidan gamosvlaze da
patimrobaSi darCa. iseTi STabeWdileba
Seiqmna, TiTqos qalaqis xelisufleba
mzad iyo cvlilebebis gasatareblad,
magram dapirebebi dapirebad darCa _
kingi cixidan gamovida, magram realurad
araferi Secvlila... 1962 wlis
gazafxulze moZraoba kvlav Seecada,
gaaqtiurebuliyo. kingma fici dado, rom
sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas
araZaladobrivi kampaniis meSveobiT
SeZlebda. am moZraobaSi bevri adamiani
aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli, magram Sedegi
kvlav ar Canda. adgilobrivi policiis
ufrosi priCeti aqtivistebs Tavazianad
istumrebda satusaRoSi. rodesac
demonstrantebi policiis Senobis win
muxlebze daCoqili loculobdnen,
policiis ufrosic maTTan erTad
loculobda. Tumca am movlenebis
gaSuqeba Zalzed rTuli iyo.
1962 wlis 20 ivliss federalurma sasa-
marTlom qalaqSi saprotesto aqciebis
Catareba akrZala. kingi da sxva liderebi
orWofobdnen. ar icodnen, ra moemoqmedaT,
daerRviaT sasamarTlos brZaneba (manamde
federaluri sasamarTlo adamianis
uflebebis mimarT kargad iyo ganwyobili)
Tu brZola gaegrZelebinaT. gadawyda,
droebiT SeCerebuliyvnen da brZanebis
gauqmebisaTvis mieRwiaT.
warumatebloba
liderTa gadawyvetilebam moqmedebebis
gaWianurebis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
gaamZafra da Zaladoba gaaRviva.
sabolood sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba
gaauqmes, magram ukve Zalzed gvian iyo.
kingma mogvianebiT aRiara, rom
moqmedebis dayovneba Secdoma iyo, ramac
mTeli Zalisxmeva xerxemalSi gadatexa.
birmingemi, alabama – warmateba
(Tebervali, 1963 weli)
problemis aRwera
es iyo siZulviliT damuxtuli da
rasobrivad Zalzed dapirispirebuli
qalaqi. policiis ufross, `buRa~ konors,
Savkaniani demonstrantebis mimarT
uxeSobis demonstrirebis sulac ar
eSinoda.
ra gegma iyo da ra moxda
gaimarTa mSvidobiani marSi. kingi da
bevri sxva aqtivisti daapatimres da
cixeSi Casves. swored aq dawera kingma
Tavisi cnobili `werili birmingemis
cixidan~, romliTac man im sasuliero
pirebs mimarTa, vinc samoqalaqo
uflebebis moTxovnas ar SeuerTdnen. es
werili mTels qveyanaSi farTod
gavrcelda da klasikad iqca.
mogvianebiT kingi cixidan gamouSves,
magram rogorc Canda, moZraoba sakmaod
dasustebuli iyo. gaCnda axali idea _
moZraobaSi moswavleebi CaebaT. bavSvebis
quCaSi gasvlisaken mowodeba sakmaod
rTuli gadawyvetileba iyo, radganac
oponentTa mxridan mwvave kritikas
gamoiwvevda, magram aqtivistebs ukan ar
dauxeviaT.
meore dRes 1000-ze meti mozardi,
romelTagan zogierTi mxolod 6 wlis
iyo, quCaSi gamovida. im dRes policiam
900 demonstranti daapatimra da cixeSi
maT gadasayvanad saskolo avtobusebi
gamoiyena. am scenam policiis erT-erTi
kapitani SeZra:
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10-15 wlis Semdeg, roca ukan
movixedavT da yvelafers
axleburad SevxedavT, albaT
vityviT, ra suleli SeiZleba
iyos adamiani?
meore dRes moZraoba kidev ufro
gaZlierda. am movlenebs Jurnalistebi
farTod aSuqebdnen. policia bavSvebs
wylis WavliTa da germanuli nagazebiT
daupirispirda. sami bavSvi mZimed iyo
dakbenili. meore dRes nacionalurma
gazeTebma gamoaqveynes aqciis amsaxveli
fotoebi _ qveyana SeZrwunebuli iyo
momxdariT. ramodenime dRis Semdeg kidev
erTi demonstracia Catarda.
demonstrantebi policiis kordons
miuaxlovdnen, konorma policielebs
ubrZana, `Slangebi CaerToT.~
policielebma brZaneba ar Seasrules.
xalxi policias Seeria.
ityodiT, rom demonstraciaSi
RmerTis xeli eria.
xalxi policiis kordonSi
ise gadioda, rom maT
aravin cemda.
kingma isic ki Tqva, rom
cxovrebaSi pirvelad swored
aq vigrZeni araZaladobrivi
moqmedebiT mogvrili
siamayis Zala.
warmateba
adgilobrivma mewarmeebma mTavrobisagan
cvlilebebis gatareba moiTxoves da
sasadilo daxlebis, sapirfareSoebisa da
sasmeli wylis Sadrevnebis segregacia
SeaCeres.
samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis
statusi (1963 wlis ivnisi)
birmingemSi mimdinare movlenebisadmi
sazogadoebis udidesma mxardaWeram
ganapiroba is, rom prezidentma kenedim
mizanSewonilad CaTvala sazogadoebriv
obieqtebze segregaciis kanonis gauqmeba.
11 ivniss prezidentis mier samoqalaqo
uflebebis Sesaxeb warmoTqmuli sityva
mTels qveyanaSi televiziiT gadaica:
Cven, upirveles yovlisa,
moraluri sakiTxis winaSe
vdgavarT. es sakiTxi iseTive
Zvelia, rogorc biblia da
iseTive Zvirfasi, rogorc
amerikis konstitucia. sakiTxis
arsi aris is, unda mieniWos Tu
ara yvela amerikels Tanaswori
uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi...
vis surs Cven Soris, Seicvalos
kanis feri da maT adgilze
aRmoCndes? romeli Cvengani
iqneboda kmayofili, Tu aseT
SemTxvevaSi mas moTminebasa da
lodinisaken mouwodebdnen?
me minda amerikis kongress
vTxovo, Seasrulos is dapireba,
romelic am saukuneSi mas
bolomde ar miuyvania da romlis
Tanaxmadac, amerikis cxovrebasa
da kanonmdeblobaSi rasobrivi
dayofis adgili ar aris.
kanonproeqti kongresSi 1963 wlis
19 ivniss Sevida. qveda palataSi misi
miReba uproblemod moxda, Tumca,
1964 wels senatSi gadawyvetilebis
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