Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 1
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2014 2
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lecture 34:
Fungi
BIS 002C Biodiversity & the Tree of Life
Spring 2016
Prof. Jonathan Eisen
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Where we are going and where we have been…
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•Previous lecture: •33: Deuterostomes III: Chordates II
•Current Lecture: •34: Fungi
•Next Lecture: •35: Fungi, Wrap Up
Lecture 34 Outline
• Fungal Evolution
• Absorptive heterotrophy
• Diversity of Form
• Reproduction
• Life Styles
• Uses of Fungi
!5Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
!6Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
• Which of the following groups is least closely related to fungi?
• A: Animals
• B: Choanoflagellates
• C: Protostomes
• D. Oomycetes
• E. Deuterostomes
!7Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
• Which of the following groups is least closely related to fungi?
• A: Animals
• B: Choanoflagellates
• C: Protostomes
• D. Oomycetes
• E. Deuterostomes
!8Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungi in Evolutionary Context
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Major Groups and Phylogeny
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Some ambiguity
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Absorptive heterotrophy:
• digest food outside bodies by secreting digestive enzymes to break down large food molecules
• then absorb the breakdown products.
• many are saprobic living off dead or decaying organic matter(e.g., leaves, dead organisms)
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Fungal Key Feature - Absorptive Heterotrophy
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Decomposition
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Diversity I: Form
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Many fungi live as single cells
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Yeasts
Microsporidia
Chytrids
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Multicellular Fungi: Mycelia Made Up of Hyphae
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Hyphae
• Hyphae cell walls have chitin. • Some hyphae have incomplete cross walls or septa, and
are called septate. • Hyphae without septa are called coenocytic. • Hyphae allow high surface area to volume ratio. Aids in
absorption but susceptible to drying.
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Multicellular Fungi: Mycelia Made Up of Hyphae
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Hyphae
• Hyphae cell walls have chitin. • Hyphae allow high surface area to volume ratio. Aids in
absorption but susceptible to drying. • Hyphae with incomplete cross walls are septate. • Hyphae without septa are coenocytic. • Collections of hyphae = mycelia
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Multicellular Fungi: Hyphae
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Fruiting Body
Vegetative mycelia
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mushroom growth
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Convergent Evolution
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Phytophthora
Potato Late Blight
21Sudden Oak Death
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Stramenopiles: Oomcyetes
Phytophthora
Potato Late Blight
• Non-photosynthetic. • Are absorptive heterotrophs • Once were classed as fungi, but
are unrelated.
22Sudden Oak Death
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 23
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
High-GC Gram Positives (Actinobacteria)
• High G+C/A+T ratio in DNA
• Elaborate branching • Some reproduce by forming chains of spores at tips of filaments
• Most antibiotics are from this group
• Causative agents of many diseases such as tuberculosis and leprosy
• Many originally misclassified as fungi
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 25
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Amoebozoans: Plasmodial Slime Molds
• Individual motile cells can form single, multinucleate cell (plasmodium)
• Ingest food by endocytosis
• Form spores on stalks called fruiting bodies.
• Found in cool, moist habitats
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal reproduction
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Major Groups and Phylogeny
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Life Cycle of a Zygospore Fungus
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Figure 30.14 Sexual Life Cycles of Zygospore Fungi
30Fusion of nuclei
Fusion of cells
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Puffballs
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Spores
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Life Styles
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Parasitic Fungi
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Parasitic Fungi Example I: Plant Pathogens
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Parasitic Fungi Example II: Microsporidia
• Obligate intracellular parasites of animals; 1,500 species.
• Infect many diverse hosts
• Among the smallest eukaryotes known.
• Misclassified as protists for many years.
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Parasitic Fungi Example III: Amphibian Die Off from Chytrids
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Chytrids: Only Fungi with Swimming Spores
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Parasitic Fungi Example IV: Zombie Ants
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following best describes ant development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following best describes ant development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Arthropods
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Ecdysozoans
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Animals
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Diploblasts
Triploblasts
Monoblasts
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Predatory Fungi
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following best describes ant development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Clicker
Which of the following best describes ant development?
A. Triploblastic
B. Diploblastic
C. Monoblastic
D. All of a-c
E. None of a-c
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Nematodes
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Ecdysozoans
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mutualistic Fungi
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mutualistic Fungi I - Mycorrhizae
• Fungi associated with the roots of plants • Glucose from plant partner is primary energy source for
fungus. • Provide plants w/ increased water and mineral uptake via
massive increase in surface area
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Ectomycorrhizae Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Major Groups and Phylogeny
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mutualistic Fungi II - Lichens
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• Composed of a fungus and photosynthetic microorganism(s)
• Survive harsh environments • ~ 30,000 species
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lichen Anatomy
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 55
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Classes of symbiosis
Organism
Class of symbiosis A B
Mutualism + +
Commensalism + 0
Parasitism + -
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungal Microbiome
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Fungi in Our Homes
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Uses of Fungi I: Food
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Penicillium camemberti
• Penicillium camemberti
• Used in production of Brie and Camembert cheeses
!60Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Penicillium roqueforti
• Penicillium roqueforti
• Used in production of blue cheeses
!61Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Ascomycota
• Grows naturally on many fruits (e.g., grapes)
• Also known as Brewer’s yeast and budding yeast
!62Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016 Sugars ---> Acetaldehyde + CO2 --> Ethanol
Other fungi used in food/ food production?
!63Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Figure 30.20 Some Lichens Are Edible
!64Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Uses of Fungi II: Industry and Society
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Composting
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Biopulping
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Biofuels
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Industrial Mycology- enzymes, alcohol, citric acid
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
UC Davis Phaff Yeast Collection
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Kyria Boundy-Mills
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Novozymes in Davis
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Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Lichens for dyes
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Human uses of lichens: dyes
Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Uses of Fungi III: Pharmaceuticals
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Penicillium
• Ascomycota
• Ubiquitous in soil
!75Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
!76Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Staphylococcus “lawn”
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
!77Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Staphylococcus “lawn”
Vacation Time: took off August 1928
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
!78Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Staphylococcus “lawn” with mold growing on it.
Bacteria around mold dead.
Returned to lab September 3, 1928
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
!79Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Penicillium notatum
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin
!80Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Mould juice aka
Penicillin
Acremonium strictum: Cephalosporin
!81Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
Coming Soon …
!82Slides by Jonathan Eisen for BIS2C at UC Davis Spring 2016
We’re in deep trouble