14
ronald reigani amerikis rigiT me-40, erTi-erTi yvelaze warmatebu-
li prezidentia (1981-1989 ww).
ronald reigani prezidentia, romelic sZulda sabWoTa kavSiris
mTavrobas. sworedac rom sZulda, radgan misma politikam daasamara
sabWoTa kavSiri. igi didad arc amerikel memarcxeneebs uyvarT. reiganma
daxura socialuri programebi da gazarda Tavdacvis biujetio, – Civian
isini. Tumca, gulis siRrmeSi albaT is ufro ar moswonT, rom respub-
likelma reiganma gacilebiT mets miaRwia, vidre civi omis dros moR-
vawe demokratma prezidentebma, romlebmac, bevri cdis miuxedavad, ko-
munizms veraferi daakles. reiganis mowinaaRmdegeebi amboben, reigani
inteleqtuali ar iyoo, wignebs ar kiTxulobdao, xSirad saerTod ar
ainteresebda misi mTavroba riTi iyo dakavebulio...
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, reigani amerikaSi mainc Zalian bevrs uyvars,
magram kidev ufro metad uyvarT igi aRmosavleT evropasa da yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi (ruseTis garda), iq, sadac misi wyalobiT gan-
Tavisufldnen.
vin iyo es kaci, romelmac amdens miaRwia da mainc amdeni kritikosi
hyavs?
reigani —
prezidenti
samudamod
Tornike SaraSeniZe
gamoCenili adamianebi
15
ronald reigani ufros Zmasa da mSoblebTan erTad, 1913
kadri filmidan `knut rokne – namdvili amerikeli~, 1940
reigani - prezidenti samudamod
bavSvobidan kinomde
ronald reigani daibada 1911 wels amerikis Stat ilinoisis patara
qalaqSi. misi ojaxi Zalian Raribi iyo, xSirad deda patara ronalds
yasabTan agzavnida da abarebda RviZli eTxova „katisaTvis“. im dros
amerikaSi RviZls TiTqmis aravin Wamda da ronalds mas ufasod aZlevd-
nen katisaTvis, romelic sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda, ubralod, dedas ar
undoda vinmes gaego, rom igi ojaxs RviZls aWmevda (xorcs ki xelmokle
ojaxi iSviaTad yidulobda). ronaldis mama, jek reigani, mudam Sromob-
da, rom mravalSviliani ojaxi rogorme gamoekveba da Tan sakuTar al-
koholizms ebrZoda. igi ZiriTadad komivoiaJerobiT iyo dakavebuli
(bevrs mogzaurobda da sxvadasxva saqonels yidda). Sesabamisad, bevr
adamianTan uwevda urTierToba, ramac, rogorc Cans, ambebis moyolisa
da adamianebis gacinebis niWi ganuviTara. es niWi ronaldsac gamohy-
va da mamis gavleniT igi amaSi kargadac gaiwafa. momavalSi politikos
reiganis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba swored es iyo: mas SeeZlo erTi
xumrobiT, erTi anegdotis moyoliT miemxro auditoria da debatebic
moego. roca prezidenti gaxda, igi anegdotebs sabWoTa kavSirze yvebo-
da da amiT mTel msoflios aCvenebda, rom komunisturi imperia arc ise
saSiSi iyo, rogorc es maSin bevrs eCveneboda.
ronaldi bavSvobidan
TamaSobda amerikul fex-
burTsa da beisbols.
beisbolis TamaSi Zalian
uWirda, ris gamoc se-
riozuli kompleqsic
Camouyalibda. mizezi
sruliad SemTxveviT
gairkva erT dRes, roca
ronaldma ubralod saT-
amaSod moirgo dedis saT-
vale da aRmoaCina, rom
saSinlad axlomxedveli
yofila. Turme, mozardo-
bamde amerikis momavali
prezidenti naxevrad si-
brmaveSi izrdeboda imi-
tom, rom mis gaWirvebul
ojaxs arasdros ufiqria
igi profilaqtikisTvis
Tvalis eqimTan mieyvana.
16
axalgazrda reiganma male daZlia sakuTari
kompleqsebi: igi ufro gaTamamda adamianebTan
urTierTobisas. mas irCevdnen gundis kapitnad,
studentTa gaerTianebis prezidentad. roca
wamoizarda, maSvelad daiwyo muSaoba da uamravi
adamianis sicocxlec ixsna. momavali preziden-
ti verc didma depresiam SeaSina: igi, rogorc
mamamisi, bevrs moZraobda da karg samsaxurs
eZebda. erTi periodi mSeneblobaze muSaobda,
Semdeg ufro Sesaferis saqmianobas mihyo xeli –
sportuli komentatori gaxda. male mas sakuTar-
ma xmam da artistulma niWma kinoSic gauxsna gza.
1937 wels reigani namdvil msaxiobad iqca. aqedan
daiwyo misi kariera kinoSi.
kinodan politikamde
ramdenime filmi, ZiriTadad e.w. be-katego-
riis, anu mcirebiujetiani da arc ise maRali
xarisxis – ase midioda Tavidan reiganis kari-
era holivudSi. 1942 wels igi warmatebul film-
Si gadaiRes da gaCnda imedi, rom male namdvili
did depresiad msoflio istoriaSi iwodeba msof-lio masStabis ekonomikuri krizisi, globaluri ekonomikuri vardna, romelic 1929 wlidan daiwyo aSS-Si, mraval qveyanaSi gavrcelda da daaxloebiT 10 weli gagrZelda. am dros gakotrda uamravi banki, umuSevrobam rekordul maCvenebels miaRwia, ekono-mikis zrdis yvela parametri – mTliani Sida produq-ti, industriuli warmoeba, fasebi aqciaTa bazarze – mkveTrad daeca. am vardnam piks 1933 wels miaRwia da ekonomikuri zrdis mTavari indikatorebi mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg daubrunda 1929 wlis dones.
termini `didi depresia~ gulisxmobs ara mxolod ekonomikur movlenas, igi aseve gansazRvravs erT mTlian kulturul da politikur periods.
ekonomistebi, istorikosebi da politikuri mecnier-ebi didi depresiis mraval mizezs asaxeleben, magram saerTo mosazrebiT amis mTavari mizezi ZiriTadad mTavrobis mier monetaruli politikis araswori marTva gaxda.
gamoCenili adamianebi
17
varskvlavi gaxdeboda, magram swored am dros gaiwvies
frontze. SeiaraRebuli Zalebidan dabrunebis Semdeg
reigani kinomsaxiobTa gildiis prezidentad airCies
da aq ukve gamoCnda reigani-politikosi. man holivud-
Si daundobeli brZola gamoucxada komunizms. meo-
re msoflio omis Semdeg komunizmma amerikis mraval
sferoSi SeaRwia, gansakuTrebiT ki kinoSi, sadac liber-
alebi moRvaweobdnen (marqsizm-leninizmis ideebiT maTi
cduneba ki sakmaod ioli iyo). reigans komunizmis Tao-
baze iluziebi arasdros hqonia. „komunistebi is xalxia,
vinc marqss da lenins kiTxulobs, antikomunistebi ki is
xalxia, visac marqsi da lenini sworad esmis“, – Tqva man
erTxel.
holivudSi gaicno reiganma Tavisi orive coli. meore
cols, nensis, swored komunizmTan brZolis wyalobiT
Sexvda. roca reigani prezidenti gaxda, nensi amerikis
yvela drois erT-erT gamorCeul pirvel ledid iqca.
kino reiganisaTvis kidev erTi ramis gamo iyo mniSvnelovani. igi Se-
vida holivuduri filmebis, vesternebis, personaJebis rolSi da male
samyarosac ise Sexeda, rogorc vesterns. misTvis samyaroc, ase Tu
ise, or nawilad gaiyo – kargad da cudad, keTilad da borotad. iyo ra
bavSvobidan religiuri, borotebasTan (magaliTad, komunizmTan) brZo-
la reigans upirveles valdebulebad miaCnda. amave dros, gamovlili
hqonda ra gaWirveba da didi depresia, mas uyvarda keTili da ubralo
adamianebi, maT endoboda da yovelTvis gverdSi edga. albaT, aman ganap-
reigani - prezidenti samudamod
18
iroba misi mmarTvelobis stilic. igi Tana-
mdebobebs wesier adamianebs abarebda, maT
davalebebs aZlevda da Semdeg TiTqmis yve-
lafers andobda.
male cxadi gaxda, rom reiganis ora-
toruli niWisa da qarizmisaTvis holivu-
di saukeTeso adgili ar iyo. momavali
prezidenti sul ufro metad erTveboda
politikaSi da sul ufro metad ixrebo-
da respublikelebisaken. miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom reigani lamis bavSvobidan uWerda
mxars demokratebs, axla igi rwmundebo-
da, rom mis faseulobebsa da miswrafebebs
respublikuri partia ufro pasuxobda:
reigans miaCnda, rom saWiro iyo mTavrobisa da biurokratiis SezRud-
va da moqalaqeebisaTvis meti gasaqanis micema, mas miaCnda, rom civ omSi
amerikas sabWoTa kavSirisagan safrTxe emuqreboda da am safrTxisgan
qveyanas ufro metad respublikelebi daicavdnen.
60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli reigani politikaSi aqtiurad CaerTo.
1966 wels ki igi kaliforniis gubernatorad airCies.
prezidenti
ronald da nensi reiganebi SvilebTan erTad
gamoCenili adamianebi
19
reiganis politikam – dabali gadasaxadebi, naklebi socialu-
ri programebi da meti gasaqani kerZo iniciativas – kaliforniaSi
gaamarTla. igi ori vadis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda amerikis
am umdidres Stats, 1976 wels ki ukve saprezidento kampaniaSi Caer-
To. aq igi respublikelTa meore kandidatTan, moqmed prezident
jerald fordTan damarcxda praimeriSi. samagierod, 1980 wels man
jer praimeriSi gaimarjva, Semdeg ki sakmaod iolad sZlia demokrat-
Ta kandidats, prezident jimi karters.
1980 weli amerikisaTvis erT-erTi urTulesi weli iyo. qveyanas
jer kidev mwared axsovda vietnamSi gancdili marcxi, roca man meo-
re marcxi ganicada – 1979 wels iranSi moxda islamisturi revolu-
cia da amerikis saelCos TanamSromlebi mZevlad aiyvanes. amasobaSi
ki sabWoTa kavSiri (romlis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da politikuri
gavlena sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeboda) avRaneTSi SeiWra. ameri-
kaSi arc ise cota adamiani fiqrobda, rom civ omSi SeiZleboda gae-
marjva sabWoTa kavSirs.
reigans sTavazobdnen gaegrZelebina winamorbedebis kursi: Car-
Tuliyo sabWoTa kavSirTan molaparakebebSi, moewera xeli maTTan
axal SeTanxmebaze birTvuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis Taobaze...
mokled, sabWoTa kavSiri mieRo, rogorc realoba, romlisTvisac
angariSi unda gaewia. magram reigani sul sxvagvarad fiqrobda. igi
ronald da nensi reiganebi, 1981
reigani - prezidenti samudamod
20
acnobierebda faqts, rom bolo periodSi sabWo-
Ta kavSiris SeiaraReba Zalian gaZlierda. amitom
gadawyvita, moskovTan seriozuli molaparake-
bebi mxolod maSin wamoewyo, roca saTanadod
mixedavda amerikis SeiaraRebas, radgan amis Sem-
deg komunistebTan molaparakebebSi gacilebiT
Zlieri poziciebi eqneboda. man ori saintereso
nabiji gadadga: Seamcira gadasaxadebi, magram amave dros gazarda samxe-
dro danaxarji. Sedegad, amerikis saxelmwifo biujetSi didi deficiti
gaCnda, magram prezidenti amaze ar nerviulobda: „deficiti ukve imde-
nad didia, rom sakuTar Tavs mixedavs“, – xumrobda igi.
samagierod, gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT reiganma ekonomika waaxal-
isa, Tavdacvis biujetis zrdiT ki sabWoTa kavSiri gamoiwvia. reigani
arc ise nakiTxi adamiani iyo, magram bevri nakiTxisgan gansxvavebiT, man
erTi martivi WeSmariteba dainaxa: sabWoTa ekonomika amerikuls bevrad
CamorCeboda. amerikas SeeZlo Tavdacvis biujeti mkveTrad gaezarda da
SeiaraRebaSi sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis gadaeswro. sabWoTa kavSiri, rom ar
CamorCenoda, iZulebuli gaxdeboda Tavadac gaezarda samxedro biuje-
ti, magram misi ekonomika aseT dawolas veRar gauZlebda. ukve 1981 wels
reiganma sabWoTa kavSirs poloneTSi demokratiuli moZraobis CaxSobis
gamo ekonomikuri sanqciebi daado.
moskovSi dabneulebi da SeSinebulebi adevnebdnen Tval-yurs ax-
ali prezidentis nabijebs. igi sabWoTa kavSirs xan borotebis imperias
uwodebda, xanac masze xumrobda da xalxs siciliT klavda. gansakuTre-
biT dasamaxsovrebeli iyo aseTi anegdoti: „sabWoTa moqalaqe manqanis
sayidlad rigSi Caewera. mas eubnebian: mobrZandiT aT weliwadSi. ki ba-
tono, – pasuxobs moqalaqe, – magram diliT Tu saRamos? aTi wlis Semdeg
amas ra mniSvneloba aqvs? - ekiTxebian mas. iciT, – pasuxobs moqalaqe, –
ronald reigani da mixail gorba-Covi, 1987
gamoCenili adamianebi
21
aT weliwadSi diliT santeqnikosi unda movides“.
erTxel radiointerviuSi reiganma uecrad Tqva: „es wuTia kanon-
gareSed gamovacxade sabWoTa kavSiri, dabombvas viwyebT xuT wuTSi“.
rTuli misaxvedri ar aris, ra reaqcia mohyveboda amas „kanongareSed“
gamocxadebul qveyanaSi.
mTavari isaa, rom reiganis sityvebs saqmec mosdevda. man ara mxolod
gazarda SeiaraRebaze danaxarji, aramed aseve daartya sabWoTa kavSiris
Semosavlis mTavar wyaros – navTobs. misi mTavroba arabul saxelmwi-
foebs gaurigda da daagdebina fasi navTobze, ramac sabWoTa ekonomikas
gamousworebeli dartyma miayena. amas isic daemata, rom gadaberebul da
realobas mowyvetil sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas Tavzari dasca reiganis
fantastikurma proeqtma, e.w. varskvlavurma omebma. es proeqti gulisx-
mobda amerikis mier sabWoTa birTvuli iaraRis kosmosidan ganadgure-
bas. proeqtze bevri fuli ixarjeboda, magram mas didi Sedegi ar mohy-
olia, garda erTisa – moskovSi misi warmatebis daijeres da SeeSindaT.
amerikaSi ki am dros piriqiT xdeboda. moqalaqeebma kvlavac irw-
munes sakuTari qveynis sistemisa da demokratiis, maT momavlis rwmena
daubrundaT da sabWoTa kavSiris SiSic gauqraT.
1985 wels sabWoTa kavSirs xelmZRvanelad SedarebiT axalgazrda da
saRad moazrovne mixeil gorbaCovi moevlina. man daniSvnisTanave ga-
iazra, ra sirTuleebis winaSe idga misi qveyana da viTarebidan gamosvla
scada. saWiro iyo amerikasTan urTierTobebis dalageba da gamalebu-
ronald reigani da margaret tetCeri
reigani - prezidenti samudamod
22
li SeiaraRebis SeCereba (romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri ukve gakotrebamde
mihyavda). gorbaCovma am mimarTulebiT mTeli rigi nabijebic gadadga,
liberaluri gancxadebebi gaakeTa da dasavleTSi zogierTi politiko-
sis gulic moigo, magram reiganis gulis mogeba ase advili ar iyo: igi
sabWoTa kavSirisgan ara mxolod gancxadebas, aramed saqmesac moiTx-
ovda. gorbaCovic iZulebuli iyo daeTmo. man aRmosavleT evropidan
gaitana sabWoTa balistikuri raketebi, cixeebidan gaaTavisufla ko-
munistur reJimTan mebrZoli disidentebi, Seasusta politikuri kon-
troli, dauSva alternatiuli azri (iqamde sabWoTa kavSirSi erTader-
Ti WeSmaritebis wyaro marqsizm-leninizmi iyo). gorbaCovi imedovnebda,
rom amgvari qmedebebiT sabWoTa kavSirs gadaarCenda, magram sabolood
piriqiT moxda: komunizmi qvemoTken mieqaneboda, aRmosavleT evro-
pas moskovi sul ufro da ufro Znelad akontrolebda, male ki TviTon
sabWoTa kavSirSic daiwyo saprotesto gamosvlebi – litvaSi, latvia-
Si, estoneTsa da saqarTveloSi damoukideblobas moiTxovdnen. ukve
ruseTSic xvdebodnen, rom komunizmma Tavisi dro moWama da arc Tavad
ruseTs moutana sikeTe.
amerikuli aviamzidi `ronald reigani~
gamoCenili adamianebi
23
msoflio istoria albaT sxvagvarad
warimarTeboda, rom ara reigani, romelic
prezidentad arCevis Semdeg xSirad imeo-
rebda, rom amerikas ar hqonda moraluri
ufleba mietovebina komunistur reJimSi
mcxovrebi erebi.
reiganis meore saprezidento vadis gasv-
lis Semdeg sul male, 1989 wels, aRmosavleT
evropa sabWoTa okupaciisa da politikuri
kontrolisgan gaTavisuflda, 1991 wels ki
Tavad sabWoTa kavSiric sabolood daingra.
civi omi dasavleTis gamarjvebiT dasrul-
da daaxloebiT 10 wlis Semdeg im droidan,
roca bevrs egona, rom civ omSi komunizmi
imarjvebda.
dRes ruseTi sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenas
cdilobs. es mcdeloba ganwirulia, magram
amas, samwuxarod, bevri msxverplic axlavs.
amitomac xSirad gaigonebT: „netav ras iza-
mda axla reigani“, „axla rom reigani yo-
filiyo prezidenti...“ albaT, bevri adamiani
iqneboda Tanaxma, rom reigani samudamod
yofiliyo amerikis prezidenti.
reiganebis wyvili maikl jeqsonTan erTad, 1984
reigani - prezidenti samudamod