A PREMIER INSTITUTE OF CIVIL SEVICES€¦ · 1 fcV 1 ckbZujh la[;k ¼ Binary Digit ½ 4 fcV 1 fucy ¼ Nibble ½ 8 fcV 1 ckbZV ¼ Byte ½ 1024 ckbZV 1 fdyks ckbZV ¼ Kb ½ 1024 fdyks

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1

A PREMIER INSTITUTE OF CIVIL SEVICES

UPSC/MPPSC (Pre)

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdhfoKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdhfoKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdhfoKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh

By- C.M. MISHRA

Rudra’s IAS

2

HkkSfrdhHkkSfrdhHkkSfrdhHkkSfrdh

HkkSfrd foKku foKku dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlesa mtkZ ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa rFkk nzO; ls mlds fofHkUu fdz;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk

gSA

ek=d ¼ek=d ¼ek=d ¼ek=d ¼Unit½½½½

fdlh HkkSfrd jkf’k dh vfHkO;fDr gsrq mlh jkf’k ds ek=d dh

vko’;drk gksrh gSA izR;sd jkf’k dh eki gsrq mlh jkf’k dk dksbZ

ekud Lohdkj dj fy;k tkrk gS] bl ekud dks ek=d dgrs gSA

gj HkkSfrd jkf’k dk viuk vyx ek=d gksrk gS tSls nwjh ,d

HkkSfrd jkf’k gS ftls ehVj fdeh- ;k ehy tSlh bZdkbZ;ksa ;k

ek=dksa esa ekik tkrk gSA blh izdkj nzO;eku ,oa Hkkj dks ekius

ds fy, ehVj ;k fdeh- dk mi;ksx ugh cfYd fdyks xzke ;k xzke tSlh bZdkbZ;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ek=d nks izdkj ds

gksrs gS&

ewy ek=dewy ek=dewy ek=dewy ek=d

ewy ek=d os gksrs gS tks nwljs ek=dksa ls Lora= gksrs gSA ,l vkbZ ¼Standard System of International Measurement½

i)fr ds rgr fuEu 7 ewy ek=d izLrkfor gSA

lh th ,l i)fr esa nwjh dk ek=d lsUVhehVj] nzO;eku dk ek=d xzke rFkk le; dk ek=d lsds.M gksrk gSA

blh izdkj ,Q ih ,l i)fr esa nwjh dk ek=d QqV] nzO;eku dk ek=d ikW.M rFkk le; dk ek=d lsds.M gksrk gSA

ek=dksa ds vU; va’k ¼Fraction½ bl izdkj gS&

Msdk Msdk Msdk Msdk 10 10 10 10

gsDVk gsDVk gsDVk gsDVk 100 ;k 102

fdyks fdyks fdyks fdyks 1000 ;k 103

esxkesxkesxkesxk 1000000 ;k 106 ;k 10 yk[k ;k 1 fefy;u

xhxkxhxkxhxkxhxk 1000000000 ;k 109 dks 1 fcfy;u ;k 1 vjc

VsjkVsjkVsjkVsjk 1000000000000 ;k 1012 ;k 1 fVªfy;u

MslhMslhMslhMslh 1@10 ;k 10&1

lsUVhlsUVhlsUVhlsUVh 1@100 ;k 10&2

feyhfeyhfeyhfeyh 1@1000 ;k 10&3

ekbZdzksekbZdzksekbZdzksekbZdzks 1@1000000 ;k 10&6 ekbdzksu esa ikWfyFkhu dh eksVkbZ ekih tkrh gSA

uSuksuSuksuSuksuSuks 1@1000000000 ;k 10&9 uSuks ij vk/kkfjr uSuks VSDuksykWth gksrh gSA

,axksLVªkse,axksLVªkse,axksLVªkse,axksLVªkse 1@10000000000 ;k 10&10 ,axksLVªkse esa rjax/nS;Z ekik tkrk gSA

fidksfidksfidksfidks 1@1000000000000 ;k 10&12

nwjh dk ek=d ehVjehVjehVjehVj

nzO;eku dk ek=d fdyksxzke

le; dk ek=d lsds.M

fo|qr/kkjk dk ek=d ,Eih;j

rki dk ek=d dSfYou

T;ksfr rhozrk dk ek=d dSf.Myk

inkFkZ dh ek=k dk ek=d eksy

3

QehZ QehZ QehZ QehZ 1@1000000000000000 ;k 10&15 QehZ esa ijek.kq ds chp dh nwjh ekih tkrh gSA

dEI;wVj dh LihMdEI;wVj dh LihMdEI;wVj dh LihMdEI;wVj dh LihM

dEI;wVj dh LihM ekius ds fy, lkekU;r% esxk gVZt ;k xhxk gVZt dk mi;ksx djrs gSA ;fn ,d dIE;wVj 1 lsds.M esa 1

fefy;u vkWijs’ku iwjk djrk gS rks mls 1 esxk gVZt dgrs gSA dEI;wVj dh n{krk dks FLOPS- Floating point operation

per second esa ekirs gSA

nwjh nwjh nwjh nwjh ekius dqN vU; bZdkb;kaekius dqN vU; bZdkb;kaekius dqN vU; bZdkb;kaekius dqN vU; bZdkb;ka

ikjlsd ¼ikjlsd ¼ikjlsd ¼ikjlsd ¼Parsec½½½½

bls iSjkysDl ij lsds.M Hkh dgrs gSA

1 ikjlsd = 3-26 izdk’k o"kZ gksrh gSA

ukWfVdy ehy ¼ukWfVdy ehy ¼ukWfVdy ehy ¼ukWfVdy ehy ¼Nautical Mile½½½½ QSne ¼QSne ¼QSne ¼QSne ¼Fathom½ ½ ½ ½

bldk mi;ksx leqnz dh lrg ij nwjh ekius ds fy,

fd;k tkrk gSA tgktksa ds }kjk pyh xbZ nwjh

ukWfVdy ehy esa ukirs gSA

bldk mi;ksx leqnz dh xgjkbZ ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

1 ukWfVdy ehy = 1852 ehVj gksrh gS

1 ukWV = 1-852 fdyks ehVj@?k.Vk gksrh gSA

tcfd tgkt dh xfr dks ukWV esa ekirs gSA

1 QSne = 1-8288 ¼2 ;kMZ ;k 6 fQV½ ehVj gksrk gSA

dEI;wVj dh eseksjh ekius dh bZdkbZ dEI;wVj dh eseksjh ekius dh bZdkbZ dEI;wVj dh eseksjh ekius dh bZdkbZ dEI;wVj dh eseksjh ekius dh bZdkbZ [kxksyh; bZdkbZ ¼Astronomical Unit ½

lw;Z rFkk i`Foh ds chp dh vkSlr nwjh 15 djksM+ fdeh-

gSA bls gh ,d [kxksyh; bZdkbZ ;k , ;w dgrs gSA

[kxksyh; bZdkbZ esa lw;Z ls vU; xzgksa dh nwjh ukih

tkrh gSA

1 fcV 1 ckbZujh la[;k ¼Binary Digit½

4 fcV 1 fucy ¼Nibble½

8 fcV 1 ckbZV ¼Byte½

1024 ckbZV 1 fdyks ckbZV ¼Kb½

1024 fdyks ckbZV 1 esxk ckbZV ¼Mb½

1024 esxk ckbZV 1 xhxk ckbZV ¼Gb½ izdkizdkizdkizdk’’’’k o"kZ ¼k o"kZ ¼k o"kZ ¼k o"kZ ¼Light Year½½½½

lw;Z ds izdk’k }kjk ,d o"kZ vFkkZr 365 fnu esa r; dh

xbZ nwjh dks izdk’k o"kZ ;g 9-4607x1015 ehVj gksrh gS

blesa nks lkS;Z eaMyksa ds chp dh nwjh ekirs gSA

1024 xhxk ckbZV 1 Vsjk ckbZV ¼Tb½

1024 Vsjk ckbZV 1 isVk ckbZV ¼Pb½

1024 isVk ckbZV 1 ,sDtk ckbZV ¼Eb½

1 ,Dtk ckbZV 1 ,Dtk ckbZV 1 ,Dtk ckbZV 1 ,Dtk ckbZV 1 thVk ckbZV ¼Zb½

4

vk;ru ¼vk;ru ¼vk;ru ¼vk;ru ¼Volume½ ds ek=d½ ds ek=d½ ds ek=d½ ds ek=d

lhlh lhlh lhlh lhlh D;wfcd lseh- ;k lseh-3 vFkkZr 1 lseh- x 1 lseh- x 1 lseh-

xSyu ¼xSyu ¼xSyu ¼xSyu ¼Gallon½½½½ cSjy ¼cSjy ¼cSjy ¼cSjy ¼Barrel½ ½ ½ ½

1 xSyu = 37850-41 D;wfcd lseh- ;k 3-78 yhVj blesa dzwM vkWby dks ekik tkrk gSA

1 cSjy = 158-9 ;k yxHkx 159 yhVj gksrk gSA

O;wRiUu ek=d ¼O;wRiUu ek=d ¼O;wRiUu ek=d ¼O;wRiUu ek=d ¼Derivative Unit½½½½

os ek=d tks ewy ek=dksa ls mRiUu gksrs gS O;wRiUu ek=d dgykrs gSA

osx@pky dk ek=d osx@pky dk ek=d osx@pky dk ek=d osx@pky dk ek=d &&&& [email protected]

[email protected] dks fdyksehVj@?kaVk esa cnyus ds fy, ek=k dks 5@18 ls xq.kk djrs gSA fdyksehVj@?kaVk dks [email protected] esa

cnyus ds fy, ek=k dks 18@5 ls xq.kk djrs gSA

Roj.k dk ek=d Roj.k dk ek=d Roj.k dk ek=d Roj.k dk ek=d ¼¼¼¼Acceleration½½½½

osx esa ifjorZu dh nj dks Roj.k dgrs gS vFkkZr osx ftl nj ls ifjofrZr gksrk gS mls Roj.k dgrs gSA fdlh Hkh jkf’k dk nj

fudkyus ds fy, mls le; ls Hkkx ns nsrs gSA og ;a= tks osx dh nj dks c<+krk gS ,DlhysjsVj dgykrk gSA ;g okguksa esa gksrk gSA

,slk okgu tks ,d leku xfr ls py jgk gS vFkkZr ftlesa osx ugh c<+ jgk gS dk Roj.k 'kwU; gksrk gSA

Roj.k osx/ le; =�/��

��= �/��

cy ¼cy ¼cy ¼cy ¼Force½ ½ ½ ½

fdlh oLrq ds osx esa ifjorZu ds fy, vkjksfir nzO;eku dks cy dgk tkrk gSA

cy =nzO;eku× Roj.k

F = m × a

F= kg×m/sec2 egku oSKkfud U;wVu dks lEeku nsus ds fy, bls Newton Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

;g cy dk MKS iz.kkyh esa ek=d gSA

CGS iz.kkyh esaiz.kkyh esaiz.kkyh esaiz.kkyh esa

5

F= g × cm/sec2 = Mkbu ¼dyne) ;gka Mkbu ls rkRi;Z Mk;usfed flLVe ls gS

nkc nkc nkc nkc ¼¼¼¼Pressure½½½½

bdkbZ {ks=Qy ij yxk;k x;k cy nkc dgykrk gSA bls P ls n’kkZrs gSA

¼nkc = cy@{ks=Qy½ � =

�=

�

��

=�� × �

sec�×��

� =��

��. �= ��

Kg/m sec2 dks ikLdy Hkh dgrs gSA ikLdy ,d Qzkafllh fo}ku Fks ftudk iwjk uke Cyst ikLdy FkkA bUgksus 1642 esa nqfu;k

dk igyk dSYdqysVj cuk;k FkkA bUgh dks lEeku nsus ds fy, nkc dh bZdkbZ dks ikLdy dgk x;kA

oLrq dk {ks=Qy ftruk de gksxk og lrg ij mruk vf/kd ncko Mkysxh] blfy, yksgs dh dhy dks uqdhyk cuk;k tkrk gS rkfd

og vf/kd ncko ls nhokj esa /kl ldsA

ok;qe.My }kjk gekjs mij tks nkc Mkyk tkrk gS mls ok;qe.Myh; nkc dgrs gSA ok;qe.Myh; nkc dks ekius ds fy, ckj uked

ek=d dk mi;ksx djrs gSA leqnz ry ij ,d ckj = 105 ikLdy gksrk gSA leqnz ry ij ;fn ikjs ls Hkjh gqbZ ,d uyh j[kh tk;s

rks ikjk 76 feyh ehVj rd p<+rk gSA

mapkbZ c<+us ij ok;qe.Myh; nkc de gksrk tkrk gSA blfy;s igkfM+;ksa ij ok;qe.Myh; nkc de gksrk gS D;ksafd leqnz ry ls mij

tkus ij ok;qe.Myh dh xSals de gksus yxrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd mPp jDr rki okys O;fDr;ksa dks gokbZ tgkt esa cSBus dh lykg

ugh nh tkrh gS rFkk lkekU; O;fDr ;fn ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa tkrk gS rks mlds ukd dh ul QV tkrh gSA

ok;qe.Myh; nkc ekius okyk ;a= cSjksehVj dgykrk gSA tc cSjksehVj dk ikB~;kad fxjrk gS rks bldk vFkZ gksrk gS de

ok;qe.Myh; nkc ;k vR;f/kd xehZA cSjksehVj ds ikB;kad esa vpkud fxjkoV vka/kh rwQku ;k pdzokr dh lwpuk nsrk gSA cSjksehVj

dk ikB~;kad c<+us dk eryc gksrk gS ekSle lkQ gksukA

nkc dk DoFkukad ¼Boiling point½ ls xgjk laca/k gksrk gSA nkc c<+kus ij DoFkukad c<+rk gSA DoFkukad og rki gS ftl ij dksbZ

nzo xSl esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh nzo dk rki mlds DoFkukad ls vf/kd ugh c<+k;k tk ldrk tSls ikuh dk DoFkukad

100 fMxzh lsaVhxzsV gS vFkkZr ikuh dk rkieku fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa 100 fMxzh lsaVhxzsV ls vf/kd ugh c<+k;k tk ldrk nwljs 'kCnks esa

dgk tk;s rks ikuh vf/kdre 100 fMxzh lsaVhxzsV rkieku /kkj.k dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj DoFkukad fdlh nzo dh vf/kdre rki/kkj.k

{kerk gS ftls nkc c<+kdj c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA isz’kj dqdj ds mij lhVh dk otu izs’kj dqdj ds vanj j[ks ikuh ij nkc c<+k

nsrk gS blls izs’kj dqdj dk DoFkukad 100 fMxzh lsaVhxzsV dh txg 122 fMxzh lsaVhxzsV gks tkrk gS blfy, dqdj esa j[kk gqvk [kkuk

tYnh idrk gSA blds foifjr ;fn ge igkM+ksa ij tkrs gS rks ok;qe.Myh; nkc de gks tkrk gSA blls nzo dk DoFkukad vFkkZr

vf/kdre rki /kkj.k {kerk de gks tkrh gS blfy, ogka fdlh Hkh pht dks idkus esa vf/kd le; yxrk gSA cSjksehVj dh lgk;rk

ls ekSle lacaèkh iwokZuqeku Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gSA

dk;Z ¼dk;Z ¼dk;Z ¼dk;Z ¼Work½½½½

og HkkSfrd fdz;k ftlesa fdlh oLrq ij cy yxkdj mls cy dh fn’kk esa foLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh oLrq ij fd;s x;s dk;Z

dh eki oLrq ij vkjksfir cy rFkk cy dh fn’kk esa oLrq ds foLFkkiu ds xq.kuQy ds cjkcj gksrh gSA dk;Z rFkk mtkZ ek=d ,d

gh gksrk gSA

6

dk;Z = cy x foLFkkiu]

dk;Z = U;wVu x ehVj ;k fdyksxzke [email protected] gksrk gS bls twy Hkh dgrs gSA ;g uke tsEl izsLdkWV twy ds uke ij j[kk

x;kA twy esa mtkZ rFkk 'kfDr dks Hkh ekik tkrk gSA mtkZ ds {ks= esa ,d twy = 2-39 x 10&4 fdyks dSyksjh gksrk gS tcfd 'kfDr

ds {ks= esa 1 twy = 2-78 x 10&7 fdyks okWV ?k.Vk gksrk gSA lh th ,l iz.kkyh esa dk;Z dks vxZ esa ukirs gSA 1 twy = 1 x 10&7

vxZ gksrk gSA 1 vxZ = MkbZu x lsVhehVj gksxkA

'kfDr ¼kfDr ¼kfDr ¼kfDr ¼Power½½½½

dk;Z djus dh nj 'kfDr dgykrh gSA tks ftruk 'kfDr’kkyh gksxk og mrus de le; esa mruk

vf/kd dke djsxkA 'kfDr = dk;Z@le;A 'kfDr dks [email protected] ;k okWV esa ukirs gSA okWV uke LdkWVyS.M ds oSKkfud tsEl okWV

ds uke ij j[kk x;k ftUgksus 'kfDr’kkyh Hkki batu dh [kkst dh FkhA ''kfDr dks gklZ ikWoj esa ekirs gSA 1 gklZikWoj = 746 okWV

gksrk gSA fo|qr ls pyus okys batuksa dh 'kfDr dks gklZ ikWoj esa ekik tkrk gSA tcfd fdlh okgu ds ifg;s dks pykus ds fy,

vko’;d cy dks VkWdZ esa ukirs gSA dkj ds batu dh 'kfDr VkWdZ esa ukih tkrh gSA gklZ ikWoj esa vkj ih ,e vFkkZr jkmaM@ feuV

dk xq.kk dj nsus ls VkdZ izkIr gksrk gSA

Power =��

!��=

"#$�

%��= watt

Power = Watt

;wfuV ;wfuV ;wfuV ;wfuV ¼¼¼¼Unit½½½½

;wfuV dk mi;ksx fctyh ds miHkksx dks ekius ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA 1 ;wfuV cjkcj 1 fdyksokWV 1 ?k.Vk vFkkZr 1 fdyksokWV ;k

1000 okWV dk cYo ;fn 1 ?k.Vk pyk;k tk;s rks 1 ;wfuV fo|qr dh [kir gksxhA

1 ;wfuV = 1 fdyksokV x 1 ?kaVk

1 ;wfuV = �&''×)�#�

*+++

;fn ,d 40 okV dk V~;wc 8 ?k.Vs tyrk gS rks fdruh ;wfuV fctyh dk [kir gksxhA

= ,+×-

*+++=

.�+

*+++= 0.322345

vehVjvehVjvehVjvehVj

bldk mi;ksx fo|qr /kkjk ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

,YVhehVj,YVhehVj,YVhehVj,YVhehVj

Altitude means & Å¡pkbZA ,YVhehVj dk mi;ksx ok;q;ku ;k foekuksa dh Å¡pkbZ ukius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

vksfM;ks ehVj vksfM;ks ehVj vksfM;ks ehVj vksfM;ks ehVj

bldk mi;ksx /ofu rhozrk ukius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA /ofu rhozrk Mslhcy esa

Mslhcy esa ekik tkrk gSA

,uheksehVj,uheksehVj,uheksehVj,uheksehVj

bldk mi;ksx gok dh fn’kk dks vkSj mldh

vksMksehVjvksMksehVjvksMksehVjvksMksehVj

bldk mi;ksx xkfM+;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ge xkM+h }kjk r; dh x;h nwjh ekirs

,fDlyjksehVj,fDlyjksehVj,fDlyjksehVj,fDlyjksehVj

;g og la;a= gS ftldk mi;ksx Roj.k ekius esa fd;k tkrk gSA Roj.k& osx esa ifjorZu ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA

lkekU; Hkk"kk esa fidvi ds uke ls tkurs gSA

cSjksehVjcSjksehVjcSjksehVjcSjksehVj

bldk mi;ksx ok;qe.Myh; nkc ds ekiu gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA i`Foh ,d ok;qe.My

ls f?kjk gqvk gSA ftlesa <sj lkjh xSlsa tyok"i] /kwy] d.k gksrs gSA ;g gekjs flj

ij feydj ncko Mkyrs gSA ;s ncko ok;qe.Myh; nkc dgykrk gSA cSjksehVj

ok;qe.Myh; nkc dks ckj esa ukirs gSA

1 BAR = 76 cm

ckj leqnz dh lrg ij iFoh ij ok;qeaMy dk nokc ,d ckj ds cjkcj gksrk gSAlk/kkj.kr% leqnz ij ok;qe.My dk nokc lcls

vf/kd gksrk gS mapkbZ ij tkus esa ok;qe.Myh; nkc esa deh vkrh gS yxHkx izfr 300 ehVj ij 24 feyhckj izR;sd 1 ehVj dh

mapkbZ ij yxHkx 1 feyhckj ok;qe.Myh; nkc de gks tkrk gSA leqnz ry ij ok;qe.Myh; nko 1013

gksrk gSA ikjs ds ,d uyh dk ncko gSA ejdjh ¼ikjk½ nqfu;k dh bdykSrh /kkrq gS] tks lkekU; rkieku ij nzo voLFkk esa jgrh

gSA ikjk rki o nkc ds izfr vR;f/kd laosnu

gS rFkk ok;qe.Myh; nkc Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk de gksrk gSA

dSLdksxzkQdSLdksxzkQdSLdksxzkQdSLdksxzkQ

ikS/ks dh yEckbZ esa o`f) ukius ds fy, dSLdksxzkQ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

HkkSfrd ;a=HkkSfrd ;a=HkkSfrd ;a=HkkSfrd ;a=

bldk mi;ksx fo|qr /kkjk ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

& Å¡pkbZA ,YVhehVj dk mi;ksx ok;q;ku ;k foekuksa dh Å¡pkbZ ukius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

bldk mi;ksx /ofu rhozrk ukius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA /ofu rhozrk Mslhcy esa ukih tkrh gSA ,d ?k.Vh dh rhozrk dks

kk dks vkSj mldh ''''kfDr dk irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

bldk mi;ksx xkfM+;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ge xkM+h }kjk r; dh x;h nwjh ekirs gSaA


lkekU; Hkk"kk esa fidvi ds uke ls tkurs gSA

bldk mi;ksx ok;qe.Myh; nkc ds ekiu gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA i`Foh ,d ok;qe.My

ls f?kjk gqvk gSA ftlesa <sj lkjh xSlsa tyok"i] /kwy] d.k gksrs gSA ;g gekjs flj

ij feydj ncko Mkyrs gSA ;s ncko ok;qe.Myh; nkc dgykrk gSA cSjksehVj



ij yxHkx 1 feyhckj ok;qe.Myh; nkc de gks tkrk gSA leqnz ry ij ok;qe.Myh; nko 1013


laosnu’khy gksrk gSA ncko c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk ufydk esa ikjs dk Lrj Åij mBrk tkrk

gS rFkk ok;qe.Myh; nkc Å¡pkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk de gksrk gSA

ikS/ks dh yEckbZ esa o`f) ukius ds fy, dSLdksxzkQ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

7

& Å¡pkbZA ,YVhehVj dk mi;ksx ok;q;ku ;k foekuksa dh Å¡pkbZ ukius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

ukih tkrh gSA ,d ?k.Vh dh rhozrk dks




ij yxHkx 1 feyhckj ok;qe.Myh; nkc de gks tkrk gSA leqnz ry ij ok;qe.Myh; nko 1013-25 feyhckj ;k ikLdy


khy gksrk gSA ncko c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk ufydk esa ikjs dk Lrj Åij mBrk tkrk

8

dSyksjhehVjdSyksjhehVjdSyksjhehVjdSyksjhehVj

;g ,d inkFkZ dh m"ek ukius ds fy;s iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

ik;jksehVjik;jksehVjik;jksehVjik;jksehVj

bldk mi;ksx mPp rki dks ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Øk;ksehVjØk;ksehVjØk;ksehVjØk;ksehVj

Øk;ks ySfVu Hkk"kk dk ''''kCn gksrk gSA Øk;ks = vfr fuEu@rkieku gksrk gSA bl izdkj og la;a= ftldk mi;ksx vfr fuEu

rkieku ekius ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA

foKku dh og ''''kk[kk] tks vfr fuEu rkieku ij inkFkksZa ds xq.kksa dk v/;;u djrh gS] Øk;kstsfuDl dgykrh gSA

vfr fuEu rkieku ij inkFkksZa o /kkrqvksa dh fo|qr pkydrk dbZ xquk c<+ tkrh gS rFkk mudh izfrjks/kdrk dbZ xquk de gks

tkrh gS] blfy, vfr fuEu rkieku ij pkyd vfrpkyd esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSA vfr fuEu rkieku ij xSl nzo esa Bksl esa

ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA

Øk;kstsfud batuØk;kstsfud batuØk;kstsfud batuØk;kstsfud batu

og batu tks vfr fuEu Øk;kstsfud batu dgrs gSA bl izdkj ds batu ¼ rjy gkbMªkstu dks bZa/ku ds :i esa rFkk rjy

vkWDlhtu dks vkWDlh Mk;tj ds :i esa iz;ksx djrs gSA bl rduhdh esa gkbMkstu dks &253 fMxzh lsfYl;l ij rFkk

vkWDlhtu dks &183 fMxzh lsfYl;l ij j[kdj bUgs xSl ls rjy :i esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA nqfu;k dh lcls gYdh xSl

gkbMkstu rjy :i esa ,d csgrjhu bZ/ku dk dk;Z djrh gSA vkSj blls izkIr vkosx Hkh Bksl ;k nzo bZ/ku dh rqyuk esa dkQh

vf/kd gksrk gSA rjy gkbMªkstu dks LH2 rFkk rjy vkWDlhtu LXO ds uke ls tkurs gSA tc os nksuksa vkil esa feyk fn;s

tkrs gS] rks bUgsa izkisysUV ¼iz.kksnd½ dgrs gSA izkisyS.V dk mi;ksx] jkWdsV dk bZa/ku izkisyS.V ;k iz.kksnd gSA jkdsV iz.kksnd =

bZa/ku $ ØsVsykbtj /ku mRizsjd ¼ gkbMsthu] gkbMkstu ijkDlkbM] dSjkslhu] ukbfVd vEy] nzo veksfu;k ½

FkekZehVjFkekZehVjFkekZehVjFkekZehVj

bldk mi;ksx rkieku ekius ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA FkekZehVj ewy :i ls rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa&

¼i½ fMxzh lsfYl;l FkekZehVj ¼ii½ QkjsugkbV FkekZehVj ¼iii½ dSfYou FkekZehVj

FkekZehVj ds fuekZ.k esa ,d dk¡p dh uyh esa edZjh ;k ,sfFky ,Ydksgy Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA ikjs ds Hkk¡fr ,fFky ,Ydksgy Hkh rki

laosnh gksrk gS vFkkZr~ rkieku c<+us ds lkFk rsth ls vk;ru esa izlkj gksrk gSA

lcls igys bls cQZ esa j[k fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ekdZj ls ikjs ds Lrj ij fu’kku yxk nsrs gS bls fgekad dgrs gS blds ckn ml

uyh dks mcyrs ikuh esa Mky nsrs gS rFkk iqu% ekdZj ds ikjs ds Lrj ij fpUg yxk nsrs gS bls DoFkukad dgrs gSA blds ckn

fgekad o DoFkukad dks cjkcj Hkkx esa ckaV fn;k tkrk gSA ,d Hkkx ,d ;wfuV dgykrk gSA

bysDVªks dkWfMZ;ksxzkebysDVªks dkWfMZ;ksxzkebysDVªks dkWfMZ;ksxzkebysDVªks dkWfMZ;ksxzke

og ;qfDr ftldk mi;ksx g`n; ds dks"Bksa esa ladqpu iSnk djus ds fy, mRiUu fo|qr vkosxksa dh rhozrk dks ekius ds fy, fd;k

tkrk gS bysDVªks dkWfMZ;ksxzke dgykrk gSA

dkckZsjsVjdkckZsjsVjdkckZsjsVjdkckZsjsVj

og la;a= ftlesa vkWDlhtu o bZa/ku feyk, tkrs dkcksZjsVj dgykrk gSA

lkbDyksVªkWulkbDyksVªkWulkbDyksVªkWulkbDyksVªkWu

9

;g og la;a= gS ftldk mi;ksx vkosf’kr d.kksa dks Rofjr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

dSFkksM js vkflyksxzkedSFkksM js vkflyksxzkedSFkksM js vkflyksxzkedSFkksM js vkflyksxzke

blh CRO ¼vkflysjVj½ dgrs gSA blh fiDpj V~;wc Hkh dgrs gSA ;g ,d ,slh uyh gksrh gS] ftldk mi;ksx bysDVªkWu ds

mRltZu esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx Vsyhfotu fuekZ.k o X-ray mRiknu esa fd;k tkrk gSA tc bysDVªkWu dks rsth ls

IysVhfu;e IysV ij ckSNkj djrs gSA X fdj.k mRiUu gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa bysDVªkWu xu dks Coolies tube dgrs gSA

MsUlhVhehVjMsUlhVhehVjMsUlhVhehVjMsUlhVhehVj

;g fdlh inkFkZ dk ?kuRo ekius ds fy, mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

Mk;useksa

Mk;useks dk mi;ksx ;kaf=d ¼Mechanical½ ÅtkZ dks fo|qr ÅtkZ ¼electric½ ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blls

Mh lh djsaV mRiUu gksrh gSA

tujsVj tujsVj tujsVj tujsVj

;s ;kaf=d mtkZ dks fo|qr mtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA ;g izR;korhZ /kkjk mRiUu djrk gSA

lkSj mtkZ lkSj mtkZ lkSj mtkZ lkSj mtkZ

;g izdk’k mtkZ dks fo|qr mtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA

;kaf=d e;kaf=d e;kaf=d e;kaf=d e’’’’khukhukhukhu

;g fo|qr mtkZ dks ;kaf=d mtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA

ekbdzksQksuekbdzksQksuekbdzksQksuekbdzksQksu

;g /ofu mtkZ dks fo|qr mtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA

LihdjLihdjLihdjLihdj

;g fo|qr mtkZ dks /ofu mtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA

/ofu izo/kZd ¼,EIyhQk;j½/ofu izo/kZd ¼,EIyhQk;j½/ofu izo/kZd ¼,EIyhQk;j½/ofu izo/kZd ¼,EIyhQk;j½

bldk mi;ksx vko`fr ¼ frequency½ esa dksbZ ifjorZu fd;s fcuk vk;ke ¼Amplitude½ dks c<+kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g

;qfDr ykmM Lihdj esa mi;ksx esa yk;h tkrh gSA

eksecRrh] fn;keksecRrh] fn;keksecRrh] fn;keksecRrh] fn;k

jklk;fud mtkZ dks izdk’k mtkZ esa ifjofrZr djuk

ghVjghVjghVjghVj

fo|qr mtkZ dks m"ek mtkZ esa ifjofrZr djuk

lsy ¼lsy ¼lsy ¼lsy ¼Cell½½½½

jklk;fud mtkZ dks fo|qr mtkZ esa ifjofrZr djuk

Mk;fyfll e’khu

:f/kj dk ''''kks/ku ¼Purification of blood½

,fiMk;Ldksi

10

ewoh izkstsDVj

bUMksLdksih bUMksLdksih bUMksLdksih bUMksLdksih

bl ;a= dk mi;ksx ''''kjhj ds vkarfjd Hkkx dk fujh{k.k ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

QSnksehVjQSnksehVjQSnksehVjQSnksehVj

leqnz dh xbjkbZ ekius ds fy;s mi;ksx esa ykrs gSA ,d Qsne cjkcj 1-82 eh- gksrk gSA

lksukj ¼lksukj ¼lksukj ¼lksukj ¼Sonar½ & ½ & ½ & ½ & Sound Nevigation Range

bl ;a= dk mi;ksx leqnz dh xgjkbZ ekiu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Sonar- Ultrasonic rjaxsa dh lgk;rk ls dke djrkA

leqnz ds ty esa /ofu dh xfr 1533 m/sec gksrh gSA blls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ;fn dksbZ vYVªklksfud ¼Ultra Sonic Wave½

rjax ''''kh"kZ ls /kjkry rd igqapus esa 2 lsds.M dk le; ysrh gS rks leqnz dh xgjkbZ 1533 ehVj gksxhA

jMkj jMkj jMkj jMkj Radar - Radio Detecation and Range

jMkj dk mi;ksx fdlh xfreku fi.M dh fLFkfr dk irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA jMkj jsfM;ksa rjaxksa dh lgk;rk ls

dk;Z djrk gSA jsfM;ksa rjaxs fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxs gksrh gS tcfd lksukj ;kaf=d rjaxksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA

llllSSSSDlVsUVDlVsUVDlVsUVDlVsUV

bldk mi;ksx fdlh oLrq dh Å¡pkbZ rFkk nks oLrqvksa ds chp pkSM+kbZ ukius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

;g Tan θ = yac@vk/kkj ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA lSDlVsaV dh lgk;rk ls θ ;kfu dks.k dk eku fudkyk tkrk gSA

LQSXekssesuksehVj LQSXekssesuksehVj LQSXekssesuksehVj LQSXekssesuksehVj (Sphygmomanometer)

bldk mi;ksx jDrpki ¼Blood Pressure) ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU; euq"; dk jDrpki 80@120 mm/Hg

gksrk gSA blesa vc rd ikjs dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu fefuekVk ¼tkiku½ dUosa’ku esa ikjs ds mi;ksx ij izfrca/k yxus

ds ckn ikjs dk mi;ksx can dj fn;k x;k gSA vc bysDVªkWfud LQSXeksesuksehVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

lSdzzksehVjlSdzzksehVjlSdzzksehVjlSdzzksehVj

bldk mi;ksx jDr esa Xywdkst dh ek=k dks ekius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lsdzks ''''kCn lqdzkst ;kfu ''''kDdj ls cuk gS lkekU;r%

lSdzksehVj dk mi;ksx Mk;fcVht ls ihfM+r O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

VªkUlQkeZjVªkUlQkeZjVªkUlQkeZjVªkUlQkeZj

bldk mi;ksx foHko ¼ oksYVst ½ dks c<+kus ;k ?kVkus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA bZdkbZ /kukRed vkos’k dks vuar ls fdlh fo|qr

{ks= ds fdlh fcanq rd ykus ds fy, ckg~; cy }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z dks foHko dgrs gS vFkkZr fdUgh nks fcUnqvksa ds chp fo|qr

{ks= ds fo:) fo|qr vkos’k dks vkxs c<+us ds fy, tks dk;Z djuk iM+rk gS mls foHko dgrs gSA VªkalQkeZj nks izdkj dk gksrk

gS & LVsi vi VªkalQkeZj rFkk LVsi Mkmu VªkalQkeZj

LVsi vLVsi vLVsi vLVsi vi VªkalQkeZji VªkalQkeZji VªkalQkeZji VªkalQkeZj

og VªkalQkeZj ftldk mi;ksx foHko c<+kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS LVsi vi VªkalQkeZj gksrk gSA LVsi vi VªkalQkeZj fiDpj V~;wc

vk/kkfjr Vsfyfotu esa gksrk gSA

LVsi Mkmu VªkalQkeZjLVsi Mkmu VªkalQkeZjLVsi Mkmu VªkalQkeZjLVsi Mkmu VªkalQkeZj

bldk mi;ksx foHko ?kVkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS mnkgj.k ds fy, gekjs ?kj rd 11 gtkj cksYV dh fctyh vkrh gS ysfdu

gekjs ?kj ds midj.k 220 oksYV ij dke djrs gSA bl izdkj 11 gtkj oksYV dks 220 oksYV esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, LVsi

11

Mkmu dk mi;ksx djrs gSA

LVsCykbtjLVsCykbtjLVsCykbtjLVsCykbtj

bl ;qfDr dk mi;ksx fdlh ifjiFk esa oksYVst dks fLFkj j[kus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA blls ifjiFk esa oksYVst ¶ysDpq,’ku ugh

gksrk gSA

jsDVhQk;jjsDVhQk;jjsDVhQk;jjsDVhQk;j

bldk mi;ksx izR;korhZ /kkjk ¼Alternative Current½ dks fn"V /kkjk ¼Direct Current½ esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k

tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx Electro printing vkSj Electro plating esa fd;k tkrk gS ;k eksckby pktZj esa fd;k tkrk gSA

buoVZjbuoVZjbuoVZjbuoVZj

,slh bysDVªkWfud ;qfDr tks fd fn"V /kkjk dks izR;korhZ /kkjk esa ifjofrZr djrh gS buoVZj dgykrh gSA

fjpfjpfjpfjpj Ldsyj Ldsyj Ldsyj Ldsy

bldk mi;ksx Hkwdai dh rhozrk dks ukius ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blesa 1 ls ysdj 10 rd fcUnqvksa ds chp Hkwdai dh rhozrk

dks vkadk tkrk gSA 10 vad dh rhozrk lokZf/kd rhozrk ekuh tkrh gSA blesa flLeksaxzkQ dk mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

flLeksxzke flLeksxzke flLeksxzke flLeksxzke

flLeksxzke dk mi;ksx Hkh Hkwdai dh rhozrk ekius ds fy, djrs gSA ;g ;a= Hkwdai izHkkfor {ks= esa LFkkfir gksrk gS rFkk Hkwdai

vkus ij ;g ,d xzkQ rS;kj djrk gS ftls flLeksxzkQ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

VªkaftLVjVªkaftLVjVªkaftLVjVªkaftLVj

VªkaftLVj dh [kkst ''''kksdys] tkWu ckfMZu ,oa okYVj cVsZu uked vesfjdh oSKkfudksa us 1948 esa fd;k x;kA VªkaftLVj dk vFkZ

Transfer of Resistance ;k izzfrjks/kksa dk LFkkukUrj.k gksrk gSA ;g v/nZpkyd inkFkksZ ls cuk ,d ,slk la;a= gS] ftldk

mi;ksx vfrlw{e fo|qr/kkjk mRiUu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl lw{e /kkjk dk mi;ksx bysDVªkWfud la;a=ksa esa djrs gSA

VªkaftLVj dk fuekZ.k nks izdkj ds v/nZpkyd ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gS& n – Vkbi v/nZpkyd rFkk p - Vkbi v/nZpkyd

v/nZpkyd os inkFkZ gksrs gS tks vius vanj ls vYi ek=k esa bysDVªkWu dks izokfgr gksus nsrs gSA flfydkWu lcls T;knk mi;ksx

esa yk;k tkus okyk Vkbi v/nZpkyd gSA flfydkWu dk mi;ksx VªkaftLVj vkSj IC ¼Integrated Circuit Chip½ cukus esa fd;k

tkrk gSA lkekU;r% flfydkWu vius vanj ls bysDVªkWuksa dks izokfgr ugha gksus nsrk ijarq tc blesa vklsZfud ¼ n- Vkbi

v/nZpkyd) vkSj ,Y;qfefu;e ¼p- Vkbi v/nZpkyd½ dks v’kqf) ds :i esa feyk fn;k tkrk gS rks ;g v/nZpkyd cu tkrk gSA

vfrpkydvfrpkydvfrpkydvfrpkyd ¼¼¼¼ Super conductor½½½½

,sls pkyd gksrs gS ftudh pkydrk vuar gksrh gSA ftuesa izfrjks/k 0 gksrk gSA dqN inkFkZ vfrfuEu rki ij vfrpkyd ds

leku O;ogkj djrs gSA fdlh Hkh dUMDVj dks &273 ls &263 fMxzh lsUVhxzsM ds rkieku ij B.Mk djus ij os lqij dUMDVj

cu tkrs gSA bl rkieku dks vfr fuEu rkieku ;k dzk;kstsfud rkieku ;k fdzfVdy VsEizspj dgrs gSA vfrpkydksa esa ikjs"k.k

{kfr ugha ik;k tkrk gSA vfrpkyd izfr pqEcdh; {ks= dks izHkkfor ugha dj ldrk gSA

12

¶¶¶¶;wt ;wt ;wt ;wt

fo|qr midj.kksa ij vafdr fu/kkZfjr fo|qr /kkjk ls vf/kd fo|qr /kkjk dk izokg fo|qr midj.kksa dks u"V dj ldrk gS blls

cpkus ds fy, midj.kksa esa fo|qr ¶;wt dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fo|qr ¶;wt ,d ,sls rkj dk cuk gksrk gS ftldk xyukad

midj.k esa iz;qDr rkacs ds rkj ds xyukad ls de rFkk izfrjks/k rkacs ds rkj ds izfrjks/k ls vf/kd gksrk gSA ftl ifjiFk dh

lqj{kk djuh gksrh gS mlds la;kstd rkjksa ¼tqM+s gq, rkjksa½ ds Js.kh dze esa fo|qr ¶;wt rkj yxkrs gS ftlls vf/kd fo|qr /kkjk

izokfgr gksus ij ¶;wt rkj xeZ gksdj fi?ky tkrk gS vkSj ifjiFk VwV tkrk gS ,oa midj.k [kjkc gksus ls cp tkrs gSA

fo|qr cYcfo|qr cYcfo|qr cYcfo|qr cYc

;g fo|qr mtkZ dks izdk’k mtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gS cy ds vanj dksbZ fuf"dz; xSl tSls vkWxZu Hkjk gksrk gSA cYc esa VaxLVu

ds fQykesaV yxs gksrs gSA budk xyukad cgqr vf/kd ¼3422 fMxzh lsaVhxszV½ gksrk gSA rFkk izfrjks/k cgqr mPp gksrk gS fo|qr

/kkjk izokfgr gksus ij mPp izfrjks/k ds dkj.k rkj dh fo|qr mtkZ m"ek mtkZ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gS ysfdu mPp xyukad gksus

ds dkj.k VaxLVu ds rkj xyrs ugh gSA

ghVj ghVj ghVj ghVj

;g ,d ,slh ;qfDr gS ftlesa fo|qr mtkZ m"ek esa ifjofrZr gksrh gSA fo|qr ghVj ,oa izsl esa ukbdzkse ds rkj dk mi;ksx fd;k

tkrk gSA ukbdzkse fufdy 80 izfr’kr rFkk dzksfe;e 20 izfr’kr dh feJ /kkrq gSA ftldk xyukad vf/kd gksrk gS tks mPp rki

ij Hkh ugh fi?kyrh gSA ukbdzkse dk fof’k"V izfrjks/k Hkh cgqr vf/kd gksrk gS ftlls /kkjk izokfgr gksus ij ;g yky rIr gksdj

fofdj.k djus yxrk gSA

tsuj Mk;ksMtsuj Mk;ksMtsuj Mk;ksMtsuj Mk;ksM

;g ,d fo’ks"k izdkj dk Mk;ksM gksrk gS blesa lkekU; Mk;ksM ls vf/kd v’kqf) feykbZ tkrh gSA lkekU; Mk;ksM dh rqyuk esa

blesa vf/kd /kkjk LFkkf;Ro ik;k tkrk gSA tsuj Mk;ksM dk mi;ksx LVsCykbtj cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA

izdkizdkizdkizdk’’’’k mRltZd Mk;ksM ¼k mRltZd Mk;ksM ¼k mRltZd Mk;ksM ¼k mRltZd Mk;ksM ¼Light Emitting Diode - LED½½½½

;g ,d ,slk Mk;ksM gS tks izdk’k mRlftZr djrk gSA bu Mk;ksMksa esa vyx&vyx izdkj ds v/kZpkyd inkFkZ iz;ksx fd;s tkrs

gSA ftuds vuqlkj ;s vyx vyx jax dk izdk’k mRlftZr djrs gSA xSfy;e QkWLQkbM ls gjs jax dk izdk’k] flfydkWu

dkckZbM ls uhys jax dk izdk’k xSfy;e vklsZukbM ls bUQzkjsM ;kfu vojDr izdk’k mRlftZr gksrk gSA vis{kkdr vkdkj esa NksVs

vf/kd le; rd pyus okys rFkk de fctyh dk mi;ksx djus okys ,y bZ Mh cYo i;kZoj.k fe= gksrs gSA bUQzkjsM ,y bZ Mh

dk mi;ksx Vh oh vkfn ds fjeksZV esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

dkEisDV izfrnhIr ySEi ¼dkEisDV izfrnhIr ySEi ¼dkEisDV izfrnhIr ySEi ¼dkEisDV izfrnhIr ySEi ¼Compact Fluorescent Lamp - CFL½½½½

;g ,d ,slh ;qfDr gS tks fo|qr mtkZ dks izdk’k mtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrh gS blesa ,d dkap dh uyh esa izfrnhIr inkFkZ dk ys[k

djds vkxZu rFkk ikjs dk ok"i Hkjk tkrk gSA ifjiFk }kjk izfrnhIr uyh esa 220 oksYV dh fo|qr /kkjk Hkstus ij fQykesaV~l ls

tqM+k dSFkksM xeZ gks tkrk gS ftlls uyh esa bysDVªkWu mRlftZr gksrs gS ;s bysDVªkWu vkxZu rFkk ejdjh ds ok"i dks vk;fur

djrs gS ftlds dkj.k n`’; izdk’k mRiUu gksrk gSA blesa ls dqN ek=k esa vYVªkokbysV fdj.kksa dk mRltZu Hkh gksrk gS 14 okWV

dk lh ,Q ,y 40 okWV ds lk/kkj.k cYo ds cjkcj izdk’k nsrk gSA

fyfDoM fdzLVy fMLIys ¼fyfDoM fdzLVy fMLIys ¼fyfDoM fdzLVy fMLIys ¼fyfDoM fdzLVy fMLIys ¼ LCD ½½½½

;g ,d fMLIys ;wfuV gS ftlesa izdk’k ds izo/kZu ¼eksMqysfVax½ }kjk fyfDoM fdzLVy ls izdk’k mRltZu fd;k tkrk gSA bldk

mi;ksx Vhoh eksckbZy Qksu bR;kfn dh Ldzhu cukus esa mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA

13

lh Vh Ldsu ¼lh Vh Ldsu ¼lh Vh Ldsu ¼lh Vh Ldsu ¼Computer Tomo Graphy Scan½½½½

;g ,d ,slh fof/k gS ftlesa dbZ ,Dl&js fp=ksa dh lgk;rk ls ,d Fkzh Mh fp= rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k dk mi;ksx

fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa ekuo ''''kjhj dh vkarfjd lajpuk ;k fdlh xkaB ;k fodkj dk irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ijaijkxr

,Dl&js esa Vw Mh rLohj izkIr gksrh gS tcfd lh Vh Ldsu esa Fkzh Mh rLohj izkIr gksrh gSA

uSuks d.k ¼uSuks d.k ¼uSuks d.k ¼uSuks d.k ¼Nano Particle½½½½

10&100 nm vkdkj okys d.kksa dks uSuks d.kZ dgk tkrk gS rFkk 1&10 nm vkdkj okys d.kksa dks DokaVe fcUnq dgk tkrk gSA

pawfd ;s d.k vkdkj esa vR;ar NksVs gksrs gS blfy, bUgs ''''kwU; foeh; inkFkZ Hkh dgrs gSA bUgs d`f=e v.kq ¼Artifical Particles

½ Hkh dgrs gSA bUgs Bksl fdzLVy ,oa Lora= v.kqvksa ds chp dh dM+h ekuk tkrk gSA

dkdkdkdkcZu uSuks V~;wccZu uSuks V~;wccZu uSuks V~;wccZu uSuks V~;wc

;s vfr lw{e csyu ds vkdkj okys dkcZu ds vij :i gksrs gSA buds O;kl vkSj yEckbZ dk vuqikr 28000000 % 1 gksrk gSA

fuf’pr :i ls brus ckjhd ,oa brus yEcs inkFkZ dk fuekZ.k fdlh vU; inkFkZ esa laHko ugh gksrk gSA uSuks V~;wc dk mi;ksx

dEI;wVj dh ''''kfDr dks c<+k ldrk gS bldk mi;ksx ,y lh Mh o vkxzssfud fyfDoM fdzLVy fMLIys esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

uSSuks jkscksVuSSuks jkscksVuSSuks jkscksVuSSuks jkscksV

;s vfr lw{e ¼0-5 Micro Meter½ ds jkscksV gksrs gSA ;s brus lw{e gksrs gS fd cM+h vklkuh ls gekjh jDr ufydkvksa esa ?kwe

ldrs gSA budk LokLF; txr esa O;kid mi;ksx fd;s tkus ds laHkkouk gSA

xfr

xfr rFkk fojke fi.M dh nks voLFkk;s gksrh gSA ,d fi.M nwljs fi.M ds lkis{k fojke voLFkk esa gksrk gS rFkk fojke fi.M dh

rqyuk esa nwljk fi.M xfr’khy voLFkk esa gksrk gSA xfr ds fuEu izdkj gksrs gSa &

1- js[kh; xfr ¼js[kh; xfr ¼js[kh; xfr ¼js[kh; xfr ¼Linear Motion½½½½

tc dksbZ fi.M ,d lh/kh js[kk ea pyrk gS tSls ,d lh/kh lM+d ij dkj dh xfr js[kh; xfr dgykrh gSA

2- dks.kh; xfr ¼dks.kh; xfr ¼dks.kh; xfr ¼dks.kh; xfr ¼Anguler Motion½½½½

tc fdlh fi.M dh fLFkfr ,d fuf’pr dks.k ls cny jgh gS rks ;g xfr dks.kh; xfr dgykrh gSA

3- ?kw.kZu xfr?kw.kZu xfr?kw.kZu xfr?kw.kZu xfr ¼¼¼¼Rotational Motion½½½½

tc dksbZ fi.M fdlh fLFkr v{k ds ifjr% ?kwerk gS rks bls ?kw.kZu xfr dgrs gSA

4- o`Rrh; xfr ¼o`Rrh; xfr ¼o`Rrh; xfr ¼o`Rrh; xfr ¼Circuler Motion½½½½

tc dksbZ fi.M fdlh dsUnz ds pkjksa vksj o`Rrkdkj iFk ij ?kwe jgk gks rks bls o`Rrh; xfr dgrs gSA

5- daiUu xfr ¼daiUu xfr ¼daiUu xfr ¼daiUu xfr ¼Vibratory Motion½½½½

tc dksbZ fi.M fdlh fuf’pr fcUnq ds bZ/kj m/kj xfr djrk gS rks bls daiUu xfr dgrs gS tSls iS.Mqye dh xfrA

6- iz{ksI; xfr ¼iz{ksI; xfr ¼iz{ksI; xfr ¼iz{ksI; xfr ¼Projectile Motion½½½½

tc dksbZ fi.M fdlh fuf’pr fcUnq ds bZ/kj m/kj xfr djrk gS rks bls daiUu xfr dgrs gS tSls iS.Mqye dh xfrA

14

U;wVu ds xfrU;wVu ds xfrU;wVu ds xfrU;wVu ds xfr ds fu;eds fu;eds fu;eds fu;e

lj vkbtSd U;wVu us xfr ls lacaf/kr lkoZHkkSfed fl)karksa dk izfriknu viuh iqLrd fizalfi;k esa fd;k] mUgksaus xfr ds laca/k esa 3

fu;e fn,

¼¼¼¼i½ tM+Ro dk fu;e ¼xfr dk igyk fu;e½ ½ tM+Ro dk fu;e ¼xfr dk igyk fu;e½ ½ tM+Ro dk fu;e ¼xfr dk igyk fu;e½ ½ tM+Ro dk fu;e ¼xfr dk igyk fu;e½

bl fu;e ds vuqlkj] ;fn dksbZ fi.M fLFkj voLFkk esa gS rks og rc rd fLFkj voLFkk esa jgsxh tc rd ml ij dksbZ ckg~; cy

ugha yxk;k tkrkA

mnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.k& ;fn rst xfr ls tkrh gqbZ cl vpkud :d tkrh gS rks lHkh vkneh vkxs dh vksj fxj tkrs gSA

blh izdkj ;fn dksbZ fi.M xfr’khy voLFkk esa gS rks og rc rd xfr’khy jgsxh tc rd ml ij dksbZ cká cy ugha yxk;k

tkrkA

¼¼¼¼ii½ xfr dk nwljk fu;e½ xfr dk nwljk fu;e½ xfr dk nwljk fu;e½ xfr dk nwljk fu;e

bl fu;e ds vuqlkj] fdlh oLrq ds laosx esa ifjorZu dh nj] ml oLrq ij yxk;s x;s cy ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA

laosx � = �. 6

oLrq ds nzO;eku vkSj osx ds xq.kuQy dks laosx dgrs gSA

vFkkZr~ 7 ∝�9

∆'

nzO;eku vkSj osx c<+us ds lkFk oLrq }kjk yxk;k cy Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA osx esa ifjorZu dh nj c<+k nsus ls oLrq }kjk yxk;k cy

de gks tkrk gSA

mnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.k& djkVs dk f[kykM+h vius gkFkksa ls bZaVksa dks rksM+ nsrk gSA bl mnkgj.k esa djkVs dk f[kykM+h osx esa ifjorZu dh nj dks

U;wure dj nsrk gSA

tc ,d fØdsV f[kykM+h Å¡pkbZ ls vkrh gqbZ xsan dks idM+rk gSA vius gkFkksa dks xsan dh fn’kk esa [khap ysrk gSA vkSj osx esa ifjorZu

dh nj dks c<+k nsrk gSA

¼¼¼¼iii½ xfr dk rhljk fu;e ¼fØ;k&izfrfØ;k dk fu;e½ ½ xfr dk rhljk fu;e ¼fØ;k&izfrfØ;k dk fu;e½ ½ xfr dk rhljk fu;e ¼fØ;k&izfrfØ;k dk fu;e½ ½ xfr dk rhljk fu;e ¼fØ;k&izfrfØ;k dk fu;e½

bl fu;e ds vuqlkj izR;sd fØ;k dh foijhr izfrfØ;k gksrh gh gSA

mnkgj.k& ¼1½ canwd dh xksyh ¼2½ uko ¼3½ jkWdsV

vkd"kZ.k dk lkoZHkkSfed fu;evkd"kZ.k dk lkoZHkkSfed fu;evkd"kZ.k dk lkoZHkkSfed fu;evkd"kZ.k dk lkoZHkkSfed fu;e

bl fu;e dks Hkh U;wVu ds }kjk fn;k x;kA ;g ,d lkoZHkkSfed fu;e gS vFkkZr~ ;g iwjs czãk.M esa dke djrk gSA bl fu;e ds

vuqlkj izR;sd oLrq nwljh oLrq dks ,d cy ls vkdf"kZr djrh gSA vkd"kZ.k cy nksuksa fi.Mksa ds nzO;eku ds lekuqikrh rFkk muds

chp dh nwjh ds oxZ ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA

ekuk fd izFke oLrq dk nzO;eku m1 o nwljh oLrq dk nzO;eku m2 rFkk nksuksa ds chp dh nwjh r gSA

rc 7;�<��

��

F = =�<��

��

tgk¡ G = 6.67×10-11

Nm2/Kg

2 tks fd ,d fu;rkad gSA

15

tc nks fi.Mksa esa ls ,d fi.M i`Foh o nwljk fi.M dksbZ Hkh vU; fi.M gks rks bud chp yxus okyk vkd"kZ.k cy] xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy

dgykrk gSA bl izdkj xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy og cy gS] ftlls i`Foh ;k iFoh tSlk dksbZ xq: ;kfu Hkkjh fi.M fdlh oLrq dks viuh

vksj vkdf"kZr djrk gSA

F = F = =�>�

?��

tgka Me i`Foh dk nzO;eku = 5.792 x 1024

kg

Re i`Foh dh f=T;k = 6371 km

m oLrq dk nzO;eku gS

xq:Rokd"kZ.k cyxq:Rokd"kZ.k cyxq:Rokd"kZ.k cyxq:Rokd"kZ.k cy

fdlh Hkh fi.M ij iFoh }kjk yxk;k tkus okyk vkd"kZ.k cy xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

pwafd oLrq dk nzO;eku iFoh ds nzO;eku dh rqyuk esa cgqr de gksrk gS] blfy, mls ux.; ekuk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dgk tk

ldrk gSA

7 ∝1

ℎ�

blfy, bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd iFoh dk xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy dsoy fi.M dh ¼Å¡pkbZ½2 i`Foh ds /kjkry ls fi.M ij fuHkZj

djrk gSA tSls&tSls ge fi.M dh Å¡pkbZ c<+k;sxs] xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy oxZ esa de gksrk tk;sxkA

vFkkZr de Å¡pkbZ ij T;knk xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy yxrk gS rFkk T;knk Å¡pkbZ ij de xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy yxrk gSA

,d mixzg dk d{kh; o,d mixzg dk d{kh; o,d mixzg dk d{kh; o,d mixzg dk d{kh; osxsxsxsx

og osx ftl ls dksbZ mixzg iFoh ds pkjksa vksj ,d d{kk esa pDdj yxkrk gS] rks mldk d{kh; osx dgykrk gSA

pwafd mixzg ,d nh?kZ o`Rrkdkj d{kk esa ?kwe jgk gS blfy, bl ij ,d vfHkdsUnzh cy yxsxkA ;g vfHkdsUnzh; cy] i`Foh ds

xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy ds cjkcj gksuk pkfg, rHkh varfj{k esa dksbZ fi.M viuh d{kk esa ?kwesxk vU;Fkk ughA

uksV&uksV&uksV&uksV& vfHkdsUnzh; cy fdlh ?kw.kZu djrs gq, oLrq ;k ?kwers gq, oLrq ij yxus okyk cy cjkcj gksrk gS]

vfHkdsUnzh; cy (Centripetal force) = xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy

vfHkdsUnzh; cy =�9�

?

xq:Rokd"kZ.k cy 7� =B�>�

C?>D)E�

tgk¡ G = Universal Constant ¼lkoZf=d fu;rkad½

6.67 × 10-11

Nm2/Kg

2

Me = i`Foh dk nzO;eku

m = fi.M dk nzO;eku

Re = i`Foh dh f=T;k

h = i`Foh dh lrg ls oLrq dh Å¡pkbZA

mi;qZDr lehdj.k esa G, Me, Re fu;rkad gSA

Documents

A PREMIER INSTITUTE OF CIVIL SEVICES€¦ · 1 fcV 1 ckbZujh la[;k ¼ Binary Digit ½ 4 fcV 1 fucy ¼ Nibble ½ 8 fcV 1 ckbZV ¼ Byte ½ 1024 ckbZV 1 fdyks ckbZV ¼ Kb ½ 1024 fdyks