ausmif;om;vufpGJ - The Curriculum Projectcurriculumproject.org/wp-content/uploads/An Introduciton... · 2014-04-28 · ausmif;om;vufpGJ pmrsufESm 2 1/ q&m\ tcef;u@ESifhwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;

$Page 1: ausmif;om;vufpGJ - The Curriculum Projectcurriculumproject.org/wp-content/uploads/An Introduciton... · 2014-04-28 · ausmif;om;vufpGJ pmrsufESm 2 1/ q&m\ tcef;u@ESifhwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;$

pmrsufESm 1

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

aus;Zl;wifvTm

Curriiculum Project (CP) taeESifh þpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS0dkif;0ef;ulnDMuaom

(CP) tzJGUom;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomtzJGUtpnf;rsm;udk txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/ Karen Refugee committee

Education Entity, World Education, Youth Connnect, ZOA Refugee Care wdkYrS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh

tMuHÓPfrsm;? Hsa Thoo Lei’s Brighter Future ausmif;ESifh rJhvmpcef;&Sd Senior school wdkYrS tprf;vufawGU

oifMum;ay;NyD;rS jyefvnfa0zefoHk;oyfcsufrsm;udkay;jcif;? xdkausmif;rsm;wGif vuf&SdpmoifMum;ay;aeaom

q&mrsm;onfvnf; (CP) rSydkYcsaomoifwef;rsm;udk pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm wufa&mufyg0ifoif,lNyD;? a0zefoHk;oyf

csufrsm;udkjyefay;xm;jcif;? txufygazmfjyxm;aomtzJGUtpnf;? ausmif;rsm;ESifh q&mrsm;tm;vHk;udk aus;Zl;

wifygaMumif; .../

yxrOD;qHk;pDpOfwnf;jzwfxm;aom þpmtkyfudk Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) ESifh The European

Union tzGJUtpnf;wkdYrS pmtkyf xkwfvkyf bmomjyefjcif;u@wkdYrS axmufyHhulnDay;ygonf/ þpmtkyfrS

taMumif; trsKd;rsKd;aom tm;enf;csufrsm;tay: qifjcifNyD;? tqifhtwef; ydkrdkaumif;rGefvma&;ukda&S;½Ium

aemifvmrnfh wnf;jzwfpDpOfrItwGuf a0zeftMuHûyay;apcsifygonf/

þpmtkyfonf q&mrsm;ESifh q&mjzpf&eftwGuf pdwful;&nf&G,faomolrsm;twGuf taxGaxG

oifMum;ay;aomtwwfynmudk a&;om;ay;xm;aompmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfygonf/ oifwef;om;taeESifh

q&mjzpfaomtcsdefusvQif rdrdoifMum;ay;&rnfhbmom&yfudk vHkavmufpGm od&SdwwfuRrf;zdkY vdktyfyg

onf/ þpmtkyfxJwGifyg0ifaomtcsufrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh twef;tm;vHk;twGuf toHk;ûyEdkifygonf/

pmtkyfudkavhvmaeaomumvwGif oifwef;om;taeESifh rdrdpmoifMum;ay;aomtcsdefusvQifom þ

pmtkyfwGifay;&Sdxm;aom tMuHÓPf? oabmxm;ESifhenf;vrf;rsm;udk oifMum;ay;&rnfh bmom&yf

ESifhtwef;wkdYwGif rnfodkkYtoHk;csoGm;&rnfudkom pOf;pm;xm;&ygrnf/

http://www.abbyy.com/buy


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1/ q&m\ tcef;u@ESifhwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;/ (Teacher Roles and Responsibilities) 4

Õ q&m\ tm;omcsufESifh tm;enf;csufrsm;/

Õ todynm? tjyKtrl? oabmxm;ESifh twwfynmrsm;/

Õ pmoifcef;wGif vrf;jyOD;aqmifjcif;ESifh cefYcJGpDrHjcif;/

Õ pmoifpuf0ef; (teaching cycle) ESifh q&m\wm0efrsm;/

2/ uREkfyfwdkY rnfuJhodkY qnf;yl;oif,lygoenf;/ (How we Learn) 11

Õ pmoifcef;twGif;ESifh rdrdwdkYESifhoufqdkif&m ywf0ef;usifrSoif,ljcif;/

Õ oif,ljcif;\ enf;vrf;rsm;/

Õ VAK \ oifMum;yHkrsm;/

Õ wuf<urI&Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh wuf<urIr&Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;/

3/ pmoifcef;twGif; wef;wlnDrQrI/ (Equality in the classroom) 22

Õ ausmif;om;rsm; (wef;wlnDrQjcif;ESifh jcm;em;jcif;)

Õ ynma&;wGif wef;wlnDrQrItwGuf t"dupOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;/

Õ ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;yg0ifvIHYaqmfrI&Sdap&ef rnfodkYvkyfaqmifay;&ygrnfenf;/

Õ ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;yg0ifvIHYaqmfpdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdap&ef BudKwifjyifqifjcif;/

4/ avhvmoif,l&eftwGuf oifMum;ay;jcif;/ (Teaching for Learning) 30

Õ q&mtaeESifh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rnfonfht&mrsm;udkoif,lapcsifygoenf;/

Õ pOf;pm;jcif;twwfynmrsm; - Bloom \ynma&;qdkif&m&nf&G,fcsufrsm;/

Õ pmoifMum;jcif;twGuf vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udka&;csjcif;/

Õ ar;cGef;rsm; ar;jref;jcif;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm;/

5/ tkyfpkvkduf vkyfaqmifjcif;/ (Group work) 40

Õ tkyfpkzGJUNyD;vkyfaqmifrIaMumifh &&Sdaomaumif;usKd;ESifh qdk;usKd;rsm;/

Õ tkyfpkzJGUjcif;udk tzGJUzGJUay;jcif;ESifh cefYcGJpDrHjcif;/

Õ tkyfpkrsm;udk zJGUpnf;jcif;/

Õ tkyfpkvdkufvkyfaqmifjcif;? vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk jyefvnfwifjyjcif;/

Õ tzGJUvdkufvkyffaqmifaomvkyf&yfrsm;twGuf yHkpHa&;qGJjcif;/

rmwdum



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ausmif;om;vufpGJ

6/ oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;/ (Resources) 48

Õ oifaxmufulESifhywfoufNyD; okawoevkyfNyD;? ,if;udkjyefvnfwifjyjcif;/

Õ &&SdEkdifonfhypönf;rsm;tm; oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;taeESifhûyvkyfjcif;/

Õ oifcef;pmpmtkyfrsm;twGuf pDpOfay;jcif;/

Õ rdrdbmom oifaxmufulypönf;rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;/

7/ BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;/ (Lesson Planning) 55

Õ oif½kd;ñTef;wef;? bmom&yfESifh oifcef;pmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifjcif;/

Õ oifMum;jcif;\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;/

Õ oifcef;pmudk oifMum;jcif;/

8/ tqifhqifhwkd;wufrI? jyefvnfa0zefjcif;ESifh atmifjrifrIukd okH;oyfjcif;/ (Progress and Assessment) 67

Õ trsdK;tpm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm;/

Õ oifcef;\tpwGifvkyfaom avhvmwdkif;wmoHk;oyfjcif;/

Õ oifMum;pOfwGif (Assessment) ay;jcif;? rdrdudk,fudkESifh tzJGUvdkufudk

jyefvnfavhvmwdkif;wm oHk;oyfjcif;/

Õ jyefvnfa0zefay;jcif;? trSwfay;jcif;ESifh rSwfwrf;rsm;udkwifjyjcif;/

Õ jyefvnfavhvmwdkif;wmoHk;oyfjcif;\tqHk;ydkif;? tjrJwrf;avhvmwdkif;wmjcif;ESifh

pmar;yGJ/

9/ pmoifcef;ukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;/ (Classroom Management) 75

Õ pmoifcef;udkpDrHcefYcGJjcif;qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/

Õ pmoifcef;udk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;\enf;rsm;/

Õ qkay; 'Pfay;pepf/

Õ oifcef;pm\tqHk;wGif jyefvnfavhvmoHk;oyfwdkif;wmjcif;udkvkyfjcif;/ 80

Õ pmoifvIyf&Sm;rItwGuf tydkvkyfvkyfaqmifEdkifaomvkyf&yfrsm;/ 81

Õ jznfhpGufavhvmzwf½IEdkifaom pmtkyfESifh tcsuftvuf/ 83

Õ Method file 93



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A: oifMum;ay;jcif;udk pOf;pm;Munfhjcif;/ (Thinking about teaching)

oifcef;pm (1)

q&m\ tcef;u@ESifhwm0efrsm;

(Teacher roles and responsibilities)

oif,ljcif;\&nf&G,fcsuf / / þoifcef;pmtNyD;wGif oifwef;om;rsm;onf rdrd\tawGUtMuKHudkrSD;í

q&maumif;wpfOD;\ t&nftcsif;rsm;udk cGJjcm;yHkazmfEkdifygrnf/ q&m\tcef;u@ESifh wm0efrsm;

udkvnf; &Sif;jyEdkifygrnf/

uREkfyf\ tqkd;qkH;q&m (My worst teacher)

1/ oifawGUMuKHqHkcJhaom qdk;aomq&m\taMumi;f

udkpOf;pm;NyD; ol\qdk;&jcif;\taMumif;&if; tcsuf

rsm;ukd a&;yg/

2/ ESpfa,mufwpfzJGU zGJUNyD; qdk;onfhq&m\ tm;enf;

csufrsm;udk wpfcsufNyD;wpfcsuf a&;csay;yg/

uREkfyf\ taumif;qkH;q&m (My best teacher)

3/ oifawGUMuHKcJhonfh aumif;onfhq&m\taMumif;

udkpOf;pm;NyD; ol\aumif;&jcif;taMumif;&if;t

csufrsm;ukd a&;yg/

4/ ESpfa,mufwpfzJGU zGJUNyD; aumif;onfhq&m\ tm;

omcsufrsm;udk wpfcsufNyD;wpfcsuf a&;csay;yg/

Õ aqG;aEG;&ef / / rnfuJhokdYaomt&mrsm;onf aumif;onfhq&mjzpf&ef zefwD;ay;ygoenf;/

5/ wpfwef;vHk;twdkif;twmjzifh aumif;aomq&m\toGif? zefwD;ay;aomt&nftcsif;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;NyD;

tcsuftvufrsm;tm; pkaygif;a&;csyg/

B: todynm? oabmxm;? jyKrlyHkESifh twwfynm/ (Knowledge, attitude, behavior and skills)

1/ avsmfnDaomtcsufrsm;udkwGJay;jcif;tm;jzifh oif\oabmaygufem;rItwdkif;twmudk ppfaq;yg/

u/ oabmxm;

c/ odjcif;

*/ ûyrlyHk

C/ twwfynm

1/ wpfOD;wpfa,muf\ ûyrlvIyf&Sm;yHk/

2/ tcsuftvufrsm;udkod&Sdem;vnfjcif;/

3/ wpfckckudk uRrf;usifpGmvkyfwwfjcif;/

4/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufu rnfuJhodkYcHpm;jcif;ESifh

pOf;pm;aejcif;//

2/ ESpfa,mufwpfzGJUjzifh q&maumif;\vu©PmESifhywfoufaomtcsuftvufrsm;ukd Z,m;uGuftwGif;&Sd

oihfavsmf&macgif;pOfatmufwGifa&;csyg/

tod oabmxm;ESifh ûyrlykH twwfynm

,if;acgif;pOfatmufwGif q&maumif;\vu©Pmrsm;&Sdao;vQif xyfíjznfhpGufa&;ay;yg/

aumif;aomq&monf aumif;aomtod? tjyKtrl? oabmxm;ESifh twwfynmrsm;vdktyfygonf/



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ausmif;om;vufpGJ

aumif;onfhq&m\ t&nftcsif;rsm;/ (The qualities of a good teacher)

3/ atmufygtwdkcsKH;xm;aom aumif;aomq&m\t&nftcsif;rsm;udkavhvmNyD; ueOD;tp twef;vdkuf

vkyfcJhaomtcsufrsm;ESifh Z,m;uGufrsm;rSvnf; jyefvnfaumufEkwfNyD; xyfjznfha&;ay;yg/

todynm (Knowledge)

Ò rdrdoifay;aombmom&yfudk od&Sdem;vnfoabmufayguf&ef vdktyfygonf/

Ò bmom&yfudk rnfodkYoifay;&rnfudkvnf; od&dS&efvdkygonf/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm; xda&mufpGmoif,lEdkif&eftwGuf oifMum;rIukd BuKdwifjyifqifzkdY&ef vdktyfygonf/

oabmxm;ESifh jyKrlyHk (Attitude and behavior)

q&maumif;wpfOD;\

oabmxm;rSm ...

Ò rdrd\oifMum;ay;rI?

oifMum;ay;&rnfh bmom&yfESifh

ausmif;om;rsm;tm;

pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdNyD;

taumif;bufrS

jrifay;wwfjcif;/

Ò rdrdausmif;om;rsm;tm;

ausmom;&ifom;rcGJjcm;bJ

wef;wlnDrQ pdwf0ifwpm;

qufqHwwfjcif;/

twef;wGif; q&m\

tjyKtrlESifhoabmxm;rsm;rSm ...

Ò ausmif;;om;rsm;\

BuKd;pm;tm;xkwfrIrsm;udk tm;ay;jcif;jzifh az;ray;jcif;/

Ò wnfNidrfat;aq;jcif;/

Ò rdrdausmif;om;rsm;tay: pdwfqdk;jcif;? a'goxGufjcif;wkdYudk rjyjcif;/

Ò rdrdausmif;om;rsm;tay: wef;wlnDrQqufqHjcif;/ (tcspfqkH;ausmif;om;rsm;r&Sdjcif;)

twwfynm (Skills)

q&monf ...

Ò rdrdoifMum;ay;&rnfhbmom&yftwGuf BudKwifjyifqifxm;jcif;/

Ò pmoifMum;ay;&mwGifvnf; oifMum;enf;pepfrxyf&ef? pdwf0iffpm;rI&Sdap&ef? ausmif;om;rsm;yg

0ifvIyf&Sm;rI&Sd&efESifh oifhavQmfawmfnD&mudk csifhcsdefNyD; oifwwfjcif;/

Ò rdrdausmif;om;rsm;\ oif,lqnf;yl;rItay: az;rrI&SdNyD;? wdk;wufrIudkvnf; avhvmrSwfom;rI

&Sdjcif;/

Ò pmoifcef;udkvnf; touf0ifap&ef? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; aysmf&TifpGmqnf;yl;&,lap&ef pDrH

wwfjcif;/

tawGUtBuKHESifh tod + oabmxm;ESifh tjyKtrl + oifMum;ay;jcif;\twwf



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 6

4/ t"dyÜg,fwlaomtoHk;tEIef;rsm;udk wlnDatmifwGJay;jcif;tm;jzifh oif\em;vnfrIudkppfaq;yg/

1/ wpfckckvkyf&eftaMumif;&if;/

2/ tMurf;zsOf;udkzJGUpnf;jcif;/

3/ t"dyÜg,f&SdNyD; wu,fhb0ESifhqufEG,fjcif;/

(u) vIHYaqmfay;jcif; (Motivation)

(c) oifhavsmf&m (relevant)

(*) yHkpHerlem (structure)

aumif;rGefaomoif,lenf;onf aumif;rGefaomoifMum;jcif;\ &v'faywnf;/

C: q&m\ u@rsm; (The role of the teacher)

q&m\tcef;u@rSm OD;aqmifvrf;jyjcif;? aphpyfvIHYaqmfay;NyD; tqifhjrifhynma&;twGuf ausmif;

om;rsm; wef;wlqnf;yl;cGifhtwGuf pDrHcefYcGJay;jcif;wdkYjzpfonf/

Key words

achieve : atmifjrifjcif;/

facilitate : aphpyfn§dEIdif;vG,fulapjcif;/

guide : vrf;jyjcif;/

learning objective : oif,ljcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf/

task : tvkyfwm0ef/

pmydk'fudkzwfyg/

q&m\u@rSm rdrd\ausmif;om;rsm;onf tqifhrDSaomqnf;yl;rIudk wef;wl&&SdEkdif&eftwGuf pDrH

wwfNyD; aphpyfvHIYaqmfOD;aqmifay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ qnf;yl;rIudk OD;aqmifvrf;jyEdkif&eftwGuf q&monf

rnfonfht&mudkrnfuJhodkY oifMum;&rnfudkvnf;od&ygrnf/ q&monf rdrdausmif;om;rsm;\ wdk;wufrI

udkvnf; tjrJavhvmapmifhMunfhNyD;? oif,lqnf;yl;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkifukda&mufatmif vkyfaqmifay;

&ygrnf/ q&maumif;wpfa,mufonf wpfOD;csif;pD (odkY) tzGJUvdkufqnf;yl;oif,lEdkifrIudk az;rvIHYaqmf

Edkif&ygrnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;pdwfyg0ifpm;atmif? oifcef;pmwGif wuf<upGm yl;aygif;yg0ifatmif vkyfaqmif

Edkif&ygrnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\tajctaeESifh avQmfnDatmif csifhcsdefwwfNyD; olwdkY\oif,lrIudk vrf;cif;ay;

jyD; oifcef;pmudkem;vnfatmif az;ray;ygonf/

qnf;yljcif;udkcefYcJGrI (Learning management ) twGuf BuKdwifjyifqifrIrsm;vkyfxm;&ygrnf/ bm

om&yfwpfckvHk;udk tzufzufrSûcHiHkNyD; oifcef;pmudk BudKwifjyifqif&ygrnf/ wpfywfNyD; wpfywf NyD;pD;&

rnfhoifcef;pmESifh ay;xm;aomumvtwGif;? oifcef;pmudk tcsdefrSDoifNyD;EdkifzdkY&eftwGufvnf; vdktyfyg

onf/ wenf;qdkaomf pmoifcef;udkpDrHcefYcGJ jcif; (classroom management) onf ausmif;om;rsm;onf

ausmif;oifcef;pm vufawGUvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifapjcif;tm;jzihf tcsdefjzKef;jcif;ESifh tjcm;

twef;azmfrsm;tm; aESmuf,Sufjcif;rSuif;a0;apygonf/

aemufqHk;wGif aumif;aomq&mqdkonfrSm qnf;yl;avhvmolwpfOD;omjzpfaeygonf/ rdrdoifcJhaom

t&mrsm;ukd jyefvnfcsifhcsdefNyD; rnfonfhae&mwGif tm;omcsufESifhtm;enf;csufudk qef;ppf&SmazGum rdrd\

trSm;t,Gif; vpf[muGufrsm;rS oifcef;pmrsm;&,lNyD; topfaomt&mrsm;twGuf pGefYpm;&Jonf/ rem;wrf;

qnf;yl;aeaomq&monf qef;opfaomt&mudkvkyfwwfNyD; ausmif;om;udkomru rdrdudk,fudkESifh rdrdtvkyf

udkvnf; pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdayonf/

q&mwpfOD;onfausmif;om;rsm; tqifhrDSpGmoif,lqnf;yl;&efESifh rdrdwm0efudk aumif;rGefpGmxrf;

aqmifEdkif&ef rSefuefonfh tod? oabmxm;? tûytrlESifh twwfynm paomt&nftcsif;rsm;vdktyfygonf/



pmrsufESm 7

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

ar;cGef;rsm;udkajzqdkyg/

1/ q&monf oif,lqnf;yl;rIudkOD;aqmifEdkifzdkYtwGuf rnfonfht&mrsm;udk odoifh? vkyfaqmifoifh

oenf;/

2/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf olwdkYoif,laomt&mrsm;udk em;vnfEdkif&eftwGuf q&monf rnfuJhodkY

ulnDaz;ray;ygoenf;/

3/ q&mwpfOD; pmoifMum;&eftwGuf BudKwifjyifqifvkyfaqmif&rnfhtcsufrsm;udk a&;jyyg/

4/ ausmif;pmoifcef;udk pDrHcefYcGJzdkYtwGuf q&mwpfOD;vkyf&rnfhtvkyfrsm;udk a&;jyyg/

5/ q&monfvnf; xyfqifhavhvmqnf;yl;oljzpfaMumif;udk om"u (2) csufjzifh a&;jyyg/

D: q&m\ wm0efESifh 0wå&m;rsm;/ (The responsibilities of the teacher)

rnfonfhoifMum;jcif;rqdk tqifhqifhwnfaqmufxm;onf/ ,if;tqifhqifhrsm;udk puf0ef;oP²mef

ESifhyHkazmfMunfhvQif ydkNyD;em;vnfvG,fNyD; tusKd;oufa&mufrI&Sdygonf/ yxrtqifhonf aemuf tqifhwpfck

twGufvrf;cif;ay;NyD; aemuftqifhonfvnf; a&SUutqifhudkom udk;um;ygonf/ oifMum;rIwGif puf0ef;

ig;qifh&Sdonf/ ,if;tqifhrsm;udk wduspGmvdkufavQmufEdkifygu t&nftaoG;rDSpGm oifay;tm;jcif;jzifh

ausmif;om;rsm;\ oif,lrIudkaz;ray;ygonf/ ,if;puf0ef;onf oifcef;pm? ol\acgif;pOfESifh bmom&yf

wpffckvHk;twGuf qufpyftoHk;ûyívnf; &ygonf/

Key words

Cycle : puf0dkif;? tcsdefpuf0dkif;tqifh/

Stage : wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh pmoifMum;jcif;\puf0ef;?

pmoifMum;rIpuf0ef; (The teaching cycle)

1/ atmufwGif oifMum;jcif;puf0ef;yg tqifhqifhaomtcsufrsm;udk ay;xm;ygonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;wdkY

onf tpOfvdkufr&SdbJjzpfaeygojzifh tpOfvdkuftwdkif; jyefvnfípDay;yg/

(Plan) BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;/

(Assess) ausmif;om;rsm;oif,lem;

vnfrIudk oHk;oyfjcif;/

(Teach) oifMum;jcif;/

(Evaluate) rdrd\pmoifMum;rIudk

jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;/

(Identify need) vdktyfcsufrsm;udk

cJGjcm;jyEdkifjcif;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 8

tquftpyfjywfaeaom tpdwftydkif;rsm; (Missing pieces)

2/ q&monf pmoifcef;twGif;odkY0ifoGm;onf/

q&m - aumif;NyD/ pmrsufESm (46) udk zGifhxm;Mur,f/

ausmif;om; - q&m tJ'gNyD;cJhwJhtywfu vkyfcJhNyD;NyDav/

q&m - [kwf&JUvm;/ at; ... owd,NyD/ 'gqdk pmrsufESm (52) udk zGifhvdkuf/ tJ'Dwpfcef;udk

t&ifzwff/ tqHk;rSm ar;xm;wJhar;cGef;awGudk ajzay;vdkufaemf/

q&mum;twef;a&SUwGifxdkifNyD; tjcm;twef;rStdrfpmrsm; ppfaq;aeonf/ oifcef;pmwpf0ufavmuf

wGif ausmif;om;wpfa,mufu xNyD; ....

ausmif;om; - q&m .... ar;cGef; eHygwf (5) udkajzzdkY ajryHkudkMunfh&rSmvm;/

q&m - at; ... [kwfom;/ tJ'D tyk'fudkrvkyfeJY/ ausmfvdkufawmh/ ta&SUutyk'fudkbJ

vkyfvdkuf/

oifcef;pmtqHk;wGif q&mutwef;xJrSxGufoGm;NyD; ]]aumif;vdkufwJhoifcef;pm}} [k awG;aeNyD;

ausmif;om;rsmrSmvnf; wdwfqdwfaeNyD; olwdkY\tdrfpmudkom qufvufívkyfaeygawmhonf/

xdkuJhodkYaomq&mudk aumif;aomq&mwpfOD;[k oifvufcHygovm;/ pmoifpuf0ef;\ tqifhrsm;rS

rnfonfhtqifhudkom xdkq&mu vdkufavsmufusifhoHk;cJhygoenf;/

pmoifMum;rI puf0ef;cGiftqifhqifh (The stages of the teaching cycle)

aysmufvGifhaeaomtydkif; (Missing pieces) yHkjyifwGif pmoifpuf0ef;tqifhqifhrsm; wpfckrQ ryg0if

yg/ tzGJU (5) zGJU zJGUay;yg/ wpfzGJUvQif pmoifpuf0ef;tqifhqifhrS tcsufwpfckpDudka&G;NyD; aqG;aEG;apyg/

Ò oifhtzGJUrS&aom pmoifpuf0ef;tqifhqifh\pmydk'fudk zwfyg/

Ò rdrdodaomt&mrsm;jzifh xyfíjznfhqnf;ay;yg/

Ò atmufygar;cGef; (2) ckudkvnf; ajzqdkay;yg/

1/ tb,fhaMumifh þtqifhonfta&;BuD;ygoenf;/ Oyrm - oifMum;jcif;udk jyefvnfíoHk;oyf

jcif;onf tb,faMumifhta&;BuD;ygoenf;/

2/ þt&mudk q&mu rnfuJhodkYvkyfEdkifoenf;/ Oyrm - q&monf rdrd\oifMum;rIudk rnfuJhodkY

jyefvnfoHk;oyfEdkifygoenf;/

Ò oif\udk,fawGU taumif; tqdk;? oifusifhoHk;cJhaomerlemrsm;udk a&;csay;yg/

Ò NyD;vQif twef;odkY jyefvnfwifjyay;yg/

vdktyfcsufrsm;udkcGJjcm;jcif; (Identify needs)

ausmif;om;\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk q&monf&SmazGod&SdzdkUvdktyfygonf/ odkYrSomvQif ausmif;

om;rsm;ESifhavsmfnDaomtqifhudk oifMum;ay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ vlopfrsm;twGufqdkvQif olwdkYod&SdNyD;

aomt&mrsm;udkod&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfouJhodkU? tzGJUvdkufvkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;twGif; olwdkY b,fvdkydkNyD;aumif;

aumif;oif,lEdkifovJqdkwmudk od&efvdkonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\tcuftcJESifh olwdkY\ jcm;em;aom

oif,lrIukdvnf; od&rnf/ olwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk cGJjcm;od&dSjcif;tm;jzifh oif&rnfhbmom&yfudk BudK

wifjyifqifEdkifrnfjzpfonf? ,if;ESifhoufqdkifaomtcsufrsm;udk oifcef;pm (2)? (3) ESifh (8) wGif ydkrdk

avhvm&rnfjzpfonf/



pmrsufESm 9

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

BudKwifjyifqifjcif; (Plan learning)

q&monf rdrduBuD;MuyfoGm;rnfh oifcef;pmtwGufudk BudKwifjyifqifxm;zdkY&efvdkonf/ rdrdoif&

rnfhausmif;om;\tajctaeESifhvdkufNyD; rdrd\oifcef;pmudk BuKdwifyHkpHqGJxm;&ygrnf/ rdrdoif&rnhf oif

cef;pmrStcsuftvufukd ydkifEdkif&ygrnf/ olwpfyg;udkvrf;jyrnfholonf vrf;udkBudKodxm;zdkYvkdtyfonf/

q&monf BuKdwifjyifqifrIrsm;r&SdvQif pmoifMum;&mwGif tcuftcJ&Sdygvdrfhrnf/ BudKwifjyifqif&mwGif

vnf; tqifhrsm; rsm;jym;ygonf/ bmom&yfwpfckvHk;\yHkpHrludk qGJxm;&½kHomru oifcef;pm wpfcef;pDt

wGufvnf; jyifqifa&;qGJxm;ay;&ygonf/

wpfcgwpf&H BuKdwifjyifqif&mwGif oifcef;pmtm; twdkcsKH;xm;onfhpmykd'frsKd;udkjyifqif&NyD; vIyf

&Sm;wifqufrI (activities) udkvnf; yHkpHqJGay;&onf/ oifcef;pm (7) wGif BuKdwifjyifqifrIESifhqdkifaom

tcsuftvufrsm;udk ydkrdkavhvm&ygrnf/ xda&mufatmifjrifaomoifcef;pmonf BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;rS

aygufzGm;vmonf/

oifMum;jcif; (Teach)

ausmif;om;rsm;vdkufEdkifrnfhtqifhudk oifMum;Edkif&eftwGuf q&monf oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsuf

udk &Sif;vif;ydkifEdkifpGmod&ygrnf/ odkYrSomvQif q&m\OD;aqmifcefYcGJrIESifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif yg0if

qnf;yl;vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufukda&muf&ef taxmuftulûyygonf/ q&monf

ausmif;om;rsm; oifcef;pmudkpdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdap&eftwGuf oifMum;jcif;enf;pepftrsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; ajymif;vJ

oHk;ay;&ygrnf/ xdkYtjyif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; twwfjcif;? wwfodrI rwlnDMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh

avsmfnDatmif oifMum;Edkif&eftwGufvnf; taxmuftulûyygonf/

,if;acgif;pOfudk þoifcef;pmwavQmufoifMum;oGm;&rnfjzpfNyD; txl;ojzifh oifcef;pm (2-6)

wGif ydkrdkavhvmoGm;&ygrnf/ xdkYtjyif ausmif;om;wpfOD;wpfa,muftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? pmoifcef;

wGif; vHkûcHrIrsm;ESifhqdkifaom ausmif;om;ta&;udpörsm;wGifvnf; q&mwGifwm0ef&dSygonf/ ,if;wdkYudk

oifcef;pm (3) wGif equality in the class room qdkaomacgif;pOfjzifh ydkrdkavhvm&ygrnf/

ausmif;om;rsm;oif,lrItwdkif;twmudkod&Sd&ef jyefavhvmjcif; (Assess learning)

q&monf ausmif;om;rsm;oif,laomoifcef;pmrsm;rS em;vnfonfhtwdkif;twmudkod&efvdk

tyfayonf/ ausmif;om;taeESifhvnf; atmifjrifrI&&eftwGuf rdrdwdkYonf rnfodkYvkyfaqmif&rnfudkvnf;

od&SdzdkYvdktyfygonf/ pOfqufrjywfppfaq;oHk;oyfjcif;onf ausmif;om;ESifhq&m ESpfOD;pvHk;twGuf vdktyf

ayonf/ pmppfjcif;? ajzjcif;omvQif ppfaq;oHk;oyfjcif;[krqdkyg/ ausmif;om;\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk a0zef

ay;jcif;ESifh tjcm;rsm;pGm&Sdao;onf/ ppfaq;oHk;oyfjcif;onf q&m\pmoifMum;jcif;\atmifjrifrIukd

jyefvnfa0zefoHk;oyfEdkif&ef taxmuftulûyygonf/ ppfaq;oHk;oyfjcif;ESifh rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rsm;udk oif

cef;pm (8) wGif ydkrdkavhvm&ygrnf/

oifMum;rIudk jyefvnfa0zefoHk;oyfjcif; (Evaluate teaching)

q&monf rdrdoifMum; vkyfaqmifchJaomtajctaeudkod&Sd&efvdktyfNyD; rdrdvkyfaqmifrIrsm;rS tm;

omcsuf? tm;enf;csufrsm;ukd erlem,lwwf&ayrnf/ rdrdoifMum;cJhaomt&mrsm;udk jyefvnfqifjcifNyD;?

xda&mufrI&Sdjcif;ESifh r&Sdjcif;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;av;rsm;xm;ay;yg/ oifcef;pmqdkif&mausmif;om;\ wdk;wuf

rItajctaeudkod&dS&eftwGuf ausmif;om;udkppfaq;onfhtajz&v'fudk od&SdzdkYvdktyfayonf/ ausmif;om;

rsm;xHrS rdrdoifMum;ay;rItajctaeESifhywfoufonfh a0zefrIudk &,lzdkYvdktyfygonf/ odkYrSomvQif aemuf

wpfqifhoifcef;pmtwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;\vdkvm;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk cGJjcm;jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifygrnf/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 10

rdrd\oifMum;rIudk jyefqef;ppfjcif;/ (Self – evaluation)

oifMum;jcif;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&eftwGuf rdrdukd,frdrd rnfodkYaomar;cGef;rsKd;udk jyefvnfar;&yg

rnfenf;/

4/ oifcef;pmNyD;wdkif; rdrd\oifMum;rIudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&eftwGuf ar;ajzvTmudk 'DZdkif;qGJyg/

,if;ar;ajzvTmonf aumif;rGefaompmoifcef;udk ykHazmfjyaomtcsufESifhjynfhpHk&ygrnf/ Oyrmay;&aomf ...

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;onf oifcef;pmwGif pdwf0ifpm;rI&dSMuonf/

Ò oifcef;pmqdkif&mvIyf&Sm;rI (activity) rsm;pGmyg0ifygonf ... ponfjzifh/

E: vufawGUvkyfaqmif&ef/

(Munfh½Iavhvmjcif; - 45 rdepfESifh wem&D)

tawGYtMuKH&Sdaom q&m\oifMum;enf;rsm;udk Munfh½Iavhvmyg/

1/ oifMunfh½Iavhvmaeaomq&m\ pmoifenf;onf oifhtwGuf rnfodkYtaxmuftulûyonf?

ausmif;om;rsm; pdwf0ifpm;rI&dSonfwdkYudk tm;vHk;rSwfwrf;wifxm;yg/

2/ rdrd\ Munfh½IavhvmrIrsm;udk Oyrmom"ursm;ay;NyD; aqG;aEG;yg/

F: ausmif;om;rsm;\ oif,lcsuftwdkif;twmudk jyefvnfavhvmoHk;oyfjcif;/ (Assessment task)

1/ pmrsufESm (5 - 7) rS pmoifpuf0ef;tqifhqifhESifh q&m\wm0ef0wå&m; paompmydk'fudkzwfyg/

2/ acgif;pOfwdkif;\atmufwGif t"dutcsuf wpfcsufpD a&;csay;yg/ jzpfEdkifvQif Oyrmrsm;ESifha&;ay;yg/

3/ acgif;pOfwdkif;rsm;\atmufwGif tb,faMumifhq&mrsm;onf pmoifpuf0ef;tqifhqifhudkvdkuf

avQmufzdkY&efvdktyfygoenf;qdkonfudk 0guswpfaMumif;pDa&;ay;yg/

pmoifpuf0ef;ESifh q&m\wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;

vdktyfcsufrsm;udk od&dS cGJjcm;jcif; (Identify need)

Ò om"u (1) .............

Ò om"u (2) .............

q&mrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;vdktyfcsufrsm;udk cGJjcm;ay;&ef vdktyfygonf/

tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ... ...

Ò Ò Ò



pmrsufESm 11

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

oifcef;pm (2)

uREkfyfwkdY rnfuJhokdY qnf;yl;oif,laeMuygoenf;

(How we Learn)

q&m\u@onf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tqifhjr§ifhaomqnf;yl;rIudk wef;wlpGm&&Sd&eftwGuf vrf;jy? aphpyf? pDrHay;&ygrnf/

A: avhvmoif,lrIudk pOf;pm;jcif;/ (Thinking about learning)

þoifcef;pm\tqHk;wGif oifwef;BuD;Muyfolonf ...

Ò oif\tawGUtMuHKay:rSDNyD; oifMum;rIenf;AsL[mudk trsKd;rsKd;udkyHkazmfEdkifjcif;/

Ò avhvmoif,lenf;trsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;/

rdrdywf0ef;usift&mrsm;rS oif,ljcif;

(Learning in the world)

1/ uREfkyfwdkYonfaeYpOfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rS t&m&mudk oif

,laeMuonf/

Ò rnfodkYrnfyHk oif,laeMuoenf;/

Ò oif,lzdkY&ef rnfonhft&mrsm;vkyfaqmif

NyD;? rnfolu rnfodkYrnfyHk ulnDay;ygoenf;/ ponf

wdkYudkpOf;pm;yg/ rdrd\udk,fawGUrsm;udk rSwfpkwdktae

ESifha&;rSwfNyD; ESpfa,mufwpfwJG (odkY) tkyfpkvdkufzGJUNyD;vQif

aqG;aEG;yg/ rdrdudk,fawGUrsm;udk OyrmtaeESifha&;csay;yg/

Ò oDcsif;pmom;rsm;/

Ò pufbD;pD;jcif;/

Ò a&pdkjcif;/

Ò tpmudka0iSjcif;/

Ò olwpfyg;udk r½dkufjcif;/

Ò rdrdoabmudkwifjyjcif;/

2/ wpfwef;vHk;taeESifh xyfrHaqG;aEG;NyD;? rdrdwdkY rnf

uJhodkYoif,lcJhonfudk trSwfpOfrsm;jzifha&;jyyg/

3/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udk tzGJUvdkufaqG;aEG;yg/

Ò or½kd;us pmoifcef;wGif oifonf rnf

onfwdkYudk qnf;yl;avhvmusifhoHk;cJhoenf;/

Ò pmoifcef;jyifywGif oif,ljcif;u oifht

wGuf ydkrdkqnf;yl;&,lEdkifygovm;/ oiftwGUtMuKH

rsm;udk Oyrmay;yg/

pmoifcef;xJwGifoifMum;jcif;

(Learning in the Classroom)

4/ ESpfa,mufwpfzJGUzJGUNyD; atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udk

aqG;aEG;yg/

Ò awmfonfqdkaomausmif;om;qkdonfrSm

Nidrfíem;axmif aomausmif;om;avm (odkY) ar;cGef;

ar;aomausmif;om;avm? rnfonfhtcsufukd

ausmif;om;rsm; oif,laeonf[k uREkfyfwdkYtm; ajym

jyygoenf;/

Ò pmoifcef;xJwGif oifaemufqHk;vkyfcJh aom

(learning activities) vIyf&Sm;rIudk jyefvnfpOf;pm;yg/

ausmif;om;rsm;oif,l&&SdcJhaomtajctaeudk jyefvnf

pOf;pm;yg/

Ò q&mESifhausmif;om; tjyef

tvSefqufqHrI rnfrQ&Sdygoenf;/

ESpfOD; ESpfzuf jyefvSefqufqHrIudk qdk

vdkygonf/

Ò ,if;tcsuftvufrsm;

onf ausmif;om;rsm; avhvmoif

,lap&ef uREfkyfwdkYtm; rnfodkYajymjy

ygoenf;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 12

B: avhvmoif,ljcif;\ enf;vrf;rsm; (Approaches to Learning)

avhvmoif,lenf;okH;enf; (Three key approaches to Learning)

1/ pmydk'fudkzwfyg/ rnfonfhpmoifenf;onf touf0ifvIyf&Sm;onfhpmoifcef;udk zefwD;ay;EdkifaMumif;udk

azmfjyay;yg/

pmoifenf;rsm;udk acwftqufqufu t"dyÜg,ftrsKd;rsKd;zGifhqdkcJhMuNyD; jcm;em;aom pmoifqnf;yl;

enf;onfvnf; pmoifcef;wGif ay:aygufusifhoHk;chJonf/ vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (40-50) twGif; t"duus

aompmoifenf; (3) rsKd;udk usifhoHk;cJhonf/

yxrOD;qHk;taeESifh q&mudka&S;½IUxm;aom pmoifenf;udk usifhoHk;cJhonf/ q&mu oifcef;pmtcsuf

tvufrsm;udkydkYcsNyD; ausmif;om;u q&mydkYcsorQudk em;axmif½Hkoufoufom/ þoifMum;enf;onf

rSwfom;xm;jcif;? vdkufqdkvdkufvkyfjcif;wdkYudk tajccHygonf/ qnf;yl;rIonfvnf; vufawGUb0ESifh tyfpyfrI

r&Sdovdk q&mut"duusNyD;? ausmif;om;rsm;rSmrl vufcH&,ljcif;udkusifhoHk;ygonf/ nTefMum;jcif;udk a&S;½IY

xm;aom pmoifenf;jzpfygonf/

aemufydkif;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrd0ef;usifukdrSDNyD;? pl;prf;avhvm em;vnftajz&Smaom pmoif

enf;udk usifhoHk;jyefonf/ þpmoifenf;onf ausmif;om;rsm; t"duo½kyfaqmifae&mwGif&SdNyD; pl;prf;avh

vmrIudktajccHxm;aom qnf;yl;rIjzpfygonf/ rMumao;cifumvrsm;wGif q&mESifhausmif;om; tjyeftvSef

yl;aygif;aom pmoifenf;wpf&yf ay:aygufvmjyefvmjyefonf/ q&monf ausmif;om;rsm;od&Sdxm;aom

Active learning : ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkifoifMum;rIwGif wuf<upGmyg0ifNyD; pl;prf;&SmazGpOf;pm;rIudk

t"duxm;onf/

Passive learning : ausmifom;rsm;onf q&mydkYcsorQudkom avhvmqnf;yl;NyD;? oifaomtcsuf

tvufrsm;udkvnf; jyefvnfrSwfrdaom oif,lenf;jzpfygonf/

Theory : t"dyg,fzGifhqdkcsuf (ed,mr)

Approach : wpfpkHwcktm; pOf;pm;jcif;\enf;vrf;/

Focus : t"dua&S;½Icsuf (ypfrSwf)

Method : enf;vrf;/

Interraction : ESpfOD; (okdY) xkdYxufykdonfh vlrsm;tMum; tjyeftvSefqufoG,frI/

tod? twwf em;vnfrItwdkif;

twmrsm;udktajccHNyD; wu,fh

vufawGUudkrSDum ydkwdk;wuf

atmif az;rjcif;tm;jzifh oifMum;

oGm;ygonf/ þpmoifenf;onf

q&m\az;rrIESifh ausmif;om;

udk,fwdkifvkyfaqmifrIwdkYudk

yl;aygif;xm;aom enf;AsL[m

jzpfygonf/

qnf;yl;enf; (3) rsKd;udk

twdkcsKH;í uGufuGif;pGmyHkazmfxm;

ygonf/

Instruction nTefMum;rI

]]ajymjyr,f 'Dvkdvkyf}}

q&monf pmoifcef;ukd

pkd;rkd;csKyfukdifonf/

ausmif;om;rsm;onfpmoifcef;ukdpkd;rkd;onf/

Discovery

pl;prf;&SmazGrI

ausmif;om;wkdYu t"duazG&Sm

ukd,fwkdiftajz&SmMu

Interaction ESpfOD;ESpfzufqufqHrI

aqG;aEG;Mur,f/

twlwlaqG;aEG;vkyfukdifMuNyD; ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; pmoifcef;ukdpkd;rkd;onf/



pmrsufESm 13

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

2/ oifhem;vnfrIoabmudk wdkif;wmppfaq;yg/ atmufygoifMum;qnf;yl;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm;rS oif\udk,f

awGUrsm;udk Oyrmrsm;ESifha&;csay;yg/

Ò nTefMum;jcif; (Instruction)

Ò pl;prf;avhvmjcif; (Discovering)

Ò tjyeftvSefyl;aygif;jcif; (Interaction)

uREkfkyf\pmoifcef;

3/ atmufygpmoifMum;rI\ vIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkavhvmyg/ pmoifcef;xJrS oif\udk,fawGUrsm;udk

jyefvnfpOf;pm;NyD;? atmufygtcsufwdkif;udk (1) rSwf? (2) rSwfponfjzifh oifhavsmfovdk trSwfay; ay;yg/

oifhudk,fawGUESifhwdkufqdkifaomtcsufqdkvQif puf0dkif;0dkif;ay;yg/

(1) tenf;i,fomjzpfysufonf/ (2) rsm;pGmjzpfysufonf/

tenf;i,fomjzpfysufonf/ rsm;pGmjzpfysufonf/

rSwfpkukda&;onf/ 1 2

q&mukdom em;axmifonf/ 1 2

ausmufoifykef;rS ul;a&;csonf/ 1 2

oifxm;aomt&mrsm;ukd tvGwfrSwfonf/ 1 2

vkdufqkd vkdufvkyfonf/ 1 2

avhusifhcef;pmtkyftwkdif; ukd,fwkdifvkyfonf/ 1 2

ar;cGef;rsm;ukd ar;onf/ 1 2

ESpfa,muf (okdY) tzGJUvkdufaqG;aEG;onf/ 1 2

q&m\OD;aqmifrIjzifh twef;vkdufaqG;aEG;onf/ 1 2

wpfckckukd tajz&Smonf/ 1 2

ar;cGef;rsm;ukd ajzonf/ 1 2

pmtkyfzGifhNyD; ar;cGef;rsm;ukdajzqkdonf/ 1 2

q&mu trSwfay;onf/ 1 2

pmMunfhwkduf tifwmeufrS tajzrsm;ukd&Smonf/ 1 2

vufawGUprf;oyftajz&Smonf/ 1 2

trSm; trSefpaomtajz ajzonf/ 1 2

rdrdpdwfBuKduf&mukd a&;onf/ Oyrm - pmpDpmukH; 1 2

Case - Studies 1 2

o½kyfjyjcif;? Munfh½IUavhvmjcif; 1 2

SProject (tdrfpm) 1 2

oifMum;jcif;ukd jyefpOf;pm;jcif; 1 2



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 14

tkyfpkvdkuf pm&Gufay:wGifay;xm;aom acgif;pOftwdkif;a&;csNyD; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk Z,m;uGufay:wGif

a&;csyg/

nTefMum;jcif;

q&momvQift"du

ausmif;om;rsm;ryg0if

pl;prf;avhvmrI

ausmif;om;omvQif t"du

ausmif;om;rsm;yg0if

tjyeftvSef twlwl0kdif;0ef;

ausmif;om;ESifhtzGJUom;rsm;tm;vkH;

ausmif;om;rsm;yg0if

oif\qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk twef;xJwGifaqG;aEG;yg/

5/ ausmif;om;b0rStawGUtMuHKrsm;udktokH;ûyNyD; jznhfpGufxm;aomtrSwfrsm;udk jyefMunfhyg/ rnfonfh

oif,lenf;rsm;udk trsm;qHk;oHk;xm;ygoenf;/ nTefMum;jcif;? pl;prf;avhvmjcif;ESifh tjyeftvSefyl;aygif;

avhvmjcif;/

tusOf;csKH;

,if;oifMum;rI AsL[m (3) rsKd;onf olYenf;

olY[efESifh [efcsufnDnD&SdMuonf/ ,ckacwfusifh

oHk;aom tjyefvSefyl;aygif;jcif;enf;qdkNyD; odxm;

Muaomfvnf; pmoifMum;enf; AsL[m (3) rsKd;pvHk;

udkoHk;xm;onfudkawGU&Sd&NyD;? ,if;odkYusifhoHk;jcif;

tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdap&ef?

avsmfnDpGmoif,lEdkif&efESifh yg0ifrI&SdEdkifap&ef az;ryg

onf/

Oyrm / / tjyeftvSefnTefMum;jcif;/

nTefMum;csuf / /q&mu o½kyfjycsuf Z,m;t

uGufESifhwuG &Sif;vif;pGm&Sif;jyyg/ tjyeftvSef

qufqHjcif;udk &Sif;jy&aomf ....

u - q&mu aemufawmhbmqufjzpfovJqdk

onfhar;cGef;rsKd;udk ar;ay;yg/

c - ausmif;om;rsm;rSvnf; ar;cGef;rsm;ar;&ef

tcGifhta&;ay;yg/

6/ tjyeftvSefyl;aygif;apaom nTefMum;csufudkavhusifhjcif; - Methods file A udkzwfyg/

C: oif,lenf;yHkpH (uREfkyfonf rnfuJhodkYtaumif;qHk;oif,lygoenf;/)

uREkfyfwdkYonf rwljcm;em;aom oif,lqnfyl;jcif;ESifh jcm;em;aomenf;AsL[mrsm;udk avhvmcJhNyD;

jzpfonf/ þtcef;wGif uREfkyfwdkYonf jcm;em;aom oif,lqnf;ylenf;udk avhvmMurnfjzpfNyD;? q&ma&m

ausmif;om;twGufyg tusKH;0ifygonf/

tjriftm½HkESifh qnf;yl;aomausmif;om;onf tjriftm;jzifh&&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk yHkpHoP²mef

tm;jzifh jyefvnfowd&Muonf/

tMum;tm½HkESifh qnf;yl;aomausmif;om;onf tMum;tm;jzifh&&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk toH

tm;jzifh jyefvnfowd&Muonf/

vufawGUvkyfaqmifrIESifh qnf;yl;aomausmif;om;onf trlt&mESifhvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rS rdrdwdkYoifxm;

aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefvnfowd&ygonf/



pmrsufESm 15

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

oif,ljcif;yHkpHESifhywfoufaom ar;cGef;rsm; (Learning styles questionnaire)

uREfkyfwdkYonf rnfodkYtaumif;qHk;oif,lqnf;yl;Muoenf;/ (How do I learn best?)

1/ oif,lqnf;yl;onfhenf;vrf; (15) csufudk atmufygZ,m;wGifay;xm;onf/ ,if;wdkYudkavhvmNyD;rS

oifvufcHonf? rvufcHonfudk qHk;jzwfEdkifonf/ trSwfpm&if;rsm;udk (1) rS (5) txday;yg/

oifonf vkH;0 vufcHoabmwlaevQif (5) udktrSwfay;NyD; vHk;0 vufrcHvQif (1) udkom trSwfay;yg/

tu,fí oifu vufcHovdk vufrcHovdkqdkvQif (3) udk trSwfay;yg/

vufcHonf vufrcHyg

1 tvkyfvkyf&if; oDcsif;ukdem;axmifonf/1 2 3 4 5

2 olrsm;vkyfaqmifaomt&mukdMunfhNyD;

ukd,fwkdifvufawGUvkyfyguoif&ykdvG,fulonf/

1 2 3 4 5

3 vufa&;jzifh t&ifa&;csrSomvQif pmvkH;aygif;ukd

rSefatmifaygif;Ekdifygonf/

1 2 3 4 5

4 oifcef;pm pmtkyfrS pmrsufESmukd rSwfrdygonf/1 2 3 4 5

5 uREkfyf\vkyf&yfrsm;ukd q&mu a0zefrSwfcsuf

a&;ay;vQif oabmusonf/

1 2 3 4 5

6 oifcef;pm pmtkyfESifh rSwfpkwkdrsm;rSzwfvQif

ykdoabmaygufvG,fonf/

1 2 3 4 5

7 pum;ajymvQif uRefawmfvufukd tjrJokH;rdonf/1 2 3 4 5

8 Z,m;ykHazmf ponfwkdYESifhqkdvQif ykdem;vnfvG,f

onf/

1 2 3 4 5

9 avhusifhrIûyvkyfrSom wwfajrmufvG,fonf/1 2 3 4 5

10 pmvkH;aygif;vQif xkdpmvkH;ukd jrifa,mifNyD;rS

aygif;onf/

1 2 3 4 5

11 uRefawmf\vkyf&yfrsm;ukd q&mua0zefajymqkd

vQif ESpfoufonf/

1 2 3 4 5

12 em;axmifNyD; ar;cGef;rsm;ar;rS ykdem;vnfvG,f

onf/

1 2 3 4 5

13 Munfhonfxuf ukd,fwkdifupm;&onfukd

ykdrkdESpfoufonf/

1 2 3 4 5

14 vufawGUvkyfaqmif&onfukd ykdESpfoufonf/ 1 2 3 4 5

15 pdwfxJwGifpOf;pm;NyD;rS pmvkH;aygif;ukd&Gwfonf/ 1 2 3 4 5



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 16

2/ tajzrSwfrsm;udk wnfxm;onfhtwdkif; a&;csay;yg/

tMum; (Auditory)

ar;cGef; (1) -------

ar;cGef; (9) -------

ar;cGef; (11) -------

ar;cGef; (12) -------

ar;cGef; (15) -------

pkpkaygif; -------

tjrif (Visual)

ar;cGef; (4) -------

ar;cGef; (5) -------

ar;cGef; (6) -------

ar;cGef; (8) -------

ar;cGef; (10) -------

pkpkaygif;trSwf -------

vufawGU (Kinaesthetic)

ar;cGef; (2) -------

ar;cGef; (3) -------

ar;cGef; (7) -------

ar;cGef; (13) -------

ar;cGef; (14) -------

pkpkaygif; -------

tMum; tjrifESifh vufawGUoif,lenf; paomwpfckcsif;pD\ pkpkaygif;tajzudk&&Sdygonf/

Ò trSwfrsm;avav ,if;oif,lqnf;yl;enf;udk ydktm;oefavjzpfonfudkjyonf/

Ò wcsKdUaomolrsm;\ oif,lqnf;yl;enf;rSm oHk;ckpvHk;udk olYtwdkif;twmESifh tm;oefMuonf/

Ò ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm oif,lqnf;yl;enf; wpfck (odkY) ESpfck&SdMuNyD; wpfcku wpfckxuf ydkítm;

oefaomoif,lrIudk awGUEdkifygonf/

oifESpfoufaom oif,lqnf;yl;enf;ykHpHum; rnfonfht&mrsm;jzpfoenf;/

3/ atmufygpmvHk;rsm;onf vl\tm½Hkig;yg;ESifh

oufqdkifNyD; t"dyÜg,fwl&mpmvHk;rsm;udkwJGay;yg/

1/ tjriftm½Hk Mum;jcif;

2/ tMum;tm½Hk xdawGUjcif;

3/ udk,fxdtm½Hk jrifawGUjcif;

4/ rnfonfhqnf;yl;enf;onf (tMum;tjrifESifh xd

awGUjcif;) oifMum;enf;twGuf tusKd;t&SdqHk;jzpfyg

oenf;/

Ò pmudk jrefjrefzwfEdkifjcif;/

Ò vufEdSyfpufudk jrefjref½dkufEdkifjcif;/

Ò olwpfyg;emrnfudk rSwfrdEdkifjcif;/

Ò olwpfyg;\rsufESmudkodNyD; emrnfudk rrSwfrdjcif;/

Ò tvGwf&Gwfxm;aom oDcsif;udkrSwfrdjcif;/

Ò rdrdbmompum;\pmvHk;udk aumif;aumif;aygif;

Edkifjcif;/

Ò t*FvdyfpmvHk;udk aumif;aumif;aygif;Edkifjcif;/

vIyf&Sm;jcif;rS qnfyl;enf;yHkpH (Learning styles in action)

tjriftm;jzifh qnf;yl;aomausmif;om;onf tcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefjrifa,mifjcif;tm;jzifh rSwfrdyg

onf/ ,if;uJhodkYaomqnf;yl;enf;udk taxmuftulûyaom oifMum;enf;AsL[mrsm;rSm ...

Ò jrifomEdkifaom ½kyfyHk? Z,m;? ajryHkESifh pmcsyfrsm;/

Ò Bullet point ygaom oauFwrsm;/

Ò tjcm;ESifhrwlbJ ta&mifudk wpfrlxl;jcm;xm;aom tcsuftvufESifhoauFwrsm;/

Ò o½kyfjyjcif;? Munfh½Iavhvmjcif;/

Ò "mwfyHk Z,m;yHkrsm;jzifh jyifqifxm;aomwifqufrI (Presentation) rsm;udkMunfhjcif;tm;jzifh tMum;

tm½kH (auditory) ESifh oifMum;&eftm;oefaomaomausmif;om;rSm? em;axmifjcif;ESifh toHudkMum;

jcif;tm;jzifh oifxm;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefvnfowd&onf/ ,if;qnf;yl;enf;udk az;raom



pmrsufESm 17

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmoifenf;AsL[mrSm ....

Ò aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh - ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jcif; ajzjcif;/

Ò rdrdjyefMum;atmif pmudkzwfjcif;tm;jzifh odxm;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefowd,jcif;/

Ò vdkufqdkjcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/

Ò ausmif;om;uar;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk q&mu&Sif;jyjcif;ESifh q&mu oifcef;pmrsm;udkydkYcsjcif;/

Ò ar;vmaomar;cGef;rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;rS rdrdem;vnfovdk &Sif;jyvdkufaomtcsufrsm;/

vufawGUvkyfaqmifrI (Kinaesthetic) ESifh oif&eftm;oefaomausmif;om;rsm;onf ûyvkyfjcif;tm;

jzifhoif,lNyD;? vkyf&Sm;rIESifhtrlt&mwdkYaMumifh oifMum;xm;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefvnfowd,

Muonf/ oifMum;aomtawG;tac:rSmvnf; rdrdywf0ef;usifESifhqufpyfaeonf/ ,if;pmoifenf;udk t

axmuftulûyaom pmoifenf;rsm;rSm ....

Ò &SmazGpl;prf;jcif;? prf;oyfjcif;ESifh wpfckckudk tprf;vkyfjcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/

Ò tcef;xJwGif ae&mtEHSY&Sdaeaompmtkyfrsm;qDodkYoGm;NyD; tcsuftvuf&Smjcif;? vIyf&Sm;&SmazGjcif;/

Ò t&m0w¬Krsm;udk &SmazGcJGjcm;jcif;? zGJUpnf;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ Oyrm - (cue-card) udkoHk;jcif;/

Ò vufawGUuGif;qif;avhvmjcif;? (odkY) (case studies field studies)

Ò ausmif;om;u tjcm;olrsm;tm;&Sif;jyjcif; (odkY) yHkpHrsm;jyjcif;/

5/ tzGJYvdkuf (odkY) ESpfa,mufwpfzGJU zGJUNyD;? atmufygpmydk'fudk jznfhqnf;ay;yg/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;oif,lrIykHpHonf wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf rwlMuyg/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;

rsm;onf ------/

Ò ausmif;om;wdkif;oif,lEdkifaomyHkpH wpfa,mufwpfrsdK;pD&SdMuonfhtwGuf q&monf -----/

VAK ESifhywfoufNyD; oifMum;jcif;ESifh oif,ljcif;wdkY\t"dyÜg,frSm tb,fenf;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;onf olwdkYtm;oef&mESifhom oif,lMuonfhtwGuf ydkxda&mufrI&Sdonf/ Oyrm-

jyefvnfavhvmjcif;/

Ò q&monf pmoifMum;&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; nDrQpGmoif,ledif&eftwGuf enf;AsL[m

(3) ckpvHk;udk oHk;zdkYoifhonf/

Ò q&monf ausmif;om;rsm; odyftm;roefaomoif,lrItydkif;udk az;rEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;

om;rsm;twGuf us,fjyefYaom oif,lenf;pepfudk oHk;,l&ygrnf/

VAK - what this mean for teaching and learning

cGefqef;\ trSwftqifhonf yHkrSeftm;jzifh C+ jzpfNyD; ol\ VAK &v'frSm

tjriftm;jzifhoif,ljcif;udk tm;oefaeonfukdjyonf/

odkYjzpfí bmom&yfav;ckrS wpfckudk oltm;oef&moif,lenf;

odkY ajymif;vJoif,l&efqHk;jzwfNyD; rnfodkYajymif;vJjcm;em;rI

&Sdonfudk oljrifcsifonf/ ola&G;cs,fqHk;jzwfvdkufaom

enf;vrf;aMumifh OD;pGmtqifh A udk&&SdcJhí tawmfaysmfoGm;

onf/ ,ckESpfwGif olonf pmbmom&yftm;vHk;twGuf

oif,lenf;enf;vrf;topfudkoHk;rnf/ ol\rSwfpkpmtkyfonf

yef;csDtEkynmpmtkyfwpftkyfvdkyif jzpfonf/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 18

6/ tkyfpkvdkufzGJUNyD; oif,lenf;wpfckcsif;pDtwGuf toHk;0ifaomvIyf&Sm;rI activity tcsufrsm;udk a&;csay;yg/

(u) tzJGUwdkif;oif,laomenf;wpfckpDudk vkyfaqmifMuyg/ oifcef;pmrS tcsuftvufrsm;udkpkaqmif;

um rdrdpOf;pm;aomt&mrsm;wkdYudk ydkpwmûyvkyfyg/

(c) rdrdtzGJU\ydkpwmudk eH&Hay:wGifuyfyg/ tjcm;uyfxm;aomydkpwmudk avhvmyg/ tjcm;ydkpwm

rsm;rS tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh rdrdwdkYpOf;pm;xm;aomtcsufrsm;udk aygif;xnfhay;yg/

(*) taumif;qHk;tMuHay;csufrsm;udk a&;rSwfay;yg/

D: wuf<ujcif; (odkY) rwuf<ujcif;avm/ ausmif;om;rsm;\oifMum;rIudk vufcHrI/

wuf<uoifMum;jcif; (active learning) oabm

onf ausmif;om;rsm;u rdrdwdkY\pmoifcef;udk pdkrdk;

rI&Sdonf/

olwdkYonf ydkíem;vnfcsif? ydkípl;prf;csifMuonf/

t&m&mudk avhvmawG;awmqifjcifMuonf/ ar;

cGef;rsm;udkvnf; ar;Muonf/

rwuf<uaomoif,lrI (passive) oabmrSmrl

oif,ljcif;wGif pmoifcef;udkpdk;rdk;EdkifrIr&Sdacs/

ausmif;om;awmfvQif? q&maumif;jzpfEdkif[k

,lqMuonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh xdkuJhodkYaomausmif;

om;rsm;onf twef;xJwGif Nidrfoufaewwf

onf/

(Passive or Active learning? Student beliefs about learning)

1/ (u) vufcHonf? vHk;0vufcHonf? vufrcHyg? vHk;0vufrcHyg qdkonfudk udk,fpm;ûyaom tzGJU (4)

zGJY zGJUapyg/

(u) q&mu ausmif;om;rsm;\rSwfcsufrsm;udk zwfjyygrnf/ vufcHonf? vufrcHonfudkom

qHk;jzwfay;yg/

(c) oif\oabmxm;udk udk,fpm;ûyaomtzJGUodkYoGm;yg/ NyD;rStb,faMumifh þoabmxm;&dS&onf

udk &Sif;jyay;yg/

(C) þausmif;om;\ oif,lqnf;yl;enf;onf wuf<ujcif;avm? rwuf<ujcif;avmqdkonfudk

tzGJYvdkufqHk;jzwfygap/

Reflect -

oif,ljcif;onf olwdkY\wdk;wufrItwGuf qufpyfrI&SdaMumif;? ausmif;om;rsm; rnfodkYvufcHyg

oenf;/

oifonfvnf; rnfuJhodkYaomausmif;om; jzpfaeygoenf;/

E: vufawGUvkyfaqmifjcif; (avhvmjcif; 2) Practical task (observation 2)

tawGUtMuKH&Sdaomq&m\ pmoifMum;jcif;udk twef;xJwGif rdepf (40) - (1) em&Davmufavhvmyg/

1/ avhvmpOfwGif oifavhvmaeaomq&mESifh ausmif;om;wdkY\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk tcsufrsm;jzifha&;rSwfyg/

Oyrm -

q&m ausmif;om;

- acgif;pOfukdajymjyonf/

- pmtkyfxJrS avhusifh&efukd ajymjyonf/

- avhusifhcef;twGuf Oyrmukday;onf/

- em;axmifonf/

- tkyfpki,fzGJUNyD; oifcef;pmukdvkyfonf/



pmrsufESm 19

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

2/ twef;NyD;vQif rnfonfhoifMum;enf;udk ydkoHk;jzpfonfudk avhvmyg/ nTefMum;jcif;avm? pl;prf;jcif;avm?

(odkY) twlwlyl;aygif;jcif;avm? a0zefqHk;jzwfyg/ xdka0zefcsufudk todtrSwfûyap&ef twef;xJwGif oif

awGUcJhaomOyrmrsm;udk jyefajymjyyg/

Ò oif\avhvmrIrsm;udk aqG;aEG;yg/

F: Reflect

1/ uREfkyfwdkYonf þoifcef;pmwGif avhvmoif,lenf;yHkpHrsm;tm;vHk;udk oHk;oGm;ygovm;/ tenf;qHk;

acgif;pOfwpfckudk OyrmwpfckpDESifhay;yg/

1/ tjriftm½Hk (visual)

2/ tMum;tm½Hk (auditory)

3/ vufawGUvkyfjcif; (Kineasthetic)

2/ uREfkyfwdkYonf oifMum;ay;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm;udk tm;vHk;oHk;oGm;ygovm;/ tenf;qHk; acgif;pOfwpfckudk

OyrmwpfckpDESifh ay;yg/

1/ nTefMum;jcif; (instruction)

2/ pl;prf;avhvmjcif; (discovery)

3/ twlwlyl;aygif;jcif; (interaction)

G: uREfkyfwdkY rnfodkYavhvmoif,loenf;/ (How we learn)

þoifcef;pmrS atmufygtcsufrsm;udk &&Sdygonf/

1/ uREkfyfwdkYonf enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh oif,lygonf/

2/ tm;vHk;wwfzdkY&ef oifMum;enf;wpfckwnf;u rwwfEdkif/

3/ wpfcsKdUaomoifMum;enf;onf tjcm;aomenf;xuf twwfynmwpfckckudk oif,l&mwGif ydk

tqifajyonf/

4/ ausmif;om;wdkif;onf rdrdpdwfBudKuf? ESpfouf&m avhvmoif,lenf;yHkpHwrsKd;pD&SdMuonf/

5/ rdrdem;vnfvG,fatmif az;ray;aomenf;vrf;rsm;aMumifh oif,l&effydkvG,fulonf/

6/ rdrdb0ywf0ef;usifESifh qufpyfrIaMumifhvnf;aumif;? tawGUtMuHKaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;?

,cifu odxm;aomtcsufvufwdkYaMumifhvnf;aumif;? oif,lrIwGif em;vnfoabmayguf&vG,f

onf/

7/ rdrdoifMum;cJhaomt&mrsm;udk pOf;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh oif,lrIudk taxmuftuljzpfaponf/

8/ vufawGUvkyfjcif;onf oif,ljcif;\ t"duaomhcsufjzpfonf/ ,if;onf twwfynmudk wdk;

wufapaomaMumifhjzpfonf/

9/ twlwl tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;oif,ljcif;onf rnfonfhpmoifenf;udkrS tpm;xdk;onfr[kwf/

tjcm;aompmoifenf;rsm;udkxnfhoHk;NyD; aygif;xm;aompmoifenf;jzpfonf/

10/ ausmif;om;rsm; tqifhjrifhpGm avhvmoif,lEdkif&eftwGuf q&monf txufwGif azmfjyay;

xm;aomtcsufrsm;ESifhtwl vkyfaqmif&ygrnf/

H: ausmif;om;rsm; oif,lrI? em;vnfrIudk jyefvnfavhvmjcif;/ (Assessment task)

twdkcsHK;xm;aomtcsufrsm;udk Oyrmay;Edkif&eftwGuf atmufygar;cGef;udkajzqdkay;yg/

1/ uREfkyfwdkYonf enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh avhvmoif,lygonf/ xdkenf;vrf; (3) rsKd;udkazmfjyyg/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 20

2/ avhvmoif,lenf;wpfckwnf;qdkvQif tm;vHk;wwfajrmufzdkY&efrpGrf;omyg/

Ò q&mu oifMum;ay;rnfhbmom&yftwGuf tenf;qHk;avhvmoif,lenf; (2) rsKd;udk a&G;cs,fay;yg/

3/ olYae&mESifhol oifhavsmfaom oifMum;oif,lrIonf tjcm;aomoifMum;rI? avhvmoif,lrIxuf ydkrdkxd

a&mufrI&Sdonf/ atmufygtcsufrsm;rS rnfonfhoifMum;rIAsL[monf aumif;ygoenf;/ wpfcka&G;ay;yg/

Ò ydkYcsjcif;ESifh jyefvnfppfaq;jcif;/

Ò yHkqGJjcif;ESifh ar;cGef;ar;jcif;/

Ò o½kyfjyjcif;ESifh vufawGUvkyfjcif;/

Ò aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh a0zefwifjyjcif;/

4/ vlwdkif;wGif 0goemwpfa,mufwpfrsKd;pD&SdMuovdk? oif,lrIyHkpHvnf; jcm;em;Muonf/ ,if;udktajccHNyD;

avhvmoif,lrItodynmESifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk oif,lrIydkvG,ful&ef q&mtaeESifh rnfodkYaz;rEdkifrnfenf;/

5/ em;vnfvG,fap&ef az;ray;jcif;onf oif,lrIudk vG,fulxda&mufapygonf/

Ò vlwdkY\ udk,fawGUb0tawGUtMuKH? todynmwdkYESifhqufEG,fNyD; avhvmjcif;onf ydkrdkem;vnfap

ygonf/ þoifcef;pmwGif uREfkyfwdkYrnfuJhodkY avhvmoif,lrIudk oHk;chhJygoenf;/

Ò uREfkyfwdkYoif,laomt&mudk pOf;pm;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; em;vnfoabmaygufrIudkay;ygonf/ þ

oifcef;pmwGif uREfkyfwdkYrnfuJhodkYaomoifMum;enf;udk oHk;chhJygoenf;/

6/ vufawGYvkyfjcif;onf oifMum;rIwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ vufawGUjzpfaomaMumifh oif\od&SdrIudk ydkrdkwdk;

wufapygonf/ oifhb0wpfavQmuf (odkY) pmoifcef;wGif vufawGUûyvkyfrIaMumifh wdk;wufvmaom oifhjzpf

&yfrSefrsm;udk OyrmtaeESifha&;jyyg/



pmrsufESm 21

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

I: qufvufavhvm&SmazG&ef/ (Further research)

avhvmoif,ljcif;\(,lqcsuf) ed,mrrsm;udkydkrdkavhvm&ef/

1/ oifcef;pm\rsufESmpmwGifygaom pmoifudk avhvmoif,lenf;tcsuftvufrsm;udkzwfyg/

VAK model wGif rsm;pGmaomerlemudk awGY&ygrnf/

2/ tifwmeuftquftoG,f&SdvQif ... ...

i. Try an on-line questionnaire which adapts the VAK model:

http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=questionnaire

ii. Find study strategy helpsheets for learning styles:

http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=helpsheets

iii. Visit this summary website for articles on learning theory: www.infed.org

Ò Ò Ò

http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=questionnaire

http://www.vark-learn.com/english/page.asp?p=helpsheets

http://www.infed.org



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 22

oifcef;pm (3)

pmoifcef;twGif; wef;wlnDrQrI

(Equality in the classroom)

q&m\u@rSm vrf;jy&ef? aphpyfvSKyfaqmf&ef? ausmif;om;rsm;tqifhrSDaomoifMum;rIudk wef;wlpGm&&SdEdkif&ef?

pDrHydkYaqmifEdkfifjcif;omjzpfonf/

wef;wlaomtcGifhta&;udk pOf;pm;rnfqdkvQif rnfonfhausmif;om;rQ pmoifcef;wGif; avhvmoif,l

EdkifonfhtcGifhta&;udk qHk;½IH;rIr&Sdap&ef/ rSefygonf/ avmuBuD;wGif rnDrQjcif;rsm;pGmESifh tcGifhta&;qHk;½IH;

rIrsm;pGm&dSaeNyD;? ¤if;wdkYu tzufzufudkxdcdkufapygonf/ Oyrmqdk&aomf ppf? EGrf;yg;rI? t"r®a&TUajymif;cH&

rI? cE¨mESifhoifMum;EdkifpGrf; csKdU,Gif;rIrsm;wdkYjzpfygonf/ q&mtaeESifh jzpfysufNyD;aomt&mrsm;udk ajymif;vJ

EdkifpGrf;r&Sdaomfvnf;? rdrd\pmoifcef;twGif;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;udk wef;wlpGm qufqHoifMum;EdkifpGrf;&dSyg

onf/ ausmif;wGif wef;wlaomtcGifhta&;udk ausmif;pnf;urf;ESifhOya'tm;jzifh aocsmap&eftwGufvnf;

uREfkyfwkdY awmif;qdkEdkifygonf/

A: wef;wlnDrSsjcif;udk ynma&;u@taeESifh rnfodkYt"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkygrnfenf;/

(What does ‘equal’ mean in education?)

1/ ausmif;om;twGJ (8) wGJ&Sdygonf/ twGJwdkif;wGifvnf; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; rwljcm;em;Muonfudk awGU&

onf/ ,if;ESifhywfoufNyD; tzGJU zGJUíaqG;aEG;yg/

twef;xJwGif olwdkY (ausmif;om;rsm;) onf rnfuJhodkYjcm;em;jcif;&SdMuygoenf;/ xdkuJhodkY rwljcm;

em;MuaomtwGJrsm;udk wef;wlnDrQpGmqufqHvQif rnfuJhokdYqufqHygrnfenf;/ jcm;em;pGmavm? (odkY) wef;wl

avm? &Sif;jyyg/

Ò q&monf oifcef;pm? acgif;pOf? tcsuftvufrsm;udk ajymif;vJypfvdkuf&ygrnfvm;/

Ò oifMum;ay;aomenf;pepfudk ajymif;vJay;vdkuf&ygrnfvm;/

Ò ausmif;om;wpfOD;wpfa,mufpDtay:rlwnfNyD; ta&mifajymif;NyD; qufqH&ygrnfvm;/

&nf&G,fcsuf / / þoifcef;pmtqHk;wGif oifwef;om;rsm;onf ...

Ò nDrQjcif;\ta&;ygyHk? oif,ljcif;ESifh oifMum;ay;jcif;wdkYudk xda&mufrI&Sdap&eftwGuf

&Sif;jyEdkifjcif;/

Ò avhvmoif,lrIudk t"duvIHYaqmfay;onfht&mudk azmfjyEdkifjcif;? rdrd\oifMum;ay;

jcif;wGif jyefvnftoHk;csEdkifjcif;/

A. rdef;uav; - a,musfm;av;

B. tjriftm½kHESifhoifol - tMum;tm½kHESifhoifol

C. jrefqefpGmoif,lol - aES;auG;pGmoif,lol

D. u&if - Arm

E. Ak'¨bmom - c&pf,mef

F. rdbrJh - rdbpkH

G. ysif;&dol - BuKd;pm;ol

H. aumif;pGmrjrif&ol - aumif;pGmjrif&ol

pmoifcef;twGif;wef;wlrIonf tm;vHk;udknDrQonfh tcGifhta&;&SdapaomoabmjzpfNyD; rwlMuaom

vlwdkif;udk worwfwnf;? wpfxyfwnf; tjrJwrf;qufqHzdkY rqdkvdkyg/ tu,fí ausmif;om;wpfOD;\

vdktyfcsufrsm;? tm;enf;csufrsm;&SdvQif xdkwpfOD;\vdktyfcsufudk oD;oefY&SmazGjznfhqnf;ay;&efjzpfygonf/



pmrsufESm 23

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

2/ wef;wlnDrQaom pmoifMum;ay;rIESifh oif,laom t"dutaMumif;t&mrsm;twdkif; tkyfpkvdkufzGJUum

(cue card) udkoHk;í t"dyÜg,fudk EIdif;,SOfwGJíazmfjyyg/

t"dyÜg,f Oyrm

Entitlement

Equality

Diversity

Inclusion

Differentiation

(cue card) jzifh t"dyÜg,fudkqDavsmfpGmzGifhqdk&mwGif tqifajyNyD;pD;oGm;vQif ay;xm;aomOyrmrsm;rS

oif\pmoifcef; (odkY) ywf0ef;usifwGif rnfodkYjzpfysufcJhonfudk jyefvnfwifjyaqG;aEG;yg/ taMumif;t&mESifh

&v'frsm;udk jyefvnfwifjyyg/

OyrmESifht"dyÜg,fudk oifhudk,fydkifrSwfwrf;tjzpfodrf;xm;NyD; a&SUqufavhvm&mwGifvnf; Oyrmrsm;

udk xyfíxnfhoGif;ay;yg/

B: (case studies) e,fpyfwpfavSsmuf&Sd ynma&; qdkif&mtm;vHk;yg0ifrI

(Inclusion Issues on the Border)1/ tkyfpk (odkY) ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ zGJUapyg/ xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf&Sd q&mESifhausmif;om;rsm;wdkY\jzpf&yfrsm;udk

zwfyg/ wpfckudk a&G;cs,fumzwfNyD; aqG;aEG;yg/

Ò e,fpyfwpfavsmuf&Sd ausmif;q&mESifhausmif;om;rsm;rS rnfonfhwef;wlpGmyg0ifjcif;ESifhywfouf

aomtcsufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygoenf;/

Ò tajctaeydkrdkwdk;wufatmif q&mwpfa,muftaeESifh rnfuJhodkYvkyfaqmifEdkifygrnfenf;/

2/ rSwfwrf;udk jyefvnfwifjyyg/ q&m? ausmif;om;ESifhywfoufaom case study udk role play tm;jzifh rdrd

wdkY\pdwful;rsm;udk ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ wGJí azmfjyay;yg/ (odkY) twef;xJwGif case study udk twdkcsKH;NyD;

jyefvnfíwifjyyg/

Ò ausmif;om; a

uRefawmfonf nDri,fESpfa,mufudk

Munfh&w,f/ roefrpGrf;wpfa,muf

&Sdw,f/ olYudk ydkNyD;*½kpdkuf&w,f/ tdrf

pmudk NyD;atmifrvkyfEdkifbl;/ q&mu

vnf; 'DavmufrulnDEdkifbl;/

Ò ausmif;om; b

twef;u odyfysif;zkdYaumif;wmbJ/

q&mu pmoifwm aES;wJhtjyif uRef

awmhfukdvnf; ar;cGef; rar;bl;/ odyfr

vkdufEkdifwJhausmif;om;ukdar;vkdY ajzr

wwfawmh odyfpdwfnpf&wmaygh/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 24

Ò ausmif;om; c

ausmif;om;awG[m vIyf&Sm;rIukdr&Sd

bl;/ a&SUa&;ukdvnf; rpkd;&drfMubl;/

pmukdenf;enf;bJ pdwf0ifpm;MuNyD;

t*FvdyfeJY uGefysLwmukdbJ pdwf0ifpm;

Muw,f/

Ò ausmif;om; d

txl;ojzifh pcef;xJrSmBuD;vm&wJh

ausmif;om;awG[m Armpum;ukd em;r

vnfMubl;/ q&muvnf; xyfcg

xyfcg BuKd;pm;&Sif;jyae&ovkd olwkdY

vnf; BuKd;pm;NyD;em;axmifzkdYoifhw,f/

q&monf tm;vHk;yg0ifEdkifaom pmoifenf;? txl;ojzifh wpfOD;pD\vdkvm;csufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;

Edkifaompmoifenf;udk zefwD;ay;&ygrnf/

C: ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; wuf<upGmvkyf&Sm;yg0ifapjcif;/ (Motivating every student)

Ò ausmif;om; f

uRefawmf[m ausmif;om;topfyg/

paumu&ifpum;ukd rajymwwfbl;/

ykd;u&ifpum;bJ ajymwwfw,f/

pum;ukd em;rvnfawmh uRefawmf

'Pfay;cHxdw,f/ ausmif;ukd (5)

ywf ajy;ckdif;w,f/

Ò ausmif;om; g

uRefawmfuawmh rlpvifyg/ tJ'D

ausmif;[m aumif;w,fqkdawmh

wufcsifw,f/ 'gayr,fh olpdrf;w

a,mufvkdjzpfaew,fvkdY cHpm;&

w,f/

Key words

motivation = vIHYaqmfwdkufwGef;yg0ifapjcif;/

motivate = vIHYaqmfwdkufwGef; yg0ifaponf/

de-motivate = vIHYaqmfwdkufwGef;jcif;udk tm;avsmhapjcif;/

motivator = vIHYaqmfwdkufwGef;jcif;udk tm;ay;aomt&m/

aumif;rGefpGmoif,lEdkif&eftwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm vIHYaqmfrIudkvdktyfygonf/ ,if;t"dyÜg,frSm

oif,lvdkaomqEomjzpfonf/ oifcef;pm (2) wGif avhvmcJh&ovdk vufawGUvkyfjcif;onf avhvmoif,ljcif;

\ t"dutydkif;jzpfonf/ vIHYaqmfrIr&SdvQif ausmif;om;rsm;udkwwfajrmufaponfhvufawGUt&mrsm;udk vkyf

Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/ tb,faMumifh tcsKdUaomausmif;om;rsm;rSm vIHYaqmfrI&SdNyD;? tcsKdUrSm r&Sd&ygoenf;/ q&m

Ò ausmif;om; huRefawmhfrdbawG pdwfylaeMuw,f/ ausmif;0wfpkHukd xyf

r0,fay;EkdifMuvkdY/ uRefawmhfrSmvnf; wpfpkHbJ&Sdaew,f/

tJh'g bmqufvkyf&rvJ rodbl;/



pmrsufESm 25

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

rsm;onfvnf; olwdkYukd rnfodkYaz;rulnDay;Edkifygrnfenf;/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; vIHYaqmfyg0ifrI&SdEdkif&ef

vkdtyfygonf/ odkYrSomvQif ausmif;om;toD;oD; atmifjrifrIyef;wdkifudk nDrQpGmqGwfcl;Edkifygrnf/ atmufwGif

ausmif;om;rsm; oif,lcsifaomqE&Sd&onfhtaMumif;&if;rsm;udk ay;xm;ygonf/ oif\tawGUtMuKHudkrSD;NyD;

rnfonfhtaMumif;&if;onf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; vIYHaqmfwdkufwGef;yg0ifaponfudk azmfjyay;yg/

1/ vIHYaqmfapaomt&mrsm;udk ta&;BuD;qHk;rS rBuD;qHk;odkY tqifhvdkuf vsmxm;ay;yg/

------- uREfkyftwGuf tem*wfwGif toHk;0ifygvdrfhrnf/

------- acgif;pOfESifhbmom&yfonf pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;ygonf/

------- oifcef;pm\vkyf&Sm;rI (learning activities) onf aysmfp&maumif;ygonf/

------- oifcef;pmudk aumif;aumif;r&Sif;vQif tcuftcJawGUrnf/

------- q&m\axmufcHcsufudk &&Sd&eftwGuf/

------- twef;oltwef;om;rsm;\axmufcHcsufudk &&Sd&eftwGuf/

------- pmar;yJGatmifrSwfpm&if; aumif;&eftwGuf/

------- rdbrsm;\axmufcHcsufudk &&Sd&eftwGuf/

------- twef;xJwGif atmifjrifrI&vQif yDwdjzpfygonf/

2/ ,if;taMumif;&if;rsm;udk tqifhvdkuf pDcsNyD; ESpfa,mufwpfzGJU zGJUum oif\tajzrsm;rS wlnDjcif;? jcm;em;

jcif;rsm;udk a&G;xkwfyg/ twef;xJwGif jyefvnfwifjyay;yg/ oif\tajzonf oif\tawGUtMuKHudkrDS;NyD;

&&SdvmaomtajzjzpfaomaMumifh rSm;onf rSefonf r&Sdyg/

&SmazGavhvmcsuft& rqef;aomfvnf; txufyg (motivator) tcsuf ESpfcsufaygif;vQif tcsuf

wpfcsufxuf ydkítm;omygonf/

atmifjrifaom vIHUaqmfrIudk ay;Edkifaomol/ (Success as a motivator )

atmufwGif ausmif;om; A ESifh B [lí ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;&Sdygonf/

ausmif;om; A

Ò q&monf ausmif;pm tdrfpmay;onf/

Ò ausmif;om; A u trSwfaumif;&onf/

Ò q&mu ausmif;om;udk csD;rGrf;onf/

Ò ausmif;om;onf yDwdjzpfonf/

Ò ausmif;om;onf qufvufNyD; trSwfaumif; &

onf/

Ò q&mu ausmif;om;onf awmfaomol[k xif

onf/

Ò ausmif;om;u þoifcef;pmudk BudKufonf/ em;

vnfonf/

Ò ausmif;om;onfvIHYaqmfrI&SdNyD; ydkBudK;pm;onf/

ausmif;om; B

Ò q&monf ausmif;pm tdrfpmay;onf/

Ò ausmif;om; B u trSwfaumif; r&yg/

Ò q&mu pmvkyfwmodyfraumi;f[kajym\/

Ò ausmif;om;onf rdrdudk,fudktm;r&jzpf\/

Ò ausmif;om;onf trSwfenf;oxuf enf;enf;

vmonf/

Ò q&mu nHhaomausmif;om;[kxifonf/

Ò ausmif;om;u oifcef;pmudk b,fawmhrSem;rvnf

awmh[k xifonf/

Ò ausmif;om;rSm vIHYaqmfrIenf;NyD; qkwf,kwfvm

ygonf/

3/ q&monf ausmif;om; B twGuf ydkaumif;aomoif,ljcif;tawGUtMuKHESifhvIHYaqmfrIrsm; ydkrdk&Sdap&ef rnfodkY

aomajymif;vJrIrsm;udk vkyfay;&ygrnfenf;/

Ò tzGJUvdkufaqG;aEG;NyD; umwGef;? ydkpwmESifh yHkqGJjcif;tm;jzifh xdktajymif;tvJrsm;udkzefwD;ay;yg/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 26

Ò rdrdtzJGUzefwD;xm;aom umwGef;? ydkpwmESifh qGJxm;aomyHkrsm;udk &Sif;jyyg/

Ò pmoifMum;ay;aomtcgwGifvnf;aumif;? oifMum;&ef jyifqif&mwGifvnf;aumif;? jyefvnftoHk;

cs&ef &Sif;jyxm;aomtcsufrsm;udk rSwfom;xm;ay;yg/

Ò awmfaomausmif;om;jzpfap? tm;enf;aomausmif;om;jzpfap avhvmoif,laomu@jzifh olwdkYudk

avhusifhay;&ygrnf/

Ò ydktm;enf;aomausmif;om;udk az;ryg/ Oyrm - tajccHusaom pm? bmom&yf? ydkvG,faomt&m

tm;jzifh tpysKd;vkyfaqmifapyg/

Ò awmfaomausmif;om;udkrl wGef;ydkYay;yg/ Oyrm- ydkícufaom pm? bmom&yfESifh vIyf&Sm;rIudk zef

wD;ay;yg/

ausmif;om;rsm;atmifjrifrI&Sdap&ef az;rjcif; (Helping students succeed)

á small steps : ausmif;om;rsm;udk BuD;rm;aomtvkyfrsm;udk pwifrvkyfapbJ vG,fulaomt&mrsm;

ESifhom tpysKd;vkyfaqmifapjcif;tm;jzifh atmifjrifrIyef;wdkifudk qGwfcl;apyg/

á Early feedback : q&monf ausmif;cef;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; pmudkvkyfaqmifaeaomtcg vSnhf

vnfMunfh½Iyg/ tm;enf;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk csufjcif;olwdkY\ tm;enf;csufrsm;? vkdtyfcsufrsm;

udk axmufjyay;yg/ az;ray;yg/

á Praise : ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfaqmifcJhaom tvkyfrsm;twdkif; tajccHíoyf&yfonf/ aumif;rGef

onf? jrefqefonf? tawG;tac:aumif;onf ponfwdkYudk todtrSwfûycsD;rGrf;ay;yg/

á Advise : aemufoifrnfh oifcef;pmtaMumif;udk tMuHaumif;rsm;vrf;cif;xm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;

om;rsm;onfvnf; aemufoifcef;pmudk BudKwifpOf;pm;xm;apyg/

&v'f / / ]]þausmif;om;onf jznf;jznf;ESifh ydkNyD;*½kpdkufay;&efvdkonf}} [k q&mupOf;pm;aeNyD;? ]]þt&m

onf vkyfvQif&Edkifonf/ qufBudK;pm;tHk;rnf}} [k ausmif;om;uvnf; awG;ygonf/

owdjyK&ef / / xufjrufaomausmif;om;rsm;onf olYtqifhESifhol oifMum;EdkifrI&&SdNyD;? aES;aomtqifhtxd

rnfonfhausmif;om;rsm;rS qif;&efrvdkacs/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf olYae&mESifhol avsmfnDpGm? wuf<upGmoif

Mum;yg0ifvkyfaqmifrI&dS&efom vdktyfonf/

oifcef;pmudkpdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;atmif zefwD;ay;jcif; (Making lessons interesting)

4/ twef;taejzifh ....

Ò aqG;aEG;jcif;? ,aeYtwGufoifcef;pmonf rnfonfhtydkif;wGif pdwf0ifpm;p&mtaumif;qHk;jzpfyg

oenf;/

Ò rnfonfht&mrsm;u pdwf0ifpm;p&mjzpfatmif zefwD;ay;ygoenf;/

Ò rdrdpdwful;rsm;jzifh rnfonfht&mu pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;atmifzefwD;ay;onfudk uGufuGif;pGmyHk

azmfay;yg/ tb,fhaMumifh pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfudk yHkazmfay;yg/

pdwf0ifpm;jcif;

Checklist

-

-

-



pmrsufESm 27

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

Checklist udk vufawGYjyifqifxm;NyD; ,if;udkjyifqif&mwGifvnf;aumif;? oifMum;ay;jcif;wGifvnf;aumif;

toHk;ûyEdkifygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;udk vIHYaqmfEdkif&eftwGuf q&mrsm;onf ....

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; atmifjrifrIqdkonfhtawGUtMuHKudk &&Sdap&eftwGuf pGrf;aqmifEdkif&ygrnf/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;\vufawGUb0ESifhqufpyfNyD; oif,ljcif;udk pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdap&efESifh pmoifcef;BuD;

ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rI&Sdap&ef q&monf pGrf;aqmifEdkif&ygrnf/

touf0ifaompmoifcef;jzpf&eftwGuf BudKwifpDpOfjcif;ESifh oifMum;ay;jcif;

(Plan and deliver a motivating learning activity)

5/ oifcef;pm (learning activities) udkjyifqifyg/ (10 rdepfcefY) rnfonfht&mrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;

tm;pdwf0ifpm;rIESifh yg0ifrI&Sdap&eftwGuf vIHYaqmfay;ygoenf;/

Ò wlaombmom&yfudk oifMurnfh ausmif;q&mrsm; av;-ig;a,muf wpfzGJU zGJUapyg/

Ò oifMum;ay;rnfhtwef;ESifh oifay;rnfhacgif;pOfudk a&G;ay;yg/

Ò acgif;pOfudktpysKd;&ef activity twGuf jyifqifay;yg/ section D wGifvkyfcJhaom checklist udkoHk;NyD; ...

á activity udk pdwf0ifpm;p&mjzpfatmifpDpOfay;yg/

á ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; atmifjrifrIwpfpdwfwpfa'opD&&Sdap&efvnf; pOf;pm;ay;yg/

Ò tcef;xJwGif oif,lrIqkdif&mvIyf&Sm;rI (learning activities) udk vkyfay;yg/

Ò vIHYaqmfrI checklist udkjyefavhvmjyD; ,if;wGifygaom tcsufb,fESpfcsufudk oHk;cJhygoenf;/

D: vufawGUvkyfaqmifjcif; 3 (Interview)

q&mudk Interview yg/ tm;omaomausmif;om;udk rnfodkYwGef;ydkYNyD;? tm;enf;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk rnf

odkYaz;roenf;udk ar;ay;yg/

E: pmoifcef;wGif;rS wef;wlnDrSsrI (tusOf;csHK; ) (equality in the classroom – summary)

þoifcef;pmrS atmufygtcsufrsm;udk aumufEkwf&&Sdygonf/

Òwef;wlaomynma&;onf ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;udk nDrQpGmqufqHoifMum;ay;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/

Òwef;wlpGmqufqHoifMum;ay;Edkif&eftwGuf ausmif;om;wpfOD;pD\jcm;em;csufESifh vdktyfcsufrsm;udk

od&dS&ef vdktyfygonf/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 28

oifMum;enf;AsL[m Â Oyrm

Ò trsm;ESifhrwlaomaMumifh tcGifhta&;qHk;½IH;&onf [lírjzpfap&yg/

Òq&maumif;wpfa,mufonf ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;udk avsmfnDpGmyg0ifEdkif&eftwGuf vIHYaqmfEdkif

aompGrf;&nfESifh jynfh0onf/

Òaumif;aomq&monf ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk; atmifjrifrIqdkonfh tawGUtMuHKudk&&Sdap&ef zefwD;

EdkifaomtpGrf;&Sdygonf?

Ò q&maumif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ vufawGUb0tajctaeudkrDS;NyD;? oif,lrIudk pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sd

ap&ef zefwD;ay;Edkifygonf/

Ò q&maumif;onf oifcef;pmESifh oifMum;ay;onfhenf;udk rxyfatmif? vIyf&Sm;rI&Sdatmif touf

oGif;ay;EdkifpGrf;&Sdygonf/

F: ausmif;om;rsm\em;vnfrIudk jyefvnfqef;ppfjcif;/ (Assessment task – Differentiation)

rwlnDMuaomausmif;om;rsm;udk oifMum;ay;aompmoifenf;AsK[m tcsufrsm;ygaom Z,m;uGufudk zwfyg/

Òþoifcef;pmoifMum;&mwGif txufygacgif;pOftwdkif;usifhoHk;cJhvQif 'kwd,aumfvHwGif (Â) jcpf

ay;yg/

Ò þoifcef;pmrS Oyrmrsm;udk wwd,aumfvHwGif a&;csay;yg/

1/ &Sif;vif;aomoifMum;rI &nf&G,fcsufrsm;xm;&Sdjcif;/

Ò rdrdoifMum;aomacgif;pOf? &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk ausmif;q&momru

ausmif;om;rsm;yg &Sif;vif;pGmem;vnf&ygrnf/ xkdodkYem;vnfrSomvQif oif

Mum;vkyfaqmifaomt&mrsm;rSm ydkrdkwwfajrmufygrnf/

2/ oifMum;rIyHkpHudk tjrJajymif;vJay;jcif;/

ÒoifMum;rIrsm;udk avsmfnDpGmESifh AsL[mtrsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJoifay;jcif;

tm;jzifh aemufcHtrsKd;rsKd;rSvmaomausmif;om;rsm;\ oif,lrIudkvnf; az;r

&m a&mufygonf/

3/ tkyfpkzGJUí vkyfaqmifapjcif;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm; twlwuGvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;

twwfynmukd zvS,foif,ljcif;jzpfygonf/

4/ tajymif;tvJ/

Òpmoifenf;ukd rxyfatmifajymif;vJoifay;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;

rsm; ykdrkdpdwf0ifpm;apNyD; yg0ifvIyf&Sm;csifaomqEukd ykdízefwD;ay;ygonf/

5/ graded activities udkoHk;jcif;/

ÒcufcJonf[kxif&aomt&mudk wqifhNyD;wqifh? tydkif;ydkif;pdwfjzmí

oifoGm;vQifydkí vG,fulrnf/ (odkY) cufcJaomt&mrsm;twGuf oifhavsmfaom

oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udkoHk;jyD; oifMum;jcif;jzifhvG,fulapyg/ Oyrm - role-

play vkyf&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm; o½kyfaqmifajymqdk&rnfhtydkif;udk cue cards

(ajym&rnfhpmydk'f) udkoHk;vQif bmompum;twGuf vG,fulapygonf/



pmrsufESm 29

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

6/ wkd;csJUoifMum;twGuf pDrHjcif;/

Ò oifcef;pm\tv,favmufwGif ausmif;om;rsm;pGrf;aqmifrIukd &dyf

pm;EkdifrI&SdNyD; olwkdY\ pGrf;aqmifEkdifrItqifhwkdif; wkd;csJUí oifoGm;ay;Ekdifygonf/

,if;uJhokdY wkd;csJUoifMum;ay;jcif;onfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf atmif

jrifrIESifh &ifqkdifajz&Sif;Ekdifaom tcGifhta&;ukd &&Sdapygonf/

7/ vSnfhvnfMunfh½Iay;yg/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm; oifcef;pmukd twef;xJwGifvkyfaqmifaepOf q&m

onf ausmif;om;rsm;\vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ukd Munfh½I Muyfrwf em;axmifay;NyD;

olwkdY\em;vnfrIukd wkdif;wmay;yg/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufpDukdvnf; avhvmyg/

tm;ay;yg/ tMuHrsm;ay;yg/

8/ ausmif;om;wkdif;twGuf atmifjrifrI/

ÒtaES;qkH;aomausmif;om;rStp? tawmfqkH;ausmif;om;txd tm;vkH;

avhvmatmifjrifEkdifygap/ wjznf;jznf;ESifh wpfqifhNyD; wpfqifhoifMum;ay;

yg/ tzGJUvkdufvkyfaqmifrItwGuf csD;rGrf;tm;ay;yg/

9/ tMuHrsm;ay;yg/

Òausmif;om;rsm;ukd atmifjrifwkd;wufap&eftwGuf wdusaocsmaom

tMuHrsm;ukday;yg/

10/ BuKd;pm;tm;xkwfrItwGuf csD;rGrf;ay;jcif;/

Òausmif;om;rsm;\vkyfaqmifrI? ûyrlrIrsm;twGuf tykdtvkdr&Sd csD;rGrf;

ay;yg/ Oyrm- olwkdY\ BuKd;pm;tm;xkwfrItwGuf tawG;tac:aumif;twGuf?

tûytrlaumif;twGuf wduspGmcsD;rGrf;ay;yg/

11/ wef;wlnDrQjcif;ESifh ab;rz,fxm;jcif;/

Ò,if;acgif;pOfukd tm;vkH;ûcHNyD; vdif? wkdif;&if;om;? ukd;uG,f&mbmom?

rdcifbmompum;? pmoif&mwGifokH;aompum;? oif,l&mwGif tcuftcJ&Sdaom

ausmif;om;rsm; ponfwkdYonf pmoifcef;wGif jcm;em;pGm&SdMuygojzifh tm;vkH;

wef;wlpGm yg0ifoifMum;atmifjrifapyg/

Ò Ò Ò



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 30

aumif;aomoifMum;ay;rI\&v'fum; aumif;aomoif,lrIaywnf;/

A: oif,ljcif;\ &nf&G,fcsuf (Learning objectives, tasks and activities)uREfkyfwdkY\ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rnfonfht&mrsm;udk oif,lwwfajrmufoGm;&ef tvdk&Sdygoenf;/

oif,lwwfajrmufjcif;onf tvGwfrSwfrdjcif;? vdkufqdk vdkufvkyfjcif;omr[kwfay/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk,f

wdkif awG;awmvkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/ pmoifMum;ay;&efftwGuf yxrOD;qHk;tpDtpOfrSm

oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufudk &Sif;vif;pGmem;vnf&ygrnf/

bmom&yfwpfckvkHk;twGuf jyifqifjcif;? oifcef;pmwpfckvHk;twGufjyifjcif; (odkY) activity wpfck

pmtwGufomjyifqifjcif;? rnfodkYtwGufjyifqifjcif;jzpfjzpf vrf;jyBuD;MuyfoltaeESifh rnfodkYvkyf aqmif&

rnfudk az;ray;ygonf/ rdrdudk,fudk yxrOD;qHk;ar;&rnfhar;cGef;rSm ...

uRefawmfh&JUausmif;om;awG[m oifcef;pm (odkY) activity udkoif,lNyD; &v'ftaeeJY bmawGvkyf

aqmifwwfajrmufoGm;rvJ ...

q&m\ BudKwifjyifqifjcif; oifcef;pm\ oifcef;pmtwGuf oifcef;pm\

&nf&G,fcsuf vkyfaqmifcsuf activity

oifcef;pm\ oifcef;pmtwGuf oifcef;pm\ ausmif;om;rsm;

&nf&G,fcsuf vkyfaqmifcsuf activity vkyfaqmifrI

uREkfyfwdkYonf enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifhoif,lMuonfudk od&SdNyD;om;jzpfonf/ Munf½Iavhvmjcif;tm;jzifh

vnf;aumif;? twk,ljcif;tm;jzifh? vufawGUvkyfjcif;? prf;oyfvkyfudkifjcif;? ponfjzifh awG;awmjcif;twwf

thinking skills tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;pDESifh uREfkyfwdkYonf avhvmoif,lMuonf/ 1950 ckESpfrsm;rS BS Bloom zef

wD;cJhaom oifMum;jcif;\&nf&G,fcsufudk avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/

,if;onf avhvmoif,laomt&mrsm;rS tcsufvufrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkY vHk;vHk;em;vnf&efvdktyfNyD;

vufawGUwGifvnf; jyefvnfítoHk;ûyEdkif&eftwGuf ynmtqifh trsKd;rsKd;\yHkpHudk azmfjyay;ygonf/ q&m

rsm;tm; oif,ljcif;\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk odap&efvnf;aumif;? rdrdausmif;om;rsm;\ avhvmoif,lrI

twwfynmydkrdkwdk;wufatmif rnfodkYrnfyHk pDrH&rnfudkvnf;aumif;? vrf;jyaomtcsufrsm;udk ,aeYxd

us,fus,fjyefYjyefY usifhoHk;aeqJjzpfonf/

Bloom's skill levels

1/ atmufwGif Bloom's skill levels udkay;xm;ygonf/ ,if;wdkYonf tpOftvdkufr&SdMuyg/ ¤if;wdkYudk

oifcef;pm (4)

avhvmoif,l&eftwGuf oifMum;ay;jcif;

(Teaching for learning)

oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsuf / / þoifcef;pmtqHk;wGif oifwefBuD;Muyfolonf ...

Ò oifcef;pmESifhywfoufNyD; awG;awmjcif;twwf (thinking skills) udk

zefwD;wwf&ef/

Ò pmoifMum;ay;aomtcsdefwGifvnf; jyefvnftoHk;csEdkif&ef/



pmrsufESm 31

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

vkdtyfaomtwwfrsm; (Skills) ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh vkyfaqmifrIrsm;

atmufqHk;tqifhrS tjrifhqHk;tqifhodkY jyefvnfjyD; pDay;yg/

Knowledge - tcsuftvufrsm;udk tao;pdwf

odjcif;/

Evaluation - oHk;oyfNyD; qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;/

Analysis - avhvmppfaq;jcif;/

Comprehension - tcsuftvufrsm;udk em;vnf

jcif;/

Application - oif,ljyD;jyefvnftoHk;csjcif;/

Synthesis - rdrdwwfxm;aomt&mudkrSDNyD; t

ajctaeopfwGif topfaomt

&mudk zefwD;jcif;/

Higher level skills

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.Knowledge - tcsuftvufrsm;udk tao;pdwfodjcif;/

Lower lever skills

2/ oif\tajzudk Z,m;xJrSjyefqef;ppfyg/

Ò Z,m;xJwGif&Sdaom aumfvH (1) wGif pOf;pm;jcif;tqifhudkjyygonf/

Ò aumfvH (2) wGif xdktqifhrsm;twGuf vdktyfaomynmrsm;udk erlemay;xm;ygonf/

Òaumfvm (3) wGifrl oifhavsmf&mtqifhudkrSD&eftwGuf q&mucsrSwfxm;aomar;cGef;rsm;ESifh vkyf

aqmifrIrsm;twGuf erlemay;xm;ygonf/

tu,fí oif\tajzrsm;jcm;em;aeyguvnf; rpdk;&drfygESifh/ ,if;ESifhywfoufNyD; activities rsm;pGm

yg&Sdum? tjcm;aomoifcef;pmrSvnf; þrwlaomtqifhrsm;udk ydkrdkem;vnfapygrnf/

Bloom \ ynma&;qdkif&m&nf&G,fcsufrsm;\ zJGUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk/

(Bloom’s structure of educational objectives)

oHk;oyfNyD;qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;/ Oyrm

Ò tMuHrsm;udkzvS,fjcif;//

Ò oufaorsm;udk twnfjyKjcif;/

ÒtaMumif;&if;cdkifvHkpGmjzifh jiif;cHkjcif;

udktajccHNyD; a&G;cs,frIrsm;udkvkyfjcif;/

Òrdrd\ todynmrsm;jzifh MuHqpGm t

oHk;csjcif;/

Ò{&d,mtrsdK;rsdK;rS tawG;tac:rsm;udk

aqG;aEG;jcif;/

Ò jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;? tajzudk

&Smjcif;/

Ò cefYrSef;jcif;?tawG;opfrsm;&Sdjcif;/

Evaluation oifrnfodkYxifjrifygoenf;/

rnfodk Y - (Oyrm-rnfodkYtusKd;ouf

a&mufrI &Sdygoenf;/)

aqG;aEG;jcif;? oHk;oyfjcif;? ppfaq;jcif;?

qHk;jzwfjcif;?

Synthesis oifwwfEdkifygovm;/ oifrnfodkYxifyg

oenf;/

tu,fí (------) vQif rnfodkYjzpfyg

vdrfhrnfenf;/

BudKwifjyifqifjcif;? cefYrSef;csufxkwfjcif;?

yHkpHazmfjcif;? wDxGifjcif;? pdwful;jcif;? ajz

&Sif;jcif;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 32

B: oif,ljcif; (Learning Task )

ausmif;om;rsm;onf tqifhtjrifhqHk;oif,lrIrsm;rS olwdkY\twwfynmudk wdk;jr§ifh&efvdktyfygonf/

odkYrSom olwdkYESifhxdawGUaeaom ywf0ef;usifESifh tyfpyfavsmfnDatmif usifhoHk;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/ xdkYtjyif

vlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\tawGUtMuHKrsm;rS t"dyÜg,fudkod&Sdjcif;? t&mESpfckqufpyfrIrsm;rS qufoG,frIrsm;udk

awGU&Sdjcif;? avmuBuD;\ jzpfysufvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udkMunfhNyD; tawG;rsm;&Sdvmjcif;wdkY jzpfygonf/ q&m

taejzifh pmoifMum;rItwwfynmtaeESifh oifjy&mwGif BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;? oifMum;&rnfh&nf&G,fcsuf

rsm;? vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfrsm; Task? oifMum;&mwGif taxmuftulûyvkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfrsm; activi-

ties onf txufygtcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmiffEdkif&eftwGuf az;rjcif;jzpfygonf/ wpfcsKdUaomausmif;ESifh

pmoifcef;rsm;wGif todynmESifh em;vnfrIynmudk a&S;½Ixm;aompmoifenf;udk usifhoHk;aeqJyifjzpfonf/

ydkNyD;tqifhjrifhaomoif,lenf;rS oif,lEdkif&eftwGuf q&mtaeESifh ydkrdkcufcJaomtvkyfrsm;udk Task udk

zefwD;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk az;rEdkifygonf/

Ò ydkedrfhaomtqifhrS aemufwpfqifh oifcef;pmudkwnfaqmufoGm;jcif;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;odNyD;aomt&mrsm;udkrSDjyD; oifMum;oGm;jcif;/

,if;tcsufrsm;onf topfaomoifMum;rIrsm;rS vufawGUaomoif,lrIrsm;odkY qufpyfEdkif &eft

Analysis ykHpHerlemukdMunfhNyD; jyóemrsm;ukd

ajz&Sif;wwfjcif;/ Oyrm -

Ò jzpfysufjcif;ESifhtaMumif;t&if;rsm;/

Òoif,ljcif;twGuf pDpOfzGJUpnf;ay;jcif;/

Òywfoufyg0ifrIukd todtrSwfûyjcif;/

tb,fenf;/ tb,fhaMumifhenf;/

(jzpfEkdifaomtajctae&yfukd ajzay;

yg/)

cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;? cGJjcm;qkH;jzwfjcif;?

EIdif;,SOfjcif;? jcm;em;rIukd&Smjcif;/

oifMum;orQukdvufawGUtajctae

wGif jyefvnftokH;csjcif;/

Òenf;vrf;? ,lqcsuf (okdY) tawG;t

ac:rsm;ukd Oyrmrsm;ESifh tokH;csjcif;/

Application rnfokdYenf;/

o½kyfjyrIukd tokH;csjcif;? wGufcsuf

jcif;? ykHazmfo½kyfjyjcif;/

Comprehension tcsuftvufrsm;ukdem;vnfjcif;/

Ò t"dyÜg,fukd em;vnfjcif;/

Ò taMumif;t&if;ukd t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkd

ay;jcif;/

Ò enf;pepfrsm;ukd em;vnfjcif;/

tb,fenf;/

b,fae&menf;/

rnfolenf;/

(jzpf&yfrSefrsm;) azmfjyonf/

t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdonf/

Knowledge tcsuftvuf wdwdususukdod&Sdjcif;/

ÒaeY&uf? ae&mESifh tcsdefumvukd od

jcif;/

Òt"dutawG;tac:rsm;ukd od&Sdjcif;/

Ò oifcef;pm bmom&yf\ taMumif;

t&mrsm;ukd od&Sdjcif;/

tb,fenf;/ rnfonfhae&menf;/

rnfolenf;/ rnfonfht&mrsm;enf/

(rdrdem;vnfaomt&mrsm;ukd azmfjy

ajzMum;ay;ygonf/



pmrsufESm 33

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

wGuf? topftqef;qdkaomtawG;rsm; zefwD;ay;ygonf/ þtqifhjr§ifhaomoifMum;rIrsm;udk ausmif;om;

BuD;rsm;twGufomru uav;i,frsm;twGufvnf; awG;ac:jcif;? pl;prf;jcif;ESifh upm;rIrsm;rS rdrdwdkYESifh

qufpyfaeaom0ef;usifudk avsmfnDpGmaexdkif qnf;yl;wwfzdkY ydkYaqmifay;ygonf/ a&maxG;jcif;ESifhavsmf

nDatmif EIdif;,SOfjcif;bmom&yfESifh oifcef;pmtwGuf BuKdwifjyifqifrIrsm;qdkaom acgif;pOfa&mufvQif

oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twGuf yHkpHqJGenf;udk tao;pdwfavhvmoifMum;&ygvdrfhrnf/ ,cktwGufrSmrl

oif,l&eftwGuf tvkyf Task ESifh vkyfaqmifrIrsm; activities udkom avhvmoGm;ygrnf/

3/ a&maxG;jcif;ESifh avsmfnDatmifEdIif;,SOfjcif;/ (Mix and Match)

tzGJU zGJUyg/ tzJGUwdkif;wGif Bloom's level \ uwfxlBuD;BuD;wpfpHkESifh learning task wpfpHkpDudk a0xm;

ay;yg/ uwfao;ao;av;rsm;udka&mvdkufNyD;rS tzJGY0ifrsm;odkY a0ay;yg/

Ò uwfxltBuD;rsm;udk tpOfvdkuf pDcscdkif;yg/

Ò tzGJU0ifrsm;onf u'fjym;i,fav;rsm;udkaumuf,lapNyD;? vkyfaqmif&rnfhtcsufrsm; Task udk zwf

apyg/ aqG;aEG;NyD; oifMum;jcif;\tqifh Bloom's level ESifh udkufnDaomtcsufrsm;udk a&G;cs,fNyD;

ay;xm;aomtqifhESifh udkufnDapjcif;iSm oGm;íxyfxm;ay;yg/

Ò rdrd\tzGJUvkyfaqmifNyD;vQif tjcm;tzJGUrsm;vkyfaqmifxm;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk oGm;Munfhyg/

ÒrdrdtzJGU\vkyfaqmifaom&v'fESifh tjcm;aomtzJGUvkyfaqmifaom&v'frS uGmjcm;csufrsm;udkawGU

vQif ,if;tzJGUtm; rnfonfhtaMumif;&if;rsm;aMumifh þuJhodkY EIdif;,SOfpDcsxm;&oenf;qdkonfudk

ar;ay;yg/

Ò NyD;vQif tjcm;tzJGUrSvkyfaqmifxm;aomt&mrsm;udk oifhtzJGUtaeESifh rSefonf rrSefonfukd csifh

csdefNyD; vufcHonf? vufrcHonfudkvJ qef;ppfyg/ NyD;rS rnfonfhtwGuf vufcHonf? vufrcHonf

udk avhvmyg/ rdrdtzGJUrSvkyfaqmifxm;aomt&mrsm;udk tajymif;tvJvkyf&ef tpDtpOf&Sdygovm;/

4/ jyefvnfavhvmjcif; (Review)

rnfonfh wwfajrmufjcif;tqifh (Skills levels) udk a&maxG;jcif;ESifh avsmfnDatmiffEdIif;,SOfjcif;

(Mix and Match activity) wGif oiftoHk;ûyoGm;rnfenf;/ (Mix and Match activity) udk pOf;pm;yg/ ,if;udk

vkyfaqmif&ef tcsuf (5) csuf&Sdonf/

Ò rnfonfhawG;awmjcif;tqifhudk rnfodkYaomvkyfaqmifcsufu axmufcHygoenf;/

Ò tzJGUESifh aqG;aEG;ay;yg/

Ò rdrdvkyfaqmifaomtvkyfukd rdrdbmomtrSwfay; ay;yg/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 34

C: oifcef;pmtwGuf vkyffaqmifrIrsm;udk a&;om;jcif;/ (Writing learning tasks)NyD;cJhaomoifcef;pmrS Bloom \ ynma&;qdkif&m&nf&G,fcsufrsm;\ zJGUpnf;wnfaqmufyHkqdkaom

acgif;pOf\atmufwGif nmzufpmrsufESmwGifyg&Sdaomar;cGef;rsm;ESifh vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udkoHk;NyD; Bloom

\ tqifhqifhaom zJGpnf;wnfaqmufyHkudka&;csay;yg/

rdrdoifMum;ay;oGm;rnfh ausmif;om;rsm;\ tqifh? acgif;pOf? twef;? bmom&yfrsm;udk a&;csyg/

NyD;vQif rdrd\tazmfESifhvJvS,fNyD;? wpfOD;pD\vkyfaqmifxm;aomtcsufrsm;udk avhvmyg/ xdkYaemuf wpfOD;

jcif;pD\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; rnfrQaumif;aMumif;? rnfrQxyfí BudK;pm;&efvdkao;aMumif;udk atmufygay;

xm;aom tcsufrsm;jzifh a0zefay;yg/

Ò tqifhwpfqifhtwGuf vkyfaqmifcsufwpf&yfom&Sdjcif;/

Ò rdrd\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onfvnf;? rdrdtazmf\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyfaejcif;/

Ò vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf? ausmif;om;rsm;\ twef;? tqifhESifh udkufnDjcif;/

Ò vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf &Sif;vif;aeNyD; em;vnfvG,fjcif;/

ajymif;vJrIvkyfay;yg/ oifhvkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk wdk;wufatmif vkyf&efvdkao;onf[kxifvQif t

ajymif;tvJrsm;udk vkyfay;yg/ rdrdvkyfaqmifxm;aomOyrmrsm;udk eH&Hay:wGifuyfNyD; tjcm;aom oifwef;

BuD;Muyfolrsm;\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udkvnf; Munfh½Iavhvmyg/

atmufygZ,m;uGuftwGif;ü txufwef;ausmif;om;? twef;BuD;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf yx0D

(odkY) ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mbmom&yfudk OyrmtaeESifhay;xm;ay;ygonf/

Knowledge - ta&SSUawmiftm&SwGif touf&Sif&eftwGuf (rsKd;wkH;vkeD;yg;) tEÅ&m,f

&Sdaeaom wd&dpämefoHk;rsKd;\trnfudk a&;^ajymjyyg/

Comprehension - ,if;pmydk'fwGifygonfh touf&Sif&efqdkaomt"dyÜg,fudk &Sif;jyay;yg/

Application - ,if;wd&dpämefoHk;rsKd;rS wpfrsdK;udka&G;xkwfay;NyD; rnfokdY rnfykH tEÅ&m,f

oufa&mufEdkifonfudk &Sif;jyyg/

Analysis - xdkif;EdkifiHwGif&Sdaomqifrsm;udk rnfodkY qufqHauR;arG;xm;onfudk

avsmfnDpGmtaMumif;&if;rsm;ESifh avhvmay;yg/

Synthesis - qifrsm;udkumuG,f&eftwGuf tqdkûycsuf avQmufwifcsuftwGuf

yHkpHqGJay;yg/

Evaluation - xdkif;EdkifiHwGif&Sdaomqifrsm;udk umuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;trIonf rnfrQ

atmifjrifrI&Sdygoenf;/

rSwfcsuf / / tjrifhqHk;tqifhtwGuf tedrfhqHk;tqifhvnf; yg0if&ygonf/ qifudk umuG,fxdef;odrf;

a&;\tusdK;oufa&mufrI &Sd r&Sdudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfEdkif&ef (Evaluation) twGuf oifonf enf;vrf;rsm;

udk (Analysis) rvkyfcifwGif vdktyfcsufrsm;udk Oyrmay;um azmfjy&ygrnf/

ÒtjrifhqHk;tqifhtwGuf vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onf ½IwfaxG;cufcJjcif;rS uif;a0;&ygrnf/ ausmif;om;

rsm; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udkvkyfwwf&eftwGuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&ygrnf/



pmrsufESm 35

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

D: oifcef;pmtwGuf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; (Learning Activities)1/ Brainstorm

Ò oifcef;pmtwGuf avhvmqef;ppfjcif; (Analysis) t

qifh (odkY) txufudk a&G;cs,fay;yg/

Òausmif;om;rsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfht&mrsm;udk awG;awm

Edkif&eftwGuf q&mtaeESihf ausmif;om;rsm;udk enf;vrf;t

rsKd;rsKd;pOf;pm;ap&ef pGrf;aqmifay;yg/

Method file. G. Group work for brainstorm technique

udkMunfhyg/

Brainstorm rules

Ò jzpfEkdifaomt&mukdomawG;jcif;/

Ò t&nftwGufomr[kwf? t&nft

csif;ukdvnf; Munfhjcif;/

Ò qkH;jzwfcsufcsjcif;ukd rûyvkyfjcif;/

ÒwDxGifqef;ppfjcif;ukd OD;pm;ay;jcif;/

2/ MuHzefawG;awmjcif; (Develop an Idea)

Ò tzJGU zGJUay;yg/ Brainstorm vkyf&eftwGuf tMuHaumif;wpfckudka&G;cs,fay;yg/ NyD;vQif owfrSwf

xm;csufrsm;ESifh wm0efrsm;udkvnf;azmfjyay;yg/

ÒrdrdwdkYvkyfaqmifMuHqxm;aomt&mrsm;udk ykHpHum;csyfBuD;wGifvnf;aumif;? jrifEdkifaomt&mrsm;

jzifh yHkazmfíjyay;yg/

Ò oif\tMuHÓPfrsm;udk twef;xJwGifjyefvnfaqG;aEG;ay;yg/

E: ar;cGef;rsm;udk oHk;jcif;/ (Using questions)1? tzJGUvdkuf (odkY) twef;vdkuf aqG;aEG;yg/

Ò tb,fhaMumifh ar;cGef;udk ar;ygoenf;/

Ò txufygar;cGef;rsm;udkajzEdkifzdkY&m rnfodkYtqifh&Sdaom awG;awmjcif;rsm;vdktyfygoenf;/

a

olr\rdefYcGef;wGif

t"duyg0ifaomtcsufrsm;rSm

tb,fenf;/

,mOf&yfem;pcef;um;

rnfonfhae&mwGif&Sdyg

oenf;/

a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fum;

rnfokdYenf;/

a&wif&ef pufbD;ukd

okH;í &Ekdifygovm;/

*&yf (Graph) onf

rnfonfht&mukd

azmfjyygoenf;/

þjyóem\ taumif;qkH;

ajz&Sif;csufum;

tb,fenf;/

tb,faMumihf

rkd;&GmoGef;&ygoenf;/

urÇmBuD;ylaEG;vm&jcif;ukd

jzpfapaomt&mum;

tb,fenf;/

bc

d

e

fg

h



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 36

2/ ar;cGef;rsm;udkzefwD;jcif; (Making question)

atmufygpmydk'frsm;udk zwfyg/ zwfNyD;aomtcg...

Ò ar;cGef; eHygwf (1) ESifh (2) rS aqG;aEG;rIrsm;onf Bloom \wnfaqmufxm;aom rnfonfhtqifh

udk aqG;aEG;xm;ygoenf;/

Ò pmydk'fudktajccHNyD; tqifhav;qifh&SdaomyHkpHtwdkif; ar;cGef;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;yg/

ar;cGef;rsm;udkzefwD;Edkif&eftwGuf Method file C. Open and close question wGifMunfhyg/

tEÅ&m,fESifh&ifqdkifae&onfh opfawm

urÇmwpf0ef;&Sdvlrsm;onf opfawmudkckwfvJSoHk;ûzef;Muonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifhqdk&aomf tif'kdeD;&Sm;

EdkifiHonf vGefcJhaom 1950 rSpNyD; ,ckxd rdrd\opfawmyrm (45) &mcdkifEIef;avmufûyef;wD;cJhonf/ ,ck

wGifvnf; opfawmtus,ft0ef; wpfESpfvQif [ufwm (2) oef;avmufudkvnf; ckwfvSJMuavonf/

opfawmudkrckwfvJrSD vlrsm;onf rdrdwdkY rnfonfht&mudkvkyfaeonfudk rawG;rdjcif;onfrSm 0rf;enf;p&m

yif/ vlwkdY\pdwfxJwGif opfudka&mif;vdkufvQif aiGudk&rnfqdkaomtawG;rsm;om&SdaeNyD; þopfyifopfawm

rsm;onf vlYwkdYtwGuf t&m&mudkay;aeonfudk rawG;rdwwfay/ opfawmqdkonfrSm vlrsm; aeYpOfpm;oHk;

aeaom awmwd&dpämefrsm;pGm? rIdESifhtyifrsm;wdkY\ aexdkif&mtdrfjzpfonf/ wpfcsKdUaom opfyif? opfO?

opfzkrsm;udk aq;0g;twGuftoHk;ûyMuNyD; ysm;&nfrsm;udkvnf; opfawmrsm;rS&&Sdygonf/ ,if;t&mrsm;onf

rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifpm;oHk;zdkY&efvnf;aumif;? aeYpOfvdktyfonfht&mrsm;jzpfaom qef (odkY) t0wftxnfrsm;udk

0,f&eftwGuf? a&mif;0,fvdkYvnf;&ygonf/ xdkYtjyif obm00ef;usiftwGuf &moDOwkESifhobm0udk xdef;

odrf;ay;½kHomru uREfkyfwdkY aeYpOf½IoGif;aom atmufpD*sif"mwfudkxkwfay;NyD;? umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'fudkvnf;

yaysmufap&ef pkyf,lay;ygonf/ jrpfacsmif;rsm;rSvnf; opfawmrsm;&SdaeaomaMumifh oefY&Sif;Munfvif

at;jrygonf/ tu,fí opfawmrsm;r&Sdygu ae\tylcsdefudkumuG,fray;Edkifawmhojzifh a&rsm;cef;ajcmuf

oGm;ygrnf/ opfawmonf ajrqDvTmudk<u,f0&eftwGuf txl;xdef;odrf;ay;ygonf/ opf&Gufa<uonf

ajrMoZmtjzpf wzefoHk;EdkifNyD;? opfyif\tjrpfonfvnf; ajrrsufESmjyifESifh ajrqDvTmudkxdef;odrf;xm;yg

onf/ opfawmrsm;r&SdvQif rdk; oJBuD;rJBuD;&Gmcsaomtcg ajrqDvTmudk xdef;odef;ay;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdonfhtjyif

rdk;a&udkvnf; xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifpGrf;r&SdaomaMumifh a&pD;EIef;udk ydkrkdvsifjrefapNyD;? a&BuD;jcif;udkjzpfay:apyg

onf/ xdk&v'frsm;aMumifh wpfcsKdUaomae&mwGif a&rSmtvGef&Sm;yg;aeNyD; (rdk;acgifaeNyD;) wpfcsKdUaomae&m

wGif a&BuD;ae&jcif;jzpfygonf/ ,cifu opfyiftajrmuftrsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; ,aeYacwfwGif acwfrSDenf;

ynmrsm;udkoHk;NyD; opfyifckwfvSJaomaMumifh jrefqefpGm opfawmûyef;wD;&ygonf/ xdkYtjyif ckwfvJSvdkuf

aom opfyifrsm;tpm; opfyiftopfudk jyefvnfpdkufysKd;jcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf vGifwD;acgifrsm;jzpfaeygonf/

aqG;aEG;&ef

1/ opfawmudkqufvufckwfxGifaevQif rnfodkY jzpfysufoGm;Edkifygoenf;/

2/ opfawmckwfvJjcif;udk xdef;odrf;zdkYoifhonf[k oifxifygovm;/ roifhbl;[kxifygovm;/

tb,faMumifhenf;/ &Sif;jyay;yg/

Asking questions using wait time Method file B, why ask questions?

þavhusifhcef;onf jrefjrefqefqefvkyf&efvdktyfonf/

tu,fíar;cGef;\tajzudkrodyguvnf; &Sdygap/

þavhusifhcef;onf ar;cGef;rsm;udkajzqdk&ef avhusifhjcif;

r[kwf/ ar;cGef;ar;jcif;udk avhusifhjcif;omjzpfonf/

apmifhqdkif;aomtcsdef (Wait time)

q&muar;cGef;udkar;yg/ NyD;vQif (3) puúefY

cefYapmifhyg/ ajzqdk&rnfhausmif;om;udk ra&G;

cs,frSD 1 rS 3 udk cyfaES;aES;a&wGufyg/



pmrsufESm 37

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

Ò puf0dkif;yHkpH 0kdif;cdkif;yg/ wpfvSnfhpDtaeESifh oifwef;BuD;Muyfolu rwfwyf&yfaeMuaom ausmif;

om;rsm;\ puf0dkif;tv,fwGifoGm;NyD; Forests ar;cGef;rsm;rSwpfckudk ar;ay;yg/

Ò oifwef;BuD;Muyfolonf ajzqdkrnfholudk ra&G;cs,frSD tcsdefudkapmifhqdkif;ay;yg/

(3 puúefYcefY)

Ò a&G;cs,fjcif;udkcH&aomolonf vdkwdk&Sif;udk ajz&ygrnf/

Ò NyD;vQif aemufwpfa,muftm; t0dkif;\tv,fwGifoGm;&yfNyD; ar;cGef;udkar;&ygrnf/ ta,muf

wkdif;tm; ar;cGef;udkar;apyg/

4/ ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;enf;rsm; (Questioning techniques)

Ò Method file B.Questioning technique udkavhvmyg/ vufawGUvkyfaqmifjcif;/

Ò toHk;0ifrnf[k oifxifaom enf;vrf; (3) csufudk a&G;cs,fay;yg/ tb,faMumifhenf;qdkaom

ar;cGef;udk a&;xm;ay;yg/

F: vufawGUvkyfaqmifjcif; ( Practical task: Observation 3)

1/ tawGUtMuHK&Sdaomq&mudk (45) rdepf- wpfem&DcefY avhvmyg/ ravhvmcif Z,m;uGuftBuD;BuD;wGif

pdwful;NyD; yHkazmfay;yg/

twef;udkavhvmaepOfwGif Z,m;uGufay:wGif rSwfpkav;rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;ay;yg/

Ò vIyf&Sm;rIwpfckpDwGif okH;pGJaomtcsdef/

Ò q&mubmvkyfygoenf;/

Ò ausmif;om;u bmvkyfygoenf;/

Ò vdktyfaom awG;awmjcif;tqifh/

2/ twef;NyD;aomf vkyfaqmifxm;csufrsm;rS tcsuftvufrsm;udkMunfhjyD; oifcef;pmudk cJGjcrf;pdwfjzm avhvm

(analyse) yg/

tcsdef q&m\vkyfaqmifaomt&m ausmif;om;vkyfaqmifaomt&m awG;awmpOf;pm;jcif;twwf\tqifh

10 rdepf acgif;pOfukdajymjy

jcif;/

em;axmifNyD; acgif;pOfukdajymjyjcif;/ todynm

20 rdepf oifcef;pmpmtkyfwGif

avhusifhcef;rsm;ay;jcif;/

ESpfa,mufwpfwGJvkyfaqmifjcif;/ todynmESifh

em;vnfoabmaygufrI

tcsdef q&m\vkyfaqmifcsuf ausmif;om;\vkyfaqmifcsuf awG;awmpOf;pm;jcif;twwfynmtqifh

3/ oHk;oyfavhvmjcif;

,if;vkyf&yfonf vkyfcJhaomoifcef;pm\taMumif;tm; bmajymygoenf;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 38

oifavhvmcJhaom oifcef;pmrS tajz (1) ck? (2) ck &Smay;yg/

Ò q&monf oifMum;vkyfaqmifrIudk tjrJwrf;ajymif;vJvkyfaqmifay;ygovm;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;oif,lrIudk q&mu rnfodkYvkyfaqmifay;ygoenf;/

Ò rnfodkYaomt&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;wuf<uygoenf;/

Ò tqifhjrifhaomawG;awmjcif;twwfudk rnfonfhae&mwGifoHk;ygoenf;/ oif\aqG;aEG;rIrsm;udk

twef;vdkufaqG;aEG;yg/

G: tusOf;csHK; (Summary)

Ò oifMum;rIqdkonfrSm bmom&yfudkod&Sdapjcif;jzpfovkd awG;awmjcif;udkvnf; zefwD;apygonf/

Ò pOf;pm;jcif;onf topfaomoifMum;rIESifh qufoG,fay;&eftwGuf jzpfygonf/

Ò oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrSm ausmif;om;rsm;onf oifcef;pmoif,lNyD;aemuf &v'ftaeESifh rnf

onfht&mrsm;udk wwfajrmufoGm;&rnfudk qdkvkdygonf/

Ò tqifhjrifhaomoifMum;enf;onf ausmif;om;rsm;oifMum;NyD;aomt&mrsm;ukd pOf;pm;jcif;jzpf

onf/

Ò ar;cGef;rsm; ar;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;ukd pOf;pm;apjcif;/

Ò ar;cGef;onf pOf;pm;awG;awmrItqifhqifhukdwwfaMumif; em;vnfapygonf/

Ò q&mu rnfonfhtqifhjzifh ar;cGef;rsm;ukdar;&ef jyifqifay;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm; awG;ac:

rIpGrf;&nfukd ykdrkdwkd;wufap&ef tm;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf/

H. Assessment task1/ (4 c) (writing learning task) rS oifa&;om;xm;aom oifcef;pm\vkyfaqmifrI (learning task) rsm;udk

jyefvnfíavhvmay;yg/ ,if;vkyfaqmifxm;aomvkyf&yfrsm;onf oif\oifcef;pmtwGuf tusKd;&Sdonf?

az;ray;onf[k oifxifjrifygovm;/ oifwef;om;rsm; jyefvnfavhvm&eftwGuf a&;csNyD; vkdtyfonfrsm;

udkjznfhpGufapjcif;tm;jzifh wdk;wufrIrsm;udk zefwD;ay;í&ygonf/

2/ trsKd;rsKd;aomawG;awmjcif;rsm;rS tcsuf (3) csufrQ a&G;cs,fay;NyD; ausmif;om;rsm; rnfodkYvkyfaqmifNyD;

pD;&rnfudk &Sif;jyonfh tusOf;csHK;&Sif;jycsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifay;yg? atmufwGif (4 c) ay;xm;aom ar;

cGef;Oyrm (2) csufudkay;xm;ygonf/

Comprehension (Survival) &Sifoefjcif;\t"dyÜg,frSm tb,fenf;/ (ig;rdepf)

1/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrda&;csxm;aomt&mrsm;udk tcsif;csif;jyefvnfEIdif;,SOfapMuNyD; &Sif;jy

csufrsm;udkwlwlavhvmum oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk&,lyg/

2/ q&monfausmif;om;rsm;udk apmifhqdkif;jcif; (wait time) udkoHk;&eftwGuf owday;yg/

3/ tusOf;csKH; aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh oabmxm;zvS,fjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifapyg/

4/ oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk ausmufoifykef;ay:wGif a&;csay;yg/

Analysis - xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd qifwkdY\b0tm; Ncdrf;ajcmufaeonfh t"dtaMumif;&if;udk a&;csay;yg/

(25 rdepfcefY)

1/ ,if;owå0gwkdY\b0tm; tEå&m,fjzpfay:ap&ef zefwD;ay;onfhtaMumif;&if;rsm;udk ausmif;

om;rsm;odavmuf a0zefpOf;pm;azmfjycdkif;yg/



pmrsufESm 39

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

2/ q&m (odkY) ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\tjrifudk ausmufoifykef;ay:wGif a&;csay;yg/

3/ q&monfvnf; a&;csxm;aomtcsufrsm;rS rnfonfhtcsufonf qifowå0grsm;tm; az;r

&nfnGef;onfhtcsufjzpfonfudk ausmif;om;rsm;tm;a&G;xkwfajzapNyD; rqdkifaomtcsufrsm;udk

zsufvdkufyg/

4/ q&mu rdrdwdkY rodao;aom? qifowå0grsm;twGuf ab;jzpfapaom tcsufrsm; &Sd^r&Sd

ausmif;om;rsm;tm;ar;NyD;? &Sdao;vQif xyfrHíjznfhpGufa&;ay;yg/

5/ ,if;ab;tEå&,fESifhywfoufí a&;xm;aomtcsufrsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm;\ oabmwl

nDrIudk &,lyg/ (tifwmeufoHk;cGifh&SdvQif tajzudk&SmEdkifygonf/)

6/ q&monfvnf; a&;csxm;aomtcsufrsm;udk twnfûyapNyD; vdktyfonfhtcsuftvufrsm;

udk jznfhpGufapyg/

7/ tkyfpkzJGYapNyD; qifwkdY\b0vkHjcHKrItm; Ncdrf;ajcmufaeonfhtcsufrsm;tm; tjrifhqkH;rS tedrfh

qkH;okdY pDa&;ay;yg/

8/ ausmif;om;wpfOD;csif;pDtm; ,if;acgif;pOfESifhywfoufonfh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIukd a&;ckdif;yg/

Ò Ò Ò



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 40

aumif;rGefaomoifMum;ay;jcif; (Good teaching) \&v'fum; aumif;rGefpGmoifMum;wwfajrmufjcif; (Good learning) aywnf;/

oifcef;pm (2 ) ESifh (3) wGif uREfkyfwkdYavhvmcJh&onfhtwdkif; ...

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;onf olwdkYudk,fwdkifvufawGUvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh ydkrdkoif,lwwfajrmufoGm;ygonf/

Ò olwdkY vufawGUvIyf&Sm;&aomaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ydkrdkwuf<uvIHaqmfapygonf?

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ eD;pyf&mb0ESifhqufEG,fNyD; avhvmcGifh&&SdaomaMumifh ydkrdkNyD;vIyf&Sm;

wuf<upGm oif,lwwfajrmufygonf/

oifcef;pm (4) wGif avhvmcJh&onftwdkif; q&mrsm;onf ...

Ò rdrdoifaom bmom&yfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ydkifEdkifpGmem;vnf&rnfjzpfNyD; tb,faMumifh þuJhokdY em;

vnf&oenf;qdkonfudkvnf; &Sif;jyEdkif&ygrnf/ Oyrm - oifcef;pm&nf&G,fcsufrsm; ponfjzifh ...

Ò ausmif;om;toD;oD;wGif ar;cGef;rsm;jzifhjynfhESufaeap&eftwGuf pmoifvrf;aMumif;udk cif;ay;

Edkifjcif;/ xdkYtjyif olwdkYavhvmoif,laomt&mrsm;udk uGufuGif;pGmjrifawGYum em;vnfEdkifap&ef

twGuf zefwD;ay;&efjzpfygonf/

q&mESifhausmif;om;onf twlwpfuGyl;aygif;NyD; oif,lMuonf/ q&mu enf;pepfuspGm vrf;cif;

ay;NyD; ausmif;om;rsm;rSmrl udk,fwdkifavhvm&SmazGvkyfaqmif&ygonf/ awG;awmpOf;pm;Edkifjcif;onf em;vnf

jcif;tqifhudk ydkrdkwdk;yGm;aponf/ twef;xJwGif twlwpfuGvkyfaqmifapjcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf

oifcef;pmudk ydkrdkem;vnfNyD;? wuf<upGm? pdwf0ifpm;pGm yg0ifvkyfaqmifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

A: tkyfpkvdkufBudK;yrf; vkyfaqmifjcif;/ (Using group work)

tzJGUvdkufvkyfaqmifjcif;ESifhywfoufaom Oyrmrsm;udk þoifcef;pmu azmfjyay;ygvdrfhrnf/ NyD;vQif

tzJGUvdkufBudK;yrf;vkyfaqmifjcif;\ aumif;usKd;? qdk;usKd;rsm;udkvnf; cJGjcm;ay;ygvdrfhrnf/

1 / jyefvnfavhvmjcif;/

þoifcef;pmtwGuf atmufwGifay;xm;aomZ,m;wGif rnfonfhenf;udkoHk;cJhygoenf;/ Z,m;uGuf

xJwGif avsmfnDpGm jznfhay;yg/

oifcef;pm (5)

tkyfpkvkdufvkyfaqmifjcif;

(Group Work)

oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsuf / / þoifcef;pmtqHk;wGif oifwef;om;rsm;onf ...

Ò tkyfpkvdkufvkyfaqmifaomtvkyf\&v'fudk &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;/

Ò rdrd\pmoifcef;wGif jyefvnfítoHk;csEdkifjcif;wdkYjzpfygonf/

tkyfpkzGJUykH tokH;ûyaomt&mrsm; Oyrm

wpfOD;csif;

ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ

(3-4) a,mufwGJ (tkyfpki,f)

(5) a,muftxuf (tkyfpkBuD;)

wpfwef;vkH;



pmrsufESm 41

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

2/ tzJGUESifhvkyfaqmifjcif;onf rnfodkYaomt&mrsm;twGuf aumif;ygoenf;/ tkyfpkkt&G,ftpm; jcm;em;pGmzGJU

jcif;onfvnf;rnfonfh oifMum;rItwGuf aumif;rGefygoenf;/ tkyfpkt&G,ftpm;ESifhywfoufNyD; rnfodkYaom

tqifrajyrIrsm; &SdEdkifygoenf;/ twef;taeESifh wpfOD;csif;pDvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh &&Sdaom aumif;usKd; qdk;usKd;

rsm;udk aqG;aEG;NyD; a&;csay;yg/

3/ (4 -5) a,mufwpfzGJUpDzGJUNyD; atmufrSZ,m;uGufudk jznfhay;yg/

tzGJU zGJU ykH tm;omcsufrsm; tm;enf;csufrsm;

wpfOD;csif;

ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ

(3-4) a,mufwGJ (tkyfpki,f)

(5) a,muftxuf (tkyfpkBuD;)

wpfwef;vkH;

tzGJUwdkif; Z,m;uGufxJrS tzGJUzGJYykH (1) ckudk twef;wGifwifjyapNyD; rdrdwdkYESpfoufpdwf0ifpm;aom

rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udkrqdk aqG;aEG;yg/ tzGJUzGJUjcif;\ aumif;usKd; qdk;usKd;rsm;udkvnf; rSwfwrf;wifxm;ay;yg/

4/ aqG;aEG;&ef

Ò tkyfpkzGJUjcif;ukd rnfonhftcsdefumvwGifoHk;vQif oifhonf roifhonfudk csifhcsdefwwf&ef/ tb,f

aMumifh tkyfpkzGJUjcif;onf ta&;BuD;ygoenf;/

Ò tkyfpkudkvnf; trsKd;rsKd;ajymif;vJzGJUpnf;ay;&ef tb,fhaMumifhvkdtyfygoenf;/

B: tzJGUvdkuf BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfudk pDrHcefYcGJjcif;/ (Setting and Managing group work tasks)

þtcef;wGif avhvmoGm;&rnfht&mrsm;rSm - tkyfpkcJGjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; cGJwrf;csay;jcif;ESifh taMumif;

t&mtcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; avsmfnDpGm tusKd;&SdpGm cJGjcrf;em;vnfapjcif;wdkY jzpfygonf/ oifonfvnf;

txufygtaMumif;t&mrsm;\ 'DZdkif;yHkpHrsm;udkvnf; &Sif;vif;pGm yHkaazmfjyEdkifygvdrfhrnf/

1/ atmufwGifay;xm;aomtcsufrsm; (checklist) wGif tkyfpkcGJjcm;jcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; csay;xm;aom

tcsufrsm;udkavhvmyg/ ¤if;ay;xm;aomtcsufrsm;rSm a&maESmaeygonf/ oHk;a,mufwpfzGJUzGJUNyD; xdka&maESm

aeaomtcsufrsm;udk tpOftvdkuf jyefa&;csay;yg/ tajzrSef wpfckxufru &SdEdkifygonf/

Ò oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udk jyifqifjcif;/

Ò Oyrmay;jcif;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;onf tESpfcsKyfukd a&;csjcif;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm; t"dutcsufudka&;csjcif;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oifMum;ay;rnfht&mudk &Sif;

vif;pGmod&Sdapjcif;/

Ò tcsdeftuefYtowfudkk csrSwfjcif;/

Ò activity twGuf BudKwifjyifqifay;jcif;/

Ò tMuHrsm;ay;jcif; (vdktyfvQif)

Ò tqifhqifhaomnTefMum;csufudk &Sif;vif;pGmay;jcif;/

ÒtzJGUwdkif;odkYvSnfhvnfNyD;em;vnfrIudk qef;ppfjcif;/

Ò vdktyfaomtcsufrsm;udk xyfrHjznfhpGufjcif;/

Ò oifcef;pmudk twdkcsKH;jcif;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;udk tkyfpkzGJUapjcif;/

Ò ar;p&mar;cGef;rsm; &Sd ^r&Sd jyefar;ay;jcif;/

Ò tcsdefudk uefYowfjcif;/

Ò tzGJUwdkif;odkYvSnfhvnfNyD; wdk;wufrIrsm;udk avhvm

jcif;/

Ò tzGJUvdkuf jyefvnfwifjyjcif;/

Ò tzJGUvdkuf rnfodkYjyefvnfwifjy&rnfudk wdkifyif

qHk;jzwfjcif;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 42

2/ txufygtcsufrsm;udk olYae&mESifhol cGJjcm;ay;yg/ cJGjcm;pdwfjzmjcif;ukd OyrmtaeESifhay;&vQif BudKwifjyif

qifjcif;jzpfygonf/ NyD;vQif trsKd;tpm; cGJjcmjcif;tqifhqifhudkjyonfhyHkpHudk qGJay;yg/

3/ twef;xJwGif tkyfpkwdkif;\ vkyfxm;aomZ,m;udk avhvmyg/ ,if;avhvmcsufrS tcsuftvufudkrSDNyD;?

oif\udk,fydkifZ,m;udkqGJyg/ oifhtzGJU\ aemufqHk;yHkpHZ,m;udkvnf; rSwfwrf;wifxm;ay;yg/

4/ aqG;aEG;&ef

Ò tb,fhaMumifh wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh (sequence) vkyfaqmifjcif;onf ta&;BuD;ygoenf;/

Ò trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif; (categories) onf tvkyfudkrnfodkY az;rulnDEdkifygoenf;/ ,if;ESifhywfouf

aomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk Method file D: Chart and organizers wGifMunfhyg/

C: tkyfpkudkzJGU jcif; (Forming Groups)tkyfpkudkzGJUjcif;onf tkyfpkvdkufBuKd;yrf;rI (Group work) udk toHk;csonhfynmwpf&yfjzpfygonf/

tkyfpkzJGUenf;trsKd;rsKd;udk atmufwGifay;xm;ygonf/

ESpfa,mufwpfzJGU (Pairs)

a . ausmif;om;onf rdrdESifhvkyfaqmifrnfhtazmfudk a&G;cs,fjcif;/

b . wpfywf (odkY) wpf&uftwGif; twlrwGJvkyf&ao;aomolESifhtwlwl tvkyfudk wGJívkyfaqmifjcif;/

c . vl (3) a,mufwpfzGJUzGJUum wpfa,mufNyD; wpfa,muf aqG;aEG;jcif;/

d . - yd&rpf - ESpfa,mufwpfzJGUESifhvkyfaqmif&aomtvkyfNyD;vQif ESpfzGJUoHk;zGJUaygif;um tkyfpkBuD;zGJU

ay;yg/

tkyfpk (Groups)

e . vl (4) a,muf (okdY) (5) a,muf wpfzGJU zGJUNyD;? pdwfBuKduftkyfpkzGJUay;yg/

f . eHygwfpOf 1-2-3? 1-2-3 udk wef;pDaeaomolrsm;udka&NyD; (1) udk&aomolrsm; wpftkyfpk? (2)

udk&aomolrsm; wpftkyfpk? (3) udk&aomolrsm;wpftkyfpk ponfjzifh zJGUay;yg/

g . b,fbufwGif xdkifaomolrsm;wpftkyfpk? tpdrf;a&miftusÐ0wfxm;olrsm;wtkyfpk? emrnfwGif

A-E pmvHk; jzifhpaomolrsm; ponfjzifh tkyfpkzGJUay;yg/

h . q&mu t&nftcsif;wlaomausmif;om;rsm;udk tzGJUwpfzGJU zGJUay;yg/

i . q&mu t&nftcsif;jcm;em;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tzJGUwpfzGJU zGJUay;yg/

j . - yd&rpf - tkyfpki,fESpfzGJUudkaygif;um tkyfpkBuD;tjzpfodkY zGJUay;yg/

1/ ESpfa,mufwpfzJGU zGJUay;yg/ txufwGifay;xm;aomtkyfpkzGJUenf;rS rnfonfhtkyfpkzGJUenf;onf atmuf

wGifay;xm;aomtajctaersm;twGuf rnfodkYtusKd;&Sdonfudk tcsif;csif;aqG;aEG;yg/ NyD;vQif rdrdtzGJU\

pOf;pm;awG;ac:csufrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk twef;xJwGif (odkY) tkyfpkxJwGif jyefvnfwifjyyg/ txufrS

ay;xm;aom tkyfpkzJGUenf;rsm;rS tenf;qHk; enf;vrf; (2) ckudk a&G;ay;yg/ oifhxHwGif&Sdaom tjcm;aom

tMuHaumif;rsm;ukdvnf; xnfhoHk;Edkifygonf/ ,if;tcsufrsm;onf tajctaetwGuf rnfodkYtoHk;0ifonf

udk &Sif;jyay;yg/

Ò twef;wGif;&Sd ausmif;om;wpf0ufausmfavmufonf aqG;aEG;jcif;wGif 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;rI r&SdMuyg/

Ò wcsKdUaomausmif;om;rsm;twGuf oifcef;pmonf cufcJygonf/



pmrsufESm 43

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;udk tzGJUESifhpmvkyfcdkif;vQif olwdkYonf twltjrJvkyfaeMutzGJUESifhom vkyfMuonf/

Ò oifcef;pmaqG;aEG;jcif;wGif ausmif;om;oHk;a,mufom tjrJwrf; jc,fvS,faeonf/

Ò tkyfpkvdkufzJGUNyD; oifcef;pmvkyfvQif tcsdeft&rf;Mumrnfudk oifu pdk;&drfae&onf/

Ò oli,fcsif;wpftkyfMum;xJwGif ausmif;om;wpfa,muf (odkY) ESpfa,muf tjrJwrf; wpfoD;yk*¾v

jzpfaeonfudk owdxm;rdonf/

Ò wcsKdUaomausmif;om;rsm;rSm NiD;aiGUaeonf/ ,if;wdkYu oifcef;pmvG,fulvGef;onf[k ,lqonf/

Ò ausmif;om; (4) a,mufonf pmoifcef;\taemufbufwGif tjrJwrf;xdkifNyD; pdwf0ifpm;rIvnf;

rjyacs/

2/ tzGJUtkyfpkESifhvkyfí tqifajyEdkifrnfh tjcm;aomtajctaersm;udk xyfpOf;pm;ay;yg/ NyD;vQif oifhtazmf

udkvnf; ajymjyay;yg/

D: tzGJUvdkufvkyfaqmifaomtvkyfudk jyefvnfwifjyjcif;/ (Reporting back from group work)

tkyfpkvdkufjzpfjzpf? ESpfa,mufwpfzGJUjzpfjzpf? twlwlvkyfaqmifaomtvkyfrsm;udk jyefvnfwifjyjcif;

onf pmoifMum;jcif;\ ta&;BuD;aomtcsufwpf&yfyifjzpfygonf/

1/ þoifcef;pmwGifûyvkyfcJhaom jyefvnfwifjyjcif; Reporting back udk jyefpOf;pm;Munfhyg/

Ò rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh ta&;BuD;ygoenf;/

Ò rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;? rnfonfhtwwfoabmw&m;rsm;udk usifhoHk;cJhygoenf;/

2/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;oifMum;ay;jcif; (Teaching each other) (6) zGJU zGJUay;yg/ tzGJUwdkif;wGif atmufygtcsuf

vufrsm;udk ay;xm;ygonf/

acgif;pOf - 1

tzGJUvkdufvkyfaom tvkyfrsm;ukd tb,faMumifh jyef

vnfwifjy&ygoenf;/

1/ Brain Storm

2/ ykdNyD;od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf aemufwpfrsufESmukdzwfyg/

3/ t"dutcsufrsm;ukd twkdcsKH;yg/

4/ jyefvnfwifjyjcif;twGuf pDpOfyg/ ar;cGef;ar;

enf;ukd okH;ay;yg/

Methods file: Why ask question? ukdMunfhyg/

acgif;pOf - 2

aumif;aom jyefvnfwifjyjcif;onfum; rnfokdY

enf;/

1/ Brain Storm

2/ ykdNyD;od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf aemufwpfrsufESmukdzwfyg/


4/ jyefvnfwifjyjcif;twGuf pDpOfyg/ Z,m;ukdt

okH;ûyay;yg/

Methods file: Charts and organizers ukdMunfhyg/

acgif;pOf - 3

pum;ESifhajymenf; (Verbal method)

1/ Brain Storm

2/ ykdNyD;od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf Methods file: Teacher

explanation rS &Sif;jycsufukd zwfyg/


4/ jyefvnfwifjyjcif;twGuf pDpOfyg/ pum;ajym

enf;rsm;ukd tokH;ûyay;yg/

acgif;pOf - 4

tjriftm½kHESifhMunfhenf; (Visual method)

1/ Brain Storm

2/ ykdNyD;od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf Methods file: Charts and

Organizers rS &Sif;jycsufukd zwfyg/


4/ jyefvnfwifjyjcif;twGuf pDpOfyg/ Munfhjrifjcif;

ukd tokH;ûyay;yg/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 44

acgif;pOf - 5

ukd,fvufvIyf&Sm;enf; (action method)

1/ Brain Storm

2/ ykdNyD;od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf Methods file: Active methods

in the classroom rS &Sif;jycsufukdzwfyg/


4/ jyefvnfwifjyjcif;twGuf pDpOfyg/ trlt&mukd

tokH;ûyay;yg/

acgif;pOf - 6

q&m\u@ (The role of the teacher)

1/ Brain Storm

2/ ykdNyD;od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf aemufwpfrsufESmukd zwfyg/


4/ jyefvnfwifjyjcif;twGuf pDpOfyg/ Process Chart

ukdokH;ay;yg/ Methods file: charts and organizers

ukd Munfhyg/

3/ tMuHay;csuf (Reflection )

Ò tzGJUESifhvkyfaqmifNyD;aomt&mrsm;udk jyefvnfwifjyjcif;NyD;NyDvm;/ rNyD;ao;vQif NyD;atmifvkyfay;yg/

aemufwBudrf tzJGUESifhvkyfaqmif&rnfhavhusifhcef; &dSygao;onf/

Ò tzJGUESifhvkyfaqmifNyD;aomt&mrsm;udk oifonf tjrJwrf;jyefvnfwifjyay;ae&NyD; tjcm;olrsm;rSm

yg0ifjcif;&Sdygovm;/ r&dScJhaomf aemuftBudrfrsm;wGif oif\ twef;azmfwpfa,mufa,mufudk ûyvkyf

ap&eftwGuf tMuHay;yg/

jyefvnfwifjyjcif;twGuf rlMurf;rsm; (Guidelines on reporting back)

4/ tzGJUvdkufvkyfaqmifNyD;vQif tb,faMumifh jyefvnfwifjyjcif;udk vkyf&ygoenf;/

á tawG;tac:ESifh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk wpfwef;vHk;odatmifa0iSay;&ef/

á ausmif;om;rsm; rdrdudkk,fudk,HkMunfrIrsm;vm&ef/

á vlola&SUpum;ajymEdkifjcif;twGuf usifhom;&ap&ef/

á ausmif;om;rsm;. oifcef;pmem;vnfrItwdkif;twmudk q&muod&Sdap&ef/

á q&monf ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh wpfwef;vHk;u aqG;aEG;rIwGifyg0ifvmap&ef/

á q&mu vdktyfaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk xyfíjznfhqnf;ay;Edkif&ef/



pmrsufESm 45

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

á q&muvnf; oifcef;pmrStcsufrsm;udk twdkcsKH;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf;

olwdkYoifcJhaomtaMumif;t&mudk wu,fod&Sdem;vnfapjcif;/

5/ aumif;aom jyefvnfwifjyjcif;qdkonfrSm rnfodkYenf;/

á t"duusaomtcsuftvufrsm;udkom vdk&if; wdk&Sif;ESifh wifjyjcif;/

á tkyfpkzJGUaqG;aEG;onfhtwdkif; ta,mufpDajymaomtcsuf? vkyfaomt&mrsm; tm;vkH;wifjyjcif;

r[kwfyg/

á uspfvpfpGmpDrHEdkifjcif; (tpDpOfusjcif;? acgif;pOfudk,fxnfcJGjcm;ay;jcif;ESifh &Sif;atmif Z,m;rsm;

jzifh oyf&yfpGmwifjyEdkifjcif;/

á jrifawGUEdkifaomt&mrsm;jzifh yHhydk;xm;jcif;/ (Oyrm - oifykef;? owif;pmpuúL? ykHpHum;csyfrsm;

ponfwkdYjzifh cif;usif;jyojcif;/)

á wpfzGJUvkH;\oabmxm;udk azmfaqmifxm;jcif;/

á wifjyol\ tmabmfoufoufom jzpfaejcif;/

Methodsfile:Teachers explaination wGif ajymenf;qdkenf;ESifhqdkifaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk avhvm

awGU &SdEdkifygonf/

6/ jyefvnfwifjyjcif;twGuf vkyf&rnfh q&m\u@ESifh tydkif;

u/ jyefvnfwifjyjcif;twGuf tcsdefudk xdef;csKyfjcif;/

á tcsdefudk owfrSwfxm;jcif;/ (Oyrm- wpfzGJUvQif (2) rdepfom)

á wpfzGJUvQif wifjy&rnfht"dutcsuf (3) csufom wifjyay;yg/ (ausmif;om;rsm;aqG;aEG;aom

t&mrsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifzdkY&efrvdkyg/)

á yxrwpfzGJUrSwifjyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh rxyf? rwl&avatmif aemufwpfzGJUu topf

aomtcsufrsm;udkom wifjyap&ygrnf/

á wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; oifay;jcif; - tzGJUrsm;udk rwlaomvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ay;NyD; olwdkYjyefvnfwifjy

aomt&mrsm;onf jcm;em;rnf/ þodkYzvS,fjcif;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; oifMum;ay;&ma&mufonf/

c/ jyefvnfwifjyjcif;udk tzGJUxJ&Sdaomausmif;om;wdkif; tvSnfhusyg0ifvkyfaqmifapyg/

á tajymESifh jyefvnfwifjyjcif;wGif yg0ifNyD;om;ausmif;om;rsm;\trnfudk a&;rSwfxm;ay;yg/

á jyefvnfwifjyjcif;twGuf q&mu b,fol b,f0g ponfudk ac:ay;yg/

á rvkyfaqmif&ao;aom ausmif;om;? vkyfaqmifrIMumjrifhNyDjzpfaomausmif;om;rsm;udka&G;í jyef

vnfwifjyjcif;udk vkyfyg/

*/ oifMum;ay;jcif;ESifh wwfajrmufoGm;jcif;rsm;udk twnfûyay;jcif;/

á vdktyfvQif ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;ay;yg/

á vdktyfvQifvnf; taMumif;t&mrsm;udk xyfNyD;jznfhpGufay;Edkifygonf/

á oifMum;ay;aomtcsufrsm;udk tusOf;csKH;ay;jcif;/

Z,m;rsm;udkzJGUpnf;onfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk Methods file: Charts and organizers wGif Munfhyg/

twef;xJwGifaqG;aEG;jcif;onfvnf; jyefvnfwifjyjcif;wpfrsKd;jzpfygonf/ tzGJUvdkufvkyfaqmifjcif;onf

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oifcef;pmudk twef;vdkufaqG;aEG;&eftwGuf jyifay;jcif;wpf&yfjzpfayonf/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 46

E: tzJGUvdkufvkyfaqmifaomvkyf&Sm;rItwGuf yHkpHqGJjcif;/ (Design a group work activity)

]]opfawm}} [laomacgif;pOfudk oifMum;&onfqkdygpkdY ...

oifcef;pm\rlMurf;rsm;udk oifcef;pm (4) wGif (your students ; yourself) oifESifh oif\ausmif;

om;rsm; qdkaomacgif;pOfudk awGU&ygrnf/

oifMum;jcif;\&nf&G,fcsuftwdkif; ausmif;om;rsm;onf ...

Ò opfyifckwfvJSrI\ t"dujyóemrsm;udkk cJGjcm;od&SdEdkifjcif;/

Ò aumif;rGefpGmzGJUpnf;xm;aom enf;vrf;rsm;ESifhtcsuftvufrsm;udk wifjyEdkifjcif;/

1/ tzJGUi,f zGJUyg/ ESpfa,mufwpfzJGU (odkY) tkyfpktzGJUudk zGJUay;jcif;tm;jzifh oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufudk

&&Sdapyg/ Methods file G : group - work ESifh D:Charts and Organiser for ideas wdkYudkzwfyg/

2/ NyD;vQif twef;odkY rnfodkYwifjy&rnfudk a0zefqHk;jzwfyg/ pOf;pm;wDxGifyg/

3/ taumif;qHk; activities twGuf wpfwef;vHk;wGif rJaumufjcif;tm;jzifh oifcef;pm\&nf&G,f

csufudk jynfhpHkapygrnf/

F: vufawGUtvkyf- Munfh½IUavhvmjcif; (4) / (Practical task: Observation 4)

1/ tawGUtMuKH&Sdaomq&m\ pmoifyHkudk (45) rdepf- (1) em&DcefY avhvmyg/ odkYaomf avhvmjcif;

udkrvkyfcif pm&Gufay:wGif atmufygZ,m;udk yHkazmfxm;ay;yg/

tcsdef q&mtvkyf aumsmif;om;tvkyf tm;omcsufESifh tm;enf;csufrsm;

pmoifcef;udk Munfh½IavhvmpOfwGif Z,m;uGufxJwGif rSwfwrf;rsm;rSwfxm;ay;yg/

Ò oifcef;pmvIyf&Sm;rIwGif ukefaomtcsdefumv - q&mvkyfaqmifaomt&mrsm;

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfaqmifaomt&mrsm; - oifcef;pm\ tm;omcsufESifh tm;enf;

csufrsm;/

2/ twef;NyD;vQif oifa&;rSwfxm;cJhaom Z,m;uGuftwGif;rS pkaqmif;csufrsm;udkjyefMunfhNyD; oifcef;

pmudk avhvmcJGjcm;ay;yg/ rnfonfht&mrsm;onf aumif;aomoifcef;pmudk zefwD;ay;ygoenf;/ twef;xJ

wGif oifMunfh½IUavhvmchJonfhtwdkif; xda&mufrI&Sdaomoifcef;pmESifh xda&mufrIenf;yg;aom oifcef;pm

rsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;yg/ NyD;vQif xda&mufrI&Sdaomoifcef;pm\ check list udk vufawGUvkyfaqmifay;yg/

G: tkyfpkESifhvkyfaqmifrIaMumifh&&Sdaom aumif;usKd;rsm;/ (Some benefits of group work)

Ò tzGJUESifhvkyfaqmifaomtvkyfonf vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm; &Sdapygonf/

Ò topfaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk&&Sd&eftwGuf csifhcsdefpOf;pm;rIwGif yg0ifrI&Sdjcif;/

Ò q&m\OD;aqmifrIjzifh vufawGUpl;prf;&SmazGjcif;udk vrf;jyxm;aom vrf;pOfjzpfjcif;/

Ò tkyfpkESifhvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh pOf;pm;zdkY (odkY) jyifqifzdkYtcsdefrsm;udkvnf;ay;jcif;/

Ò tkyfpkESifhvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh tcsif;csif; wpfa,mufqDrSwpfa,muf oif,lzvS,fEkdifjcif;/

Ò &Sufwwfaom? yg0ifrIenf;yg;aomausmif;om;rsm;onf ESpfa,mufwpfzGJU (odkY) tkyfpkESifh&SdaevQif

pum;udk ydkajym&Jvmjcif;/



pmrsufESm 47

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

Ò tkyfpkvdkufvkyfNyD; wifjyxm;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udkrDS;NyD; oifcef;pmudk q&mu jyefvnftusOf;

csKyfNyD; ajymMum;Ekdifonf/ ¤if;tcsufu ausmif;om;rsm; trSefwu,fwwfajrmufrI &Sd r&Sdudk ppfaq;

Edkifygonf/

H: Assesment taskwpfu,fhvufawGUpmoifcef;wGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIr&Sdaom ausmif;om;taMumif;ESifhywfoufNyD; pmydk'f

wdkav;wpfcka&;yg/ ,if;jzpf&yfonf ,cifu pmoifcef;xJrStjzpftysuf (odkY) ,ckvuf&Sdtajctaeom

jzpfygap/

1/ tajctaew&yfudk azmfjyay;yg/

2/ ,if;tajctaeudk ajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf tkyfpkzGJUenf; (2) rsKd;xufru a&G;cs,fay;yg/ NyD;vQif

rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh xdkenf;udka&G;cs,f&aMumif;udk &Sif;jyay;yg/

3/ rnfonfhenf;vrf;udkt&ifoHk;NyD; rnfonfhenf;vrf;udk aemufrSoHk;ygrnfenf;/ NyD;vQif tb,f

aMumifh þuJhodkYa&G;cs,f&oenf;udkvnf; &Sif;jyay;yg/

Ò Ò Ò



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 48

oifcef;pm (6)

oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;

(Resources)

ausmif;om;rsm; pmoifMum;rItay:wGif pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdap&eftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfapaom oif

axmufulypönf;rsm;&SdzkdY vkdtyfygonf/ ausmif;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif oifaxmufulypönf;rsm; tenf;i,fom

&dSNyD;? wpfcsKdUaomausmif;rsm;rSmrl oifaxmufulypönf;topfrsm;0,f&eftwGuf aiGaMu;vkHavmufrIr&Sdyg/

xdkYaMumifh q&mrsm;onf &&m oifhawmf&m oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udk &SmazGzefwD;NyD; oifcef;pmESifhtH0if&ef

twGuf ajz&Sif;&awmhrnfjzpfonf/

Key words

Resources = pmoifMum;&wGif taxmufulûyaomyypönf;rsm;/

Materials = oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;jzpfaom pmtkyf? ajryHk? pmMunfhwdkufrS pmtkyf?

pmoifud&d,mrsm;/

Equipment = oifaxmufulrsm;jzpfaom ausmufoifykef;? uGefjyLwm? pmul;puf/

oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsuf ...

Ò oifcef;pmtwGufvdktyfaomoifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udk pDpOfwwfjcif;/

Ò xdkYtjyif oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udk oifcef;pmESifh tH0if*Gifusjzpfap&ef

twGuf zefwD;wDxGifwwfjcif;/

oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;ESifhqdkifaomt&mrsm;ESifhywfoufonfhokawoeûyjcif; (odkY) vufawGUavhvm&SmazGjcif;

(Research project on resources)

vl (4) a,muf? (okdY) (6) a,mufvQif wpfzJGYwpftkyfpkcGJNyD;? oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;taMumif;udk

avhvmyg/ tzJGUwdkif;wGif&Sdaomolrsm;onf? qdkif&mus&mu@udk t"duxm; a&S;½IUvkyfaqmifay;&ygrnf/

Oyrm - ae&mtus,ft0ef;? oifaxmufulypönf;rsm; (equipments ,Mateirals) vlrsm;ESifh uGefjyLwmponf

wdkY jzpfygonf/



pmrsufESm 49

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

þokawoeûyjcif;udk tqifh (4) qifh cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ atmufwGif twdkcsKH;íazmfjyxm;ygonf/

1/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif; (Collect information)

2/ ,if;pkaqmif;xm;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk twdkjyefcsKH;ay;jcif; (Surmmrise information)

3/ xdktcsuftvufrsm;udk wpfzefjyefí cJGjcm;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif; (Analyse information)

4/ &SmazGpkaqmif;xm;aom tcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfwifjyjcif; (present your finding) ponfjzifh ...

1/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;/ (Collect information)

oif\aemufqHk;pmoifcJhaomtawGUtMuHKrsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;yg/ oifcef;pmtwGuf pmtkyfrsm;udk

vlb,fESpfa,mufESifh aygif;oHk;cJh&ygoenf;/ uGefjyLwmoHk;&ef tcGifhta&;&SdcJhygovm;/ &dScJhaomf tBudrfb,f

avmufrsm;rsm; oHk;cJh&ygoenf;/

Ò check list udkoHk;NyD; tcsuftvufrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;yg/

Ò ausmif;wGif;wGif&Sdaom oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;taMumif;udk q&mtm;ajymjyyg/ tu,fí pmudk

roif&ao;vQif oifu oifMum;&eftwGuf &nf&G,fxm;aom twef;? bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;

onfhq&mudk a&S;OD;pGmtoday;yg/

aemufwpfrsufESmwGif check list \erlemudkjyxm;ay;ygonf/

oifaxmufulypönf;rsm; tao;pdwfyg0ifaomt&mrsm;- rSwfpkrsm;-

pmoifcef; (Classroom)

r&Sdyg/

wpfqufwnf;&SdaomxdkifcHkESifhpm;yJGrsm;pm;yJGESifhxdkifcHkrsm;

vG,fulaomxdkifcHkESifh pm;yJGrsm;

teufa&mif (odkY) tjzLa&mifausmufoifykef;rsm;

ausmif;om;rsm;oHk;vdkY&ygovm;/

r&Sdyg/

ydkpwmESifh ajryHkrsm;eH&Hay:rScsdwfxm;aomt&mrsm;

ausmif;om;rsm;zefwD;xm;aom

vuf&mrsm;/

r&Sdyg/

vQyfppfypönf;rsm;/vQyfppfypönf;rsm;

tqifajyonf/

oifaxmufulypönf;rsm; (Equipment)

ausmif;om;rsm; tacG (pD'D) em;axmif

cGifh &Sdygovm;/Mum;? jriftwGuf

axmufulypönf;rsm; ausmif;om;rsm ½kyf&SifMunfhcGifh&Sdygo

vm;/

b,fESpfvHk;&Sdygoenf;/

ausmif;om;rsm;oHk;cGifh&ygovm;/

tifwmeuf qufoG,fxm;ygovm;/uGefjyLwm

multimedia oifaxmufulrsm;&Edkifyg

ovm;/

Oyrm-odyÜHbmom&yftwGuf odyÜHprf;



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 50

txl;oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;

Oyrm-odyÜHbmom&yftwGuf odyÜHprf;

oyfud&d,mrsm;/ uav;upm;zdkY&eft

wGuf t½kyfrsm; ponfjzifh ...

oifaxmufulwefqmyvmrsm; (materials)

q&mudkifwpftkyfom&Sdonf/

ausmif;om;rsm; a0rQoHk;Muonf/oifcef;pmpmtkyfrsm;

ausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpDwGif&SdMuonf?

tydkbmom&yfrsm;/ t*Fvdyfoifcef;pmtwGufem;axmif&ef

ud&d,mrsm;? taxmuftulrsm;/

q&mwGif vHkavmufpGm&Sdygovm;/pma&;u&d,m

ausmif;om;wGif vHkavmufpGm&SdMuyg

ovm;/

pmMunfhwdkuf (library)

pmtkyfrnfrSs&Sdygoenf;/

ausmif;om;rsm;iSm;&rf;zwf½Iygovm;/pmtkyfrsm;

pmtkyfrsm;onf toHk;0ifygovm;/

udk;um;aompmtkyfrsm; tbd"mefrsm;? ajryHkpmtkyfrsm;?

vltiftm; (people)tjcm;q&mrsm;

ausmif;om;rsm;u oifaxmufultae

jzifh ...

t&yfxJrSvlrsm;

2/ pkaqmif;xm;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udktusOf;csHK;jcif;/ (Surmmrise information)

pkaqmif;xm;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk pdwfxJwGif ydkrdkjrifomvm&ef ykHazmfay;yg/ acgif;pOfwdkif;ESifh

pyfvsOf;NyD; tenf;qHk;tcsuf (3-4) csuf&Sd&ygrnf/materials acgif;pOfESifhatmufwGif erlemay;xm;ygonf/

ae&mtus,ft0ef;

oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;

uGefjyLwm

pmMunfhwkduf

vltiftm;

Equipment

materials

ausmif;om;wkdif;wGif

ykHESdyfpmtkyf&Sdonf/



pmrsufESm 51

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

3/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk cJGjcm;pdwfjzmjcif;/ (Analyse information)

Ò twdkcsKH;xm;aomtcsufrsm;rS t"dutcsufrsm;udk qHk;jzwfyg/

Ò oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;onf oifrnfhbmom&yfESifh twef;twGuf rnfrQaumif;onfudk qHk;jzwf

yg/ ausmif;rS&ifqdkifajz&Sif;&rnfh tvm;tvm&Sdaom tBuD;rm;qHk;tcuftcJudkjzpfaprnfh oifaxmuf

ulypönf;rsm;udk a&G;xkwfqHk;jzwfay;yg/

4/ tcsuftvuf rsm;udkjyefvnfwifjyjcif;/ (Present your finding)

oHk;rdepfcefYomMumaom jyefvnfwifjyjcif;ûyvkyf&ef jyifqifay;yg/ tcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udkwifjy&ef

tcsdefr&SdEdkifonfhtwGuf t"duusaomtcsufrsm;udkom a&G;xkwfay;yg/

1/ oifvsmxm;aomtcsufrsm;udk wifjyyg/

2/ t"duusaomtcsufrsm;udk twdkcsKH;ay;yg/

3/ þausmif;wGif oifMum;ay;onfhbmom&yftwGuf oifaxmufulypönf;rsm; rnfrQaumif;aMumif;

udk oHk;oyfay;yg/

4/ oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; tcuftcJt&SdqHk;aomt&mudk &Sif;vif;wifjyay;yg/ þ

vufawGUvkyfaqmifaomt&mrsm;rS oifudk,fwdkifavhvmoif,lcJh&aomt&mrsm;udk twef;vdkufjzpf

ap? tkyfpkvdkufjzpfap jyefvnfNyD;wifjyay;yg/

B: uefYowfypönf;rsm;rS oifaxmufulrsm;ûyvkyfjcif;/ (Making the most of limited resources)1/ vufawGU&SmazGavhvmjcif;udk oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;taeESifh toHk;ûyjcif;? þ activities wGif oifaxmuf

ulypönf;rsm;okH;jcif;enf;trsKd;rsKd;ukd ydkrdkavhvmawGU&Sd&ygrnf/

Ò oifwef;BuD;Muyfolonf (activities) av;ckudk tzGJU (4) zGJUtwGuf zefwD;ay;&ygrnf/

Ò tzGJUudk (4) zJGU zGJUay;yg/ wpfzGJUvQif (activities) wpfckpDudk vkyfaqmifapyg/

Ò tzGJUwdkif;onf (10 - 15) rdepftwGif; (activities) udk NyD;atmifvkyfaqmif&ygrnf/

2/ twef;odkY jyefvnfwifjyay;yg/ rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmifcJhaomenf;vrf;rsm; (activities) udk pmoifMum;a&;

enf;vrf;wGifoHk;vQif &&SdEdkifrnfh aumif;usKd; qdk;usKd;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;yg/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 52

C: oifcef;pm pmtkyfudk toHk;ûyjcif;/ (Making the most of the text book)

1/ EdIif;,SOfjcif;ESifh jcm;em;jcif; (Compare and contrast)

oHk;av;a,mufwpfzGJU zGJUay;yg/ tzGJUwdkif;wGif tenf;qHk; bmom&yfwpfck\ oifcef;pm pmtkyfrsm;rS

(2) rsKd;pDavmuf &Smxm;ay;yg/ xdkpmtkyf (2) rsKd;rStcsuftvufrsm;udk EIdif;,SOfay;yg/ NyD;vQif atmufyg

ar;cGef;rsm;udk pOf;pm;ay;yg/

Ò xdkpmtkyfrsm;onf rnfodkYtcsufrsm;wGif wlnDMuygoenf;/

Ò xdkpmtkyfrsm;onf rnfodkYtcsufrsm;wGif jcm;em;Muygoenf;/

Ò oifonf rnfonfhtcsufudk ESpfoufygoenf;/

Ò oifonf rnfonfhtcsufudk ESpfoufjcif; r&Sdygoenf;/

Ò rnfonfhpmtkyfonf pdwf0ifpm;rIudkay;ygoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

Ò rnfonfhpmtkyfonf oifMum;rItwGuf taxmuftulay;ygoenf;/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

Ò wpfwef;vHk;odkY jyefvnfwifjyNyD;aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf tqifoifhjyifqifxm;ay;yg/

2/ Case - study : jyóemrsm;udkajz&Sif;jcif; (case - study : problem solving)

q&mrsm;\ tcuftcJjyóemrsm;udkatmufwGifay;xm;ygonf/ ESpfa,mufwpfzJGUzGJUNyD; ,if;taMumif;

aqG;aEG;ay;yg/

uRefrqDrSm yx0Doifcef;pmtkyf

wpftkyfxJ&Sdw,f/ 'gaMumifh tus,f

BuD;zwfay;w,f/ ausmif;om;awGuawmh

olwkdY&JUrSwfpkxJrSm vkdufa&;w,f/ 'Denf;eJYbJ

olwkdYawGukd oifMum;ay;w,f/

'DodyÜHpmtkyfu ausmif;wkef;u

&Sdw,f/ usaemfuawmh 0g&ifhq&mwpfa,muf

yg/ pmtkyfuawmh ausmif;om;twGufaum

uRefawmfhtwGufa&m tqifajyygw,f/

t*Fvdyfoifcef;pm pmtkyfu tawmf

cufw,f/ 'gaMumifh tdrfpmay;vkdufw,f/

'grS tbd"mefukdokH;NyD; jyefMunfhvkdY

&atmif/

vIyf&Sm;rI&SdwJhenf;vrf;ukdokH;w,fvkdY

xifwmygbJ/ ausmif;om;awGpmzwfNyD;vQif

olwkdYem;vnfwJhtajctaeukdodzkdY

ar;cGef; jyefar;ay;w,f/

Ò u Ò c

Ò * Ò C

(9) wef;oifcef;pm pmtkyfxJrS

taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd ausmif;om;rsm;[m olwkdY

bmom olwkdYzwfNyD; oifcef;pmtqkH;ykdif;rSmyg

wJhar;cGef;ukdvnf; olwkdYbmomolwkdY

ajzw,f/ uRefrvnf; olwkdYukd trSwfawG

jcpfay;vkdufw,f/

(6) wef; odyÜHrSm tcsuftvufawGukd

ykHawGeJYbJ ay;xm;w,f/

ar;cGef;awGrygwJhtwGuf ukd,fwkdifbJ

ar;cGef;

xkwfay;vkdufw,f/

Ò pÒ i



pmrsufESm 53

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

uRefrqDrSm&SdwJh t*Fvdyfoifcef;pm

pmtkyfrSm (CD) rygbl;/

q&mhpmtkyfxJrSmbJ ygw,f/

'gaMumifh (CD) eJYem;axmif&wJh

avhusifhcef;ukd rvkyf&bl;/

vufykHukd ausmufoifykef;ay:ukd

ul;qGJay;vkdufwm

uRefawmfqGJxm;wJhtwkdif; ausmif;om;awG

vkduful;qGJMuw,f/

Ò ZÒ q

D: Activities udk rdrdbmomûyvkyfjcif;/ (Make your own learning activity)

1/ oifpmoif&mwGif oHk;aeonfh (odkY) oHk;rnfh oifcef;pmpmtkyfudk t&ifavhvmMuygpkdY/ xdkpmtkyf

onf jrefrmjynfwGif; (odkY) e,fpyf (odkY) EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSpmtkyfjzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;ESifhywfoufNyD; aqG;aEG;yg/

Ò ,if;pmtkyfrsm;onf (active) wuf<uvIyf&Sm;aompmoifenf;rsm;udk jr§ifhwifay;rI&dSygovm;/

Ò r&SdcJhaomf? wuf<uvIyf&Sm;aompmoifenf;jzpfap&ef oifonf rnfuJhodkYvkyfaqmifay;ygrnfenf;/

2/ tkyfpki,f (odkY) ESpfa,mufwpfzGJUcJGay;yg/ wuf<uvIyf&Sm;aompmoifenf;udkoHk;NyD; oifaxmuful

ypönf;rsm;udkvnf; zefwD;ay;yg/

Ò oifcef;pmpmtkyfxJrS acgif;pOfwpfckudka&G;ay;yg/

Ò ,if;acgif;pOfudk oifzkdY&eftwGuf vIyf&Sm;wuf<uaomoifMum;enf;udk a&G;cs,fay;yg/ Oyrm -

ar;cGef;rsm;jzifh ed'gef;ysKd;ar;jcif;? tkyfpk (odkY) ESpfa,mufwpfwGJcGJay;jcif;? o½kyfaqmifjcif;? trsKd;t

pm;cGJjcm;jcif;? tpOftvdkufjzpfapjcif;? uGif;qif;avhvmjcif;ESifh ,if;udkrSwfwrf;,ljcif;/ vkyfief;t

opfudk taumiftxnfazmfjcif; (creative project) ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/ Methods file wGif activities

twGuf jyefvnfMunfh½IEdkifygonf/

Ò ed'gef;ydkif;udk (5 - 10) rdepftxd jyifqifxm;ay;yg/ acgif;pOfudk ed'gef;ysKd;ay;jcif;? nTefMum;csufrsm;

ay;jcif;? NyD;vQif activity udk tpysKd;ay;yg/

Ò jyifqifxm;aomoifcef;pmrsm;udk twef;odkY ydkYcsay;yg/

E: vufawGUtvkyf (oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;jcif;) (Practical task: make a resource)

1/ bmom&yfwl? twef;wloifaomolrsm;udk ESpfa,mufwpfzGJU (odkY) tkyfpkzJGU zGJUay;yg/ oifaxmufulypönf;

rsm;udk oifcef;pmoifzkdY&eftwGuf pkaqmif;xm;ay;yg/

Ò pmvHk;? t½kyf? uxåLrsm;udk rnfodkYrnfyHk trsKd;rsKd;jzifh jcm;em;pGmoHk;Edkif&eftwGuf pOf;pm;ay;yg/

Ò oifMum;ay;rnfhoifcef;pmESifh ,if;\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkvnf; wpfygwnf; xnfhpOf;pm;ay;yg/

Ò oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkoif&eftwGuf activity ESifh upm;enf;rsm;udk pmvHk;? t½kyf? uyfxåL

rsm; toHk;ûyEdkifygonf/

atmufwGif tMuHÓPftcsKdUukday;xm;ygonf/ jzpfEdkifvQif rdrdoif&rnfhbmom&yftwGuf rdrdbm

ompDpOfaom tMuHÓPfrsm;udkom oHk;apcsifygonf/

Ò wdkif;? EdkifiHESifh ajrrsufESmoGifjyifrsm;udk trnfazmfjy&eftwGuf ajryHku'fjym;rsm;udkvkyfxm;ay;yg/

Ò bmompum; wdk;wufrI&Sd&eftwGuf o½kyfaqmiftcef;udkvnf; vkyfay;yg/ Oyrm - pm;aomuf

qdkifwGif tpm;tpmrSmpm;jcif;udk o½kyfaqmif&eftwGuf tpm;tpmrSmaompm&if; (Menu) ESifh tpm;



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 54

tpmyHkqGJxm;aomu'frsm;udk jyifqifxm;ay;yg/

Ò t"dyÜg,fESifhpmvkH;rsm;udk ,SOfwGJay;NyD;upm;&onfh u'frsm;ukdvnf; jyifqifxm;ay;yg/

tjcm;aomuxåLrsm;ESifh upm;enf;rsm;udkvnf; (methods file: Chart and organizer) wGif &SmazGEdkif

ygonf/

F: tusOf;csKH; (Summary )

Ò tu,fí oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;rvHkavmufygu &Sdaeaomt&mrsm;ESifh taumif;qHk;jyifqifvkyf

aqmifay;&ygrnf/

Ò Workstation ae&ma&TUajymif;jcif;tm;jzifh oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;ukd tvSnfhusoHk;í&onf/

Ò tkyfpkvdkufvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udk rQa0tokH;ûyEdkifygonf/

Ò avhvmjcif;jzifhtajz&Smjcif; (research) udkvnf; oifaxmufulypönf;taeESifh toHk;ûyEdkifygonf/

oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;onf oif\ywfvnfwGif&Sdaeonfudkowdûyyg/ Oyrm- ausmif;cef;jyify?

tjcm;vlrsm;ESifh ausmif;wGif;&Sd pmMunfhwdkuf/

Ò wuf<uvIyf&Sm;aom pmoifenf;udkvnf; oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;taeESifh toHk;ûyEdkifao;onf/

Ò activity udk rdrdbmomMuHzefwDxGif &SmazGxm;aom oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;ESifhomoHk;yg/

G: AssessmentÒ Methods file rS Charts and organizer udkzwfyg/

Ò Z,m;wpfckudk qGJay;yg?

u/ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;/ (Categorize)

c/ tpOftvdkufjyefvnfae&m csay;jcif;/ (Sequencing)

*/ tqifhqifhûyvkyfjcif;/ (Process)

oifcef;pmoifMum;&mwGif oHk;Edkifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udk a&;csay;yg/ aocsmwduspGma&;ay;yg/ (u)?

(c) ESifh (*) acgif;pOfESifh tenf;qHk;tcsuf (2) csufpDudka&;csay;yg/

Ò Ò Ò



pmrsufESm 55

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

þoifcef;pmwGif uREkfyfwdkYonf pmoifMum;jcif;ESifhqdkifaaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a&SU½Iavhvm

oGm;ygrnf/ xdkYtjyif tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;zGJUum vufawGUESifhtawGUtMuHKudkrSDNyD; oifhavsmf&m avhvmoif,l vIyf&Sm;rI

Learning activities vnf; od&dScJhNyDjzpfygonf/ ,ckrl BudKwifjyifqifrIESifh oifcef;pmykdYcsrIrsm;udk avhvmoGm;

rnfjzpfygonf/

A: oifcef;pmtwGufjyifqifjcif; (Course planing)

BudKwifjyifqifjcif;onf ynma&;pepfoufwrf;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif usifhoHk;cJhygonf/

oifcef;pm (7)

BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;

(Planning)

oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsuf

Ò oifcef;pmtwGuf BudKwifpDrHudef;udk a&;qJGwwfjcif;/

Ò ausmif;om;wpfOD;wpfa,mufpD\ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifonfh pmoifenf;udk

BudKwifjyifqifay;Edkifjcif;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm; wuf<upGmyg0ifEdkifaompmoifenf;ESifh oihfavsmfaom oifaxmufulypönf;

udk a&G;cs,fwwfjcif;/

Ò rdrdoifMum;ay;cJhaom oifcef;pmrsm;\ xda&mufrItwdkif;twmudkvnf; jyefvnfoHk;oyf

qef;ppfEdkifjcif;/

LessonPlan

Ò oifcef;pmwkdif;twGuf tao;pdwf BuKdwifpDrHrI/

Òoifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsuf? yg0ifrI? oifMum;enf;? tcsdefESifh okH;oyfjcif;/

CoursePlan

Ò Syllabus and Curriculum twGuf vkdtyfaomtcsdeftwkdif;twmukd

ykHMurf;qGJjcif;/

syllabus

Ò oifMum;&rnfhoifcef;pmukd ykHMurf;a&;qGJjcif;/

Ò oifcef;pmwGif yg0ifaomtcsufrsm;/

Ò oifMum;aomenf;vrf;rsm; okH;oyfjcif;/

Curriculumframework

Ò oifMum;&rnfht&mrsm;/

Ò wwfajrmufoGm;&rnfht&mrsm;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 56

oif½kd;\ zJGUpnf;rItajccH (Curriculum framework)

oif½dkzJGUpnf;rItajccHqdkonfrSm rnfonfht&mudkoifMum;oGm;&rnf/ NyD;aemuf ,if;oifMum;rIrsm;

rS rnfonfhtwwfrsm;udk wwfoGm;&rnfudk qdkvdkygonf/ oif½dk;nTef;wrf;onf ynma&;tzGJYtpnf; (odkY)

pmoifcef;twGuf ay:aygufcJh&ygonf/ urÇmt&yf&yf&Sd ausmif;oif½dk;nTef;wrf;rsm;ukd EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJU?

ynma&;tzGJUtpnf;u csKyfudkifxm;ygonf/

wpfcgwpf&H taMumif;t&m tcsuftvufrsm;aomfvnf;aumif;? oif,lrIwGif wef;wlnDrQaomtcGifh

ta&;udk ausmif;om;rsm;&&SdzdkYta&;udkaomfvnf;aumif;? aocsmap&eftwGufjzpfygonf/ EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m

oif½kd;nTef;wrf;onf EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u wef;wlaom ynmoifMum;rIESifh twwfynmrsm;

udk&&SdEdkif&ef &nfnGef;xm;ygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh oif½dk;nTef;wrf;onf rdrdpdwfBudKufbmom&yfESifh tqifhrsm;udk

a&G;cs,foif,lEdkif&ef t"dur@Kdifxm;í jznfhqnf;xm;ygonf/

oifcef;pmtwGuf tpDtpOfrsm;/ (Syllabus)

pmoifMum;ay;jcif;twGuf oifcef;pm\tpDtpOf (syllabus) udk tMurf;zsif;a&;qGJxm;ay;jcif;jzpf

onf/ ,if;onf oif½kd;\ zJGUpnf;yHktajccH (curriculum framework) rS tcsuftvufrsm;udk aumufEkwfjyD;

pmoifMum;ay;&ef tpDtpOfudk yHkaz:ay;onf/

(syllabus) wckwGif oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;? acgif;pOfESifh bmom&yftqifhrsm;udk azmfjyxm;yg

onf/ odkYaomf ,if;oifcef;pmtpDtpOf (Syllabus) onf bmom&yfudk rnfuJhodkYoifjy&rnfudk q&mrsm;

twGuf ajymjyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg/

bmom&yftwGuf BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;/ (Course plan)

bmom&yfwpfckvHk;twGuf ûcHNyD; tMurf;rsOf; BuKdwifjyifqifa&;qGJjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Course plan

udk q&mrsm;u zefwD;ay;ygonf/ q&mu oifcef;pm\tpDtpOf syllabus udk owfrSwfxm;aomtcsdeft

wGif; bmom&yfudkNyD;qHk;atmif oifEdkif&efudkvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf/

oifcef;pm BudKwifjyifqifjcif;/ (Lesson plan)

oifcef;pmtcef;wdkif;twGuf tao;pdwfBudKwifjyifqifjcif;jzpfygonf/ þ Lesson plan onf q&m

rsm;udk,fwdkifvkyfaqmif&ygonf/

oifcef;pm? &nf&G,fcsufrsm;? yg0ifaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;? oifMum;ay;jcif;ESifh oif,lrIqdkif&m

activities rsm;? tcsdefZ,m;rsm;ESifh wdk;wufrItajctaeudk wdkif;wmoHk;oyfjcif; ponfwdkYyg0ifygonf/

oifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm; (Learning objectives)

avhvmoif,ljyD;tqHk;wGif &v'ftaejzifh ausmif;om;rsm; vkyfaqmifwwfajrmufoGm;rnfht&mrsm;udk

azmfjyxm;ygonf/ oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;\tqifhwdkif;wGif jznfhpGufay;xm;yg

onf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh q&monf oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;aomfvnf;aumif;? &Hzef&Hcg ausmif;om;wpfOD;

wpfa,mufpDtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;tkyfpkvdkuftwGufudkaomfvnf;aumif;? q&mu vkyf

aqmifjyifqifxm;ay;&ygrnf/

1/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udk twef;taejzifh aqG;aEG;ay;yg/

xdkif;jrefrme,fpyf wGif&Sdaeaom pcef;twGif;&Sd ausmif;rsm; (odkY) a&TUajymif;jrefrmtvkyform;ausmif;

rsm;ESifhqdkifaomausmif;rsm;twGuf oifcef;pm\tpDtpOfrsm; syllabus ESifh oif½dk;nTef;wrf; curriculum a&;



pmrsufESm 57

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

qGJjcif;rsm;udk rnfolu wm0ef&Sdygoenf;/

1/ rlvwef;ausmif;

2/ tv,fwef;ausmif;

3/ txufwef;ausmif;

,if;wkdY\ vuf&Sdtajctae? ausmif;om;rsm;\ tm;omcsufESifh tm;enf;csufrsm;udk azmfjyyg/

2/ twef;vdkufaqG;aEG;aomtcsufrsm;udk tusOf;csKH;ay;yg/ ta&;BuD;aomtcsufrsm;udk vdk&if; wdk&Sif; a&;ay;

yg/

wnfae&m

tm;omcsufrsm; tm;enf;csufrsm;

tajccHrlvwef;ausmif;

tv,fwef;ausmif;

rlvwef;ausmif;

xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwpfavQmuf&Sd ausmif;q&mrsm;&ifqdkif&aom pdefac:csufrsm;rSm ausmif;awmfawmf

rsm;rsm;onf oif&dk;nGef;wrf;ESifhywfoufNyD; jynfhpHkrIenf;yg;vSonf/ oif½kd;zwfpm pmtkyfrsm;udkom udk;um;

NyD;? ,if;rSvGJí tjcm;r&Sdyg/ xdkYajumifh q&mrsm;taeESifhvnf; touf0ifaompmoifcef;jzpfvmap&ef rdrdwdkY

\ pOf;pm;awG;ac:MuHzefrIwdkYudk &yfwefYapygonf/ xdkYtwGufaMumifhvnf; pmoifcef;rsm;rSm NiD;aiGUp&m

aumif;vmygonf/

,aeY e,fpyfwpfavQmuf&Sd ausmif;q&mrsm;onf ½dk;&mpmoifenf;rsm;udkroHk;awmhbJ ausmif;om;

rsm;udkyg0ifvIHYaqmfaprI&SdapNyD;? touf0ifvIyf&Sm;rI&Sdapaom pmoifMum;rIenf;opfrsm;udk pwifoHk;pJGaeNyD

jzpfonf/ pmoifMum;&mwGif oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsuftm; &Sif;vif;ajymjy&ef owdûyyg/ ausmif;om;rsm;

onf oifhxHrS oifcef;pmrsm;udkoif,lNyD;vQif &v'ftaeESifh rnfonfht&mrsm;udk wwfajrmufoGm;ygrnfenf;/

B: oifcef;pmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifjcif;udk pDpOfzefwD;ay;jcif;/ (Developing a course plan)

tqifh (1) / / tMurf;rsOf; vkd&if;tcsKyf (The outline)

þtpDtpOfwGif oifonf oifcef;pmwckvkH;twGuftMurf;zsif;BudKwifjyifqifjcif;wGif tcsdefabmif

twdkif;twmtwGif; oHk;&rnfh oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;ESifh oifMum;rIenf;trsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; pDpOf&ygrnf/

1 / yxrOD;qHk;taeESifh pDrHudef;tMurf;zsif;udk owfrSwfxm;aom tcsdeftwdkif;twmtwGif; oif&rnfhoifcef;

pmESifh oHk;&rnfhoifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udk pDpOfxm;ay;&ygrnf/ tao;pdwfpDpOfxm;rIrsm;vkyfjyD;aemufydkif;

rSomvQif tajymif;tvJrsm;udk oifhovdkvkyfEdkifygonf/ ywf0ef;usifESifhywfoufaom oifcef;pm pmtkyfwGif

yg0ifaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;xm;ygonf/

Ò tkyfpkzGJUxm;yg/ &ufowåygwf (20) twGif; wpfygwfvQif (2) em&Dpmoifcef;pmudk a&;qGJay;yg/

jzpfEdkifvQif pm&GuftBuD;ESifha&;ay;yg/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 58

Ò tenf;qHk; vufawGUavhvma&;wpfck? pmwrf;i,fwpftkyf (project) jyefvnfavhusifh&ef tcsdef

ESifh jyefvnfcsifhcsdefqHk;jzwf&aomtcsdefrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;yg/

Ò oif\tpDtpOfudk eH&Hay: (odkY) pm;yGJay:wGif cif;usif;jyoxm;ay;yg/

Ò oifcef;pmtwGufjyifqifxm;aom tpDtpOftoD;oD;udkvnf; tcef;xJwGif tcsif;csif; avhvm

Munfh½Iay;yg/

Ò jyifqifxm;aomtpDtpOfrsm;rS wlnDjcif;ESifh jcm;em;jcif;rsm;udk twef;vdkuftaejzifh aqG;aEG;yg/

Ò oifhtwGuftaumif;qHk;[kxif&aom oifcef;pmjyifqifjcif;udk rSwfwrf;wifa&;rSwfxm;ay;yg/

tb,faMumifhenf;[laomar;cGef;ukdvnf; ajzMum;ay;yg/

obm0ywf0ef;usifESifhjyóem

Environment Issues

rmwdum Contents pmrsufESm

- ed'gef; Introductions 2

- pGefYypfypönf;rsm; Waste 3

- ouf&Sdowå0gqkdif&maA' Ecosystems 8

- a& Water 11

- opfawmrsm; Forests 19

- pGrf;tif Energy 23

- urÇmBuD;ylaEG;rI Global warming 28

- wkd;wufxGef;um;rI? vlESifh Development, People and 36

obm0ywf0ef;usif The Environment

tqifh (2)/ / oifcef;pmtwGufjyifqifjcif; (The course plan)

oifcef;pmtwGuf tMurf;zsOf;pDpOfjyD;onfhaemufwGif jyifqifjcif;udk aemufwpfqifhtaeESifh zefwD;ay;

&ygrnf/ ,if;tydkif;wGif tcsuftvufrsm;udk ydkjyD; tao;pdwfjznfhqnf;ay;&ygrnf/

oif\oifcef;pmonf taMumif;t&mtcsuftvufudkom tajccHonfjzpfap? Topic-based twwf

ynmudkomtajccHonfjzpfap? Skill based ESpfckpvHk;udkyJ tajccHonfjzpfap? oifrSwfom;xm;&rnfht&mrsm;rSm

....

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;/

Ò touf0ifvIyf&Sm;rI&Sdaom pmoifMum;jcif;ESifh oif,ljcif;rsm;twGuf oifcef;pmrsm;udk ydkYcsjcif;/

Ò oifY&SdorSsaom oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udk oifcef;pmwGif xdxdrdrdtokH;ûyEdkifjcif;/

Ò oifcef;pmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;onf tenf;qHk; pmoifESpf0uf tcsdefwdkif;twmtxd&dS&

ygrnf/

oifcef;pmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifrIwGif oif½kd;nGef;wrf; (curriculum) oif½kd;tpDtpOf (syllabus)

ESifh oifcef;pm pmtkyf (course book) rsm;udk vdktyfygonf/ tu,fí oifcef;pmtwGuf txufygtcsufrsm;

&dSaecJhvQif toHk;ûyay;yg/ r&SdcJhaomf ta&;ygaomoifcef;pmpmtkyfrsm;udkoHk;NyD; avsmfnDaomtqifhESifh bmom

&yfudk udkufnDatmifoifMum;ay;&ygrnf/



pmrsufESm 59

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

2/ oif½dk;nTef;wrf;? oif½dk;tpDtpOfESifh oifcef;pm pmtkyfrsm;udkoHk;NyD;? bmom&yfwpfcktwGuf yxr&ufowå

ygwf oHk;ygwfpmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;udk yHkpHerlemqGJay;yg/ ausmif;om;rsm;rSm/ oifESifhwpfcgrQ

xdawGUrI r&Sdao;aomolrsm;jzpfojzifh pmoifcef;topftwGuf jyifqifay;yg/ wpfOD;csif; (odkY) ESpfa,muf

wpfzJGU (odkY) tzGJUvdkufpkNyD; ay;xm;aomyHkpHpm&Guftwdkif;vkyfyg? (odkY) rdrdwdkYESpfouf&m yHkpHtwdkif; jyifqifay;

yg/ ay;xm;aomacgif;pOfrsm;udk oHk;ay;yg/

aeYpGJ oifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsuf Activities oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;

yxrtywf ausmif;om;rsm;onf - oifvkyfrnfht&mrsm; -

-

-

ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfrnfh

t&mrsm; -

oifokH;&efvkdtyfrnfh

oifaxmufulypönf;rsm; -

'kwd,tywf

wwd,tywf

jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;

oifcef;pmta&twGuf -

oifcef;pmwpfckvkH;twGuf Mumaomcsdef (em&D) -

oifcef;pmwpfckvkH;twGuf Mumaomtcsdef -

t"dutaMumif;t&m -&nf&G,fcsuf -

q&m -

bmom&yf -

twef; -

jyefvnfa0zefjcif; (Feedback)

tu,fí oifonf wpfOD;csif; (okdY) ESpfa,mufwpfzJGU zJGUcJhaomf? rdrdvkyfaqmifxm;aomt&mrsm;udk

wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; (odkY) wpfzJGUESifhwpfzGJU tcsif;csif;jyefvnfa0zefoHk;oyfay;yg/ tu,fí tzGJUvdkufvkyfaqmif

cJhaomf? pmoifcef;twGif; jyefvnfwifjyaomtcg ar;vmrnfhar;cGef;rsm;ESifh ay;vmrnfhrSwfcsufrsm;udk

oifhavsmfpGm jyefvnfacsy&ef taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk jyifqifxm;ay;yg/ a0zefcsufrsm;udk&&SdNyD;aemuf rdrdûyvkyf

cJhaomjyifqifrIrsm;udk ydkrdkaumif;rGefoGm;ap&eftwGuf tajymif;tvJvkyfEdkifygonf/

C: oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufudka&;qGJjcif; (Writing Learning Objectives)q&mrsm;onf rdrdwdkYoifMum;rnfhoifcef;pmudk pwifpOf;pm;MuNyD; oiffcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufudk a&;qJG

jcif;tm;jzifh rdrdausmif;om;rsm; avhvmoif,lEdkifonfht&mrsm;udk od&Sdapygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; oif,l

wwfajrmufvdkaomt&mrsm;udk od&SdrSomvQif rnfuJhodkYoifMum;oGm;&rnfukd od&SdEdkifygrnf/

1/ atmufygay;xm;aom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkavhvmNyD; rnfonfht&monf ausmif;om;rsm; t"duvkyfaqmif

rIudkay;aompmoifenf;udk &nfnGef;xm;ygoenf;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 60

ausmif;om;rsm;onf

t"duusaomoifcef;pm

(5) ckukd cGJjcm;EkdifNyD; wpfckpD

twGufvnf; Oyrmrsm;ay;

Ekdifjcif;/

ausmif;om;rsm;onf pmykd'fwkd

ukda&;Ekdifonf/twkdcsKH;Ekdifonf/

rdrd\tjrifoabmxm;ukdvnf;

wifjyEkdifw,f/

oifcef;pmpmtkyf

aemufwpftkyfrSmygwJh

oifcef;pmukd oifay;r,f/

ausmif;om;rsm;onf

pmtkyfrS oifcef;pm wpfcef;NyD;

wpfcef;ukd tvGwfajym

Ekdifw,f/

ausmif;om;rsm;onf

rdrdtm;oef&mbmomtwkdif;

oifcef;pmrStcsufrsm;ukdwifjy

Ekdifonf/

2/ Bloom \ ynma&;qdkif&m&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkjyefavhvmyg/ ,if;\ &nf&G,fcsufwpfckcsif;pDttwGuf

rnfonfhtqifh&Sdaom pOf;pm;awG;awmjcif;twwf (Thinking skills) rsm;vdktyfygoenf;/

3/ þrwlnDaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twdkif;vdkufNyD; q&mrsm;onf jcm;em;aomoifcef;pmudk rnfodkYoifMum;

ay;Edkifygrnfenf;/

rnfodkYaomtcsufrsm;onf aumif;rGefaom oifMum;jcif; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk zefwD;ay;ygoenf;/

4/ ESpfa,mufwpfzJGU zGJUNyD; atmufygay;xm;aom oif

Mum;jcif;\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkzwfNyD; ar;xm;aom ar;

cGef;rsm;udkajzqdkyg/

Ò rnfonfh bmom&yfonf ...

Ò oifcef;pm&nf&G,fcsufonf rnfrQaumif;rGefygoenf;/

Ò ydkítm;enf;aomta,mufrSm rnfodkYjzpfaeygoenf;/

aumif;rGefaompmoifenf;&nf&G,fcsufrSm S M A R T

S - specific tao;pdwfjzpfNyD; wdusjcif;/

M - measurable oif,lcJhaomt&mrsm;udk oufaojy

wdkif;wmEdkifjcif;/

A - achievable jzpfEdkifaomtajctae&Sdjcif;/

R - realistic ausmif;om;rsm;onf oifcef;pmESifh tcsdef

wdkwdktwGif; tH0ifcGifus qufpyfudkufnDjcif;/

T - timed tcsdefudkowfrSwfjcif;/ (oifcef;pmNyD;qHk;

aomtcsdefwGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf ...

oifcef;pmtjyD;wGif ...

1/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf uGefjyLwmudk oHk;wwf

oGm;ygrnf/

2/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf vG,fulaom tydkif;udef;

rsm;udkajr§mufwwfoGm;ygrnf/

3/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf olwdkYoif&aombmom

&yfESifhywfoufaom tar;tajzrsm;udk t*Fvdyf

bmomjzifh (8) ckavmuftxd vkyfEdkifygrnf/

4/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf tcsdefjyBud,mudk odoGm;

ygvdrfhrnf/

5/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf Document udk &Sm? zGifh?

ajymif;? odrf; paomtwwfudk wwfoGm;ygrnf/

6/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf ocsFmudk odoGm;ygrnf/

&/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf yef;yGifhyHkudkqGJEdkifjcif;/

tpdwftydkif;rsm;\trnfudkac:Edkifjcif;ESifh ,if;\

toHk;0ifyHkudk ajymjyEdkifygvdrfhrnf/



pmrsufESm 61

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

Measurable qdkonfrSm oif,lwwfajrmufoGm;aMumif;udk wdkif;wm jrifomEdkifzdkY&efvdktyfayonf/

xdkYaMumifh oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk (action verb) vkyfaqmifjcif;qdkaomt"dyÜg,frsm;ESifh a&;om;azmf

jy&ygonf/ Oyrm - azmfjyjcif;? &Sif;jyjcif;? o½kyfjyjcif;? ponfjzifh ,if;uJhokdYaom taMumif;&if;rsm;aMumifh

odjcif;? em;vnfjcif;[laoma0g[m& verb onf tusKH;r0ifay/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf olodaomt&m

rsm;udk o½kyfjyyHk azmfEdkifjcif;r&SdvQif? rdrdem;vnfaomt&mrsm;udk jyefvnfítoHk;csjyjcif;rsm;r&SdvQif rnfrQ

odonf rnfrQem;vnfonfudk uREfkyfwdkY rod&SdEdkifyg/

oifMum;,ljcif;\&nf&G,fcsufudk a&;om;ûypk&mwGif tavhtusifhonfvnf; vdktyfygonf/ q&m

rsm;onf ,if;udk tpysKd;vkyfaqmif&mwGif tcuftcJ&Sdonfudk awGU&ygonf/ odkYaomf avhusifhrIrsm;vmonf

ESifhtrQ rnfodkYrnfyHkrnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifh ponfwdkYudk pOf;pm;wwfvm&eftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfvm

ygonf/ Additional reading for unit 7 : Writing learning objectives wGif ,if;acgif;pOfESifhywfoufaom

tcsuftvufrsm;udk avhvmEdkifygonf/

5/ oifvkyfaqmifxm;cJhaom &ufowåywfoHk;ywfpmoifcef;pmtwGuf BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;udk jyefvnfí

avhvmyg/ oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk jyefMunfhNyD; ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmifxyfrHí rnfodkYvkyfaqmifEdkif

rnfudkvnf;pOf;pm;yg?

1/ rdrd\vkyf&yfrsm;udkavhvmjcif;

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oifMum;oGm;NyD;aemuf oifMum;jcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm; vkyfaqmif

EdkifoGm;rnfhtcsufrsm;udk a&S;½Ixm;ygovm;/

Ò ¤if;wdkYonf wdusrI&Sdygovm;/

Ò oifcef;pmwwfajrmufoGm;jcif;udk rnfodkYod&SdEdkifrnfenf;/

2/ oifcef;pm&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk ydkrdkwdk;wufatmif ajymif;vJay;yg/

3/ rdrdtzJGUxJrS (odkY) rdrdtwGJtazmfESifhzvS,fNyD; tcsif;csif; feedback ay; ay;yg/

4/ rdrdwdkYvkyfaqmifxm;aomt&mrsm; (learning objective) udkvnf; rdwåLrSwfwrf;wifxm;ay;yg/

oifcef;pmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;onf oifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rS tpûyygonf/ ,if;

onf oifcef;pmudk rnfodkYoifMum;&rnfudk oihftm;ajymjyygonf/

D: oifcef;pmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifrI (Lesson planning)

(Lesson planning) onf oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufESifh oif

Mum;jcif;\enf;vrf;rsm;xuf ydkítao;pdwfBudKwifjyifqifxm;jcif;

jzpfygonf/ ,if;onf oifrnfhoifcef;pmudkjyifqif&ef taxmuft

uljzpfapygonf/ pmudkoifMum;ay;&eftwGufvnf; taxmuftul

ay;ygonf/ xdkYtjyif q&mtaeESifh rdrd\ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl

rnfodkYrnfyHk vkyfaqmifMuonfudkvnf;aumif;? rnfhonfhtaMumif;

aMumifh vkyfaqmifMuonfudkvnf;aumif;? rnfuJhodkYaom oifaxmuf

ulrsm;udk toHk;ûy& rnfudkvnf;aumif;? tcsdefudkvnf; udkufnDpGmoHk;

cswwfap&efvnf;aumif; taxmuftulûyonf/ oifcef;pmwpfckudk

oifMum;NyD;aemuf aemifvmrnfhoifcef;pmudkoif&eftwGuf tMuH

ÓPfaumif;rsm;udkvnf; &&SdEdkifygonf/ NyD;cJhaomoifcef;pmrS t

awGUtMuKHjzifh vmrnfhoifcef;pmtwGufudk jyefvnfqifjcifoHk;oyf

jcif; jzpfygonf/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 62

1/ aqG;aEG;&ef -

Ò oifMum;&eftwGuf q&monf tb,faMumifh tao;pdwfjyifqifjcif;udk vdktyfygoenf;/

Ò (course plan) bmom&yftwGuf BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;udkom tb,fhaMumifh roHk;ygoenf;/

Ò q&mu oifcef;pmoif&eftwGuf BudKwifjyifqifrIr&SdvQif rnfodkYjzpfysufEdkifygoenf;/

ausmif;om;rsm; wwfajrmufoGm;ap&eftwGu f&Sif;vif;pGma&;qJGxm;aom oifcef;pmyHkpH&SdzdkY vdktyfygonf/

pmoifcef;pm tqifhqifh (The stages of typical lesson)

Review Input Process Output

oifxm;aom oif

cef;pmrsm;uk d jyef

vnfavhusifhjcif;/

topfaom tcsuf

tvufrsm;ESifh tMuH

ÓPfrsm;/

ausmif;om;rsm; avh

vmoif,ljcif;? oif

,ljcif;ESifh avhusifhjcif;/

oifMum;wwfajrmuf

xm;aomt&mrsm;uk d

jyefvnftokH;cswwfjcif;/

þtqifhqifhaom oifcef;pmrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;avhvmoif,ljcif;udk t"du a&S;½Ixm;yg

onf/

oifcef;pm (1) avhvmcJh&onfhtwdkif; oifMum;jcif;puf0ef; tqifhqifh (The stages of teaching

cycle) onf ausmif;om;rsm; atmifjrifpGmwwfajrmufoGm;ap&eftwGuf zefwD;ay;&rnfh q&m\wm0efrsm;

udk azmfjyxm;onf/

þwGif oifcef;pmtqifhqifh (Lesson stages) udk ydkNyD; tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;ygonf/ atmufwGif

oifcef;pmtqifhqifhudk ao;pdwfay;xm;ygonf/

NyD;cJhaomoifcef;pmudk jyefvnfavhusifhjcif; (Review last lesson)

]]aemufqHk;oifcJhwJht&mawGu ............. 'DvdkvkyfcJhw,f ......}}

]]oifchJaomt&mrsm;ud kar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;wdkYodaomt&mrsm;? em;vnfcJhaom

t&mrsm;udk jyefvnfavhusifhay;&mvnf;a&mufygonf/

,ckoifcef;pmudk ed'gef;ysKd;ay;jcif; (Introduce this lesson)

]]'DaeYoifMum;oGm;r,fhoifcef;pmuawmh ....}} qdkNyD; tpcsDumoifMum;oGm;rnfhoifcef;pm\acgif;pOfrS

wpfqifh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;wdkYudk ed'gef;ysKd;ay;yg/

oifMum;jcif;udkpwifjcif; (Input)

q&muoifcef;pm\ tcsuftvuf? vkyfaqmifrnfhenf;rsm;? oHk;oGm;rnfh oifaxmufypönf;rsm;udk

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pwifod&Sdapjcif;wdkYjzpfygonf/

vufawGUtqifh (Process)

ausmif;om;rsm;onf oifhavsmfaom activies rsm;udkoHk;NyD; oifcef;pmudkvufawGUvkyfaqmif&aom

tqifhjzpfygonf/ oifMum;rIrS avhvmoif,l? wpfqifhwwfajrmufum jyefvnftoHk;cswwfjcif;txd

jzpfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh odaomt&mrS vufawGYvkyfaqmifwwfjcif;odkY a&S;½Iaomtqifhjzpf

ygonf/



pmrsufESm 63

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

usifhoHk;jcif; (Output)

ausmif;om;rsm;onf topfaom tod? twwfESifh em;vnfjcif;rsm;udk vufawGYtqifhrS wpfqifh

wufNyD; tokH;cswwfajrmufrnfhtqifhodkY OD;wnfoGm;ygonf/

jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;tqifh (Assessment)

jyefvnfoHk;oyfaomtqifh[kem;vnf&NyD;? tqifhqifhaomwdk;wufrItwGuf a0zef qef;ppfay;yg

onf/

avhvmoif,lrItqifhqifhtwGuf rnfodkYaomvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf toHk;0ifygoenf;/

What kind of activities are useful for each stage of learning?

2/ twef;vdkuftaejzifh atmufygZ,m;tuGufrsm;udk jznfhay;yg/

tqifhqifhaom oifMum;jcif; q&mrsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfhtcsufrsm;rSm

tb,fenf;/

ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfaqmif&rnfh

tcsufrsm;rSm tb,fenf;/

oifMum;jcif;ukd pwifjcif;

tqifh (Input)

oifMum;jcif;ukd avhusifhaom

tqifh (Process)

wwfajrmufoGm;aom tqifh

(Output)

Ò q&m? ausmif;om;wdkYESifhqdkifaom oifMum;jcif;tqifhqifhtwGuf tMuHrsm;udk vIHYaqmf&,l&eft

wGuf? oifcef;pmrSoifMum;cJh&orQaom tcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udk toHk;ûyEdkifygonf/

Ò twef;twGuf checklist udk a&;om;ay;yg/

Ò rdrdwpfOD;csif;twGufvnf; checklist rdwåLwpfckxm;yg/

oifcef;pmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifjcif; (Lesson planning)

3/ em&D0ufpm oifcef;pmwckudk oifMum;&eftwGuf jyifqifxm;ay;yg/ ay;xm;aomerlemudk udk;um;,lyg/

xdkYaemuf twef;xJwGif vufawGUjyefvnfoifMum;&ygrnf/

1/ oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm; ....

Ò oifcef;pmrS&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfavhvmNyD; tajymif;tvJrsm;vkyfvdkygovm;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf oifcef;pmrS &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk a&;csay;yg/

Ò ydkrdkNyD;oif,lrItm;aumif;aom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk ykdrkda&;ay;yg/

2/ þoifcef;pmtwGuf rnfodkYaom oifaxmufulqdkif&m (materials and equipment) vdktyfygo

enf;/

3/ (Input-process-output) paom pmoifjcif;tqifhqifhtwGuf rnfodkYaom activity udk a&G;xm;yg

oenf;/

4/ activity twGuf oHk;rnfhtcsdefudkvnf; BudKwifjyifqifxm;onfhoifcef;pmwGif xnfhxm;ay;yg/

5/ ausmif;om;rsm;wwfajrmufrIudk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&eftwGuf (Assessment) tMuHaumif;&SdvQif oif

cef;pmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifrIxJwGif&Sdaom Assessment tuefYxJwGif xnfhxm;ay;yg/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 64

4/ oifcef;pmudk twef;vdkuf (odkY) tkyfpkvdkufzGJUí oifMum;ay;yg/ oifwef;BuD;Muyfolonfvnf; pm

rsufESm (47) rSay;xm;aomvrf;nTefudk udk;um;NyD;? oif\oifcef;pmudk oHk;oyfygvdrfhrnf/

Feedback

5/ oifcef;pmudk twef;vdkufaqG;aEG;yg/

Ò oifcef;pm\ tm;omcsufrsm;um; tb,fenf;/

Ò oifcef;pm\tm;enf;csufrsm;um; tb,fenf;/

Ò ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif rnfodkYvkyfaqmifygrnfenf;/

rdrdoifcef;pm aumif;^raumif;udk jyefoHk;oyfjcif; (Evaluate your lesson)

6/ oifcef;pmrS oifhtawGUtMuKHrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfay;yg/ q&mrsm;? oifwef;BuD;Muyfay;olrsm;ESifh aqG;

aEG;ay;yg/ olwdkYqDrS a0zeftMuHûycsufwdkY awmif;cHyg/

oifcef;pmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifxm;aom tcsufrsm;tm; oifcef;pm jyefvnfoHk;oyfaomtcsuf

rsm;udk pkpnf;&ef (evaluation box) twGif;wGif rSwfpka&;rSwfxm;yg/

q&m -

&ufpGJ -

ausmif;om;rsm; - bmom&yf oifcef;pm\acgif;pOf

&nf&G,fcsufrsm; -

&nf&G,fcsuftykdrsm; -

oifaxmufulypönf;rsm; -

tcsdef q&mvkyfaqmifaomt&mrsm; ausmif;om;vkyfaqmifaomt&mrsm;

oifcef;pmukd pwifjcif;

oifcef;pmukd avhusifhjcif;

oifcef;pmukd oabmaygufjcif;

wwfajrmufrIukd avhvmjcif;

oifcef;pmukd okH;oyfjcif;



pmrsufESm 65

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

E: Assessment

oifcef;pmtqifhrsm; q&m rnfokdYvkyfaqmif&ygrnfenf;/ ausmif;om;rsm; rnfokdYvkyfaqmif&ygrnfenf;/

- oifcef;pm pmtkyfrSay;xm;aom t

&mrsm;twkdif; vkyfaqmifjcif;/ (okdY) t

jcm; activity ukdvkyfay;jcif;/

- ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;ukd

avhvm&eftwGuf tcef;wGif;okdY vSnfh

vnfMunfh½Ijcif;/

- txl;tultnDvkdtyfaom ausmif;

om;rsm;twGuf tvkyfukdxyfwkd;ívkyf

ckdif;jcif;/

- oifMum;jcif;ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh oifay;

jcif;/

- tar;ajzvkyfay;jcif;/

- tar;tajzukdvkyfay;jcif;/

- wpfOD;wpfa,muf (okdY) ESpfa,mufwpf

zGJU zGJUay;jcif;/

- oifykef;a&SUwGif&yfNyD; rdrdodaomtcsuf

tvufrsm;ukd a0iSjcif;/

- wpfwef;vkH;taeESifh activity ukdvkyfaqmif

ay;jcif;/

- oifcef;pm\acgif;pOfukd ed'gef;ysKd;

ay;jcif;/

- ausmif;om;rsm; od^rodukd avhvm

jcif;/

- odxm;aomt&mrsm;ukd jyefvnfavh

vmapjcif;/

- topfaomtcsuftvufrsm;ukd ed

'gef;ysKd;ay;jcif;? rdwfqufay;jcif;/

- ausmif;om;\oifcef;pmtay: em;

vnfrItwkdif;twmukd od&Sdjcif;/

- tar;tajzrsm;ukdvkyfay;jcif;/

- oifMum;enf;ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;ukd okH;ay;

jcif;/

- q&mukdifpmtkyfukdom okH;ay;jcif;/

(tu,fí wpftkyfwnf;om&SdcJhaomf)

- oifxm;aomoifcef;pmudk jyefvnf

avhvmjcif;?

- ausmif;om;rsm;odxm;aomt&m

rsm;udk jyefvnfwdkif;wmoHk;oyfjcif;/

- ydkrdkeufeJaomtvkyfrsm;udk &SmazGay;

jcif;/

- tar;tajzrsm;udkvkyfay;jcif;/

- oifcef;pmrS oif,lwwfajrmufxm;

aomt&mrsm;udk jyefvnfo½kyfjyjcif;/

- rdrdwwfxm;aomt&mrsm;udk wdkif;wm

od&Sdjcif;/

- od&Sdxm;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk

pkpnf;ay;jcif;/

- wpfOD;wpfa,mufjcif;? ESpfa,mufwpf

zJGU? tkyfpki,fzJGUjyD; vkyfaqmifjcif;/

- trsKd;rsKd;aom oifMum;enf;rsm;udk oHk;

jcif;/

- tar;tajzrsm;udk vkyfay;jcif;/

oifcef;pmudk enf;t

rsKd;rsKd;ESifhavhusifhNyD;

oabmaygufaom

tqifh/

output

oifcef;pmukd oif

Mum;avhusifhjcif; t

qifh/

Process

oifcef;pmukd pwif

oifMum;jcif; tqifh/

Input



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 66

F: twdkcsHK;jcif; - avhvmoif,ljcif;twGuf BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;/ (Summary: Planning for learning)

Ò bmom&yftwGuf BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;/ (rlMurf;ESifh BudKwifjyifqifcsuf)

Ò oifcef;pmwdkif;twGuf BudKwifjyifqifay;jcif;? oifcef;pmESifhywfoufaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;/

activities ESifh vdktyfaomoifaxmufulrsm;udk jyifqifxm;ay;jcif;/

Ò oifcef;pmoifMum;enf;tqifhqifhudk jyifxm;ay;jcif;/ (input >process>output)

Ò oif,lrItm;oefaomausmif;om;? tm;enf;aomausmif;om;tvdkuf cGJjcm;NyD;? olwdkYtoD;oD;ESifh

avsmfnDaomoifcef;pmudk BudKwifjyifqifjcif;/

Ò pmoifMum;jcif;udk pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdap&ef? pmoifcef;touf0ifvIyf&Sm;rI&Sdap&ef oifcef;pmtaxmuf

tulûy activity trsKd;rsKd;udk BudKwifjyifqifay;jcif;/

Ò oifcef;pmwdkif;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfay;jcif;? oifcef;pmwGif rnfonhftcsufu tqifajyonf^t

qifrajyonfudkvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf oifcef;pmudk qnf;yl;atmifjrifrI &Sd ^r&Sdudk jyef

vnfavhvmoHk;oyfjcif;/

Ò jyefvnfoHk;oyfenf;vrf;rsm;udk oHk;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh vmrnfhoifcef;pmtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifay;

jcif;/

G: Activities ESifh okawoeavhvmrIûyjcif;/

(Further research and extension activities )

1/ tcef; (7) rS Writing learning objectives summary and learning in the classroom acgif;pOfudkzwfay;yg/

2/ activities udk ydkrdkwdk;csJUívkyfaqmifjcif;/

INEE standared for teaching and learning udkzwfNyD; ausmif;om;twGuf rnfrQtusKd;oufa&muf

onfudk avhvmoHk;oyfay;yg/ þwGif ydkrdkNyD;avhvmEdkif&eftwGuf qufvufazmfjyxm;ygonf/

Ò (1) rS (4) tqifhtxd a&G;cs,fay;yg/ (Oyrm - tqifh (3) nTefMum;csuf)

Ò oufaorSwfwrf;wifxm;aom pm&GuftuefYwGif tqifhqifh\atmifjrifrItuGmta0;udk wdkif;wm

NyD; wdkif;wma&;Z,m;uGufudk oHk;ay;yg/ (Oyrm - 1-4 ; 1 = tm;vkH;r[kwf? 2 = wpfcgwpf&H? 3

= yHkrSef? 4 = tjrJwrf;vdkvdk)

Ò jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;udkaz;ray;aom tcsuftvufrsm;&SdvQif a&;xnfhay;yg/

Ò &&Sdaeaomoufaoom"ursm;ESifh trSwftqifhrsm;ay:rlwnfNyD; oif\tjrifudk ûcHajymjyyg/

Ò Ò Ò



pmrsufESm 67

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

A: atmifjrifrIudk oHk;oyfjcif;qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/ (What is assessment?)

Key words

Exam = oifcef;pmudkoif,ljcif;tay: ppfaq;jcif;/

Constructive = wnfaqmufjcif;?

Peer = t&G,fwlaomtkyfpk?

oifcef;pm (8)

tqifhqifhwkd;wufrI? jyefvnfa0zefjcif;ESifh atmifjrifrIukd okH;oyfjcif;

(Progress, Feedback and Assessment)

þoifwef;tqHk;wGif - oifwef;om;rsm;onf ...

- atmifjrifrIudkoHk;oyfEdkifaom enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;udk azmfjyEdkifjcif;/

- atmifjrifrIukdoHk;oyfEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk jcm;em;aomtajctaeay:rlwnfNyD;? &Sif;jyay;

Edkifjcif;/

- jyefvnfa0zefaomenf;vrf;aumif;udk vufawGUusus o½kyfjyvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;/

- jyefvnfa0zefjcif;ESifh atmifjrifrIudkoHk;oyf&eftwGuf axmufulaomrSwfwrf; vdktyfcsuf

rsm;udk &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;/

atmifjrifrIudkoHk;oyfjcif; (assessment) udk a,bk,stm;jzifh (3) rsKd; (3) pm;cJGjcm;jyxm;ygonf/

oifcef; pmtpwGif oHk;oyfjcif;? oifcef;pmtv,fwGifoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh tqHk;ydkif;wGifoHk;oyfjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/

oifcef;pmtpwGif atmifjrifrIudkoHk;oyfjcif; (assessment) ausmif;om;rsm;onf rnfrQod&Sdxm;NyD;?

em;vnfNyD;jzpfjcif;udk q&mESifhausmif;om;rsm; aqG;aEG;ajymjyygonf/ oifcef;pm\tpwGif ausmif;

om;rsm;\tajctaeudk od&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdoifMum;rnfhoifcef;pmudk BudKwifjyifqifrItwGuf taxmuf

tulûyygonf/ xdkYtjyif oHk;oyfjcif;udk oifcef;pmvkyfaqmifpOftwGif;wGifrl ausmif;om;rsm; rnfrQwdk;

wufvmonf? rnfrQavmuf xyfNyD;BudK;pm;&OD;rnfudkvnf; od&Sdapygonf/ tqHk;ydkif;wGifum; ausmif;

om;rsm;onf oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsuftwdkif; rnfrQwwfajrmufoGm;onfudk azmfaqmifay;ygonf/ oif

cef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufonf ausmif;om;rsm; oifcef;pmudk rnfodkYOD;wnfaeonf? rnfonfhtqifh a&mufae

onfudk azmfaqmifay;ygonf/ &Sif;vif;wdusaom oifcef;pm&nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;\ wwf

ajrmufaomtwdkif;twmudkodap&ef az;ray;ygonf/

atmifjrifrIudkoHk;oyfEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm;/ (Methods of assessment)

1/ atmufwGifay;xm;aom oifcef;pmtaxmuftulûyvIyf&Sm;rI activities rsm;txJrS rnfonfht&monf

atmifjrifrIudkoHk;oyfjcif; assessment twGuf oHk;í&Edkifygoenf;/

Ò ar;cGef;rsm; Ò ar;jref;ppfaq;jcif; Ò vufawGUvkyfaqmifjcif;

Ò pmpDpmuHk;rsm; Ò avhvmjcif; Ò o½kyfaqmifjcif;

Ò pmar;yGJajzqdkjcif; Ò ausmif;om;rsm;rS jyefvnfwifjyjcif;

2/ q&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm pmppfjcif;? pmar;yGJajzqdkjcif;tm;jzifhomvsif ausmif;om;rsm; atmifjrifrIudk



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 68

odEdkifonf[kxifMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; txufygtcsufrsm;twdkif;? enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh oifhavsmfovdk

oHk;oGm;Edkifonf/ atmufwGif oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsuf learning objective udk ay;xm;ygonf/ txufwGif

ay;xm;aomatmifjrifrIudk oHk;oyfEdkifaomenf;vrf;rsm; (method of assessment) ESifh atmufwGifay;xm;

aomoifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm; learning objective udk ,SOfwGJvkyfaqmif&eftwGuf ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ zJGUay;

yg/

a. ausmif;om;rsm;onf ½dk;&Sif;vG,fulaomt*Fvdyfpum;jzifh tar;tajzrsm;vkyfEdkifjcif;/

b. ausmif;om;rsm;onf ordkif;wGif ta&;BuD;aomaeY&ufrsm;udk rSwfrdjcif;/

c. Excel jzifh aiGpm&if;tif;pm&Gufudk yHkazmfívkyfwwfjcif;/

d. axmifhnDBwd*H\axmifhonf tb,faMumifh (60) 'D*&D&Sd&onfudk &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;/

e. tpkd;& (3) rsKd;\ tm;omcsufESifh tm;enf;csufrsm;udk a0zefodjrifEdkifjcif;/

f. (survey activities) ukd &SmazGazmfjywwfNyD; ,if;\&v'fudkvnf; &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;/

g. a&S;OD;olemûypkjcif;ynmudk todtrSwfûy qnf;yl;&,ljcif;/

h. ausmif;om;rsm; opfyifpkdufysKd;wwfoGm;jcif;/

3/ ESpfa,mufwpfzJGY zJGUumrnfonfh (method of assessment) oHk;oyfEdkifaomenf;vrf;udk oHk;&rnfudk aqG;

aEG;ay;yg/

u/ oifcef;pm\tpumvwGif

c/ oifcef;pmudkvkyfaepOftwGif;

*/ oifcef;pmtqHk;ydkif;umv

B: oifcef;pm\tpwGifvkyf&aom oHk;oyfjcif;/

(Assessment at the start of the course: initial assessment)ausmif;om;tkyfpktopfrsm;udk oifawmhrnfqdkvQif olwdkY\taMumif;udk od&Sd&efvdktyfayonf/

odkYrSomvQif olwdkY\tcuftcJudk q&mtaeESifh&dyfrdum olwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifygvdrfh

rnf/ ausmif;om;rsm;\vdktyfcsufudkod&Sdjcif;onf tajccHtusqHk;aom oHk;oyfcsufwpf&yfyifjzpfonf/

vdktyfcsufrsm;udk cGJjcm;od&dSjcif;onf pmoifpuf0ef; (teaching cycle) \ yxrqHk;aom tqifhomjzpfonf/

oifcef;pm\tp þ{&d,m (3) csufwGif rnfodkYtpûyvkyfaqmif&rnfudkodxm;vQif tqifajyygrnf/

Ò oifMum;oGm;rnfhoifcef;pmtwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;odxm;aomtaMumif;t&mESifh od&Sdxm;rItajc

taeonf rnfrQ&Sdygoenf;/

Ò olwdkY\ t"duwwfajrmufxm;aomtajctaeum; rnfrQ&Sdygoenf;/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ta&;

tzwfESifh oif,lEdkifaomt&nftcsif;rsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/

Ò olwdkY\ yk*d¾Kvfa&;&mESifhEG,faeaom tjcm;tajctaersm;ay:aygufcJhaomf paomtajctaersm;?

(oifcef;pm (3) wGifMunfhyg/)

rnfodkYyifjzpfap? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;rI&SdvmonfhtnD trsKd;rsKd;aom pmppfjcif;aomfvnf;

aumif;? ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;udk 0efrydapcsifay/ yxrESpfywfwGif enf;trsKd;rsKd;udk

vufawGUusifhoHk;jcif;jzifh pmoifenf;udk yHkazmfEdkifygonf/

w&m;0ifppfaq;jcif;paom pmar;yJGajzapjcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif; ponfwdkYudka&maESmoHk;ívnf;&ygonf/

tusKd;&Sdaomtcsuftvufrsm;udkay;NyD;? ausmif;om;rsm;tm; olwdkYudk,folwkdY jyefvnfoHk;oyfapyg/



pmrsufESm 69

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

1/ ay;xm;aom case study rsm;xJrS wpfckckudk tkyfpktaeESifh zwfay;yg/

Ò ay;xm;aom case study yxrtydkif;udk zwfay;yg/ (A1,B1,C1) ar;cGef;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;yg/

Ò rdrdtjrifrsm;udk a&;csay;yg/

Ò ay;xm;aom case study 'kwd,tydkif;udk zwfay;yg/ (A2,B2,C2) ar;cGef;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;yg/

Ò twef;vkdufaqG;aEG;NyD; rdrdtjrifrsm;ukd a&;csay;yg/

C: oifcef;pmvkyfpOfwGif oHk;oyfay;jcif;/ (Assessment during the course)

q&m awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;wdk;wufrIudk pmar;yGJ? pmppfjcif;tm;jzifh qHk;jzwfMuonf/

odkYaomf pmppfjcif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;vkyffxm;aomt&mrsm;udk rSm;onf rSefonf[kom azmfjyay;ygonf/

ausmif;om;rsm; rnfodkYwdk;wufatmifvkyfaqmif&rnfudk rajymjyxm;ygacs/ oifcef;pmudkoifMum;pOfwGif

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; a0zeftm;ay;jcif; (feedback) jzifh olwdkYukd ydkrdkoabmaygufapjcif;? rSm;aomt&mrsm;

udkjyifay;jcif;? wdk;wufapjcif;wdkYjzpfapygonf/ ,if;udk (formative assessment) tpDpOfusaomoHk;oyfjcif;

(odkY) wwfajrmufrIukdppfaq;jcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; wdk;wufrIudkay;aom oHk;oyf

csufrsm;udk avhvmMuygpdkY/

rdrdudk,fudkjyefvnfavhvmoHk;oyfjcif; (Self assessment)

1/ atmufwGifay;xm;aomtcsufrSm oifcef;pm (7) rS BudKwifjyifqifjcif;[laom oifcef;pmZ,m;uGufrS

&nf&G,fcsuf (2) uefYudk ay;xm;ygonf/

Òatmufygay;xm;aomtcsufrsm;udkavhvmNyD;? oifhtaeESifh rnfrQoabmaygufonf/ usifhoHk;onf

udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;yg/ oifbmrsm;vkyfEdkifygoenf;/ a&SUquf avhvmusifhoHk;oGm;&rnfhtcsufudk

azmfjyyg/

Ò Z,m;xJodkY oifvkyfoifhaomtcsuf? wdk;wuf&efvdktyfaomtcsufrsm;jzifh jznfhqnf;ay;yg/

case study C1

ausmif;wufNyD; oHk;ywftMumwGif q&monf

olrtwef;xJrS yxrwef;ausmif;om; (3)

a,muftwGuf pNyD;ylyif&awmhonf/ tJtJ

onf ydefvSDaeNyD; tm;tifr&dSovdk? pdk;pdk;url

oGufvufvGefNyD;? tjrJwrf;q&mr\ ajr§muf

yifhrIudkvdkvm;ol? ausmfausmfrSm ac:rxl; ar;

rajymESifh olYurÇmESifhol&Sdaeonf/ olwdkY (3)

OD;\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk q&mru od&Sd&eft

wGuf vdktyfygonf/

oHk;oyfjcif;\tpwGif ol bmrsm;vkyf&ygrnf

enf;/

case study A1

ocsFmq&monf simutaneous equation u poifaom

tcg ,if;acgif;pOfudkrpcifwGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf

liner equation udk ydkifEdkifae&rnfudk odaeonf/

oHk;oyfjcif;\tpwGif ol bmrsm;vkyf&ygrnfenf;/

case study B1

Armpum;ajymaom yx0Dq&mwGif q&mudkifoifcef;

pm pmtkyfwpftkyfom&Sdonf/ oifcef;pmtcsuft

vufrsm;udk oloifjyajymjyrSomvQif ausmif;om;rsm;

od&SdEdkifrnfudkvnf; odonf/ ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm

paumu&ifudk rdcifpum;vdkoHk;aeMuonfwGuf q&m

uvnf; olydkYcsorQaomoifcef;pmrsm;udk rSwfpkvdkuf

Edkifavmufatmif olwdkYajymwwfaom Armpum;\tajctaeudkod&ef vdktyfonf/ oHk;oyfjcif;\tpwGif

olbmrsm;vkyf&ygrnfenf;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 70

oifwef;BuD;MuyfolESifh

oifcef;pm &nf&G,fcsufrsm;

vkyfEkdifaomt&m wkd;wuf&efvkyfaqmif&rnfht&m

þuJhokdY jyefvnfxif[yfjcif;onfvnf; rdrdudk,fudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;wpf&yfomjzpfonf/ self

assessment (ac:) rdrdudk,fudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdvkyfcJhaomt&mrsm;onf

rnfrQaumif;onf? rnfrQxyfí BudK;pm;&OD;rnfudk jrifEkdifap&ef az;ray;ygonf/ ydkwdk;wuf&efvdktyfaom

tydkif;udkvnf; q&mrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;apyg/ aqG;aEG;NyD;vQif xdkydkrdkwdk;wuf&eftwGuf vdktyfaomtydkif;udk

ausmif;om;\ udk,fydkifypfrSwftaeESifh xm;ay;yg/

udk,fydkifypfrSwfrsm; (personal targets)

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;tm; rdrd ydkNyD;BudK;pm;&rnfht&mrsm;udkod&eftwGuf az;ray;ovdk ....

Ò ausmif;om;wpfOD;pD\vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;ay;&efvnf; q&mudk axmufulay;ygonf/

ausmif;om;rsm; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tjyeftvSef oHk;oyfa0zefcsufay;jcif;/

(Peer assessment : How we are doing)

ausmif;om; A ESifh B tjyeftvSefa0zefoHk;oyfMujcif;udk pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ ausmif;om; A u ausmif;

om; B tm; aumif;aomt&mrsm;ESifh xyfrHíBudK;pm;&efvdktyfaomt&mrsm;udk a0zefcsufay;onf[kqdkygpdkY/

,if;vkyf&yfrS ausmif;om; A onf aumif;aomt&mudk&Smajymwwfjcif;? wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk &Sif;

jyEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif;udk wwfajrmufapygonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk&Sif;jyEdkifjcif;onf rdrdodem;vnfaomt&m

oifMum;ay;rnfhoifcef;pm\ rl

Murf;onf ....

- ay;xm;aomtcsdeftwGif;wGif

oifcef;pmrsm;oifNyD;&ef/

- oifMum;rItrsKd;rsKd;ukdvnf; pD

pOfjyifqifay;xm;&ygrnf/

oifcef;pmudkvnf; ...

- &Sif;vif;wdusNyD;? vufawGUjzpf

Edkifaomoifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsuf

rsm;twGufBudKwifjyifqifay;jcif;/

- oifcef;pm\tqifhqifhudk NyD;pD;

atmifoifay;jcif;/

- tkyfpkESifhvkyfaqmif&aom ausmif;

om;rsm;\vdktyfcsufrsm;ukd jznfh

qnf;ay;Edkif&ef/

- ausmif;om;rsm; oif,lrIudk az;

r&eftwGuf trsKd;rsKd;aomenf;jzifh

oifMum;ay;jcif;ESifh oif,ljcif;udk

oHk;ay;jcif;/



pmrsufESm 71

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

rsm;udk ydkrdkNyD;pGrf;tm;jznfhqnf;ay;ygonf/ ausmif;om;ESpfOD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;qDrSvkyf&yfrsm;udk erlem,lEdkif

ygonf/ rdrdvkyfaqmifcJhaomt&mrsm;ESifh tjcm;vlvkyfaqmifcJhaomt&mudkvnf;EIdif;,SOfvdkYvnf; &ygonf/

ausmif;om; A ESifh ausmif;om; B wdkYtoD;oD;wGif pGrf;tm;rsm;&SdaeMuNyD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;qDrSvnf; avhvm,lí

&ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tjyeftvSefoHk;oyfa0zefcsufay;jcif;? az;rjcif;jzpfonf/ aemuf

wpfqifhwGif (constructive feedback) udk avhvm&rnfjzpfNyD; ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;? q&mESifh ausmif;om;

ponfwdkYudk rnfodkYa0zefoHk;oyf&rnfudk ajymjyygrnf/

a0zefwifjyjcif;/ / oifbmawGvkyfaeoenf;/ (Feedback : How are you doing?)

Feedback qdkonfrSm wpfOD;wpfa,mufu ausmif;om;.vkyf&yfrsm;udk a0zefcsufay;jcif;jzpfygonf/

ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&m\ (constructive feedback) rSwpfqifhNyD; wpfqifh ydkrdkwdk;wufjcif;&Sdvmonf/

,if;onf ausmif;om;rsm;wdk;wufvmatmifaz;ray;ygonf/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;\ aumif;aomvkyf&yf

rsm;rS wdusaomerlemrsm;udkay;jcif;/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm; ydkBudK;pm;&efvdktyfaom

t&mrsm;udk tMuHaumif;rsm;ay;jcif;/

Ò ydkrdkwdk;wufap&ef enf;vrf;aumif;&Sm

&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; yg0ifcGifh

ay;jcif;/

ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkBudK;pm;&efvdkao;

onf[k a0zefcsufay;&mwGifvnf; vHk;vHk;tm;

enf;aeonf[k t"dyÜg,frqdkvd k&yg/ tb,f

aMumifhqdkaomf ,if;odkYqdkvdkcJhvQif ausmif;om;rsm;

\yg0ifrIudk cRwfacsmfapygonf/

a0zefcsufrsm;ay;jcif;

trSm;jyifjcif;

avhusifhrItopf

avhusifhjcif;

oabmaygufjcif;

The Feedback loop

az;raxmufyHhrIudkay;aom a0zefcsuf

(Constructive feedback )

2/ ESpfa,mufwpfzJGU zGJUay;yg/

Ò Z,m;uGufxJwGif&Sdaeaom a0zefxm;aom0gusudk zwfay;yg/ Constructive feedback 0gusudk

(Â) ay;NyD;? Constructive feedback 0gusudkrl (â) [k ay; ay;yg/

Ò tuefY (3) wGif tb,faMumifh Constructive feedback [kwfr[kwfudk ajymjyxm;ygonf/ NyD;vQif

ajzxm;aomtajzrsm;udk wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;zvS,fMuNyD; Constructive feedback udkvnf; avhusifhay;

yg/

a0zefcsufrsm; (Â) okdYr[kwf ( â) &Sif;vif;csufrsm;

1/ 'D[mrrSefbl;/ aemufwpfcg jyefvkyfyg/

2/ aumif;aumif;vkyfw,f/

3/ trSm;ukd aemufwzef xyfcgxyfrvkyfygeJY/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 72

4/ jznfhxm;wJhtajz[m tpOfvkdufr[kwfbJ

rSm;aew,f/

5/ trsm;BuD;rrSm;ygbl;/ jyefjyifzkdY

tcsdef&ao;w,f/ jrefjrefjyefjyifyg/

6/ t&rf;aumif;wmbJ/

7/ aumif;ygw,f/ t"dutcsufawGvJ

ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ta&;tom;[m enf;enf;

wdrf;apmif;aewJhtwGuf b,fvkdjyefjyifay;

&rvJrodbl;/

trSwfudkay;jcif; (Marking)

Formative assessment (tpDpOfusjyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;) oif,ljcif;tqifhqifh\ wpfydkif;jzpfonf/

,if;onf oifcJhNyD;jzpfaomoifcef;pmwpfavQmufvHk;\tajctaeudkvnf; jyefvnfwdkif;wmEdkifygonf/ q&m

u oifcef;pmudkjyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;twGuf assessment udk oHk;zdkY&nf&G,fvQif t"duenf;vrf; (2) rsKd;ukd

oHk;NyD; trSwfudkay;&ygrnf/

a. A two point scale

þenf;udk trsm;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf oifcef;pmtwdkif; vdktyfaomt&mrsm;udk &Sif;vif;

pGmvkyfaqmifoGm;EdkifaomtcgwGif oHk;ygonf/ Oyrm - jyefvnffwifjyjcif;paom (presentation and project

report) ESifh pufydkif;qdkif&mtwwfynmrsm; yg0ifygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm; yxrtBudrf atmifjrifatmif

rajzqdkEdkifvQif wdusaom feedback rsm;ay;jcif;jzifh olwdkYxyfNyD; BudK;pm;&efvdktyfaomt&mrsm;udk tcsdeftuefY

towfESifhwuGay;yg/ EIwfjzifh feedback ay;rnhftpm;? pmESifha&;csxm;ay;vQif ausmif;om;rsm; trSm;jyefjyif

pOf jyefvnfavhvmvdkY&ygonf/

trSwfudk tqifhvdkufay;jcif; (Grading using a grading scale)

trSwfudk (eHygwfjzifh) 10? 20 rS 100 txd (odkY) tqifh A±, B±, C±, jzifh ay;Muonf/ atmifrSwf

onf bmom&yftay:ESifh assessment trsKd;tpm;tay: rlwnfíaeygonf/ eHygwftrSwfudk rSm;onf rSef

onfudkom ar;aomtajzudk tajccHaom assessment vkyf&mwGif eHygwfESifh&&SdaomtrSwfudkom oHk;ygonf/

,if;udk tjcm;tvkyfwGifvnf; oHk;ygao;onf/ Orrm - project wpfcktwGuf trSwf (20) ay;&mwGif avh

vm&SmazGjcif;? wifjyjcif;? cGJjcm;pdwfjzmjcif;ESifh jyefvnfwifjyjcif; toDD;oD;wdkYwGif (5) rSwf pD&Muygonf/

assessment vkyfaomtcg eHygwftrSwfudk wduspGmay;í r&aomtajctaewGif tqifh (pmvHk;) ESifh ay;aom

trSwfudkom oHk;&onf/ Oyrm - pmpDpmuHk;rsm;? MuHzefwDxGifxm;aomt&mrsm;twGuf ponfjzifh pmvHk;t

qifhESifhay;atmifrSwftwGuf pmvHk; (3 - 5) txd oHk;onf/

ykdBuKd;pm;&OD;rnf/ atmifonf/ (pGrf;aqmifEkdifonf)

E usonf/ D usonf/ C atmifonf B atmifonf A atmifonf



pmrsufESm 73

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

3/ aqG;aEG;jcif;

Ò ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif a&ma&maxG;axG; trSefa&G;twGuf atmifrSwfonf (70 %) ? pmpDpmuHk;

a&;jcif;\atmifrSwfonf (40 %) jzpfygonf/ tb,faMumifhenf;/

Ò trSwfudk tqifhvdkufay;jcif;ESifh two point scale enf;wdkYudk EdIif;,SOfay;yg/ (2) enf;pvHk;\ tm;

enf;csufESifh tm;omcsufrsm;udkvnf; a&;ay;yg/ rnfonfhenf;udk oifydkNyD;ESpfoufygoenf;/

rSwfwrf;rsm;udka&;rSwfjcif; (Keeping records)

4/ Reflect - tb,faMumifh ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfaqmifxm;aom avhvmwdkif;wmoHk;oyfjcif;rsm;udk rSwfwrf;

wifxm;&ygoenf;/ taMumif;&if; (3 - 4) rsKd;udk a&;csNyD; rdrdtazmfudka0iSay;yg/

5/ tkyfpkvdkufzJGUNyD;? pmoifcef;twGuf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;&v'fvrf;aMumif;udk yHkpHudkqJGay;yg/ jzpfEdkifvQif

uGefjyLwmudkoHk;ay;NyD; word processing ESifh spreadsheet software udk oHk;ay;yg/

Ò rnfonfhtcsufrsm; yg&Sd&ygrnfenf;/ tcsufrsm;jzifha&;csay;yg?

Ò ½dk;½kd;oma&;yg/ odkYrSom rdrdwdkYvdktyfaomtcsdefwGif vG,fulpGmjyef&Sm&efvG,fulonf/

Ò tjcm;tzGJUESifh vJvS,f,lNyD; tcsufrsm;udk MunfhMuyg/

Ò ydkrdkwdk;wufatmifvkyfEdkifrnfhenf;vrf;aumif; yHkpHrsm;&Sdygovm;/

Ò oifvkyfxm;aomyHkpHudk tzGJUom;rsm; (odkY) twef;ESifh aqG;aEG;yg/

Ò oifwdkYaemufqHk;yHkpHqGJxm;onfhtcsufrsm;udk a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;yg?

Assessment vkyfjcif;ud kerlemazmfay;jcif; (Design an assessment task)

6/ tzGJUjzifh cue card udkoHk;NyD; assessment twGuff activities ½ddk;½dk;av;vkyfay;yg/ cue card udkoHk;wwf&ef

twGuff Methods file rS Chart and organisers acgif;pOfrSavhvmyg/

a&G;cs,f&ef / /

Ò bmom&yftwGuf assessment (atmifjrifrIudkjyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;) udkvkyfay;yg/

Ò t*Fvdyfvdk tpm;tpm rSmMum;&aom pum;ajymcef;udkvkyfay;jcif;/

Ò pmvHk;aygif;rsm;udk wlnD,SOfwGJNyD; t"dyÜg,fESifhoifay;jcif;/

Ò problem solving rS yg0ifrIESifh tzJGUrsm;zJGUjcif;udkavhvmjcif;/ Unit 5 - C udkMunfhyg/

- acG;onf tb,faMumifh EdkYwdkufowå0gjzpf&ygoenf;/

7/ vkyfxm;aom assessment udk ppfaq;&eftwGuf activities udk tjcm;tzGJUrsm;wGifvnf; vkyfay;yg/ tzJGY

wdkif;onf assessment udkvkyfay;NyD; tjcm;tzJGUodkY a0iSzvS,fay;yg/ ppfaq;NyD;vQif vkyfaqmifxm;aom

assessment wdk;wufrI &Sd ^r&dS onfhtaMumif;udk jyefvnfNyD;oHk;oyfavhvmay;yg/

D: jyefvnfavhvmppfaq;jcif;\ tqHk;ydkif; Assessment(End of course assessments: summative assessment)

oifcef;pmwpfckvHk; twdkif;twmESifh ausmif;om;rsm; qnfyl;wwfajrmufcJhaom&v'fudk wdkif;wm

&eftwGuf (summative assessment) vTrf;oHk;oyfenf;udk oHk;ygonf/ oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkifxd

qGwfcl;EdkifaMumif;udkjyEdkif&eftwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;\wwfajrmufrIudkoHk;oyf&mwGif tm;vHk;wef;wlnDrQ

jcif;&Sd&eftwGuf vTrf;ûcHxm;aomenf;udk oHk;ygonf/ wpfcsKdUaomausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;\wpfESpf

vHk;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk aemufqHk;jyefvnfavhvmoHk;oyfjcif;txd xnfhwGufyg0ifapygonf/ ,if;udk (con-



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 74

tinuous assessment) pOfqufrjywfavhvmoHk;oyfjcif; [k ac:ygonf/ ,if;onf aumif;aomtavh

tusifhwpf&yfomjzpfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;\atmifjrifrI&v'fonf (3) em&Dom ajz&aom

pmar;yGJrSr[kwfbJ olvkyfcJhaomtvkyftay:wGifom rlwnfonf/ wpfcsKdUausmif;rsm;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; (1)

ESpfvHk;vkyfaqmifcJhaomtvkyfrsm;udk (60%) xm;NyD; ESpfukefpmar;yGJwGif (40%) ESifhwGufcsufxm;Muonf/

pmar;yGJ (Exams)

tu,fí assessment udk aemufqHk;pmar;yGJwGifomvkyfaqmifcJhvQif pmar;yGJrwdkifrD ausmif;om;rsm;

onf atmufygtwdkif; vufawGUvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef vdktyfayonf/ ,if;pmar;yGJwGif &Sdxdkufaom twwfynm

aumif;rsm;rSm ...

nTefMum;csufrsm;udkzwfjcif; / / nTefMum;csufrsm;udk taotcsmrzwfvQif trSm;rsm;udk vkyfrdyg

vdrfhrnf/

rSwfrdÓPf / / bmom&yftay:wGif rlwnfygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf oifcef;pm tcsuftvuf

rsm;ESifh yHkaoenf;rsm;ukd rSwfrd&ygrnf/ (Oyrm- ocsmFwGufcsufenf;rsm;) jyefvnfavhvmjcif; t

wwfenf;ynmjzpfaom twdkcsKH;jcif;? rSwfwrf;wdka&;rSwfjcif;wdkYukd oifMum;ay;&efvdktyfygonf/

&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifjcif; / / ausmif;om;rsm;onf pmar;yGJtawGUtMuHKyHkpH vufawGU&Sd&efvdktyfygonf/

ausmif;om;rsm;onf pmpDpmuHk;udk vufawGUra&;zl;vQifvnf;aumif;? case study udk rvkyfzl;vQif

vnf;aumif;? pmar;yGJwGifvkyfaqmifcdkif;vQif rQwrIr&Sdacs/

tcsdefudkuGyfuJjcif;/ / tcsdefuGyfuJjcif;udk vufawGUvkyfwwfzdkY&ef vdktyfayonf/ pmoifcef;twGif;

vkyfaqmifonfxuf pmar;yJGcef;wGif;wGif ydkrdkNyD;jrefqef&ygrnf/

ausmif;om;rsm;udk pmar;yGJcef;wGif;tawGUtMuHKtwdkif; jyifqifavhusifhay;jcif;tm;jzifh ,if;uJhodkY

twwfynmrsm;udk qnf;yl;Edkifygonf/

jyefvnfavhvmoHk;oyfjcif;\ rlpnf;urf;rsm; (Assessment policy)

1/ bmom&yfqdkif&mtwdkif; tkyfpktvdkufzJGUum oifcef;pmtqHk;ydkif;wGifvkyfaom assessment twGuf

axmufcHcsufrsm;vkyfay;yg/

Ò oifMum;rnfhbmom&yftwGuf tusKd;&Sdap&ef rnfonfhenf;vrf;udk oifoHk;oGm;ygrnfenf;/

Ò jcm;em;aomenf;trsKd;rsKd;rS ûcHNyD;&aom&v'frsm;udk rnfuJhodkYaygif;pnf;ay;ygrnfenf;/

Vocabulary check

2/ atmufygay;xm;aom pum;toHk;tEIef; (6) vHk;udk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjyyg/

- initial assessment - Formative assessment - Summative assessment

- Self assessment - Peer assessment - Continuous assessment

E: Assessmentþoifcef;pmrS t"duoifaomoifcef;pmrsm;udk twdkcsHK;ay;yg/ rdrdtwGuf tqifajyovdka&;ay;yg/

tjcm;oifcef;pmuJhodkYaom check list udkom oHk;ygonf/

Ò tcsuf 1

Ò tcsuf 2

t"dutcsufrsm;udk jyaomZ,m;uGufrsm;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/

Ò Ò Ò



pmrsufESm 75

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

oifcef;pm (9)

pmoifcef;ukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;

(Classroom Management)

A: pmoifcef;\ pDrHcefYcGJrIum; tb,fenf;/ (What is classroom management?)

jcm;em;rIudk awGUwwfjcif;

1/ twef;vdkuftaeESifh ay;xm;aomyHkESpfyHk\jcm;em;rIudkaqG;aEG;ay;yg/ oif\pmoifcef;taMumif;ESifh rdrd\

tawGUtMuHKudk jyefawG;yg/ rnfodkYaomt&mrsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aumif;rGefpGm yg0ifvkyfaqmifvkyf

aqmifapoenf;/

oifcef;pm\tqHk;wGif oifwef;om;rsm;onf ...

Ò pmoifcef;\pDrHcefYcGJrI enf;pepfrsm;udk &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;/

Ò pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf enf;AsL[mtrsKd;rsKd;udk oHk;wwfjcif;/

pmoifcef;udk pDrHcefYcGJonfqdkonfrSm pmoifcef;xJwGif ausmif;om;rsm; aumif;rGefpGmoif,lNyD; aumif;

rGefpGmvkyfaqmifwifquf&aom tpDtpOfwpf&yfyif jzpfygonf/ aphpyfpGmpDrHxm;aom pmoifcef;wGif ausmif;

om;rsm;onf pdwfyg0ifpm;rIrsm;&SdNyD; vIHYaqmfyg0ifrI &SdMuygonf/

þoifcef;pmonf ,if;ESifhywfoufNyD;? rnfodkYvkyfaqmif&rnfudk jyoxm;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYodcJhMu

onfhtwdkif; q&mrsm;onf olwdkY\oifcef;pmudk ausmif;om;rsm; pdwf0ifpm;ap&eftwGuf (activities) trsKd;

rsKd;aomfvnf;aumif;? oifcef;pmudkvnf; t&rf;cufvGef;? vG,fvGef;jcif;rjzpfap&efaomfvnf;aumif;? xuf

jrufaomausmif;om;jzpfjzpf? oif,lrItenf;i,faES;aomausmif;om;jzpfjzpf oifcef;pmtcsdefwGif vkyfaqmif

p&mrsm;jzifh jynfh0ap&efvnf;aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdodaomt&mESifh wu,fhvufawGUtajctaeudk

qufEG,fywfoufwwfapjcif;tm;jzifh oifcef;pmudk toufoGif;aponfudk uREkfyfwdkYawGU&ygonf/ þuJhodkY

vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf ausmif;q&monf BuKdwifízJGUpnf;pDrH&ygrnf/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 76

rnfodkYyifjzpfap ausmif;om;ESifhq&mqufqHa&;onf &if;ESD;ae&ovdk vdkufem&rnfhpnf;urf;ydkif;

ukdvnf; csrSwfxm;&ygrnf/ oifcef;pmwGifazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; aumif;aomq&monf taumif;jrifwwfNyD;?

rdrd\ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;udkvnf; pdwf0ifpm;rIxm;&Sdygonf/ ,if;vkyf&yfonf twef;xJwGif q&m\

usifhMuH? ûyrlrI bufrvdkufjcif;? pdwf&Snfjcif;udkjyygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfaqmifrI ajymifajrmufaomtcg

q&mucsD;rTrf;ay;ygonf/ rnfodkYaomt&mrsm; qufvkyf&ygOD; rnfenf;/

B: enf;ynm (Techiques)Classroom skills

1/ oifwef;BuD;Muyfolonf pnf;urf;aumif;rGefonfhpmoifcef;\ skills udk o½kyfjyygrnf/ atmufygacgif;

pOfrsm;atmufwGif aumif;aomrSwfwrf;wifjcif;tvkyfudk avhusifhay;yg/ rsm;rsm;avhusifhvkyfaqmifoGm;vQif

olYbmomol usifvnfpGmvkyfaqmifwwfoGm;ygrnf/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;pdwf0ifpm;rI&ap&ef - tpysKd;&ef Nidrfay;yg/

Ò toHaetoHxm;

Ò rsufvHk;txm;todk (qufoG,frI)

Ò twef;xJwGif vSnfhvnfjcif;

Ò ausmufoifykef;udk toHk;ûyjcif;

2/ aqG;aEG;jyD; twef;\pm&if;udkvkyfaqmifyg/

3/ tydkvIyf&Sm;rIudk vkyfaqmifay;yg/ A. q&muwifjyjcif;/

pmoifcef;\pnf;urf;rsm; (tajccH pnf;urf;csufrsm;)

ausmif;om;rsm;udk twef;wGif rnfodkYaompnf;urf;csufrsm;xm;csifygoenf;[kar;jcif;onf aumif;

aomtMuHyifjzpfygonf/ xkdrSwqifh olwdkYvdkcsifaom aumif;rGefaompmoifcef;\toGiftjyifudk ajymjyap

jcif;jzpfonf/ olwdkYay;onfh tcsKdUaomtMuHrSm toHk;rJhaumif; rJhaevdrfhrnf/ pnf;urf;csufrsm;udk a&;csaom

tcg odyfr&SnfygESifh/ ausmif;om;tcsKdU\tMuHÓPfudk,lNyD; olwdkYcsrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;rsm;udk olwdkYudk,f

wdkif jyefvdkufemzdkY&eftwGuf q&mtaejzifh aocsmap&ygrnf/

4/ rnfonfhpnf;urf;csufrsm;udk vdkcsifygoenf;/ a&;csxm;aompnf;urf;csufrsm;udk jyefMunfhyg/ csrSwfxm;

aompnf;urf;csufrsm;udk oabmwlygovm;? rwlbl;vm;? ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ wGJum rnfonfhpnf;urf;

onf pmoifay;aomq&mtwGufaumif;NyD;? oif,laomausmif;om;twGuf aumif;onfudk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwf

ay;yg/ jznfhpGufpnf;urf;rsm;udkvnf; rdrdbmom xyfíxnfhEdkifygonf/

Ò tjrJwrf;wdwfqdwfaeyg/

Ò q&mpum;ajymaepOf rnfolrQ pum;rajymygESifh/

Ò tjcm;aomtwef;om;u pum;ajymaevQif 0ifr½IyfygESifh/

Ò pum;ajymcsifvQif vufudkOD;pGmaxmifjyyg/

Ò q&momvQif ajym&rnfhausmif;om;udka&G;cs,fygrnf/

Ò twef;xJwGif [dk[dk'D'D roGm;vmygESifh/

Ò tzJGYvdkufvkyfaqmifrItwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;onf twef;xJwGif vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmí&ygonf/

Ò twef;xJwGif tpm;taomufr&Sd&/

Ò pmoifaepOf zkef;rajym&/



pmrsufESm 77

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

Ò ar;cGef;rsm; rar;&/

Ò tdrfpmudk tcsdefrSD wifay;yg/

Ò tdrfpmudk owfrSwfxm;aom&ufwGifwif&ef/ (Oyrm - tywfpOf Mumomyaw;aeYwdkif;)

5/ 6 - 8 a,mufwpfzJGY zGJUNyD;? oifhtzJGUuvufcHoabmusaom pnf;urf;csufrsm; (5) ckrS (6) ckudk a&G;

ay;yg/ txufwGifazmfjyxm;aomtcsufrsm; jzpfEdkifonf(odkYr[kwf) tjcm;aompnf;urf;rsm; jzpfEdkifonf/

NyD;vQif oifhtzJGUua&G;xm;aompnf;urf;rsm;udk twef;odkYjyefvnfwifjyyg/ tb,fhaMumifh ,if;pnf;urf;

csufrsm; a&G;cs,f&onfudkvnf; &Sif;jyay;yg/

BudKwifpDrHjcif; - rdrd\pmoifcef;udk oduRrf;jcif;/ (Class plan –know your classroom)

ausmif;om;rsm; rnfonfhae&mwGifxdkif&rnfutp BudKwifpDrHjcif;onf tvGeftusKd;oufa&muf

ygonf/ ,if;odkY ae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh tzJGUtopf\emrnfudkodjcif;? ausmif;om;wpfOD;pD\emrnfudk

od&SdEdkifygrnf/ olwdkY\emrnfudkod&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh olwdkYudk,fwdkifvnf; ]]'Dq&m ighudkodw,fygvm;}} qdkaom

cHpm;csufrsm;&Sdygrnf/ q&mtaeESifhvnf; rdrd\ausmif;om;rsm;udkodjcif;tm;jzifh olwdkYpdwf0ifpm;aomt&m

rsm;udkodNyD;? ausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIudk ydkNyD;zef;wD;ay;Edkifygvdrfhrnf/ tu,fí q&monf ausmif;om;

tzGJUESifh oduRrf;rI&Sdaomt&m? tjcm;aomtwef;twGuf pmoifcef;udk rnfodkYpDrH&rnfudk ydkí usifvnfpGm

pDpOfEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ xufjrufonfhausmif;om;rsm;tm; rdrdjyifqifxm;onfhoifcef;pmudk ydkYcsoifMum;ay;&ef

vG,fulygonf/ odkYaomf rdrdtwef;xJwGif&Sdaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;ESifhqufqH&mwGif txl;owdûy&rnfh

t&mwpfck&Sdao;onf/ tu,fí wdwfqdwfaomausmif;om;? yg0ifrIenf;yg;aomausmif;om;rsm;udk vpfvsL

½Irdygu pmoifcef;pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif tcuftcJrsm;pGmudk jzpfay:apygonf/

6/ wu,fhpmoifcef;wGif wu,fhausmif;om;rsm;udk oifMum;&eftwGuf? oifcef;pmwpfck BudKwifjyifqif

ay;yg/ wHcg;? ausmufoifykef;? pm;yGJ? ukvm;xdkif ponfwdkYudk trSwftom;vkyfay;yg/

Ò ausmif;om;wpfOD;pD xdkif&rnfhae&mudkrSwfom;ay;yg/

Ò oifBudKwifpDrHxm;csufudk jyefMunfhyg/ wdwfqdwfZHkudkavhvmyg/ wdwfqdwfaomausmif;om;rsm;

wlwlxdkifygovm;/ qlnHZHkudkavhvmyg/ qlnHaomausmif;om;rsm; twlwlxdkifygovm;qdkonfudk

ppfaq;ay;yg/

Ò twef;taeESifh aqG;aEG;ay;yg/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;yg0ifEdkif&eftwGuf rnfonfhpmoifenf;AsL

[mudk oifoHk;oGm;ygrnfenf;/

C: qkay;'Pfay;pepf (Reward and punishment)pmoifcef;wGifausmif;om;rsm; pmoif&mwGif yg0ifvkyfaqmif&ygrnf/ pnf;urf;r&Sdaom twef;onf

wu,foif,lcsifaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf raumif;yg/ q&mwpfa,muftaeESifh pmoifcef;onf vkyf

aqmifyg0ifrI&SdNyD;? pnf;urf;&Sdap&eftwGuf rnfodkYvkyffaqmif&ygrnfenf;/

1/ Z,m;uGuf (2) ck csa&;ay;yg/ wpfckwGif ausmif;om;trSm;vkyfxm;onfudk a&;csay;NyD; usefwpfckwGif

rdrdtawGUtMuHKrSvnf;aumif;? rdrdjrifawGU&aomt&mrsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm; jypf'Pfay;cH&yHkrsm;udk a&;csay;yg/

2/ acgif;pOfwdkif; tcsufrsm;udka&;ay;yg/ jypf'Pf\tcsufwdkif;udkvnf; aqG;aEG;ay;yg/

Ò jypf'Pfay;jcif;\ aumif;jcif;ESifh qdk;jcif;rsm;um; tb,fenf;/

Ò jypf'Pfay;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf aemufoifcef;pmrsm;wGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmyg

rnfvm;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 78

3/ ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ (odkY) wpfzJGU zGJUNyD;vQif q&mrsm;usifhoHk;aom jypf'Pfay;jcif;pm&if;udk avhvmyg/

Ò ,if;uJhodkYjypf'Pfay;jcif;onf q&m? ausmif;om;ESifh twef;twGuf tusKd; &Sdonf^r&Sdonfudk

aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfay;yg/

Ò q&mtaeESifh ,if;uJhodkYaom jypf'Pfay;jcif;udkroHk;ygqdkcJhaomf tb,faMumifhroHk;onfudkvnf;

&Sif;jyay;yg/

4/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oifhavsmfaom jypf'Pfay;jcif;udk twef;taeESifh aqG;aEG;ay;yg/ rnfodkYaom jypf'Pf

rsm;jzpfoifhygoenf;/

Ò (45) rdepfcefY ajcwpfzufaxmufí xjcif;/

Ò tdrfom oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfcdkif;jcif;/

Ò xdkausmif;om;vkyfcJhaomtrSm;udk twef;a&SUwGif vlwdkif;Mum;atmifajymjcif;/

Ò oifcef;pm wpfcsdefpmwGif ausmif;om;onf zm;vkdckefqGae&jcif;/

Ò em;&Guf? Adkufacgufrsm;udkqGJvdrfjcif;/

Ò wpfwef;vHk;tm; yg;pyfydwf Nidrfaeapjcif;/

Ò twef;a&SUwGif rwfwwf&yfjcif;/

Ò Oyrm - ]]aemifwGifrvkyfawmhyg}}qdkaompmom;udk tacgufaygif;rsm;pGma&;cdkif;jcif;/

Ò twef;a&SUwGif rwfwwf&yfjcif;/

Ò aeYvnfESifh ausmif;qif;aomtcsdefwGif rqif;cdkif;bJ aecJhcdkif;jcif;/

Ò tdrfpmrsm;udk ydkrdkvkyfcdkif;jcif;/

um,ydkif;qdkif&m tjypfay;jcif; (physical punishment) udk rnfaomtcgrQ vufrcHygESifh/ ½kdufjcif;

xkjcif;? uefjcif;? qdwfqJGjcif;ESifh aoG;ylavhusifhcef;rsm;udk tcsdefMumatmifvkyfapjcif; ponfwdkYonf um,

qdkif&m tjypf'Pfay;jcif;wGif yg0ifygonf/

t&SufcJGjcif;ESifhqdkifaomjypf'Pfay;jcif; (Humiliating punishment) udkvnf; vufrcHEdkifay/ ,if;uJh

odkYjypf'Pfay;jcif;onf ausmif;om;\odu©mudkcsjcif;ESifh toHk;rusol[kcHpm;&apygonf/ txl;ojzifh twef;

om;rsm;\ta&SUwGif jypf'Pfay;jcif;onf ydkqdk;ygonf/ t&SufcJGcH&onf[k cHpm;&vQif q&mudkyif*½krpdkuf

awmhbJ ckcHcsifpdwfu ydkrdkjyif;jyvmNyD; tajctaerSm ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;vmygrnf/

jypf'Pfay;jcif;tm; oifcef;pmudkxdcdkufjcif;epfemjcif;r&Sdatmif pDpOfay;Edkifygonf/

Oyrmqdk&aomf - ausmif;pmudk rNyD;rcsif; tdrfudkrjyef&[lí tjypfay;xm;onfqdkygpdkY/ wcsdefcsdef

wcgcgwGif olwdkYtouf&vmaomtcgrS ,if;\tusKd;aMumifh oifhudkaus;Zl;wifaevQifvnf; oifodEdkifrSm

r[kwfay/

ausmif;om;rsm;\ aumif;aomvkyf&yfESifh aumif;aomûyrlrIaMumifh qkay;jcif;pepfonf trSm;vkyf

í tjypfay;jcif;xuf ydkíxda&mufrI&dSonfudk avhvmpkaqmif;csuft& od&Sd&ygonf/ twef;xJwGif ausmif;

om;rsm;tm;vHk; vdkufavQmufap&ef oifhrSmvdkvm;csuf&Sdovkd? xdef;odrf;&cufonfhausmif;om;rsm;tm; tqdk;

xJrStaumif;udk azmfxkwfEdkifovdk taumif;rsm;vkyfrdcJhaomf MuHzefítodtrSwfûyíay;jcif;onf ol\tûytrl

udkajymif;vJay;&ef ydkívG,fulygonf/

tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufjcif;? csD;rTrf;ay;jcif;rsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm; vdktyfaomaEG;axG;rIukd jznfhqnf;

ay;&ma&mufygonf/ trSefwu,fqdkvQif vrf;r,laomtûytrlrsm;onf aEG;axG;aom*½kpdkufrIudk vdkcsif

&csifaomaMumifh xdkodkYûyrlaejcif;jzpfonf/ q&mtaeESifh aEG;axG;az;raom *½kpdkufrIudkay;EdkifvQif rnfonfh

tjypf'Pfay;enf;udkrS oHk;p&myifrvdkay/



pmrsufESm 79

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

D: vufawGUvkyfaqmifjcif;/ (Practical task)

um,qdkif&mESifhywfoufaom jypf'Pfay;jcif;ESifhywfoufí oifhtaeESifh oifMum;aeaomausmif;

(okdY) oifMum;&rnfhausmif;wGif rnfodkYaom ]]rl}} &Sdonfudk avhvm&SmazGay;yg/

E: tusOf;csHK; - pmoifcef;udkcefYcGJpDrHjcif;/ (Summary: Classroom management)Ò aumif;rGefpGmpDrHcefYcGJxm;aom pmoifcef;onf ausmif;om;rsm; aumif;rGefpGm oif,lvkyfaqmifrI

udk az;rygonf/

Ò oifcef;pmudk pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;atmif? ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifatmifvIHYaqmfay;rIudk vkyfaqmif

ay;Edkifjcif;onfvnf; aumif;aomcefYcGJrIwpf&yfjzpfygonf/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;oifhavsmfpGmqufqHjcif;onfvnf; xdktwdkif;yifjzpfonf/

Ò tajccHoifMum;rIqdkif&mtwwfynmonfvnf; pmoifcef;pDrHcefYcGJjcif;twGuf taxmuftulûy

ygonf/

Ò wdwfqdwfaomausmif;om;? qlnHaomausmif;om;ESifh BudK;pm;rI&Sdaomausmif;om;rsm;udk todt

rSwfûyaz;rjcif;/

Ò ausmif;pmoifcef;udk taxmuftray;Edkifonf[k ,lqrSomvQif q&mrsm;onf jypf'Pfay;jcif;

udk oHk;zdkYoifhygonf/

Ò wpfcsKdUaomjypf'Pfay;jcif;onf rnfonfhtajctae tcsdeftcgurS vufrcHay/

Ò csD;rTrf;jcif;? qkcsD;jr§ifhjcif;ESifh tm;ay;tm;ajrmufjcif;wdkYonf jypf'Pfay;jcif;xuf ausmif;om;rsm;

\tûytrludk ûyjyifajymif;vJay;&mwGif ydkíxda&mufrI&Sdygonf/

F: AssessmenttusOf;csKH;wGif ay;xm;aomtcsufrsm;xJrS wpfcsufudka&G;cs,fum ol\oabmudka&;csay;yg/ jzpfEdkif

vQif Oyrmrsm;ESihfwuG azmfjyay;yg/

Ò Ò Ò



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 80

oifcef;pm\tqkH;wGif jyefvnfavhvmokH;oyfwkdif;wmjcif;ukdvkyfjcif;

End of course Assessment

End of course Assessment onf output \&v'fudk wdkif;wmygonf/ ,if;onf continuous Asses-

sment \ tpdwftydkif;omjzpfonf/ oif\oifcef;pm oifMum;ay;aomtwwfudkvnf; wpfpdwfwpfydkif;

o½kyfjy yHkazmfay;ygonf/

A: tjrJwrf;jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;/ (Continuous assessment)Assessment qdkonfrSm oif\todynmESifh em;vnfoabmaygufrIrsm;udk oifcef;pmoifpOftawm

twGif;wGifoHk;aom (Unit assessment) rSwqifh o½kyfjyxm;ay;ygonff/

B: oifcef;pmudkBudKwifjyifqifjcif;ESifhoifMum;jcif; (Plan and teach a lesson)

Assessment - oif\ pmoifMum;ay;aomtwwfudk vufawGUvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh o½kyfjyay;ygonf/

1/ rdepf (30) Mumaom oifcef;pmwpfckudk pDrHay;yg/ pmoifcef;wGif oifay;jcif;twdkif;jzpfEdkifovdk? oif

wef;umvwGif ausmif;om;rsm;udkoifay;jcif;yHkpHrsKd;vnf; vkyfEdkifygonf/

2/ agreed checklist udk oHk;oGm;yg/ xdkYaMumifh Assessment \tqifhtwef;tajctaeudk od&Sdygvdrfhrnf/

3/ Assessment udk oifwef;BuD;Muyfol (trainer) u checklist udkoHk;NyD; Munfh½Iavhvmay;yg/ oifwef;BuD;

Muyfoltm; oif\BudKwifjyifqifxm;aom oifcef;pm\rdwåLudk oifcef;pm\tpwGif ay; ay;yg/

4/ Two point scale udkoHk;NyD; oHk;oyfavhvmí&ygonf/ tu,fí assessment uxyfNyD; tvkyfudk ydkrdkaumif;

rGefatmifvkyf&ef vdkao;onf[kjyvQif ,if;udk ydkrdkwdk;wuf&eftwGuf vkyf&efvdkNyD; aemufwpfzefxyfvkyf

&eftwGuf tqifoifhjzpfvQifvkyfay;yg/

BuKd;pm;&ef vkdao;onf/ atmifonf/ (vkyfEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/)

More work needed Pass - can do



pmrsufESm 81

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

ar;cGef;ydwf (closed question) ? tzGifhydwf (Open question) ?

1/ vif;ykdifonf ig;[kwfygovm;/ ? vif;ykdifonf ig;r[kwfaMumif;

uREkfyfwkdY rnfuJhokdYodygoenf; ?

2/opfyifrsm;onf umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'fukd okdavSmifxm;ygovm;/?

3/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf rnfonfhtcsdefwGif vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdygoenf;/?

jznfhpGufvIyf&Sm;rI? pmoifenf;udkvufawGUusifhoHk;jcif;

Supplementary Activities ; Supplementary Activities to Practise Teaching Methods

A: vufawGU oifMum;o½kyfjyjcif; (Teaching presentation)

vufawGUrsm;udk rvkyfaqmifrSD Method file rS Teaching presentation udk a&S;OD;pGmzwfay;yg/ (5)

rdepfcefY ajym&rnfhacgif;pOfudk jyifqif&eftwGuf tcsdefay;yg/ ,if;udk twef;vdkuf (odkY) (5) a,muf

wpfzGJUESifh vkyfay;yg/

Ò oifwef;om;wdkif; olwdkYoifMum;rnfhacgif;pOfukd ig;rdepfcefYajym&eftwGuf jyifqif&ygrnf/

Ò wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf tvSnfhESifh ajymcGifhay;yg/

Ò usefaomausmif;om;rsm;rSm rdrd\tkyfpkESifh em;axmif&ygrnf/ em;axmifaeaomolrsm;\ wpfOD;pD

½Iaxmifhrsm;rSmvnf; jcm;em;jcif;&SdMuygrnf/ (atmufwGifay;xm;aom A ESifh D rS)

Ò wifjyajymqdkNyD;rS xdkwifjyaomausmif;om;onf olwdkYvkyfaqmifchJaom aumif;onfht&mESifh vkdtyf

aeonfht&mrsm;udk ajymjyay;yg/

Ò em;axmifaomolrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwdkY½Iaxmifhudk ajymjy&ygrnf/ aumif;aomtcsufwpfcsufESifh

BudK;pm;&efvdkao;aomtcsufwpfcsufudkvnf; xnfhoGif;ay;&ygrnf/

Ò em;axmifaomolrsm;onf wifjyaomacgif;pOftay:rlwnfNyD; ½Iaxmifhudkajymif;ay;&ygrnf/

(B tzJGYrSajympOfwGif ,cifuajymcJhaom A tzGJUonf em;axmifaomoltzGJU jyefjzpfoGm;onf/)

em;axmifol A onf ajymqdkqufqHwifjyaomtwwfudk em;axmifMunfh½Iavhvmaejcif;/

em;axmifol B qdkvdk&if;taMumif;t&myg0ifrIudk em;axmifMunfh½Iavhvmaejcif;/

em;axmifol C ausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifywfoufrIrsm;udk em;axmifMunfh½Iavhvmaejcif;/

em;axmifol D em;axmifae&if;ESifhrS taumif;qHk;aomtcsufrsm;udka&G;xkwfjcif;rS yg0ifaomt

&mwpfckckjzpfrnf/ (odkY) wpfckckjzpfaumif;jzpfrnf/ Oyrm- [morsm; ...

B: ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;jcif;- tzGifhar;cGef;ESifh tydwfar;cGef;

(Asking questions: Open and closed questions)Method file rS Open and closed questions udk atmufyg activities udk rvkyfrSD a&S;OD;pGmzwfay;yg/

1/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;wGif rnfonfhjcm;em;csufrsm;&Sdygoenf;/

Ò taMumif;&if;av;ckrSm ......? Ò t"dutaMumif;&if;rsm;rSm ......?

ausmif;om;rsm oifMum;,lcJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf oifMum;cJhaomt&mrsm;ukd

taMumif;t&if; (4) ckukd ar;ygonf/ jyefvnfpOf;pm;NyD; rnfonfhtcsufonf ta&;BuD;

onfukd qkH;jzwfckdif;jcif;/

2/ ar;cGef;ydwfrS tzGifhar;cGef;odkYajymif;ay;yg/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 82

C: Chart and Organizer activitiesMethods file rS Chart and Organizer udk oifcef;pmroifrSDESifh activities rvkyfrSD t&ifavhhvmyg/

1/ atmufwGifay;xm;aom pmoifenf;udk þpmtkyfwGif Oyrm&Smay;yg/

- cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmjcif; - tcsdefESifh Z,m; - wdk;wufrItqifhqifhudkjyaomZ,m;

2/ oifMum;enf;vrf;rsm; erlemudk þpmtkyfwGif&Smay;yg/

- cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmjcif; - tcsdefESifh Z,m; - wdk;wufrItqifhqifhudkjyaomZ,m;

D: trlt&mESifhvkyfaqmifaomenf;rsm; (jyZmwfwdk) Action methods: roleplaytzGJUvdkuftaeESifh role play vkyf&eftwGuf atmufwGifay;xm;aom cur cards rsm;udkoHk;um

oifcef;pmoif&eftwGuf jyifqifcsufrsm; pDpOfay;yg/ yg0ifonfhtcsufrSm ausmif;taeESifh ausmif;om;rsm;

ausmif;0wfpHkudk0wfqif&ef oifh^roifhudk aqG;aEG;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf/

ausmif;0wfpHkudk rjzpfrae 0wfqif&ef vkyfoifhygovm;/

oifonf tpnf;a0;yGJwGif tcrf;em;rSL;tjzpf xrf;

aqmifaeNyD; oif\wm0efrSm vlwdkif; pum;ajymEkdif

cGifh&&Sd&eftwGuf vkyfaqmifay;&ygrnf/

oifonf ausmif;tkyfwpfa,mufjzpfaeNyD; oif\

ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;tm;vHk; ausmif;0wfpHkukd 0wf

qifapcsifonf/ odkYrSomvQif {nfhonfrsm; ausmif;

odkYvmonfhtcg tjrifwifhw,fygrnf/

oifonf ausmif;om;rdbjzpfaeNyD; aiGvnf; ykdykd

vQHvQH r&Sdonfhtjyif uav;rsm;\ausmif;pm;&dwf?

pmtkyfzdk;ESifh tjcm;aomvIyf&Sm;rItwGuf aiGaMu;

ukefusrIrSmvnf;rsm;aeygojzifh ausmif;0wfpHkt

wGufudk aiGxyfrukefcsifawmhay/

oifonf (7) wef;ESifh (8) wef;wdkY\ ordkif;q&m

wpfa,mufjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf olwdkY\

ausmif;0wfpkHudk0wfqifonfhtcg rdrdudk,fudk ydkrdk

,HkMunfrIudk&SdapNyD; pmBudK;pm;csifonfhpdwfudk jzpf

ay:aponf[k oifuxifygonf/

oifonf (5) wef;\ odyÜHq&mwpfa,mufjzpfjyD;

ausmif;0wfpHk0wfqifjcif;udk rESpfoufyg/ taMumif;

&if;rSm vlwdkif;onf 0wfpHkrsm;qifwlaeouJh tawG;

tac:rsm;onfvnf; worwfwnf;jzpfaeNyD; t

opftqef;rsm;awG;awmjcif;r&Sd[k oif,lqonf/

oifonf t0wftpm;rsm;a&mif;onf holwpf

a,mufjzpfygonf/ ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;0wfpHkrsm;

atmf'grSm&eftwGuf uefx½dkufvkyf&ef vdkvm;yg

onf/ oifhtwGufvnf; tvkyfjzpfovdk? 0,faom

oltwGufrSmvnf; aps;oufomayrnf/

4/ ....... Playing football (like/likes)

5/ (trSm;trSef) iSufaysmoD;onf [if;oD;[if;&Gufjzpfygovm; ?

6/ tmqD,HwGif b,fESpfEkdifiHyg0ifygoenf;/ a. 10, b. 12, c. 15,d. 20

oifonf (8) ESpft&G,f ausmif;olwpfa,mufjzpf

NyD; ausmif;0wfpHk 0wfqif&jcif;udk rESpfoufay/

tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ausmif;0wfpkH0wfxm;NyD;

upm;&mwGif ajy;jcif;? ckefjcif; vkyf&mü vGwfvyfrI

r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

oifonf (14) ESpft&G,f&Sd ausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfyg

onf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;wpfOD;rS oif\t0wft

pm; awmifajymifrIr&Sdonfukd aemifajymifonfht

wGuf vlwdkif; wlnDpGm0wfqifEdkifonfh ausmif;0wfpHk

udk oifu 0wfqifcsifygonf/



pmrsufESm 83

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

jznfhpGufzwf½IEkdifaom pmtkyfESifhtcsuftvuf

Additional Reading and research

oifcef;pm (2)/ / uREkfyfwdkY rnfodkYoifMum;oGm;ygoenf;/ (How we learn)

Multiple intelligence – Howard Gardner

ynma&;qdkif&myg&*lrsm;onf oif,ljcif;[lonfudk rem;wrf;okawoeûyavhvmNyD;? ed,mrudkvnf;

olwdkY&SmazGawGU&Sdonfhtwdkif; yHkazmfay;Muygonf/ 1980 ckESpftwGif;u Howard Gardner qdkaom ynma&;

qdkif&m okawoDu ol\tjrifudk yHkESdyfxkwfa0xm;ygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf rnfhonfhtydkif;wGif ydkrdktm;oef

onf? rnfonfhtydkif;udk pdwf0ifpm;onfudkjyaom (8) rsKd;aom od&Sdem;vnfEdkifpGrf;udk Gardner u a&;om;

azmfjyxm;ygonf/ vlwdkif;wGif ,if;uJhodkY tpGrf;a&maomol &Sdwwfaomfvnf; wcsKdUae&mwGifrl ydkrdkí tm;

oefonfudk awGY&onf/ xkdYaMumifh xdkrwlaomtpGrf;rsm;udk od&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om; rsm;oif,lrIrsm;udk

az;rEdkifygonf/ atmufygay;xm;aomZ,m;uGufwGif Gardner a&;om;xm;onfh em;vnfEdkifaompGrf;

tifrsm;udk twdkcsKH;ay;xm;ay;ygonf/

odem;vnfEkdifaom pGrf;tif\

trsKd;tpm;rsm;

tm;omcsufrsm; ESpfoufaom

oifMum;,lrIrsm;

toufarG;0rf;aMumif; (Oyrmrsm;)

bmompum; bmompum;ESifh

uRrf;0ifwwfjcif;

pum;vkH;rsm; pma&;q&m? owif;pm

q&m? a&SUae? tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;

twGuftcsufykdif;qkdif;&m?

,kwdåaA'qkdif&m

t"dyÜg,feufeJaom

vQKdU0Sufcsufrsm;ukd

em;vnfjcif;/

eHygwfESifh ,kwådaA' pm&if;ukdif? uGefysLwmynm

&Sif? odyÜHynm&Sif?

tjrif tjriftm½kHESifh

qufoG,frIaumif;jcif;

½kyfykHrsm; tEkynm&Sif? Adokumynm

&Sif? web designer

cEÆmukd,fvIyf&Sm;rI cEÆmukd,fvIyf&Sm;rIESifh

qufEG,foif,ljcif;

vufawGUvkyfaqmifrI

rsm;

aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;

um;armif;ol? oGm;q&m0ef?

vufrIynm&Sif

*Dwqkdif&m toHESifh oHpOfwkdY\

qufEG,frI

*Dw *Dwynm&Sif? oDcsif;a&;ol

vltrsm;ESifh 0ifqHhol tjcm;ol\ cHpm;csuf

ukd em;vnfjcif;

vlrIa&;tawGUtMuKHrS

wqifh oif,ljcif;

ausmif;q&m? refae*sm? &yf

&Gma&;qkdif&mvkyfom;

vlwkdif;ESifh 0ifqHhol rdrd\ cHpm;csufukd

od&Sdjcif;

rdrdcHpm;csuftwkdif;

vkyfaqmifykHaqmif

wwfjcif;

tMuHay;yk*¾Kdvf? vlrIa&;vkyf

ief;rsm;

obm00ef;usif obm0ywf0ef;usifukd

em;vnfjcif;

obm0ywf0ef;usif

ESifh oabmw&m;rsm;

v,form;? O,smOfjcHvkyf

ief;&Sif? ywf0ef;usifxdef;

odrf;a&;t&m&Sd

1/ em;vnfoif,lEdkifaompGrf;tm;rsm;rS rnfonfht&mudk VAK u ESpfoufygoenf;/

2/ oihftwGuf tm;toefqHk; taumif;qHk;aom oif,lem;vnfEdkifaompGrf;tifum; tb,fenf;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 84

oifcef;pm (3)/ / pmoifcef;wGif;rS nDrQjcif; (Equality in the class room)

ausmif;om;rsm;udkvIHUaqmfapaom Maslow\oDtdk&D

Maslow \ oDtdk&Dt& vlrsm;onf olwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;aMumifh vIHYaqmfrIudk zefwD;ay;ygonf/

atmufwGifay;xm;aomZ,m;twdkif; vlwdkif;wGif vdktyfcsuf tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;&SdMuonf/ ,if;udk Maslow \

oDtdk&D[k trnfwyfxm;NyD;? tedrfhqHk;tqifh&Sdaom vdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;&ygrnf/

tu,fí vlwpfa,mufonf pm;p&mudkr&SdvQif touf&Sif&eftqifhtwGuf tpmudkvdktyfjcif;onf

olYudk vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufu todtrSwfûyonfhtqifhxuf ydkívdktyfonf/

pmoifcef;wGif;wGifrl vlrIa&;qdkif&mvHkûcHrIonf ta&;BuD;onfhtwGuf vlrIa&;qdkif&mESifh av;pm;

rIrsm;onf t"duvIHYaqmfaomt&mwpfckjzpfvmonf/

ta&;BuD;qHk;aom av;pm;todrSwfûyjcif;trsKd;tpm;rSm rdrdudk,fudk av;pm;todtrSwfûyjcif;jzpfyg

onf/ ,if;udk ay;Ekdifolrsm;rSm rdrd0ef;usifESifhqufpyfaeaom tjcm;olrsm;omjzpfygonf/ ausmif;cef;wGif

wpfckckudkvkyfaqmifatmifjrifaomtcg ,if;atmifjrifrIudk todtrSwfûyaom csD;rTrf;jcif;pum;rsm;onf

ydkrdkwuf<urIudk vIHYaqmfay;aomt&mjzpfonf/

touf&Sif&efvdktyfcsuf - av? a&/tpm/aexdkif&ef/

vHkûcHrI - cHpm;csufESifh cEmudk,ftm; &efrsKd;taygif;rS vHkûcHab;uif;ap&ef/

vlrIqkdif&mvkHûcHrI - rdom;pk? rdwfaqG? vlYtodkif;t0ef;todkuftûrHwpfckckESifh oufqdkifjcif;? todt

rSwfûyvufcHjcif;/

av;pm;rI - rdrdudk,fudk vufcHjcif;? av;pm;jcif;? ,HkMunfrI&Sdjcif;ESifh vkyfaqmiforQtwGuf

tjcm;olrsm;\ vufcHrI? csD;rGrf;rIudk &&Sd&ef/

rdrdudk,fudkvufcHjcif; - jzpfaeaom rdrdb0udk vufcHNyD;jzpfae&dSaeaomt&mrsm;ESifh rdrdtouf&SifaepOf

rdrdywf0ef;usiftwGuf taumif;qHk;ay;qyfjcif;/

av;pm;rI

esteem needs

vlrIqkdif&mvkHûcHrI

social needs

ab;uif;vkHûcHrI

safety needs

touf&Sif&ef vkdtyfcsufrsm;

survival needs

rdrdukd,fukd,fvufcHjcif;

self-actualisation

Maslow's heirarchy of needs



pmrsufESm 85

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

oifcef;pm (4)/ / rlvwef;tqifhwGif Bloom’s levels udk toHk;ûyavhvmjcif;

(Applying Bloom’s levels in primary school)

Bloom’s leves udk bmom&yftoD;oD;? twef;toD;oD;wGif usifhoHk;Muonf/ (3) ESpfuav;wpfOD;

\ vufpGJar;cGef;rSm ]]bmjzpfvdkYvJ ...? bmaMumifhvJ}} jzpfNyD;? rdbrsm;onf olwdkY\ar;cGef;rsm;udkajz qdk&ef

tMuyftwnf;awGU&ygonf/ oifMum;jcif;ü touft&G,fESifh oifcef;pmtqifhwdkYoifhavsmf&ygonf/ tu,f

í (6) ESpforD;u bmaMumifh wpfcsKdUaomt&mawG[m aygavmay:aewwfNyD;? wcsKdUaomt&mawG[m

jr§Kyf&ygoenf;[kar;aomf? oifonf ocsFmbmom&yf ykHaoenf; (formula) rsm;jzifh ajzMum;ay;ír&yg/

odkYaomfq&mtaeESifh ausmif;om;rsm;xuf ydkNyD;od&Sdem;vnf&ygrnf/ q&mrS ausmif;om;rsm; prf;w0g;0g;

jzpfaevQif vrf;jyay;Edkif&NyD;? ausmif;om;rsm;odxm;NyD;aomt&mudkrSDNyD; topfaomt&mudk wnfaqmuf

ay;wwf&ygrnf/

atmufwGif ausmif;om;i,frsm;twGuf tqifhjrifhaom pOf;pm;jcif;twwfudkusifhoHk;xm;aom Oyrm

ESpfckudk ay;xm;ygonf/

1/ ajcmufESpfuav;twGuf aygavmay:ESifh ESpfjr§Kyfjcif; (Floating and sinking for 6 year olds)

Ò ausmif;om; (5-6) a,mufygaomtzJGUwdkif;twGuf a&xnfhxm;aomZvHkwpfvHk;pD?

Ò yHkpHxkxnftrsKd;rsKd;ESifhvkyfxm;aom ypönf;rsm; - yvwfpwpfykvif;? Al;? ykvif;zHk;? aiGydkufqHjym;?

pm&Guf? toD;tEHStrsKd;rsKd;? &mbmabmvHk;? cJwH? opfom;p? t0wfp/

Ò acgif;pOfygaom rSwfwrf;pm&Guf- t&m0wåK? cefYrSef;jcif;? prf;vkyfjcif; (1) Budrf/ (2) Budrf .....

(u) ausmif;om;rsm;onf rnfht&m0wåKonfESpfjr§KyfNyD;? rnfonfht&monf abmavmay:

rnfudkcefYrSef;ygrnf/ (BudKwifcefYrSef;jcif; = qifjcif,lqjcif; todynm)

(c)ausmif;om;rsm;onf ypönf;0wåKrsm;tm; a&xJodkY (2) acgufavmuf ypfcscdkif;um tajz&Sm

cdkif;yg/

(*) tajz&Smxm;aomtcsufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;apyg/

jr§Kyfwwf? ay:wwfaom0wåKrsm;\ a,bk,staMumif;rsm; = cGJjcm;pdwfjzmjcif; (analysis)

0wåKwcsKdUonf tb,faMumifhay:EdkifNyD;? wcsKdUrSm tb,faMumifh jr§KyfMuoenf;/ (cJGjcm;pdwfjzmjcif;?

qifjcif,lqjcif;? jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;) (analysis, synthesis, evaluation)

ausmif;om;rsm;onf t&G,ftpm;ESifhtav;csdefoufoufaMumifhomr[kwf[k pwifí &SmazGod&Sd

oGm;NyD;aemuf vmrnfhoifcef;pmwGif ,ckavhvmxm;aomtcsuftwdkif; ydkrdkavhvmwwfoGm;ygrnf/

2? jAdwdoQEdkifiHoif½dk;nGef;wrf;atmifjrifrI\ A[dkypfrSwf (10-12 ESpft&G,f odyÜHbmom&yf)

(UK National Curriculum Attainment targets for 10-12 year olds in Science)

atmufwGifay;xm;aom avhvmcsufonf 10-12 ESpft&G,fwGif odyÜHbmom&yfESifhqdkifaom wwf

oifh avhvmoifhaomt&mrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;onf oufaotaxmuftxm;tay:rlwnfNyD;? odyÜHenf;us&SmazGjcif;udk todt

rSwfûyjcif;/ (application)

Ò oifhavsmfaomtcg BudKwifcefYrSef;jcif;udk ûyvkyfygonf/ (synthesis)

Ò olwdkYtwGuf ay;xm;aom oifaxmufulrsm;rS tcsuftvufrsm;udk aumufEkwfjcif;/ (appli-

cation and anylisis)



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 86

Ò tajccH½dk;&Sif;aomZ,m;udkMunfhNyD; aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk a&G;jywwfjyD; t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkwwfjcif;/

Ò tajzudk&Smay;wwfjcif;/

Ò odyÜHenf;ususESifh rdrdwkdYem;vnfjcif;ESifh todynmrsm;udk EdIif;,SOfn§dEIdif;wwfjcif;/

(synthesis)

Ò wdk;wufrI&Sdap&eftwGuf tusKd;aMumif;avsmfnDaom tMuHÓPfrsm;ay;jcif;/ (evaluation)

oifcef;pm (5) / / tzJGUvdkufvkyfaqmifjcif; (Group-work )

atmufygay;xm;aom Z,m;uGufwGif tkyfpkvdkufvkyfaqmifjcif;ESifh tkyfpkzGJUjcif;\aumif;usKd;rsm;udk

twdkcsKH;íazmfjyxm;ygonf/

t zGJUt o kH; ûy y kH t m; o mc su f t m; e n f; c su f

tzGJUtm;vkH;onf wlnDaom

activity ukd vkyfaqmifMuonf/

- aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh activity twGuf

aumif;rGefpGmjyifqifEkdifjcif;/

- ausmif;om;rsm;onf tajzukd EIdif;

,SOfEkdifjcif;/

- tzGJUvkdufajzqkdjcif;tm;jzifh rnf

ol rnf0gurS trSm;rvkyf&ay/

- ausmif;om;wcsKdUrSm vkyfaqmifrI

r&Sdyg/ q&monf BuD;MuyfzkdY&ef vkd

ygonf/

wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; oifay;Mujcif;

jcm;em;pGm awG;ac:pOf;pm;Mu

NyD;rS tzGJUvkdufjyefvnfwifjy

n§dEIdif;jcif;/

- wpfzGJUvQif acgif;pOfwpfckpDjzifh

vkyfaqmif&aomaMumifh ykdrkdxd

a&mufrI&Sdygonf/

- t&nftaoG;&Sdaomtvkyfukd

vkyf&ef ykdtcGifh&Sdonf/

- tcsufrsm;ukdvnf; rsm;rsm;oif

Mum;aqG;aEG;cGifh&onf/

aqG;aEG;csufrsm;? tMuHrsm; aumif;

aumif;zvS,fEkdif&eftwGuf aumif;

aom feedback ukday;&ef vkdtyf

onf/

pdwf0ifpm;rIESifh tBuKdufjcif;wl

aom tkyfpk/ Oyrm - bmom&yf

ukd twlwloifaomtkyfpk/

- tBuKdufjcif;wlaom rdrdwkdYvkyf

aqmif&rnfht&mrsm;ukd ykdrkdOD;pm;

ay;Ekdifjcif;/

- todÓPfzvS,fMujcif;/

ausmif;om;rsm;taeESifh wDxGifzef

wD;rIrsm;ukd rvkyfEkdifacs/

t&nftcsif;a&maxG;xm;aom

tkyfpk/

- tm;enf;aomausmif;om;tm; ykd

NyD; tm;omaomausmif;om;u az;

ray;Ekdifjcif;/

ykdtm;omaomausmif;om;rSm ykdí

ukd,fyifyef;jcif;? pdwfyifyef;jcif;/

tm;enf;aomausmif;om;rSmvnf;

odrfi,foGm;Ekdifjcif;/

t&nftcsif;twlwl&Sdaeaom

tkyfpk/

- cGJjcm;wwfjcif;/

- ykdtm;enf;aomausmif;om;rsm;

onf ykdvG,faomtvkyfukdvkyf&NyD;?

- ykdtm;omaomausmif;om;rsm;

onf ykdNyD;cufcufcJcJ vkyf&onf/

- ykdtm;enf;aom ausmif;om;rsm;

onf assessment qkdaom jyefokH;

oyfjcif;ukd ausmfvTm;Ekdif&ef txl;

yHhykd;rIrsm; vkdtyfonf/



pmrsufESm 87

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

oifcef;pm (6) / / oifaxmufulrsm; (Resources)

oifcef;pmESifh ¤if;tqifhtwGuf oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udk avhvmppfaq;yg/ tu,fí tifwm

euftquftoG,f&&SdEdkifygu atmufygvdyfpmtwdkif; tcsuftvufrsm; &Smedkifygonf/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learning/http://curriculumproject.org/

http://www.primaryresources.co.uk

tu,fí tifwmeuftquftoG,fr&dSygu pmMunfhwdkuf (odkY) pmtkyfqdkifwGif pmtkyf? DVD ESifh

tjcm;aomoifaxmufulrsm;udk &SmazGay;yg/ oifMum;ay;&eftwGuf tMuHÓPfrsm;ESifh oifaxmuful (1)

rsKd; (odkY) (3) rsKd;? pmoifcef;wGifoHk;&eftwGuf tcsufrsm;udk a&;csay;yg/

oifcef;pm (7) / / BuKdwifjyifqifjcif; (Lesson plan)

oifMum;&eftwGuf &nf&G,fcsufudka&;qGJjcif; (tusOf;csKH;)

pmudk píroifMum;rDS rnfonfht&mudk rnfonfhtwGufvkyfrnfudk odxm;zdkY&efvdktyfygonf/pmoif

&eftwGuf oifcef;pm&nf&G,fcsufaumif;aumif;udk rnfodkYzefwD;Edkifygrnfenf;/

oifcef;pmtqHk;wGif ....

á oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufwdkif;onf yef;wdkifudka&muf&ef tcsdefudkvsmxm;&efvdktyfonf/ tu,f

í uREfkyfonf rEÅav;odkY aemufwpfywfwGifa&mufrnfqdkygpdkY/ reufjzefwGif a&mufoGm;rnfqdkvQif

enf;enf; uoduatmifhjzpfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/ xkdYtwl oif\pmoifcef;wGif &&dSaomtcsdefonf oif

cef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufudkajymif;vJay;Edkifonf (odkY) oifonf rnfrQavmuf oifMum;oGm;Edkifygrnf

enf;/

ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; ....

á oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufonf ausmif;om;vkyf&yfrsm;udk a&S;½IUxm;ygonf/ &v'ftaeESifh oifcef;pm

\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;tm;vHk;onf avhvmEdkifaomtcGifh&Sd&ygrnf/ avhvmEdkifaomtcGifhqdkonfum;

ausmif;om;rsm; tvkyfvkyfaeonf? rvkyfonfudk vG,fulpGmawGU&aom tajcttaeudkqdkvdkygonf/

aumif;aomoifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufrSm ausmif;om;rsm;vkyfaqmifaeaomt&mrsm;udk awGUjrif&

aMumif; ajymjyygonf/

action verbs: azmfjyjcif;? a&;jyjcif;? &Sif;jyjcif;? o½kyfjyjcif; ponfjzifh ...

áoifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufwGif vIyf&Sm;rI&SdaomtoHk;tEIef;udk oHk;xm;ygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdk

aomf ,if;onf avhvmEdkifaomtcGifhudk ay;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf pmoifcef;

pm\&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twdkif; aumif;rGefpGm qnf;yl;&,ljcif;udkvnf; uREfkyfwdkY jrifawGU&ygrnf/

á tb,faMumifhqdkaomf &nf&G,fcsufonf ausmif;om;rsm; avhvmjrifawGUEdkifaom vkyfaqmifjcif;

udk a&S;½IUxm;aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ oifcef;pm\ &nf&G,fcsuftm;vHk;onf action verbs yg0if yg

onf/

á odonf em;vnfqdkonfh toHk;tEIef;udk a&Smif&Sm;&ygrnf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;wdkYonf

vufawGUavhvmawGU&SdvdkY r&yg/

vufawGUtrSefjzpfapjcif; (realistic)

á &nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf usKd;Mumif;avsmfnDjcif;ESifh vufawGUppfrSef&ygrnf/ oifvsmxm;aom tcsdef

twdkif;twmtwdkif; vufawGUoifcef;pmukd oifEdkif&ef rnfrQarsmfvifhxm;ygoenf;/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learning/

http://curriculumproject.org/

http://www.primaryresources.co.uk



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 88

oifMum;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm; jzpfonfh SMART (Learning objectives are SMART)

Specific - &Sif;vif;NyD; tao;pdwfudkjyonf/ jzpfEdkifjcif;/

Measurable - ausmif;om;rsm;onf .... udkvkyfEdkifqdkonfudk oufaojyEdkifjcif;/

Achievable - jzpfEdkifjcif;/

Realstic - oifcef;pmESifh tcsdefZ,m;ponfwdkY\ tcsdwftqufavsmfnDjcif;/

Timed - oifcef;pmNyD;oGm;tcsdefwGif ausmif;om;onf .... qdkNyD; tcsdefudk owf

rSwfay;jcif;/

Learning in the classroom

þtqifhqifhESifhwnfaqmufxm;aomoifcef;pmwGif q&mESifhausmif;om;rsm;onf rnfonfht&m

udkvkyfaqmifMuygoenf;/

What do teacher and students do in the different stage of the lesson?

þtwdkcsHK;xm;aom t&monf ....

Ò jcm;em;aomtqifhqifhrsm;ESifh enf;pepfrsm;/

Ò vufawGUusifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm; odwwfem;vnfrIrsm; ykdrkdwkd;wufvmjcif;/

Ò q&m\tcef;u@rsm;/

1/ Input : tcsuftvufrsm;udkjyefvnfwifjyaomenf;vrf;rsm;

(Input: Way of presenting information)

(u) q&mu o½kyfjyjcif; (odkY) wifjyjcif; Method file A. Teacher explaination wGifMunfhyg/

(c) ausmif;om;rsm;onf zwf? Munfh? em;axmif;NyD; wpfckckudkavhvm;pl;prf;jcif;/

(*) q&mu ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jcif;? ausmif;om;rsm;rSmvnf; olwdkYodNyD;aomt&mrsm;udk a0iSajzMum;

jcif;? ausmif;om;rsm;ajzaom tajzay:rlwnfí q&mu oifcef;pmudkaqmufwnfjcif;/

2/ Process : oif,ljcif;? rSwfrdjcif;? toHk;ûyjcif;ESifh avusifhjcif;

(Process: way of practicing, learning, remembering and using)

ausmif;om;rsm;onf topfaomoifcef;pmudk xdef;csKyfrIatmifwGif pwifavhusifhygonf/ aemufrS

omvQif ydkNyD;vGyfvyfpGm oifcef;pmudk oif,lavhusifhygonf/ ,if;wGif wpfOD;csif;? ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ? (odkY)

tkyfpkvdkufjzpfEdkifonf/

Review Input Process Output

NyD;cJ haomoifcef;pm

ukd jyefavhvmjcif;/

topfaomtwwf?

tawG;tac: tcsuf

tvufrsm;/

ausmif;om;rsm; oif

Mum;jcif;? twwfrsm;

wkd;wufjcif;ESifh avh

usifhjcif;/

oifMum;cJhaomt&m

rsm;ukd jyefvnftokH;

csjcif;ESifh o½kyfjyjcif;

tm;jzifh wwfaMumif;

oufaojyjcif;/



pmrsufESm 89

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

xdef;csKyfjcif; wpfpdwfwpfa'oom vGwfvyfpGm

xdef;csKyfjcif;

(u) wif;MuyfpGmxdef;csKyfjcif;

tajzrSefwpfckwnf;&Sdaom avhusifhcef;udk ausmif;om;rsm;onf ajzMuonf/ (todESifhem;vnfjcif;)

Oyrm - rnfodkY rnfenf; paomar;cGef;ESifh tajzwpfckwnf;&Sdaom ykpämrsm;udk ajz&aomt&mrsm; - a&maxG;

trSefa&;? uGufvyfjznfh? wGufcsufjcif;? *&yfrS tcsufrsm;udkzwfjcif;wdkYjzpfygonf/

q&m\u@ - tcef;xJwGifvSnfhvnfMunfh½INyD; ausmifom;rsm;\wdk;wufrIudk ppfaq;jcif;? az;r

jcif;? trSwfrsm;udkppfaq;jcif;ESifh ,if;wdkYudkowfrSwfjcif;wdkYudk vkyfygonf/

(c) wpfydkif;wpfa'oomxdef;csKyfjcif;

ausmif;om;rsm;onf rddrdtcGifhta&;udkoHk;wwfvmonf/ tkyfpk? ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ ponfjzifh (em;

vnfoabmaygufjcif;? cJ Gjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;) Oyrmay;jcif;? rdrdbmom wpfckckudk zefwD;jcif;? ar;cGef;rsm;udk

ar;jcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; qef;ppfjcif;? o½kyfazmfrsm;vkyfjcif;ESifh case studies rsm;vkyfjcif;

ponfjzifh .....

q&m\u@ - tcef;xJwGifvSnfhvnfMunfh½I&NyD; az;ray;jcif;? tzJGUudkOD;aqmifay;jcif;? pmoifcef;

udk uGyfuJjcif;? tqifhqifhjyefvnfoHk;oyfavhvmjcif; ponfjzifh ....

3/ Output :oif,ljcif;udk toHk;jyKonfhenf;vrf; (Output : ways of using learning)

(*) vGwfvyfjcif; (odkY) xdef;csKyfrIenf;yg;jcif;

ausmif;om;rsm;onftopfaom twwfESifhtodudkoHk;NyD; ydkrdkNyD;vGwfvyfpGm tvkyfudktqifhrSDpGmvkyff

aqmifMuonf/ (cJGjcm;pdyfjzmjcif;? aygif;pyfzG JUpnf;jcif;? zefwD;jcif;ESif h jyefvnfavhvmjcif;) Oyrm-

ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYtm;oef&m bmomESifh a&;jcif; ajymjcif;? rdrdwdkYtwwfudk usifhoHk;jcif;tm;jzifh

o½kyfjyjcif;? (twef;a&SUwGifwifjyjcif;? pmydk'frsm;? pmpDpmuHk;rsm;? toufarG;0rf;ausmif;twwfrsm;udk toHk;

ûyjcif;)

q&m\u@ - a0zefrIay;jcif;? tqifhqifhjyefvnfoHk;oyfavhvmjcif;/

owfrSwfcsuftqifhrsm; - oifMum;ay;jcif;ESifh oifMum;,ljcif; (Standards: Teaching and learning)

controlled medium control free

owfrSwfcsuf tqifh (1)

oif½dk;nGef;wrf;

½kd;&m? vlrIa&;ESifh bmompum;rsm;

ESifhoifhavsmfaom oif½kd;nTef;wrf;

onf todtrSwfûyaom ynma&;

ESifh todtrSwfrûyaom ynma&;

udkay;jcif;? oif,lol\ vdktyfcsuf

ESifh tao;pdwfyg0ifrIrsm;rSmvnf;

oifhavsmfrI&Sdjcif; ...

oufaojycsuf

oif½kd;? oifcef;pmpmtkyfESifh oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;onf ...

touf? wdk;wufrItqifh? bmompum;? ½dk;&m? t&nftaoG;ESifh

oif,lol\vdktyfcsufrsm;wdkYudk jznfhqnf;ay;&eftwGuf oifhavsmf

apygonf/


tajccHynma&;\ t"dur@Kdifjzpfaom a&;wwf zwfwwfjcif;?

eHygwf*Pmef; a&wGufjcif;? tajccHoifMum;jcif;? toufarG;0rf;



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 90

ausmif;twwf? usef;rmjcif;? wudk,f&nfoefY&Sif;jcif; todrsm;

wdkYudkvnf; jznfhqnf;ay;ygonf/

oif½kd;nTef;wrf;onf pdwfydkif;qdkif&mta&;rsm;ESifh oif,lol\vHkûcH

rIudk umuG,fay;ygonf/

oifcef;pmwGifyg0ifaomtcsufrsm;? oifaxmufulESifh nTefMum;csuf

rsm;onf oif,lol\tm;oef&mbmom&yfukd jznfhqnf;ay;yg

onf/


usm;rrcGJ pkpnf;rIudktm;ay;jcif;? cJGjcm;jcif;rsm;udk vspfvsL½INyD;

oifMum;,lolrsm;udk av;pm;rIxm;&ef a&S;½Ijcif;wdkYyg0ifonf/

oufaojycsuf

rGef;rHoifwef;udk q&m? q&mrrsm;tm;ay;EdkifNyD; vdktyfaomtjcm;

aomynma&;qdkif&moifwef;rsm;udkvnf; ay;Edkifygonf/ xdkoif

wef;onf oifcef;pm\&nf&G,fcsufESifh udkufnDrI&SdNyD; yg0ifrIonf

vnf; avsmfnDMuygonf/

- oifwef;\ oifhavsmfaom ynma&;qdkif&myk*d¾Kvfrsm;u tod

trSwfûyygonf/

- todrSwfûycsufESifhjynfhpHkaom oifwef;BuD;Muyfolonf vkyf

ief;cGifumv rGrf;rHoifwef;ay;jcif;? az;rjcif;? vrf;nGefjcif;?

BuD;Muyfjcif;ESifh pmoifcef;udkOD;aqmifay;jcif;ESifhqdkifaom oif

wef;rsm;udk OD;aqmifydkYcsay;ygonf//

- oifwef;ESifh az;az;rr axmufyHhrIrsm;rS ausmif;q&mrsm;onf

pmoifcef;0ef;usifwGif oifhavsmfaomaxmufulrIESifh oifMum;

enf;ynmrsm;jzifh aumif;aomOD;aqmifolwpfa,mufjzpfvmjcif;/

- toufarG; 0rf;ausmif;qdkif&m todESifhtwwfygaom oif½dk;?

ab;tEÅ&m,f owday;? obm0ab;tEÅ&m,favQmhcsa&;ESifh y#d

yu©rjzpf&ef umuG,fjcif;wdkYudkvnf; xnfhoGif;yg0ifxm;ygonf/


oif&dk;nGef;wrf;

ynmonfudkarG;zGm;apjcif;ESifh axmuf

yHhaz;rapjcif;/

oufaojycsuf

oifMum;enf;pepfonf ausmif;om;rsm;\ touf? tqifh? bmom

pum;? ½dk;&m? vkyfEdkifaomt&nftcsif;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;\vdktyf

csufrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGjcif;/

- q&monf oifcef;pm\ yg0ifcsufrsm;tm;vHk;udkaomfvnf;

aumif;? ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSefvkyfaqmifrIudkoHk;aom oif

Mum;ay;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm;tm;jzifh rdrd\vkyf&yfudko½kyfazmfEdkifjcif;/


nTefMum;csuf

oif,loludk A[dkûyxm;aom pmoif

jcif;? yg0ifrIESifh yl;aygif;vkyfudkifjcif;/



pmrsufESm 91

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

- nTefMum;csufonf oifMum;,loltm;vHk;\vdktyfcsufrsm; (r

oefrpGrf;aom ausmif;om;rsm;tygt0if) udk jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;?

tqifhtwef; t&nftcsif;rwlaomt&mrsm;udk yPmr rxm;

jcif;? tm;vHk;yg0ifEdkifrIudk OD;xdyfxm;jcif;/

- ausmif;om;rdbrsm;ESifh &yfrd&yfzacgif;aqmifrsm;rSvnf; oif

Mum;ay;jcif;\enf;pepfESifh yg0ifaomtcsufrsm;udk vufcHygonf/

oufaojycsuf

- ausmif;om;rsm;\wdk;wufrIESifh tpOfwdkif;avhvmoHk;oyfjcif;rsm;

\&nf&G,fcsufrsm; oifMum;enf;pepfudkajymjyjcif;/

- ausmif;om;rsm; qnf;yl;&,laom&v'fudk todtrSwfûyonfh

avsmfnDaomvufrSwfrsm;udk &&Sdjcif;/

- enf;ynmqdkif&mESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;qdkif&mynm&yf NyD;pD;

aMumif;udk oHk;oyfjcif;onf t&nftcsif;ESifh ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;

rIudk qefYusifaom&v'frsm; &Sd^r&Sd onfudk qef;ppfwdkif;wmay;

ygonf/

- ausmif;om;rsm;\ wwfajrmufrIudkoHk;oyfjcif;onf rQwonf?

pdwfcs&onf? NyD;vQif t"r®rI r&Sdjcif;/

- xdkoHk;oyfjcif;onfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;\ a&SUa&;wGif&Sdaom

ynma&;u@udkaomfvnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;u@ESifhaomfvnf;

aumif; avsmfnDygonf/


nTefMum;csuf

oifMum;rIrS xGufvmaom&v'fudk

jyefvnfí oHk;oyfjcif;/

pmoifenf;udkavhusifhvkyfaqmifEdkif&ef jznfhpGufpmoifvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;

(Supplementary activities to practise teaching methods)

A: Teacher presentation (Method file) rS Teacher presentation udk t&ifzwfyg/

ay;xm;aomacgif;pOftwGuf jyifqif&ef tcsdef (5) rdepfcefY pum;ajymapyg/

Ò twef;taeESifhjzpfap? (5) a,mufcefYyg0ifaom tzJGUudk zJGUapyg/

Òoifwef;BuD;Muyfolonf oloifoGm;rnfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk (5) rdepfcefY aqG;aEG;apyg/ ta,muf

wdkif;udk tvSnfhuspum;ajymapyg/ usefaomausmif;om;rsm;udk tzGJUvdkuf em;axmifapyg/ em;axmif

aomol ta,mufwdkif;onf atmufwGifay;xm;aomtcsufrsm; (A-D) udk &SdMuonf/

Ò aqG;aEG;wifjyNyD;vQif rdrdajymoGm;aomt&mxJwGif aumif;aomt&mrsm;ESifh BudK;pm;&efvdktyfaom

t&mrsm;udk ajymcdkif;yg/

Ò em;axmifaomoltm;vHk;onfvnf; pum;ajymol\ aumif;aomtcsufESifh vdktyfaomtcsufrsm;

udk rdrdtjrifrsm;twdkif; jyefajymjycdkif;apyg/

Ò em;axmifaomolrsm;onfvnf; olwdkYajymaomolESifh twJGajymif;ay;yg/ em;axmifol A ESifh pum;

ajymol 1 onf pum;ajymolESifhe m;axmif;ol 2 tjzpfodkY ...... ponfjzifh ......

em;axmifol A - pum;tjyeftvSefajymqdkjcif;twwfudk em;axmif;NyD; avhvmMunfhrSwfonf/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 92

em;axmifol B - acgif;pOfygtcsufrsm;udk ydkifEdkifrItwwfudk avhvmjcif;/

em;axmifol C - ausmif;om;rsm; yg0ifywfoufrItwwfudk em;axmifavhvmjcif;/

em;axmifol D - em;axmifMum;emNyD;vQif rdrdBudKufaomtcsufrsm;udk aumufEkwf,ljcif;? xdkaumufEkwf

aomtcsufonf ay;xm;aomtcsuftwdkif; jzpfaumif;jzpfrnf (odkYr[kwf) &Dp&mtcsuf

rsm; jzpfcsifjzpfrnf/

B: ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;jcif; (open and close) tajzydwfar;cGef;ESifh tajzzGifhar;cGef;rsm; udkrvkyfrSD Method file

rSm&Sdaeaom rlMurf;rsm;udk t&ifavhvmyg/

1/ atmufygar;cGef;rsm;onf rnfodkYuGmjcm;ygoenf;/

Ò taMumif;&if; (4) csufrSm tb,fenf;/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm;oifMum;NyD;aom taMumif;&if; (4)

ckudk jyefípOf;pm;cdkif;yg/

Ò t"dutaMumif;&if;rsm;rSm tb,fenf;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk oif,lcJhaomtcsufrsm;ESifh yg0ifaom

t"dutaMumif;&if;rsm;udk jyefípOf;pm;cdkif;yg/

2/ atmufygZ,m;wGifay;xm;aom tajzydwfar;cGef;rS tajzzGifhar;cGef;odkYajymif;ay;yg/

tajzydwfar;cGef; tajzzGifhar;cGef;

1/ vif;ykdifonf ig;jzpfygovm;/

vif;ykdifonf ig;r[kwfaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYrnfuJhokdY

odygoenf;/

2/ opfyifrsm;onf umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'fukd okd

avSmifxm;ygovm;/

3/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf rnfonfhtcsdefwGif vGwfvyf

a&; &&Sdygoenf;/

4/ ....... Playing football (like/likes)

5/ (trSm;trSef) iSufaysmoD;onf [if;oD;[if;

&Gufjzpfygovm;/

6/ tmqD,HwGif b,fESpfEkdifiHyg0ifygoenf;/

u/ 10? c/ 12 */ 15 C/ 20

C: Chart and Organizer activitiesMethod file rS Chart and Organizer udk oifcef;pmroifrSDESifh activities rvkyfrSD t&ifavhhvmyg/

1/ atmufwGifay;xm;aom pmoifenf;udk þpmtkyfwGif Oyrm&Smay;yg/

- cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmjcif; - tcsdefESifhZ,m; - wdk;wufrItqifhqifhudkjyaomZ,m;

2/ oifMum;&ef&nf&G,fcsufrsm;rS oifMum;enf;vrf;rsm;erlemudk þpmtkyfwGif&Smay;yg/


3/ work station -,if;udk oifcef;pmwGif rnfuJhodkYtoHk;ûyygrnfenf;/ eH&Hay:wGif ydkpwm (3) ck&Sdygonf/




pmrsufESm 93

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

(u) tzGJUvdkufvkyfaqmifay;yg/ A B (odkY) C rS pay;yg/ NyD;vQif oifMum;rnfhbmom&yfwGif rnf

onfhenf;vrf;udkoHk;rnfudkvnf; wdwdusus vdk&if;wdk&Sif;ESifh ydkpwmwGif a&;csay;yg/

(c) 10 rdepfNyD;vQif aemufxyf work station wpfckudk qufvkyfyg/ wpfckvQif (5) rdepfcefYom vkyf

ay;yg/

(*) rdrdwdkY&&SdvmaomtMuHrsm;udk a&;rSwfxm;yg/

D: Action methodtzJGUvdkufzJGUNyD;vQif atmufwGif cue cards udkoHk;NyD; (role play) udk vkyf&rnfht&mrsm;udka&;csay;

yg/ jyifqifa&;om;&rnfhtcsufrSm - ausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;0wfpHk0wf&ef oifh roifhomjzpfygonf/

ausmif;0wfpHkonf r&Sdrjzpf 0wfqif&efvdktyfygovm;/

oifonf tpnf;ta0;ukd OD;aqmifaeoljzpfonf/

oif\tvkyfonf vlwkdif;pum;ajymcGifh&&ef zefwD;

ay;&ygrnf/

oifonf ausmif;tkyfwpfa,mufjzpfonf/ ausmif;

om;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd ausmif;0wfpkH0wfqifapcsif

onf/ okdYrSom ausmif;okdY {nfhonfrsm;vma&muf

aomtcg wifhw,frI&Sdygrnf/

oifonf rdbwpfa,mufjzpfygonf/ aiGrsm;rsm;

pm;pm;r&SdonfhtxJrS ausmif;vc? ausmif;pmtkyf

ESifh pma&;ud&d,mzkd;rsm; ay;vkduf&ojzifh ausmif;

0wfpkHtwGufukd oifray;csifay/

oifonf (6) wef; (7) wef; orkdif;ausmif;q&m

wpfa,mufjzpfonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;ukd ausmif;

0wfpkH0wfap&ef tvkd&Sdonf/ 0wfpkHESifhqkdvQif

ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdausmif;twGuf *kPf,l

wwfNyD; pmukdykdrkdBuKd;pm;vmrnf[k oifxifonf/

oifonf (5) wef; odyÜHq&mwpfa,mufjzpfyg

onf/ ausmif;0wfpkH0wfjcif;tMuHukd oifoabm

rusyg/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf wlnDaom ausmif;

0wfpkHukd 0wfjcif;onf qef;jym;pGmrawG;wwfawmh

bJ olvkdukd,fvkdom awG;wwfrnf[k ,lqonf/

oifonf (14) ESpft&G,f ausmif;om;jzpfonf/

oifht0wfonf rvSyojzifh taygif;toif;rsm;

0kdif;&Dusonf/ oifonf ausmif;0wfpkHukd 0wfcsif

onf/ okdYrSomvQif tm;vkH;onf wlnDMurnf[k

oifxifonf/

Method file : Strategies for the teacherA: q&mu &Sif;jyjcif;/wifjyjcif; (Teacher explanation / presentation)

aumif;usKd; - topfaomcsuftvufrsm;udkay;jyD; &Sif;jyay;ygonf/

qkd;usKd; - ausmif;om;rsm;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; yg0ifEdkifrIr&Sdacs/

avhusifhusifhoHk;&ef aumif;aom rlMurf;rsm;

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;yg0ifywfoufjcif;/ / tvkyfudkrpcifwGif tm;vHk;pDpOfxm;&ygrnf/ rnfonfh

ausmif;om;onf tqHk;wGifpum;ajym&rnfudk vsmxm;vQif xdkolonf aocsmpGmem;axmifygrnf/

Ò ausmif;;om;rsm;odxm;NyD;aomt&mrsm;udk ar;NyD; (5) rdepfcefYtcsdef,lNyD; a&;cscdkif;yg/ ,if;odkYvkyf

jcif;tm;jzifh xdkausmif;om;onf oifcef;pm\acgif;pOfudk pOf;pm;rdygvdrfhrnf/

Ò oifcef;pm\acgif;pOfudk wu,fhvufawGUESifh avsmfnDatmifcsdef n§day;yg/ (yHkjyifrsm;tm;jzifh)



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 94

oifcef;pmESifhqufpyfapatmif yg0ifaomtwwfrsm;

Ò oifajym&rnfhtcsufrsm;udk aocsmpGmpDpOfxm;yg/ tcsuf wpfcsufESifhwpfcsuf qufEG,frIrsm;udk

jyjcif;tm;jzifh &Sif;vif;apyg/

Ò &Sif;jyjcif;? ½dk;½dk;&Sif;&Sif;ESifhjzpfapNyD; Oyrmrsm;ESifhay;yg/

Ò wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESifh jzpfEdkifvQif q,frdepfcefYomvkyfay;yg/

ul;vl;qufqHjcif;twwf (Communication skills)

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;udk rsufvHk;ESifh qufoG,fpum;ajymjcif;udkoHk;yg/ xdkodkYvkyfvQif ausmif;om;udk

rdrdu pum;ajymaeonfudkjyonf/

Ò ausmif;cef;wGif vSnfhvnfoGm;vmapyg/ xdkodkYvkyfvQif pum;tjyeftvSef wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ajym&

ouJhodkY ydkíobm0usygonf/

Ò oif\pdwftm;xufoefrIESifh pdwf0ifpm;rIrsm;udk oif\toHtaetxm;ESifhjyyg/

Ò pum;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ajymay;yg/ odyfrjrefygapESifh/ tm;vHk;Mum;&atmif aocsmpGmajymyg/

ausmif;cef;wGif q&muom

tjrJwrf; pum;ajymaewwf

onf/ ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdk

vIyf&Sm;rI&Sdap&eftwGuf olwdkY

udkvnf; pum;ajymcGifhay;

jcif;tm;jzifh olwkdY ykdíyg0ifrI

&Sdapyg/

B: Why ask questions ?aumif;usKd;rsm; - ausmif;om;rsm;udk pOf;pm;wwf&efESifh t"dyÜg,fzGifhwwfapjcif;/

qkd;usKd;rsm; - tu,fí ausmif;om;rsm;u odyfrodchJvQif ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pdwf0ifpm;rIenf;yg;

apNyD; tavhtusifhudk vdktyfygonf/ ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;&mwGif ....

Questions

ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;&mwGifvnf; tqifh (4) qifh&Sdygonf/

ar;cGef;rsm;ukd

ar;jcif;/

ausmif;om;rsm;

pOf;pm;jcif;/

wpfa,mufa,mufukd

a&G;cs,fjcif;/

tajz

ask question students think choose someone answer



pmrsufESm 95

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

ar;cGef;\tajzudka&;aepOf ydktm;enf;aomausmif;om;\tajzudk owdxm;ay;yg/ NyD;vQif olwdkYudk a&G;cs,f

ajzapjcif;tm;jzifh olwdkYudk atmifjrifrItawGUtMuHKudkay;yg/

enf;pepfrsm; vkyfaqmif&rnfhenf;rsm; tusKd;tjrwfrsm;

vufaxmifjyjcif;r&Sd& ausmif;om;rsm; vufukdaxmifjyír&

yg/ q&mu wpfwef;vkH;rSm a&G;cs,fay;

yg/

ar;cGef;onf olwkdYukd tcsdefra&G; ar;

vmEkdifonfhtwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;

ar;cGef;rsm;ukd tm½kHûyapygonf/

apmifhqkdif;aeaomtcsdef q&mar;cGef;ukdar;NyD;rS ajzrnfholukda&G;

cs,f&eftwGuf (3) puúefYtcsdef,lay;yg/

ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vkH; ar;cGef;ukdajz

qkd&ef pOf;pm;&onf/

a&;aomtcsdef q&monf ausmif;om;rsm;ukd rdepft

enf;i,fpOf;pm;apNyD; &vmaomtajz

rsm;ukd a&;csapyg/

ta,mufwkdif;u tajzukda&;csMuNyD;

,if;ukdtrSDûyum em;rvnfaomolrsm;

ukd q&mu odygonf/

aqG;aEG;aomtcsdef ausmif;om;rsm;onf (2) a,muf wzGJU

(okdY) tkyfpki,fzGJUNyD; ar;cGef;ukdaqG;aEG;

Muonf/ pma&;csNyD;aomtcsdefwGif

vkyfEkdifygonf/

wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; tjyeftvSefqufoG,f

jcif;ukd wGef;tm;ay;apygonf/

ausmif;om;ukd a&G;cs,f

jcif;/

tajzrsm;ukda&;jcif;? ajzzkdY&ef apmifhae

jcif;ESifh aqG;aEG;NyD;aomtcsdefrsm;wGif

q&mruajzqkd&ef wa,mufa,mufukd

a&G;cs,fapyg/

ta,mufwkdif;rSm rdrdukdar;vmrnfhar;

cGef;twGuf &ifxdwfpGmapmifhpm;jcif;/

vkdwkd&Sif;tajz ykdNyD;tm;omaomausmif;om;ukd aemuf

vkdufar;cGef;rsm; ar;ay;jcif;/ pdwf0if

pm;p&maumif;w,f/ od&ifenf;

enf;av;xyfajymay;Ekdifrvm; ...

ponfjzifh

pum;ajymjcif;twwfukd wkd;wufapyg

onf/

wpfwef;vkH;tajzrsm; ykdrkdcufcJaom aemufqufwGJ ar;cGefrsm;

ukdar;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;ukd

aqG;aEG;apyg/ tJ'Dtcsufukdoabmwl

&JUvm;/ ausmif;om; A xyfNyD;

jznfhqnf;ay;p&mrsm;&Sdao;ovm;/

ausmif;om; Bb,fvkd xifjrifygo

vJ/ ausmif;om; Z

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; aqG;aEG;Ekdif&ef zef

wD;ay;ygonf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf

qufpyfcsdwfqufjcif;? todESifhem;

vnfjcif;rsm;ukd wnfaqmufjcif;?

ausmif;om;ESifhq&m twlwl

oifcef;pm\teuft"dyÜg,fukd

tajz&SmEkdifjcif;/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 96

A: tajzydwfESifh tajzzGifh ar;cGef;rsm; (Open and Closed Question)

tajzydwfar;cGef;rsm; (Closed Question)

tajzydwfar;cGef;rsm;onf em;vnfoabmaygufrIESifh tod (knowledge and comprehension) wdkYwGif

toHk;ûyygonf/ oifxm;cJhhaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk jyefowd,ap&eftwGuf ar;cGef; ar;ay;ygonf/ trSm;

trSef ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; ar;ay;ygonf/ rSm;rSefa&maxG; trSefa&;ESifh tajzwpfckwnf;udkomajz&aom

ar;cGef;rsm;onf Oyrmaumif;rsm;jzpfygonf/

trSm;trSeftwGuf Oyrmar;cGef;rsm; ...

Ò vif;ydkifonf ig;jzpfonf/

Ò tyifonf umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'fudk xdef;odrf;xm;ygonf/

Ò tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf Kyoto Protocol udk twnfûyygonf/

tajzwpfckwnf;&Sdaomtajz\ car;cGef;rsm; ...

Ò tar&duefor®w\trnfum; tb,fenf;/

Ò urÇmht&SnfqHk;aom jrpfoHk;oG,fudk a&;jyyg/

Ò jAdwdoQe,fcsJUrS jrefrmEdkifiHvGyfvyfa&;&ap&eftwGuf rnfolOD;aqmifcJhoenf;/

Ò aemufwpfBudrf urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;nDvmcHudk rnfonfhae&mwGif usif;yygrnfenf;/

rSm;rSefa&maxG; trSefa&G; ar;cGef;\Oyrmrsm; ...

Ò qJ0g;wGif 0ufom; (8) uDvdk&Sdonf/ aZmf0if;udk 2 . 5 uDvdka&mif;vdkufaom qJ0g;wGif 0ufom;

rnfrQusefygrnfenf;/

u/ 5 uDvdk c/ 6 uDvdk */ 5 . 5 uDvdk C/ 6 . 5 uDvdk

Ò We can’t watch a movie because the DVD is ............ (borke/ broken/ break)

tajzzGifhar;cGef;rsm; - oifrnfuJhodkYxifjrifygoenf;/

tajzzGifhar;cGef;rsm;onf toHk;csjcif;? cGJjcm;pdwfjzmjcif;? a&maxG;jcif; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ tajzydwf

ar;cGef;rsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;\tajzrsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;&ef ar;ay;ygonf/ oifrnfodkYxifygoenf;

ar;aomar;cGef;rsm;\ erlemyHkpHrsm; ...

Ò Kyoto oabmwlnDrI\ t"dujyoemum; tb,fenf;//

Ò oif\oli,fcsif;u rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJaeaMumif;odvQif oifrnfodkYvkyfygrnfenf;/

Ò a&cJawmifrsm; tb,faMumifh t&nfaysmfygoenf;/

Ò EdkifiHusef;rsm;a&; tajctaeaumif;rGefap&ef rnfodkYvkyf&ygrnfenf;/

tajzzGifhar;cGef;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;rIESifhpOf;pm;jcif;udk zefwD;ap&eftwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ar;ay;yg/



pmrsufESm 97

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

C: Charts and organizersaumif;usKd;rsm; - ausmif;om;rsm;udk pOf;pm;&ef? t"dyÜg,frsm;zGifhqdk&ef? tzGJUvdkufvkyfaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh

oabmaygufrIrsm;udkjy&ef? ausmif;om;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;apjcif;? oabmwlnDrIudk&SmazGjcif; ponfjzifh .../

xdkYtjyif pmvHk;uwfrsm;udk toHk;csjcif;tm;jzifh tjriftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? udk,fwdkifvkyfaqmifjcif;

tm;jzifh oifaomausmif;om;rsm;twGuf aumif;ygonf/

1/ Venn diagrams - tjyifESifhtwGif;wGif rnfonfht&mrsm;&Sdygoenf;/ ol\ e,ferdwf? t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdk

csufrsm;ESifh tawG;tjrifrsm;udk oifMum;ay;yg/

Oyrm (1) - EdkYwdkufowå0gqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/ e,fedrdwf? t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufESifh oabmudkoifay;yg/

jrefrm

tdE´d,w½kwf

EkdYwkdufowå0g

- EdkYwdkufowå0gESifhywfoufaomtaMumif;rsm;udk

rSm;^rSef tcsufygaomuwfxlrsm; vkyfxm;ay;yg/

- vkyfaqmif&ef ausmif;om;rsm;onf rSefaomt

csufrsm;om puf0dkif;twGif;wGif xnfhay;yg/

- ausmif;om;rsm;onf china, Burma, India wkdYudk

cGJjcm;ay;jyD; rSefaomtuefYwGif;odkY xnfhay;yg/

Oyrm - tm&Sqdkonfudk puf0dkif; (3) ckqHk&mwGif

xnfhyg/

EkdYwkdufowå0g

tarT;&Sd? em;&Guf&Sd?

aoG;aEG;owå0g

ausm½kd;r&Sd

umAGef'kdif

atmufqkd'fukd pkyf

,lonf/

e,fpyfcsif;

uyfaeonf

tmqD,HtzGJU0if

ukvor*¾vkHûcHa&;aumifpD

\

tjrJwrf;tzGJU0if

Burma

India

China

vlOD;a&

(1) oef;ausmf

NAdwdoQukdvkdeD

e,fa[mif;

'Drkdua&pD



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 98

2/ Charts rnfonfhtrsKd;tpm;rsm;enf;/ EdIif;,SOfjcif;? t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjcif;ESifhtMuHrsm;udk oifay;yg/ Controlled

q&mu yHkpHazmfay;aom Charts (odkY) free ausmif;om;u yHkpHqJGjcif;ponfwdkYjzpfEdkifygonf/ Oyrm - t

aumif;qHk;qyfjymrSm rnfhonfhqyfjymjzpfygoenf;/

trsKd;tpm; aps;EIef; t&G,ftpm; rnfrQaumif;ygoenf;/

Cleano 5 bwf 15 *&rf

odyfraumif;yg/ tom;ukdvnf; ajcmufaoGU

apygonf/

Sparkle 2 bwf 15 *&rf

aumif;ygonf/ tom;ta&ukd pifMu,fapNyD;

teHYrqkd;yg/

Beauty 6 bwf 9 *&rf

aumif;onf/ teYHarT;BuKdifNyD; Al;cGHwGifvnf;

vSyonfht½kyfuav;rsm;yg0ifonf/

ausmif;om;rsm;onf tcsuftvufrsm;udka&G;cs,fjyD; t*Fvdyfpm pmoifMum;pOfwGif EIdif;,SOfrIrsm;udk avh

usifhEdkifygonf/

2? Mind - Map (rdrdawG;ac:aomt&mrsm;udk tcsdwftqufrdpGmESifh yHkazmfjcif;)

jcm;em;aomacgif;pOfrsm;\oabmudk tkyfpkvdkufzJGUNyD;vkyfaqmifwwf&ef oifay;yg/ acgif;pOftay:rl

wnfNyD;? pDrHzGJUpnf;wwf&efoifay;yg/

Oyrm - opfawmESifhqdkifaom pmpDpmuHk;udka&;&ef pDrHjcif;/

Ordering and rankingacgif;pOfESifhywfoufjyD; tcsdefESifhtcsufrsm;ukd pDrHa&;wwfjcif;/

Example v. Chaing a fuse

&moDOwk

opfawmrsm;

vlrsm;

obm0ywf0ef;usif

umAGef

a&

oH,HZmw

a&BuD;jcif;rS

umuG,fxdef;csKyf&ef

biodiversity

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; tpOfvkduf pDay;ckdif;yg/

a&S;OD;pGm

first next then finally

NyD;aemuf xyfNyD; aemufqkH;wGif

vQyfppfrD;ukd

zGifhvkdufonf/

Fuse topfukdwyfvkdufonf/vQyfppfrD;ukd ydwfvkduf

onf/

Fuse ta[mif;ukdxkwfvkdufonf/



pmrsufESm 99

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

Example vi. Principles of democracy

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; Democracy \ t

a&;BuD;yHkudk tpOfvdkufpDcscdkif;yg/ ta&;tBuD; qHk;

aomtcsufudk xdyfqHk;wGifpDay;NyD;? ta&;rBuD;

qHk;aomtcsufudkrl atmufqHk;wGifpDcsxm;ay;

cdkif;yg/ tajzrSm rSm;onf rSefonfr&Sdyg/

ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrd\ tjrifoabmudk azmf

jyjcif;ESifh rdrda&G;cs,fxm;aom acgif;pOfudk az;r

Ed kif&eftwGuf taxmuftuljzpfap&efjzpfyg

onf/

Oya'vrf;pOf

wnfNidrfaompD;yGm;a&;vlYtcGifhta&;

yGifhvif;jrifomrI

vGwfvyfaom a&G;aumufyGJ

vGwfvyfonfh

jyefMum;qufoG,fa&;rsm;

rsm;jym;onfh

EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;

usef;rma&;twGuf

az;ronfhtcGifhta&;

Proceed digram eg. cause and effect toD;oD;aomt&mrsm; qufpyfaeaomtqifhqifhudkjyojcif;/ Oyrm-

taMumif;&if;ESifh &v'f

ylaEG;vmaomurÇmBuD;jzpf&onfh taMumif;&if;ESifh&v'f

E: Action methods in the classroomoifMum;jcif;? jyefvnftoHk;csjcif;rsm;udk avhusifhjcif;? wu,fhjzpf&yfrsm;ESifh qufpyfrIudk em;vnf

od&SdaMumif;udkjyjcif;? txl;ojzifh udk,fum,ESifh vufawGYvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh oif,laomausmif;om;rsm;t

wGuf aumif;ygonf/

o½kyfaqmifjcif; (Role play)

ausmif;om;rsm;onf jcm;em;aomtawG;tac: (odkY) tawGUtMuKHrsm;udk azmfxkwfjcif;tajctaeudk

o½kyfaqmifjyygonf/

Ò t*Fvdyfbmom&yftwGuf o½kyfaqmifjcif; - Oyrm vrf;aysmufaomoltwGuf vrf;nTefjcif;/

Ò vlrIa&;bmom&yftwGuf jzpf&yfrSeftaMumif;rsm; - Oyrm v,form;? EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&mynm&Sifu a&tm;vQyfppfpDrHudef;topftwGuf aqG;aEG;jcif;/

jzpf&yfrSefudkavhvmjcif;ESifh ,if;\jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;jcif; (Case studies and problem solving)

ausmif;om;rsm;tm; case studies udkay;jyD ajz&Sif;csuf&Smay;yg/ olwdkYoifMum;aeaom acgif;pOf

ESifhywfoufNyD; wu,fhtjzpftysufudk case studies taeESifhvkyfay;yg/ q&mtaeESifhvnf; oifMum;&ef

rdrd\b0tawGUtMuHKrSvnf;aumif;? owif;pmaqmif;yg;rsm;rSvnf;aumif;? tifwmeufrS tMuHÓPfudk

vnf;aumif; oHk;Edkifygonf/

wGif;xGufavmifpm

tokH;ûyjcif;/

opfawmûyef;wD;jcif;

urÇmhtylcsdef

jrefqefpGm

ylaEG;vm;jcif;

a&cJawmif

t&nfaysmfjcif;?

yifv,fa&

rsufESmjyif

jrifhwufvmjcif;

ouf&Sdrsm;

aoaMuysufpD;jcif;

obm0qufpyfrIrsm;

ysufpD;jcif;



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 100

tajcaewlaomtaMumif;&if;rsm;udktajccHNyD; ausmif;om;toD;oD;udk tcsuftvuftoD;oD;ESifh

vkyfaqmifapNyD; aqG;aEG;Mu&ef tm;ay;apyg/

jyZmwfwdk (Drama)

ausmif;om;rsm;onf vlrIa&;ESifh rdrd\ukd,fa&;ukd,fwmrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; jyZmwfwdkav;zefwD;

ay;yg/ Oyrm - touf (14) t&G,fESifh tdrfaxmifûyjcif;? t&uform;ESifh tdrfol tdrfom;? wpfEdkifiHrS wpf

EdkifiHodkY a&TUajymif;jcif; ponfjzifh ..../

upm;jcif; (Games)

upm;jcif;wGif oif,lrI\&nf&G,fcsuf yg0if&ygrnf/ bmompum;oifMum;aomupm;enf;onf

wdusaombmompum;udk aysmfp&maumif;atmifzefwD;xm;ygonf/ Two truths and one lie qdkonfh activities

ESifh Curricullum project rS activities (114) ckudk erlem,lonfhobmESifhMunfhyg/

ar;cGef;rsm;udk a&;jcif; (Writing questions)

acgif;pOftwdkif; tkyfpkzGJUNyD;tar;ESifhtajzudk wpfzGJUESifhwpfzJGU tajymif;tvJvkyfay;yg/ ar;cGef;ar;jcif;

wGif ausmif;om;ta,mufwdkif; yg0ifEdkifap&efaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrdar;aomar;cGef;\tajzudk od&efvnf;

aocsmapyg/ ,if;vkyfrsm;onfvnf; avhvmpl;prf;&efvdktyfonf/

F: pDrHudef; (Projects)zGHUNzKd;rIbmom&yf? avhvmpl;prf;jcif;ESifh pOf;pm;awG;awmjcif;twwf pDrHudef;onf ausmif;om;rsm;

twGuf vIHYaqmfrItwGufaumif;aomfvnf; BudKwifjyifqifjcif;vdktyfygonf/

Circuits/workstations

oifaxmufulrsm;enf;yg;aeygu ausmif;om;tzGJUrsm;onf rwlnDaomtcsdefumvESifh ae&mwdkYudk

cGJwef;csNyD; oifaxmufulypönf;rsm;udkoHk;vQif vlta,mufenf;enf;ESifh ypönf;rsm;udkvnf; vHkavmufpGm

oHk;&ygonf/ ,if;odkYvkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf ....

Ò activities ESifh avhusifh&efrsm;udk twef;xJwGifjyifqifxm;ay;yg/ activities rsm;udkvnf; tcsdef

twlwlpD vsmxm;ay;yg/ (Oyrm - 15 rdepfpD)

Ò twef;xJwGif tzGJUvdkufcGJay;NyD;? tzGJUwdkif;udkvnf; vkyfief;p&eftwGuf ae&mpDpOfay;yg/

Ò tzGJUwdkif;onf vkyfief;ESifhtcsdef tuefYtowfxm;ay;NyD;vQif wpfckrS wpfckodkY ul;ajymif;vkyfudkif

oGm;apyg/

Oyrmqdk&aomf ocsFmtwef;wGif ocsFmESifhoufqdkifaom oifaxmufulrsm;udk wpfzGJYuoHk;aevQif

usefaomtjcm;tzGJUrsm;onf ,if;ypönf;rsm;rvdkaomoifcef;pmudk vkyfaqmifapyg/

uGif;qif;avhvmrI (Field study)

uGif;qif;avhvmrIqdkonfrSm pmoifcef;jyifyzufwGifxGufNyD; avhvmoifMum;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;

uJhodkY pmoif&yfonf wpfckckudk avhvmpl;prf;&SmazGod&Sdap&eftwGuf jzpfygonf/ uGif;qif;avhvmjcif;[k

acgif;pOfwyfxm;aomfvnf; &Snf&Snfa0;a0; oGm;&rnf[kvnf; rqdkvdkyg/ ausmif;cef;jyifyrS tpûyonf/

uGif;qif;avhvmjcif;udkusifhoHk;aombmom&yfrsm;rSm - yx0Dbmom&yf? Biology ESifh ywf0ef;usifavhvm

rIbmom&yf? xdkYtjyif ocsmFbmom&yf (wdkif;wmjcif;? ajrwdkif;jcif;? Murf;jyifrsm;udk wdkif;wmjcif; (odkY) yef;csD



pmrsufESm 101

ausmif;om;vufpGJ

tEkynmESifhqdkifaom (vl? opfyif? taqmuftODrsm;udka&;qGJjcif; ponfjzifh)

wdkif;wmoHk;oyfjcif; (Surveys)

wdkif;wmoHk;oyfjcif;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm;udkpkaqmif;ygonf/ pkaqmif;csufrsm;onf wu,fhjzpf&yf

(ausmif;q&mb,fESpfa,mufonf aq;vdyfaomufygoenf;) (odkY) tjrifoabmrsm; (aq;vdyfaomufjcif;udk

wm;jrpf&ef oifhroifh) ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ tajzudk&&eftwGuf ar;cGef;rsm;udk pDpOfyHkpHqGJjcif;onf tjrJwrf;

rvG,fulay/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;om;rsm; cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmwwfap&ef &dk;&Sif;vG,fulaom wdkif;wmoHk;oyfenf;ESifh

tpcsDoifMum;ay;yg/

qef;opfaompDrHudef;rsm; (Creative projects)

ausmif;om;r*¾Zif;? yHkjyifwdkrsm;? vrf;jypmtkyf? vlywf0ef;usifqdkif&mtodynmrsm;? case studies

rsm;? tzGJUvdkufvkyfaqmifjcif;enf;vrf;rsm;/

G: tzGJUvdkufvkyfaqmifjcif;enf;vrf;rsm; (Group work methods)awG;awmqifjcifjcif;twwfrsm;udk zefwD;ay;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;cef;wGif;wGif vIHYaqmf

rI&ap&eftwGufaumif;NyD;? aocsmpGmBuKdwifjyifqifrIrsm;vnf; vdktyfygonf/

tMuHaumif;? tawG;aumif;rsm;ay:aygufjcif; (Brainstorm)

ausmif;om;rsm;onf jzpfEdkifaom Oyrmrsm;? tMuHrsm;udk awG;Muonf/ Brainstorm udk trsm;tm;jzifh

twef;vdkufvkyfMuonf/ tzGJYvdkufvkyfívnf; &ygonf? Brainstorm onf tcsufrsm;udk tpOfvdkufvkyfjcif;?

jyóemrsm;udkajz&Sif;jcif;? ausmif;om;rsm; rnfrQodonfudk&Smxkwfjcif;? ausmif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;udk yg0ifywf

oufrI&Sdap&ef ponfwdkYtwGuf tusKd;&Sdapygonf/

Ò q&mu acgif;pOf (odkY) jyóemwpfckckudk ausmif;om;rsm;tm; a&G;cs,fay;yg/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; acgif;pOfudkrDSNyD;? ay:vmaomtMuHrsm;udk ajymNyD;? q&muvnf; ausmif;

om;rsm;ajymjyvmaom tMuHrsm;tm;vHk;udk ausmifoifykef;ay:odkY a&;csay;yg/ tu,fí acgif;pOfonf

jyóemrsm;udkajz&Sif;&aomtcsufrsm;qdkvQif a&SUqufNyD;aqG;aEG;Edkif&eftwGuf ausmif;om;rsm;udk

taumif;qHk;tcsufudk a&G;cs,fcdkif;yg/ tkyfpkvdkuf (odkY) twef;vdkuf vkyfaqmifay;yg/

yd&rpf (Pyramid)

þenf;onfausmif;om;rsm;onf ESpfa,mufwpfwGJNyD;rS tkyfpkvdkufzJGUNyD; ar;cGef;udkaqG;aEG;apyg/

odkYrSomvQif ausmif;om;rsm;omonf tm;vHk;yg0ifcGifh&&SdMuNyD;? rdrdudk,fudkvnf; ,HkMunfrI&SdoGm;ygrnf/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ar;cGef;rsm;udkay;NyD; tcsdefudk wpfrdepfavmuf aqG;aEG;cGifhay;NyD; rdrdwdkYay:vm

aomtMuHrsm;udk a&;cscdkif;yg/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;udk ESpfa,mufwpfzGJUcGJNyD; (3-4) rdepfcefYcJGapNyD; aqG;aEG;apyg/ tajzrsm;udk jyefvnfpk

pnf;NyD; tcsufrsm;vkyfay;yg/

Ò NyD;rS wpfqifh (3-4) zGJYrS tkyfpki,fodkYzJGYyg/ aqG;aEG;apyg/ ay:vmaomtajzrsm;udk xyfNyD;pkpnf;

apyg/ tcsufrsm;ûypkay;yg/ ,if;tcsufrsm;onf wpftkyfpkvHk;ESifh oufqdkifygonf/

Ò wpfwef;vHk;ESifh aqG;aEG;yg/ tzJGUtoD;oD;rS tMuHrsm;udkwifjyapNyD;? t"duusaomtcsufrsm;udk

ausmufoifykef;wGif a&;ay;yg/



ausmif;om;vufpGJ

pmrsufESm 102

wpffOD;ESifhwpfOD; oifjum;ay;jcif; (Teach each other )

þvkyfaqmifrIwGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf ar;cGef;wpfckwnf;udkyif toD;oD;aom activities ESifh

vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk vkyfMuonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf jcm;em;aomtjrifrsm; wpfOD;qDrS

wpfOD; oifMum;,lMuNyD; ydkrdkvIHYaqmfrIudkay;ygonf/

Ò ausmif;om;rsm;udk tzJGUvdkufvkyfaqmifapyg/ oifcef;pmESifhquffEG,faom acgif;pOfESifh &nf&G,fcsuf

rsm;udkay;NyD; aqG;aEG;apyg/ ,if;uJhodkY a&maomxm;aomvkyf&yfrsm;onf jcm;em;aomtqifhtwGuf

enf;enf;cufcJygrnf/

Ò tzGJUonf aqG;aEG;jcif;? vkyfaqmifjcif;/

Ò tzJGYvdkuf aqG;aEG;xm;aomt&mrsm;udk twef;odkY jyefvnfwifjyapNyD; oifcef;pm tao;av;ozG,f

avhvmapyg/

ausmif;om;rsm;onf aqG;aEG;xm;aomt&mrsm;udk jyefvnfwifjyjcif;tm;jzifh &Sif;vif;jyEdkifaom

twwfudk wdk;wufapygonf/ Method file A. teacher explanation udkMunfhyg/

tzGJYxJwGif wpfOD;csif;pDtwGuf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;vkyfvQif? tzJGUom;rS wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; (odkYr[kwf)

rdrdudk,fudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfcdkif;yg/

Ò Ò Ò




Documents

ausmif;om;vufpGJ - The Curriculum Projectcurriculumproject.org/wp-content/uploads/An Introduciton... · 2014-04-28 · ausmif;om;vufpGJ pmrsufESm 2 1/ q&m\ tcef;u@ESifhwm0ef0wå&m;rsm;