Bismarck und Serbien im Jahre, 1866 by Hermann WendelReview by: R. W. Seton-WatsonThe Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 7, No. 19 (Jun., 1928), pp. 219-221Published by: the Modern Humanities Research Association and University College London, School ofSlavonic and East European StudiesStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4202258 .

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REVIEWS. 2I9

Another group includes works on the history of art and archaology. Kondakov published a number of studies on Byzantine antiquities and a big work on the Russian Icon.' We owe another history of Old Russian painting to P. P. Muratov (Paris). We may further mention the works of A. N. Grabar (Strassburg) on Old Bulgarian art, and those of N. L. Okunev (Prague) on the architecture and painting of Ancient Serbia. A group of the younger pupils of Kondakov have united to form a Seminarium Kondakovianum in Prague. Its pub- lications include papers on various archaeological problems by N. M. Beliayev, N. P. Toll, and others. The study by A. P. Kalitinsky (Paris) of -the various types of fibulae found in Russia is of particular interest. Of still greater importance are Prof. Rostovtsev's publi- cations relating to Scythian, Sarmatian and other South Russian antiquities.

There exist several learned associations of emigre historians. Such, besides the Seminarium Kondakovianum, are the Russian Historical Society in Prague, and the Russian Archa?ological Society in Yugoslavia. Works by Russian emigre historians have, since I92I, appeared in nine different languages. This shows that they have participated in the international movement. The part taken by Russian scholars in the learned life of the Slavonic countries, Czecho- slovakia, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, has been particularly intimate. Another noteworthy fact is that the emigres have kept alive the Russian academic tradition. They include historians belonging to two, or even three, generations, while a new generation of Russian historians is growing up, whose first publications have appeared since the exodus. It is evident that their separation from Russia, and from the favourable conditions of research work at home, has not diminished their energy. These Russian historians have proved themselves both able and willing to continue the work which had been interrupted by exile, and to enter as active partners into the general movement of historical study.

ANT. FLOROVSKY. Prague.

Bismarck und Serbien im Jahre, i866. By Hermann Wendel. Berlin (Otto Stollberg), I927.

ONE interesting effect of the political chartges wrought by the Great War has been to alter the focus of historical criticism in respect of outstanding political figures in the preceding fifty years: and nowhere has this tendency been more marked than in Germany, and in the case of Bismarck. Friedrich Engels, the associate of Marx, once described Bismarck's policy in i866 as " a revolution, put through with revolu- tionary methods ": but till very recently the average German would have resented the application of such an epithet as " revolutionary"

' In English, Oxford University Press, reviewed in the Slavonic Review, December, I927.

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220 THE SLVONIC REVIEW.

to so great a conservative statesman. Yet Herr Wendel, in this admirable little monograph, has no difficulty in proving it to be amply deserved: and for this purpose he has not merely collected what was already known of Bismarck's relations with the Italian and Hungarian revolutionaries during his conflict with Austria, but has supplemented this by hitherto unprinted material from the archives of Berlin, Vienna and Belgrade, to show that Bismarck also thought of rousing the Southern Slavs against Habsburg rule. It is a matter of common knowledge that Prussia's alliance with Italy in i866 was a vital factor in neutralising Paris and London during the Austro-Prussian war: it is less generally known that even in I859 Bismarck held that for Prussia to help Austria against Italy would have amounted to political suicide. Naturally, however, there were always strong currents in Berlin which resented Napoleon III.'s Italian policy, as an unholy alliance with Mazzini and the Revolution, and looked upon the new Italy as a chal- lenge to the legitimist order in Europe, and so to Prussia. Such views seemed to be confirmed by the activities of the Magyar republican exiles in Italy-Kossuth, Klapka, Teleki and others. But while La Marmora, the Italian Premier who concluded the treaty with Prussia, was too hidebound a Conservative to have any dealings with the Magyars, Bismarck was quite undeterred by any such scruples. In 1i874, when denounced by the Reichstag for plotting an insurrection in Hungary and Dalmatia, he maintained that he had only resorted to such desperate means when Napoleon's intervention in the war seemed imminent. In reality he had for some years been in touch with Hungarian emigrants such as Seherr Tosz, and through the Prussian Minister in Florence, Usedom, with Generals Tiirr and Klapka. Govone in May i866, when negotiating in Berlin, suggested both to Bismarck and Moltke that support should be given to the Hungarian movement: and Tiirr was specially summoned to Berlin and laid his plans before Bismarck.

The idea of Jugoslav collaboration first reached Berlin from Use- dom, in the shape of a memorandum of September I864, written by " a higher Serbian officer " (probably Oreskovic, who had left the Austrian for the Serbian service), and advocating action in the Military Frontiers to coincide with a war in Italy, and a landing of Hungarian legionaries and Italian volunteers on the Dalmatian coast. Bernhardi, when sent as Prussian military representative to Florence, took with him Moltke's sanction for an expedition of Garibaldi and 35,000 volunteers through Dalmatia and Trieste, to Hungary. He reached agreement with Tiirr, that Belgrade was the point from which to organise a Southern Slav rising. The result was discussions between -the Prussian and Italian Consuls in Belgrade (Laubereau and Scovasso) and Oreskovi6, and a plan was laid for keeping the Frontier regiments occupied against Serbia while war broke out in Italy, Bosnia being treated as Serbia's reward. When however these regiments were transferred by the Austrians to Italy, Prussia's interest dwindled, and

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REVIEWS. 221

Russia advised the Serbs not to move. Bismarck was not prepared to pledge himself in any way. In June, however, he sent Herr von Pfuel to Belgrade, where he found Tiirr, and both negotiated with Prince Michael's Government. But though Laubereau told the War Minister that Pfuel was authorised to conclude a treaty with Serbia, Pfuel himself said not a word of this to either the Prince or his Prime Minister (p. I25). Laubereau's dispatches are most interesting, as showing his belief in the possibility of a Southern Slav State in the event of Austria's defeat. But not unnaturally Serbia felt herself too weak to move, was not convinced that Prussia would win, and in any case wanted much more definite guarantees than Bismarck was pre- pared to give. All depended on whether Prussia was bent on splitting up Austria, or only evicting her from Germany: and events proved how wise Michael was in refusing to commit himself.

Bismarck had already issued a manifesto to " the inhabitants of the glorious Kingdom of Bohemia," talked of setting up provisional governments in Prague and Briinn and rousing an insurrection in Hungary through Klapka and his legionaries. But it soon became obvious that all such plans were accessories, and at the negotiations in Nikolsburg it was Bismarck who fought desperately with William I. to secure lenient treatment for Austria. In August Tiirr suddenly persuaded the Serbian War Minister Blaznavac to announce his readi- ness to attack Austria-io,ooo men in 3 days and 50,ooo a week later. But both Michael and his Premier Garasanin took alarm and repudiated any such idea. The latter reminded the Italian Consul that Italy did not go to war without a treaty with Prussia and backing from France. " Before the war began, they knew that Italy would win Venetia. But where were any kind of guarantees for us ? " (p. ii6). The Peace of Prague ended the whole incident, though in December i866 Bismarck received the Serbian Senator Marinovi6 and early in I867 sent a Prussian officer to investigate military conditions in Serbia. In proportion as relations between Berlin and Vienna grew closer, Bismarck tended to recognise Serbia as within the Austrian sphere.

Herr Wendel has added a valuable footnote to his numerous studies of Jugoslav history.

R. W. SETON-WATSON.

The World as an Organic Whole. By N. 0. Lossky, Professor of Philosophy in the University of Prague. Translated from the Russian by Natalie A. Duddington, M.A. Oxford University Press, I928.

WRITING in I9I9, Professor Dawes Hicks congratulated Professor Lossky upon the appearance of his book on The Intuitive Basis of Knowledge, the first book by a Russian philosopher to be translated into English. That work was confined to epistemology; and Professor Hicks in his review, remarking on the difficulty which any author would have in keeping within such limits, alluded to the " meta-

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