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Boundary Element Method Fabio Kaiser 4. Oktober 2011 fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 1 / 31

Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

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Page 1: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Boundary Element Method

Fabio Kaiser

4. Oktober 2011

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 1 / 31

Page 2: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Uberblick

1 Einleitung

2 BEM - Part I - Helmholtz Integral Gleichung

3 BEM - Part II - Numerische Implementierung

4 Beispiele

5 Fazit

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 2 / 31

Page 3: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Einleitung

Einleitung

• Wellengleichung

1

c2∂2p

∂t2−∇2p = 0 (1)

• Berechnung der Schallausbreitung

• Analytische Methoden zur Losung verfugbar

• Numerische Methoden

- Finite Elemente Methode (FEM)- Finite Differenzen Methode (FDM)- Randelementemethode (BEM)

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 3 / 31

Page 4: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Einleitung

BEM Ubersicht

Abb.: Funf Schritte zum Erfolg

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 4 / 31

Page 5: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Einleitung

Anwendugen

• Abstrahl-, Streuungs-, Eigenwert Problem

Abb.: Bilder aus (Liu, 2009)

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 5 / 31

Page 6: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Einleitung

Anwendungen am Fachgebiet - Extraauraler Kopfhorers• Simulation des Schalldruckverlaufs• Berechnung der akustischen Impedanzbelastung aufs Ohr• Free field equivalent coupling (FEC) Kriterium

Abb.: BK109 Extraauraler Kopfhorer

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 6 / 31

Page 7: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part I - Helmholtz Integral Gleichung

Helmholtz Gleichung

• Homogen∇2p+ k2p = 0 (2)

• Green’sche Funktion im Freifeld

G(r|r′) = e−ik|r−r′|

4π|r − r′|(3)

(∇2 + k2)G(r|r′) = −δ(r − r′) (4)

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 7 / 31

Page 8: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part I - Helmholtz Integral Gleichung

Green’sche Identitat

• Aus 2. Green’scher Identitat∫∫∫Ω

(φ∇2ψ − ψ∇2φ) dV =

∫∫S

φ∂ψ

∂n− ψ∂φ

∂ndS (5)

• Skalare Funktionen φ und ψ erfullen:

∇2φ+ k2φ = 0

∇2ψ + k2ψ = −δ(r − r′) (6)

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 8 / 31

Page 9: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part I - Helmholtz Integral Gleichung

Helmholtz Integral Gleichung (HIE)

C(r′)φ(r′) =

∫∫S

(G(r|r′)∂φ(r)

∂n− φ(r)∂G(r|r

′)

∂n

)dS (7)

C(r′) =

0, r′ ∈ Ve12 , r′ ∈ S1, r′ ∈ Vi

(8)

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 9 / 31

Page 10: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part I - Helmholtz Integral Gleichung

Inneres und Außeres Problem

Mit φ = p und∂p(r)

∂n= −iρ0ckvn(r) (9)

• Inneres Problem∫∫S

(iρockvn(r)G(r|r′)− p(r)

∂G(r|r′)∂n

)dS = C(r′)p(r′) (10)

• Außeres Problem∫∫S

(p(r)

∂G(r|r′)∂n

− iρockvn(r)G(r|r′)))dS = C(r′)p(r′) (11)

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 10 / 31

Page 11: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part I - Helmholtz Integral Gleichung

Eindeutigkeit der Losung

• Losung fur außeres Problem nicht eindeutig bei Resonanzfrequenzen desinneren Problems

• CHIEF• Extra Gleichung mit Punkt im Inneren• Uberdeterminiertes System

• Burton-Miller• Kombiniere HIE mit seiner Normalableitung

CBIE + β HBIE = 0 (12)

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 11 / 31

Page 12: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part II - Numerische Implementierung

Diskretisierung• ... der Geometrie

x =

n∑i=1

xiNi(ξ1, ξ2) (13)

• ... der physikalischen Großen

p =

n∑i=1

piNi(ξ1 , ξ2), vn =

n∑i=1

vniNi(ξ1, ξ2) (14)

• N...Ansatz Funktionen

Abb.: Reales und Mutter Element in globalen bzw. lokalen Koordinatenfabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 12 / 31

Page 13: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part II - Numerische Implementierung

Kollokation• Knoten-Kollokation

Cp =

N∑j=1

∫Sj

p∂G

∂ndS − iρ0ck

N∑j=1

∫Sj

vnGdS (15)

• und Interpolation

Cp =

N∑j=1

n∑i=1

pijdij −N∑j=1

n∑i=1

vn,ijmij (16)

mit den Integralkernen

dij =

∫Sj

∂G

∂nNi dS (17)

mij = iρ0ck

∫Sj

GNi dS (18)

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 13 / 31

Page 14: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part II - Numerische Implementierung

Matrix-Gleichung

⇒Dp = Mvn

M =

( mij · · · mjN

.... . .

...mNi · · · mNN

),D =

( dij − cjj · · · djN...

. . ....

dNi · · · dNN − cNN

)

p =

( p1

...pN

),vn =

( vn1

...vnN

)

• Zur Losung sind N Randbedingungen notwendig

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 14 / 31

Page 15: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part II - Numerische Implementierung

Problem

• System-Matrizen

- vollbesetzt- unsymmetrisch- komplex

• Standard Losungs Methoden aufwendig

• → iterative Methoden

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 15 / 31

Page 16: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part II - Numerische Implementierung

Speicheraufwand• B = 16M2 bytes• 6 Knoten pro Wellenlange

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

x 104

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3x 10

4

Frequency, Hz

Nu

mber

of e

lem

ents

, N

Nmax,2GB

Nmax,4GB

Nmax,12GB

sphere, r=0.07m

sphere, r=1m

Abb.: Anzahl der Elemente vs. Frequenz Limit

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 16 / 31

Page 17: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part II - Numerische Implementierung

Rechenaufwand

• Berechnung der Systemmatrizen

• Losung des Gleichungssystems• Gauss Eliminierung ∼ O(N3)

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 17 / 31

Page 18: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

BEM - Part II - Numerische Implementierung

Zusammenfassung

• Vorteil• Reduktion der Dimension• Berechnung ins Unendliche

• Nachteil• Keine eindeutige Losung fur außeres Problem• Vollbesetzte, komplexe, unsymmetrische Matrizen

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 18 / 31

Page 19: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

Implementierung

• OpenBEM (http://www.openbem.dk/) von Patrick Juhl und VicenteCutanda Henriquez

• Matlab Toolbox

• Ablauf einer Simulation• Mesh Generierung• Importieren und Uberprufen• Oberflachenintegrale losen• Randbedingungen vorgeben• Feldpunkte berechen• Post-processing

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 19 / 31

Page 20: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

Pulsierende Kugel• Kugel pulsiert mit Schnelle v0

Abb.: In dreieckige Elemente diskretisierte Kugel mit N = 160 Elementen. Achsenin Meter.

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 20 / 31

Page 21: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

102

103

104

125

130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170

175

frequency (Hz)

SP

L (

dB

)

fmax

=347.2071

analytical

BEM

CHIEF

Abb.: BEM Simulation: Pulsierende Kugel mit v0 = 1ms

und N=1280. Resultiereder SPLuber Frequenz. Der Feldpunkt liegt in 1m Entfernung.

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 21 / 31

Page 22: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

102

103

104

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

frequency (Hz)

SP

L (

dB

)

analytical

N=160

N=640

N=1280

Abb.: BEM Simulation (CHIEF): Pulsierende Kugel mit v0 = 1ms

. Resultieredes SPLuber Frequenz. Vegleich verschiedener Mesh Großen.

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 22 / 31

Page 23: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

Aufwand

N time/s memory/MB fmax/Hz160 2.4 0.2 89640 25.2 3.3 193

1280 97.6 13.2 347

Tabelle: Anzahl der Elemente N vs. Rechenzeit, Speicheraufwand (fur eine Frequenz)und Frequenz Limit.

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 23 / 31

Page 24: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

Membran auf Kugel mit Scheibe davor• Kugel und Scheibe → vn = 0, Membran vn = v0

• Akustische Reziprozitat

−0.1−0.05

00.05

0.10.15 −0.1

−0.05

0

0.05

0.1

−0.1

−0.05

0

0.05

0.1

y

x

z

Abb.: Mesh-Modell mit N=1280 (Kugel) und N=540 (Scheibe). Achsen in Meter.

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 24 / 31

Page 25: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

−0.06 −0.04 −0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

−0.06

−0.04

−0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

x [m]

y [

m]

−0.06 −0.04 −0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

−0.06

−0.04

−0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

x [m]

y [m

]

SP

L85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

SP

L

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 25 / 31

Page 26: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

−0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15

−0.06

−0.04

−0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

x [m]

y [m

]

−0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15

−0.06

−0.04

−0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

x [m]

y [

m]

SP

L

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

SP

L

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 26 / 31

Page 27: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

−0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

−0.06

−0.04

−0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

x [m]

y [m

]

SP

L

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

−0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

−0.06

−0.04

−0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

x [m]

y [

m]

SP

L

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 27 / 31

Page 28: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

Membran auf Kugel mit Scheibe davor

• Kugel vn = 0, Membran vn = v0

• Impedanz Randbedingungen fur Scheibe

vn = −αβp+

γ

β(19)

• Mit γβ = Y und α

β = vs

(D +MY )p = Mvs (20)

• Beispiel Z = Z0 = ρ0c

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 28 / 31

Page 29: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Beispiele

−0.06 −0.04 −0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

−0.06

−0.04

−0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

x [m]

y [m

]

SP

L

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

−0.06 −0.04 −0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

−0.06

−0.04

−0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

x [m]

y [

m]

SP

L

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 29 / 31

Page 30: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Fazit

Fazit

• Bericht

• Literatur-Datenbank

• Matlab Skripte und Funktionen

• TO DO• Geeignete Umgebung zur Mesh-Generierung und Bearbeitung finden• FEC Kriterium BK211 vs. BK109 (DAGA ’12)

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 30 / 31

Page 31: Boundary Element Method - Fabio Kaiser | // acoustics · Boundary element methods in acoustics Computational Mechanics Publications Wu, T.W. Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals

Fazit

Referenzen

Ciskowski R.D.

Boundary element methods in acousticsComputational Mechanics Publications

Wu, T.W.

Boundary element acoustics: Fundamentals and computer codesWIT

Beer, G. and Watson, J. O.

Introduction to finite and boundary element methods for engineersWiley

Liu, Y.

Fast multipole boundary element method: Theory and applications in engineeringCambridge University Press

fabio [email protected] () Boundary Element Method 4. Oktober 2011 31 / 31