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CCNA Vorbereitung
CCNA - Inhalt "at-a-glance"1 Netzwerke................................................................................................................102 Netzmodelle..............................................................................................................223 Ethernet...................................................................................................................334 IP, ICMP und IP Adressierung......................................................................................485 Subnetting/VLSM/ Supernetting/CIDR..........................................................................536 TCP und UDP.............................................................................................................627 LAN Segmentation - Netzwerkgeräte............................................................................668 Cisco Basics I - Hardware/Software/Grundkonfiguration..................................................699 Cisco Basics II - Router Management ...........................................................................8410 Cisco Basics III – Troubleshooting Cisco Devices..........................................................9111 Cisco Basics IV - wichtige Dienste............................................................................10412 Layer-2 Switching: Grundlagen und Begrifflichkeiten..................................................11213 Cisco Catalyst IOS Switches ....................................................................................11714 STP - das Spanning Tree Protocol.............................................................................12415 VLANs...................................................................................................................14016 Routing Grundlagen................................................................................................16217 Routing-Protokolle..................................................................................................17118 Distance-Vektor-Protokolle - RIPv1, RIPv2 und IGRP...................................................18119 EIGRP – Enhanced IGRP..........................................................................................18620 OSPF - Open Shortest Path First (Link-State Protocol).................................................19621 Überblick: Eigenschaften EIGRP vs. OSPF..................................................................20722 ACL - Access Control Lists.......................................................................................20823 NAT - Network Address Translation...........................................................................21824 WAN - Wide Area Networks.....................................................................................22325 Layer-2 Protokolle im WAN......................................................................................23026 ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network...............................................................23827 Frame Relay..........................................................................................................24928 DSL - Digital Subscriber Line...................................................................................26029 WLAN – Wireless Local Area Network........................................................................26330 IPv6.....................................................................................................................288Anhang A – Übersicht: Kommandos für Catalyst Switch 2950/60......................................322Anhang B – Übersicht: Troubleshooting Kommandos für Cisco Router ...............................325Anhang C - Cisco relevante Win-Software......................................................................329Anhang D - Quellenverzeichnis.....................................................................................330
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CCNA Vorbereitung
CCNA - Inhaltsverzeichnis1 Netzwerke..............................................................................................................10
1.1 Netzwerkkomponenten........................................................................................101.2 Eigenschaften von Netzwerken..............................................................................101.2 Netzwerk Arten - LAN, WAN und mehr...................................................................111.3 Aufbau von Rechnernetzen...................................................................................13
1.3.1 Netzwerkstandorte.......................................................................................131.3.2 Netztopologien.............................................................................................131.3.3 Vermaschung von Netzwerken.......................................................................131.3.4 Peer-to-Peer Netzwerke.................................................................................141.3.5 Das Client-Server Modell...............................................................................14
1.4 Netzwerkmodell von Cisco....................................................................................151.4.1 The 3-Level Hierarchical Model.......................................................................151.4.2 The Enterprise Composite Model.....................................................................171.4.3 Weitere Rahmenwerke zum Netzdesign (SAFE, IIN, SONA)................................18
1.5 Leistung im Netzwerk - Bandbreite/Durchsatz.........................................................191.5.1 Bandbreite...................................................................................................191.5.1 Durchsatz....................................................................................................201.5.2 Berechnung des Datentransfers......................................................................20
1.6 Anforderungen an Netzwerke................................................................................212 Netzmodelle............................................................................................................22
2.1 Schichtenmodelle ISO/OSI und DOD......................................................................222.1.1 ISO/OSI Überblick........................................................................................222.1.2 TCP/IP Überblick..........................................................................................232.1.3 Vorteile von standarisierten Schichtenmodellen................................................232.1.4 Datenkommunikation in Schichten-Modellen (Encapsulation).............................242.1.5 ISO/OSI im Überblick - Zusammenfassende Tabelle..........................................26
2.2 Die Schichten des ISO/OSI und TCP/IP Modells ......................................................272.2.1 Application, Presentation, Session vs. Application.............................................272.2.3 Transport....................................................................................................292.2.5 Network vs. Internet.....................................................................................302.2.7 Data Link, Physikal vs. Network Access...........................................................31
3 Ethernet..................................................................................................................333.1 Aufgaben von Ethernet........................................................................................33
3.1.1 Kommunikation im Ethernet: ARP ..................................................................343.1.2 RARP, Proxy ARP, Gratuitous ARP...................................................................35
3.2 Arten von Ethernet..............................................................................................363.2.1 Ethernet II vs. IEEE Ethernet.........................................................................363.2.2 Ethernet Duplex Settings...............................................................................363.2.3 10 Mpbs Ethernet (802.3)..............................................................................373.2.4 Fast Ethernet (802.3u)..................................................................................373.2.5 Gigabit Ethernet (802.3ab/802.3z).................................................................383.2.6 Übersicht: Ethernet Standards.......................................................................393.2.7 Autonegotiation (speed/duplex).....................................................................39
3.3 Arbeitsweise von Ethernet - CSMA/CD...................................................................403.4 Ethernet - Aufbau der Frames...............................................................................42
3.4.1 DIX Ethernet II (Digital, Intel, Xerox)..............................................................423.4.2 IEEE 802.2/802.3.........................................................................................43
3.5 Ethernet - Verkabelung, Arten, Eigenschaften, Standards.........................................453.5.1 Kabelarten - UTP/STP, optical fiber.................................................................453.5.2 Kabelarten - optical fiber...............................................................................47
4 IP, ICMP und IP Adressierung.................................................................................484.1 IP – Internet Protocol..........................................................................................484.2 ICMP – Internet Control Message Protocol..............................................................50
5.2.1 ICMP Types und Codes..................................................................................50
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4.3 IP-Adressierung..................................................................................................514.3.1 Exkurs Zahlensysteme..................................................................................514.3.2 IP-Adressbereiche.........................................................................................52
5 Subnetting/VLSM/ Supernetting/CIDR...................................................................535.1 Subnetting.........................................................................................................53
5.1.2 Ermittlung des Netzanteils einer IP-Adresse durch Boolsches UND .....................535.1.3 Rechnen mit Subnetzen................................................................................53
5.2 Scalable Network Design/Scalable IP Addressing/VLSM............................................565.2.1 Scalable Netwok Design................................................................................565.2.2 Scalable IP Addressing..................................................................................562.5.3 VLSM..........................................................................................................575.2.1 VLSM in der Praxis........................................................................................58
5.3 Supernetting/Route Summarization.......................................................................605.3.1 Autosummarization..........................................................................................615.4 Prefix Routing/CIDR – Classless Interdomain Routing..............................................61
6 TCP und UDP...........................................................................................................626.1 UDP – User Datagram Protocol..............................................................................626.2 TCP – Transmission Control Protocol......................................................................636.3 Übersicht TCP/IP Protokolle im Application Layer ....................................................65
7 LAN Segmentation - Netzwerkgeräte......................................................................667.1 Hubs und Repeater..............................................................................................667.2 Bridges/Switches................................................................................................667.4 Router...............................................................................................................67
7.4.1 Routing Entscheidung...................................................................................677.5 Cisco Netzwerkgeräte..........................................................................................68
8 Cisco Basics I - Hardware/Software/Grundkonfiguration.......................................698.1 Cisco Geräte Komponenten..................................................................................698.2 Überblick IOS - Internetwork Operating System .....................................................70
8.2.1 Eigenschaften des IOS..................................................................................708.2.2 IOS-Versionen (IOS Names)..........................................................................70
8.3 Konfigurationszugänge - con, vty, aux...................................................................718.4 CLI - Command Line Interface..............................................................................72
8.4.1 CLI Features................................................................................................728.4.2 CLI Modi......................................................................................................73
8.5 Übersicht: Grundlegende CLI Kommandos..............................................................748.5.1 Hilfe...........................................................................................................748.5.2 User EXEC mode und Privilege EXEC mode......................................................748.5.3 Konfigurationsmodus....................................................................................748.5.4 Einzelne Konfigurationen löschen...................................................................748.5.5 Konfiguration sichern....................................................................................74
8.6 Grundkonfiguration 1: Hostname/Zugänge und Passwörter......................................758.6.1 Hostnamen konfigurieren..............................................................................758.6.2 PrivilegeEXEC Zugangspasswort.....................................................................758.6.3 Konfiguration für Zugang über Konsolenanschluss............................................758.6.4 Konfiguration für telnet-Zugang.....................................................................758.6.5 Lesbare Passwörter in der Konfigurationsdatei verschleiern................................768.6.6 Benutzerdefiniertes Login..............................................................................768.6.7 (Login-)Banner............................................................................................778.6.8 Ciscos Login Erweiterungen...........................................................................778.6.9 VTY Zugang via SSH.....................................................................................788.6.10 Effektiv Arbeiten mit telnet/SSH...................................................................79
8.7 Grundkonfiguration 2 - IP-Konfiguration.................................................................808.7.1 Konfiguration einer Ethernet-Schnittstelle........................................................808.7.2 Konfiguration einer seriellen Schnittstelle .......................................................808.7.3 Statische Routen konfigurieren.......................................................................818.7.4 Namensauflösung mit host-Tabelle.................................................................82
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8.7.5 Namensauflösung mit DNS Server/DNS Forwarding .........................................828.8 Grundlegende Sicherheitseinstellungen..................................................................83
8.8.1 Passwörter und Zugänge...............................................................................838.8.2 TCP/IP Dienste deaktivieren...........................................................................838.8.3 Funktionalitäten auf externen Schnittstellen deaktivieren..................................83
9 Cisco Basics II - Router Management .....................................................................849.1 Bootvorgang.......................................................................................................849.2 Configuration Register.........................................................................................84
9.2.1 Configuration Register administrieren.............................................................859.3 boot system Kommandos.....................................................................................859.4 Password-Recovery für eine Reihe von Cisco Routern...............................................869.5 Router Management via TFTP ..............................................................................87
9.5.1 Voraussetzungen: TFTP-Server (Windows)/Linux..............................................879.5.2 Referenz-Prefixes (ab IOS 12)........................................................................879.5.3 Management Konfigurationsdateien - running-config/startup-config....................889.5.4 IOS Backup/Upgrade....................................................................................89
9.6 Desaster Recovery – defektes/fehlendes IOS..........................................................9010 Cisco Basics III – Troubleshooting Cisco Devices..................................................91
10.1 Troubleshooting Overview..................................................................................9110.2 Cisco Discovery Protocol CDP..............................................................................9210.3 ping.................................................................................................................9310.4 traceroute........................................................................................................9410.5 Mit show arbeiten..............................................................................................9510.6 Das debug Kommando.......................................................................................9510.7 Logging............................................................................................................96
10.7.1 Console Logging (default)............................................................................9610.7.2 Monitor Logging (Terminal) .........................................................................9710.7.3 Buffer Logging - Puffer im RAM.....................................................................9710.7.4 Trap Logging – Meldungen an einen Syslog-Server.........................................97
10.8 Cisco Router als SNMP-Server (SNMP Agent)........................................................9810.8.1 SNMP Eigenschaften und Begrifflichkeiten......................................................9810.8.2 Exkurs: SNMP Manager Software................................................................10010.8.3 Cisco Konfiguration von SNMPv1/v2c ..........................................................10110.8.4 SNMP Beispielkonfiguration........................................................................10210.8.5 Konfiguration von SNMPv3.........................................................................103
11 Cisco Basics IV - wichtige Dienste.......................................................................10411.1 Zeit einstellen/NTP Server bestimmen................................................................10411.2 Cisco und DHCP...............................................................................................105
11.2.1 DHCP Client.............................................................................................10511.2.2 DHCP Server (Dynamic/Automatic Bindings)................................................10611.2.3 DHCP Server (Manual bindings) .................................................................10711.2.4 DHCP Server Konfigurationsbeispiel (Dynamic und Manual Binding MIX)..........10811.2.5 DHCP Relay Agent.....................................................................................109
11.3 Cisco Router als HTTP/HTTPS-Server und SDM....................................................11011.3.1 Exkurs: Verwendung des SDM....................................................................110
11.4 Cisco Router als TFTP-Server............................................................................11112 Layer-2 Switching: Grundlagen und Begrifflichkeiten..........................................112
12.1 Switches vs. Bridges........................................................................................11212.2 Geswitchte Verbindungen - half-duplex/duplex...................................................11212.3 Grundfunktionalität/-arbeitsweise von Bridges/Switches.......................................113
12.3.1 learning...................................................................................................11312.3.2 forwarding/filtering...................................................................................11312.3.3 remove loops (broadcast storm, multiple frames, inconsistent CAM)................114
12.4 Switching-Methoden .......................................................................................11612.4.1 Store-and-Forward....................................................................................11612.4.2 Cut-Through.............................................................................................116
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12.4.3 Fragment-Free.........................................................................................11613 Cisco Catalyst IOS Switches ...............................................................................117
13.1 Operating Systems für Cisco Switches................................................................11713.2 LEDs und Buttons............................................................................................11713.3 Grundkonfiguration Catalyst Switch ..................................................................118
13.3.1 Hostname, Zugänge/Passwörter, IP-/Interface Grundkonfiguration..................11813.3.2 Switchport Security...................................................................................11913.3.3 SPAN – Switchport Port Analyser (für 2900XL oder 3500XL)...........................12113.3.4 SPAN – Switched Port Analyzer (für 2950 oder 2960)....................................122
14 STP - das Spanning Tree Protocol........................................................................12414.1 Arbeitsweise von STP.......................................................................................124
14.1.1 BPDU – Bridge Protocol Data Unit...............................................................12614.1.2 Bestimmung der root bridge.......................................................................12714.1.3 Bestimmung des root port..........................................................................12814.1.4 Bestimmung des designated port................................................................12914.1.5 Statuszustände von Ports...........................................................................13014.1.6 Timer und Konvergenzzeit..........................................................................13114.1.7 STP Topology Changes (Topology Change Notification BPDU).........................13114.1.8 STP Arbeitsweise - Zusammenfassung.........................................................13214.1.9 (Optionale) Konfiguration von STP..............................................................133
14.2 STP Erweiterungen..........................................................................................13414.2.1 PortFast...................................................................................................13414.2.2 BPDU Guard.............................................................................................13514.2.3 BPDU Filtering..........................................................................................13514.2.4 EtherChannel...........................................................................................136
14.3 RSTP - das Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol ..........................................................13714.3.1 Link Types von RSTP.................................................................................13714.3.2 Eigenschaften von RSTP.............................................................................13714.3.3 Überblick RSTP vs. STP..............................................................................13814.3.4 RSTP Topology Changes ............................................................................13914.4.4 RSTP aktivieren........................................................................................139
15 VLANs.................................................................................................................14015.1 Eigenschaften von VLANs..................................................................................140
15.1.1 Vorteile von VLANs....................................................................................14115.1.2 End-to-End und Local VLANs......................................................................14115.1.3 Statische vs. Dynamische VLANs.................................................................14215.1.4 VLAN ID Bereiche – und Verwendbarkeit auf Cisco Switches...........................143
15.2 trunk connections/trunk lines - frame tagging.....................................................14415.3 Protokolle für trunk connections/trunk lines........................................................145
15.3.1 Ciscos proprietäres ISL (InterSwitch Link) Protocol .......................................14515.3.2 IEEE 802.1q.............................................................................................14615.3.3 Vergleich ISL und 802.1q...........................................................................147
15.4 Konfiguration VLAN und Trunking incl. DTP.........................................................14815.4.2 Troubleshooting VLANs und Trunking..........................................................150
15.5 Multiple STP Instanzen für VLANs......................................................................15115.5.1 PVST+ - Per-VLAN Spanning Tree +............................................................152
15.6 VTP - VLAN Trunking Protocol............................................................................15315.6.1 Eigenschaften von VTP..............................................................................15315.6.2 Die 3 VTP Modes.......................................................................................15415.6.3 VTP Nachrichten.......................................................................................15515.6.4 VTP Versionen..........................................................................................15615.6.5 VTP Pruning.............................................................................................15615.6.6 VTP Konfiguration.....................................................................................157
15.7 Inter-VLAN Routing und RoSt (Router-on-a-Stick)...............................................15815.7.1 Inter-VLAN Routing mit Multilayer Switches.................................................15915.7.2 RoSt – router on a stick.............................................................................160
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16 Routing Grundlagen............................................................................................16216.1 Routing .........................................................................................................16216.2 Die Routing Tabelle..........................................................................................163
16.2.1 Felder der Routing Tabelle.........................................................................16316.2.2 Verwaltung der Routing Tabelle..................................................................164
16.3 Statische Routen.............................................................................................16516.3.1 Static Routes............................................................................................16516.3.2 Default Static Routes.................................................................................16616.3.3 Floating Static Routes................................................................................166
16.4 Classful vs. Classless Routing............................................................................16716.4.1 Classful...................................................................................................16716.4.2 Classless..................................................................................................16816.4.3 Die Kommandos ip classless und ip subnet-zero...........................................168
16.5 Routing vs. Switching Function eines Cisco Router...............................................16916.5.1 Fast Switching/Process Switching................................................................170
17 Routing-Protokolle..............................................................................................17117.1 Begriffsklärung................................................................................................17117.2 Ermittlung des "besten" Pfads...........................................................................172
17.2.1 Administrative Distanz...............................................................................17217.2.2 Metrik.....................................................................................................172
17.3 Distanz-Vektor-Protokolle.................................................................................17317.3.1 Problematik: Hohe Konvergenzzeiten..........................................................17417.3.2 Problematik: Routing Loops........................................................................175
17.4 Link-State-Protokolle.......................................................................................17617.5 Vergleich Distance-Vector und Link-State Protokolle.............................................17717.6 Routing Protocol Features – VLSM und Summarization.........................................178
17.6.1 Überblick: Routing Protocol Features...........................................................17817.6.2 VLSM - variable length subnet masks (classful/classless)...............................17817.6.3 Route Summarization................................................................................17917.6.4 Autosummarization...................................................................................18017.6.5 Exkurs: CIDR – Classless Interdomain Routing.............................................180
18 Distance-Vektor-Protokolle - RIPv1, RIPv2 und IGRP.........................................18118.1 RIP - Routing Information Protocol.....................................................................181
18.1.1 Nachteile von RIP......................................................................................18118.1.2 Konfiguration von RIP................................................................................182
18.2 IGRP - Interior Gateway Routing Protcol.............................................................18418.2.1 Konfiguration von IGRP.............................................................................184
18.3 Distance-Vector Protokolle auf einen Blick - RIPv1, RIPv2, IGRP............................18519 EIGRP – Enhanced IGRP......................................................................................186
19.1 Überblick: Features und Komponenten...............................................................18619.2 EIGRP – Features im Detail...............................................................................187
19.2.1 Advanced Distance Vector Protocol..............................................................18719.2.2 Verwendung einer zusammengesetzen (composite) Metrik.............................18819.2.3 Kompatibel zu IGRP..................................................................................18819.2.4 Schleifenfreie Topologie (durch DUAL).........................................................18919.2.5 Konvergenz und Updates...........................................................................19019.2.6 Einsatzmöglichkeiten.................................................................................190
19.3 Funktionsweise von EIGRP................................................................................19119.3.1 Nachbarschaften - neighbor table................................................................19119.3.2 Topologie Informationen - topology table.....................................................192
19.4 EIGRP Konfiguration........................................................................................19319.4.1 EIGRP Troubleshooting..............................................................................194
19.7 Übersicht: komplette EIGRP Terminologie...........................................................19520 OSPF - Open Shortest Path First (Link-State Protocol)........................................196
20.1 Eigenschaften von OSPF...................................................................................19620.2 Begriffsklärungen............................................................................................197
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20.3 Funktionsweise OSPF.......................................................................................19920.3.1 Narbarschaften - adjacencies......................................................................20020.3.2 DR und BDR.............................................................................................20120.3.3 Adjacencies und Link-State Database Synchronisation...................................20220.3.4 Erstellung der Routing-Tabelle....................................................................20320.3.5 Verteilung von Link-state advertisements (LSAs)..........................................203
20.4 OSPF Konfiguration..........................................................................................20420.4.1 Troubleshooting OSPF...............................................................................206
21 Überblick: Eigenschaften EIGRP vs. OSPF...........................................................20722 ACL - Access Control Lists...................................................................................208
22.1 ACLs als Paketfilter..........................................................................................20822.2 ACL Typen......................................................................................................20922.3 Verarbeitung und Eigenarten von ACLs...............................................................20922.4 Konfiguration von ACLs ...................................................................................210
22.4.1 Wildcards und Configuration Keywords........................................................21022.4.2 Numbered ACLs........................................................................................21022.4.3 Named ACLs.............................................................................................21122.4.4 Aktivierung/Troubleshooting von ACLs.........................................................21222.4.5 Beispiel ACLs............................................................................................212
22.5 Ciscos Empfehlungen zu ACLs...........................................................................21322.6 Besondere ACLS .. nicht CCNA relevant..............................................................214
22.6.1 Reflexive ACLs..........................................................................................21422.6.2 Dynamic ACLs (Lock & Key).......................................................................21622.6.3 Time-Based ACLs......................................................................................217
23 NAT - Network Address Translation....................................................................21823.1 Static NAT......................................................................................................21923.2 Dynamic NAT..................................................................................................22023.3 PAT (using the same IP) - NAT with overloading..................................................22123.4 Troubleshooting NAT........................................................................................222
24 WAN - Wide Area Networks.................................................................................22324.1 WAN Aufbau/Begrifflichkeiten............................................................................223
24.1.1 Übersicht Medientypen im WAN - WAN Verbindungsarten...............................22524.1.2 Synchrone/Asynchrone Verbindungen..........................................................227
24.2 WAN Verkabelung............................................................................................22824.3 Geschwindigkeiten im WAN...............................................................................229
25 Layer-2 Protokolle im WAN.................................................................................23025.1 Übersicht layer-2 protokolle für WAN.................................................................23025.2 HDLC - High Level Data Link Control Protocol......................................................231
25.2.1 Konfiguration HDLC...................................................................................23125.3 PPP - Point to Point Protocol..............................................................................232
25.3.1 Die 3 Hauptkomponenten von PPP..............................................................23325.3.2 Verbindungen mit PPP - Ablaufbeschreibung.................................................23325.3.3 Konfiguration von PPP...............................................................................23425.3.4 Authentifikation via PAP/CHAP....................................................................23425.3.5 Authentifikation via CHAP..........................................................................23525.3.6 Konfigurationsbeispiel für PPP ISDN-Verbindung ..........................................237
26 ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network........................................................23826.1 ISDN Schnittstellen..........................................................................................23926.2 Aufbau von ISDN Verbindungen........................................................................23926.3 ISDN ITU Standards/Protokolle..........................................................................24026.4 ISDN Referenzpunkte/Funktionsgruppen............................................................24126.5 ISDN Switch-Type und SPIDs............................................................................24226.6 DDR - Dial on Demand Routing.........................................................................24326.7 Konfiguration ISDN und Legacy DDR..................................................................24426.8 Konfiguration ISDN und DDR dialer profiles.........................................................24626.9 ISDN und DDR - Informationen und Debugging...................................................247
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26.10 LAB: Konfiguration einer ISDN Verbindung zum ISP mit DDR..............................24827 Frame Relay........................................................................................................249
27.1 Vorteile von Frame Relay gegenüber Point-to-Point Verbindungen.........................24927.2 Frame Relay Grundlagen..................................................................................24927.3 Frame-Relay Begrifflichkeiten............................................................................251
27.3.1 LMI - local management interface...............................................................25127.3.2 LAPF und LAPF-Erweiterungen....................................................................25227.3.3 DLCI - data link connection identifier...........................................................25327.3.4 FECN, BECN, DE.......................................................................................25427.3.5 Subinterfaces...........................................................................................254
27.4 Konfiguration von Frame Relay (DTE).................................................................25527.5 Konfiguration von Frame Relay mit Subinterfaces (DTE).......................................25527.6 Information und Troubleshooting.......................................................................25627.7 LAB: Konfiguration eines Frame Relay Netzwerk (DTE und DCE)............................257
28 DSL - Digital Subscriber Line...............................................................................26028.1 Konfiguration einer DSL Verbindung zum ISP......................................................262
29 WLAN – Wireless Local Area Network.................................................................26329.1 Wireless Technologies......................................................................................26329.2 WLAN vs. LAN.................................................................................................26429.3 WLAN Komponenten........................................................................................26529.4 WLAN Eigenschaften........................................................................................266
29.4.1 CSMA/CA und RTS/CTS.............................................................................26629.4.2 Connectivity and Security Issues.................................................................267
29.5 WLAN Frequenzen und Kanäle...........................................................................26829.5.1 Non-overlapping channel...........................................................................26929.5.2 Modulationsverfahren – FHSS, DSSS und ODFM ...........................................270
29.6 WLAN Standards – IEEE 802.11.........................................................................27129.7 WLAN Topologien............................................................................................272
29.7.1 Grundlegende Topologien – Service Sets......................................................27229.7.2 Typische Topologien – ESS/Roaming, Wireless Repeater, Wireless Bridge.........273
29.8 WLAN Verbindungen Client/AP - Association........................................................27529.9 WLAN Sicherheit .............................................................................................276
29.9.1 Angriffe und Abwehr..................................................................................27629.9.2 SSID Cloaking, MAC Address Filter, Analyse Tools.........................................27729.9.3 Standards................................................................................................27829.9.4 Generelle Arbeitsweise WEP.......................................................................28029.9.5 Generelle Arbeitsweise 802.1x mit dynamischem Key Management.................28129.9.6 Kurzübersicht wichtigster Security Standard und Einstellmöglichkeiten............282
29.10 WLAN Konfiguration.......................................................................................28329.10.1 AP Konfiguration (WPA2-PSK) mittels Webfrontend.....................................28329.10.2 WLAN Router Konfiguration (WPA-PSK) mittels CLI.....................................284
30 IPv6....................................................................................................................28830.1 IPv6 vs. IPv4..................................................................................................28830.2 Features von IPv6 im Überblick.........................................................................289
30.2.1 Effizientes Headerformat............................................................................28930.2.2 Adressierung............................................................................................289
30.3 IPv6 Header im Detail......................................................................................29030.3.1 Extension Header......................................................................................292
30.4 IPv6 Adressformat im Detail..............................................................................29330.4.1 Grundlegender Aufbau/Notation..................................................................29330.4.2 Die IPv6 Interface ID.................................................................................29430.4.3 Überblick: Unicast IPv6 Adressen................................................................29530.4.4 Link-local Unicast Address..........................................................................29630.4.5 Site-local Unicast Address (depreciated)......................................................29730.4.6 Unique local Unicast Address (Nachfolger der site-local unicast address)..........29730.4.7 Aggregatable Global Unicast Address...........................................................298
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30.4.8 Multicast IPv6 Adressen.............................................................................29930.4.9 Besondere Multicast Gruppen.....................................................................30030.4.10 Anycast IPv6 Adressen.............................................................................30130.4.11 Übersicht: IPv6 Address-Types und Prefixes...............................................302
30.5 Überblick: IPv6 Interface Addressing..................................................................30330.6 IPv6 stateless autoconfiguration........................................................................304
30.6.1 Renumbering (RFC 4076) durch autoconfiguration........................................30630.7 Security - IPsec für IPv6...................................................................................30730.8 Mobile IPv6 (RFC 3775)....................................................................................30730.9 Transitionsmechanismen zur Migration von IPv6..................................................308
30.9.1 Dual stack................................................................................................30930.9.2 NAT-PT....................................................................................................31030.9.3 Overlay tunnels........................................................................................311
30.10 IPv6 Routing Protocols....................................................................................31330.11 Konfiguration von IPv6...................................................................................314
30.11.1 Schnittstellen.........................................................................................31430.11.2 Routing .................................................................................................315
30.12 LAB: IPv6 Netzwerke mit IPv4 Backbone (6to4 Tunnel)......................................31630.12.1 Topologie...............................................................................................31630.12.2 Konfiguration..........................................................................................31730.12.3 Auszug running-config aller Router............................................................31830.12.4 Troubelshooting LAB ...............................................................................31930.12.5 Variante im LAB: ISATAP Tunnel...............................................................321
Anhang A – Übersicht: Kommandos für Catalyst Switch 2950/60......................................322Anhang B – Übersicht: Troubleshooting Kommandos für Cisco Router ...............................325Anhang C - Cisco relevante Win-Software......................................................................329Anhang D - Quellenverzeichnis.....................................................................................330
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