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GKwU HwZnvwmK gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`‡qi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i 1972 mv‡ji 23 gvP© †`‡k GKwU MYcwil` MVb Kiv nq| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g wbev©wPZ RbcÖwZwbwaMY‡K wb‡q MwVZ GB MYcwil` wewfbœ †`‡ki msweavb hvPvB K‡i Ae‡k‡l 1972 mv‡ji 4 b‡f¤^i Zvwi‡L MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU wjwLZ msweavb MÖnY K‡i Ges Zv GKB eQi 16 wW‡m¤^i Zvwi‡L ejer nq| msweav‡b GKwU cÖ¯—vebv, 11wU fvM, 153wU Aby‡”Q` I 4wU Zdwmj mwbœ‡ewkZ wQj| `y®úwieZ©bxq GB msweavb evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU GK‡Kw›`ªK cÖRvZš¿ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv KÕ†i †`‡k MYZvwš¿K I gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡i| msweav‡b ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ K‡qKwU g~jbxwZ wee„Z nq Ges ¯^vaxb wePvi e¨e¯’v I bvMwiKM‡Yi Rb¨ †gŠwjK AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi weavb ivLv nq| mve©Rbxb cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ RbM‡Yi e¨³ B”Qvi Av‡jv‡K ivóª cwiPvjbvi weavb ivLv nq DrK…ó GB msweav‡b|

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ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ Fundamental Principles of State

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ivóª GKwU †gŠwjK cÖwZôvb| gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb I Avkv-AvK•Lv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨B GB cÖwZôv‡bi D™¢e I weKvk n‡q‡Q| ZvB G‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨I we‡kl we‡kl †gŠwjK bxwZgvjv AbymiY Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bI Abyiƒc bxwZgvjv AšÍfy©³ n‡q‡Q| GB cv‡V †m me bxwZgvjv m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

gvbexq cÖwZôvbmg~n wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ m„ó I weKwkZ nq| Giƒc cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ivóª nÕj me†P‡q †ekx e¨vwßkxj I kw³kvjx| Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi gZ ivóªI GKwU wbw`©ó j¶¨vbyhvqx Kg©KvÛ wbev©n K‡i| mvaviYfv‡e iv‡óªi j¶¨ nÕj gvby‡li Kj¨vY I Rxebgv‡bi DbœwZ mvab| Gi Øviv †h †Kvb mgv‡Ri Lv`¨, e¯¿, Avkªq, wPwKrmv, wk¶v I wbivcËvi wbðqZv Ges eyw×e„wËK DrK‡l©i AcÖwZnZ my‡hvM m„wó‡K †evSv‡bv hvq| g~jbxwZ ev basic principle ej‡Z †Kvb cÖwZôvb‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ M„nxZ ev Abym„Z w`Kwb‡`©kK Abykvmb‡K †evSvq| †h me †gŠwjK `k©b ivóªcwiPvjbvq w`K`k©b wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i †m¸wj‡Z ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ e‡j| AvaywbK iv‡óª Giƒc g~jbxwZmg~n mvaviYZt wjwLZ Ae¯’vq msweav‡bi AšÍfy©³ _v‡K|

evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb DrK…óiƒ‡c wjwLZ| Gi Òivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZÓ wk‡ivbvghy³ wØZxq fv‡M Gme g~jbxwZ wjwLZ n‡q‡Q| cÖ¯—vebvq evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi A½xKvi wn‡m‡e me©kw³gvb Avjøvn&i Dci c~Y© Av¯’v I wek¦vm, RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿ Ges A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK mywePv‡ii A‡_© mgvRZš¿‡K gnvb ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i Aby‡cÖiYv e‡j MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB G me Av`k©‡K †kvlYgy³ mgvR MV‡bi cÖZ¨‡q `xw¶Z evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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me©kw³gvb Avjøvni Dci c~Y© Av ’̄v I wek¦vm wek¦RM‡Zi mªóv I cÖwZcvj‡Ki me©‡kªô gwngv I KZ…©‡Z¡i Dci wek¦vm gvby‡li Rb¨ Ava¨vwZ¡K †PZbvi welq| cÂg ms‡kvabxi ci msweav‡b GB wek¦vm‡K ivóª cwiPvjbvi GKwU AMÖMY¨ g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB wek¦v‡mi wfwˇZB iv‡óªi me Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡e e‡j A½xKvi †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q (Abyt 8)| RvZxqZvev` : iv‡óªi DbœwZi R‡b¨ cÖ‡Póv I †`k‡K fv‡jvevmvi g~j m~Î nÕj RvZxqZvev`| 1972 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z g~j msweav‡bi 9 Aby‡”Q‡` wee„Z n‡qwQj †h, fvlvMZ I K…wó GKK mËvwewkó evOvwj RvwZi HK¨ I msnwZ n‡e evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwË| 1979 mv‡j cÖewZ©Z cÂg ms‡kvabx Abymv‡i Aby‡”Q`wU cwic~Y©fv‡e e`‡j †M‡Q| GB mgq evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i cwie‡Z©, †`k‡cÖg nÕj RvZxq DbœwZi j‡¶¨ mKj Kg©Kv‡Ûi g~j Aby‡cÖiYvi Drm wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev` hy³ Kiv nq|

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MYZš¿ : MYZš¿ Ggb GKwU ivóª`k©b †hLv‡b †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi, ¯^vaxbZv, gvbemËvi gh©v`v I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZ kª×vkxjZv wbwðZ nq| e¨w³ gvby‡li me©vwaK gh©v`v `vbKvix GB `k©‡bi AvIZvq me©Rbxb cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ Awfe¨³ RbgZ Abymv‡i iv‡óªi KvRKg© wbe©vn Kivi A½xKvi †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q (Aby: 8 I 11)| MYZš¿ µwUnxb e¨e¯’v bv n‡jI Ab¨vb¨ mKj e¨e¯’vi wecix‡Z GwUB nj me‡P‡q Kg µwUc~Y© ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v| GB Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡kI ivR‰bwZK `k©b wn‡m‡e MYZš¿ mgv`„Z| mgvRZš¿ : A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi wbwðZKi‡Yi Dcvq¯^iƒc ÔmgvRZš¿Õ bvgK Av_©mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª cwiPvjbvi Ab¨Zg g~jbxwZ (Aby: 8)| msweav‡bi G msµvš— eZ©gvb weavb g~j msweav‡bi 10 Aby‡”Q‡` wea„Z Ômgv‡R DËi‡Yi A½xKvi n‡Z ¸YMZfv‡e c„_K| ms‡kvab-c~e© g~j msweav‡b Z`vbxšÍb wek¦e¨e¯’vq cÖej Av‡e`b m„wóKvix Av`k© ÔmgvRZš¿Õ†K evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwiPvjbvi Ab¨Zg w`K`k©b wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| mg‡qi cwiµgvq ÔmgvRZš¿Õ†K GLb A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK b¨vq wePv‡ii A½xKv‡ii A‡_© msÁvwqZ K‡i cÂg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g mxwgZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e AvZ¡xK…Z msweav‡bi GB PviwU g~jbxwZ QvovI msweav‡bi wØZxq fv‡M AšÍfy©³ Ab¨vb¨ g~jbxwZ¸‡jv ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK| ivóª RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwae„‡›`i cwiPvjbvq MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e ¯’vbxq kvmb cÖwZôvbmg~n wbev©n Ges RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©¯—‡i gwnjv‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡e| Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi mewKQyB RbM‡Yi gvwjKvbvaxb e‡j MY¨ K‡i msweavb ¸iæ‡Z¡i µgvbyhvqx m¤ú‡`i ivóªxq, mgevqx I e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv wb‡`©k K‡i‡Q (Abyt 13)| K…lK I kªwg‡Ki gyw³‡K iv‡óªi j¶¨ wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i msweavb RbM‡Yi Rxebavi‡Yi ‡gŠwjK DcKiY, Kg©ms¯’vb, we‡bv`b I mvgvwRK wbivcËvi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi A½xKvi K‡i‡Q (Abyt 14-15)| K…wl wecøe msNUb, MÖv‡gvbœqb kn‡ii mv‡_ MÖv‡gi RxebhvÎvi ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi K_vI e¨³ n‡q‡Q (Aby t 16) G msweav‡b|

ivóª m¤¢ve¨ b¨bZg mg‡q wbi¶iZv `yixKiY, hyw³hy³ ¯Íi ch©šÍ webv †eZ‡b eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v`vb Ges ev¯ÍevbyM wk¶ve¨e¯’v I Dchy³ bvMwiK m„R‡b hZœevb n‡e (Abyt 17)| Rb¯^v¯’¨ I ˆbwZKZvi cÖwZ `„wó †i‡L ¶wZKi DcKiY, MwYKve„wË, Ryqv BZ¨vw` †ivaK‡í e¨e¯’vMÖnY (Abyt 18) Ges gvby‡li my‡hv‡Mi mgZvweavb I Amvg¨ we‡jv‡ci †Póv Kiv n‡e (Abyt 19)|

bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ AwaKvi, KZ©e¨ I m¤§v‡bi welq wn‡m‡e Kg© gwngvwš^Z n‡e Ges AbycvwR©Z m¤ú` †fv‡Mi my‡hvM we‡jvc Kiv n‡e (Abyt 20)| bvMwiKMY mf¨ Rxe‡bi Abymi‡Y msweavb I k„sLjvi AbyeZx© n‡eb Ges cÖRvZ‡š¿i Kg©PvixMY RbM‡Yi †mevq mKj mg‡q m‡Pó _vK‡eb (Abyt 21)| ivóª wePvi wefvM‡K wbev©nx wefvM nÕ†Z c„_K Ki‡e (Abyt 22)|

mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨ I DËivwaKvi i¶‡Yi †Póv QvovI RvZxq ms¯‹…wZi mg„wׇZ ivóª RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY Ges RvZxq ¯§„wZ wb`k©bmg~‡ni i¶Yv‡e¶Y wbwðZ Ki‡e (Abyyt 23-4)| GQvov, RvZxq mve©‡fŠgZ¡ I mgZvi cÖwZ kª×v, AvšÍ©RvwZK AvBb, RvwZmsN mb` BZ¨vw`i wfwˇZ ivóª kvwšÍ, wbi¯¿xKiY I AvZ¡weKv‡ki Rb¨ me RvwZi gnvb AwaKv‡ii mc‡¶ I wbcxo‡bi wec‡¶ f‚wgKv ivL‡e| Bmjvgx msnwZi wfwˇZ gymwjg †`k-mg~‡ni mv‡_ †Rvi`vi fvZ„Z¡ Movi †Póv Kiv n‡e e‡jI ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ‡Z e¨³ n‡q‡Q (Abyt 25)|

ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ msweav‡b we‡NvwlZ g~jbxwZmg~n Av`vjZ KZ©„K ejer †hvM¨ bv nÕ†jI evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq Rxeb wbev©n Kiv Ges AvBb cÖYqb I AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v`v‡bi †¶‡Î Gme g~jbxwZ wb‡`©kK m~Î wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Rb‡Mvôxi cÖZ¨vkv I g‡bvfv‡ei weg~Z© Awfe¨w³¯^iƒc G me g~jbxwZ Avgv‡`i mvaviY A½xKvi|

ms‡kvabxmg~n: evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi GLb ch©š— 13wU ms‡kvabx ejer n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi †Kvb †KvbwU AvKv‡i weivU I Pwi‡Î fveM¤¢xi| G¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv ¯^ícwim‡i m¤úbœ Kiv Kómva¨| ZvB

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GLv‡b ïay G me msweavb ms‡kvab AvBb cÖeZ©‡bi mgq I G¸‡jvi cÖavb cÖavb ˆewkó¨ `yÔGKwU k‡ãi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv n‡”Q| cÖ_g : 1973 mvj| ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i weiæ×vPiYg~jK RNb¨ Aciv‡ai KwVb kvw¯Íi cÖwZweavb| wØZxq : 1973 mvj| KwVbZi AvB‡bi I Riæwi †NvlYv ejer Kivi weavb m¤^wjZ GB

ms‡kvabxi Øviv †`‡k bvMwiK AwaKvi wKQy gvÎvq Le© Kivi my‡hvM m„ó nq| Z…Zxq : 1974 mvj| ivóªxq mxgvbv cybwe©b¨v‡mi ¯^xK…wZÁvcK GB ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k

I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ Awfbœ mxgvšÍ‡iLv cyb:msÁvwqZ Kivi R‡b¨ cÖYxZ Pzw³‡K ˆeaZv`vb Kiv nq|

PZz_© : 1975 mvj| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi I GK`jxq kvmb cÖeZ©b| †`‡ki kvmb c×wZ‡Z AvKw¯§K I e¨vcK cwieZ©b Avbqb Kiv nq Gi gva¨‡g| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’v I GK`jxq kvmb cÖewZ©Z nq GB ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g| GQvovI bvMwiK AwaKviI mxwgZ n‡q c‡o Gi Øviv|

cÂg : 1979 mvj| mvgwiK kvmb ˆeaKiY, g~jbxwZ cwieZ©b I GK`jxqe¨e¯’vi Aemvb| mvgwiK kvm‡bi gva¨‡g 1975-79 mg‡q †`k cwiPvjbvi R‡b¨ M„nxZ e¨e¯’vejx‡K Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq|

lô : 1981 mvj| Dc-ivóªcwZ‡K wbe©vPb‡hvM¨ c‡`i †hvM¨Zv`vb| DcivóªcwZ wb‡qvM‡hvM¨ n‡jI Zv‡K cÖRvZ‡š¿i K‡g© jvfRbK c‡` AwawôZ e¨vw³iƒ‡c wbe©vPb‡hvM¨ c‡`i †hvM¨Zv nviv‡Z n‡e bv e‡j weavb Kiv nq|

mßg : 1986 mvj| mvgwiK AvBb ˆeaKiY| 1982-1986 ch©šÍ mg‡q mvgwiK AvBb ejeZ _vKvKv‡j M„nxZ mKj e¨e¯’v‡K GB ms‡kvabx Øviv ˆeaZv †`qv nq|

Aóg : 1988 mvj| ivóªag© wn‡m‡e Bmjv‡gi bvg †NvlYv Kiv nq GB ms‡kvabx‡Z| beg : 1989 mvj| Dc-ivóªcwZ‡K ivóªcwZi ivwbs‡gU Kivi weavb m¤^wjZ GB ms‡kvabx‡Z

ivóªcwZ I DcivóªcwZ-Dfq c`‡K RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vPb‡hvM¨ e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq|

`kg : 1990 mvj| gwnjv m`m¨M‡Yi Avmb msi¶‡Yi †gqv` e„w×| weavb Kiv nq †h †gvUvgywUfv‡e 2005 mvj ch©šÍ mg‡q RvZxq msm‡` 30 Rb gwnjv m`m¨ c‡iv¶ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ n‡eb|

GKv`k : 1991 mvj| cÖavb wePvicwZ‡K Dc-ivóªcwZiƒ‡c KvR Kiv‡bvi weavb m¤^wjZ GB m‡kvabx g~j msweavb‡K ¯úk© K‡iwb| Z‡e 1990 mv‡ji mdj MYAf‚¨Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii †h AmvsweavwbK ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi n‡qwQ‡jv Zv‡K msweav‡bi mg_©b †`qv nq|

Øv`k : 1991 mvj| gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’v cyb:cÖeZ©b m¤^wjZ GB ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g 1975 mv‡j PZz_© ms‡kvabx KZ©„K mvwaZ ivóªcwZ kvwmZ kvmb e¨e¯’v n‡Z msm`xq e¨e¯’vq cÖeZ©b Kiv nq|

·qv`k : 1996 mvj| msm` †f‡O †M‡j wb`©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi cÖwZôvi weavb-m¤^wjZ GB ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g ¯’vqx mvsweavwbK e¨e¯’v ivLv nq †h, msm` †f‡½ †M‡j mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ Kivi mgq GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv‡` †`‡k GKwU wb`©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi wµqvkxj _vK‡e| GB ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii Aax‡bB mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ cieZx© msm` wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡e|

PZz©`k: 2004 mvj| PZz`©k msweavb ms‡kvabx‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q ¯úxKvi A_ev †WcywU ¯úxKvi msm` m`m¨‡`i kc_ cvV Kiv‡Z Amg_© n‡j cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwkbvi kc_ cvV Kiv‡bvi weavb Kiv nq| RvZxq msm‡`i Avmb msL¨v 300 †_‡K 345-G e„w× Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvi g‡a¨ 45wU Avmb n‡e msiw¶Z gwnjv Avmb| GB 45wU ewa©Z Avm‡b g‡bvbxZ bvix cÖv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ e›Ub Kiv n‡e| msm‡` cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi AvIZvq mvaviY Avm‡bi msL¨vbycv‡Z bvix Avmb¸‡jv fvM Kiv n‡e| mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePvicwZ‡`i Aemi MÖn‡Yi eqm 65 †_‡K 67 eQi, wcGmwmi †Pqvig¨vb Ges m`m¨‡`i eqmmxgv 62 †_‡K 65 eQi Ges gnv-wnmve wbix¶K I wbqš¿‡Ki Aemi eqmmxgv 60 †_‡K 65 eQ‡i DbœxZ Kiv nq|

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wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-70

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖewZ©Z nq 1972 mv‡ji ........... (K) 26 gvP© Zvwi‡L; (L) 17 GwcÖj Zvwi‡L; (M) 4 b‡f¤^i Zvwi‡L; (N) 16 wW‡m¤^i Zvwi‡L| 2| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b Aby‡”Q` i‡h‡Q ........... (K) 152wU; (L) 153wU; (M) 164wU; (N) 165wU| 3| Òivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZÓ wk‡ivbvghy³ AskwU msweav‡bi ........... (K) cÖ_g fvM; (L) wØZxq fvM; (M) Z…Zxq fvM; (N) PZz_© fvM| 4| msweav‡b ¸iæ‡Z¡i µgvbyhvqx m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbvi aiY .............. (K) mgevqx, ivóªxq I e¨w³MZ; (L) ivóªxq, e¨w³MZ I mgevqx; (M) e¨w³MZ, ivóªxq I mgevqx; (N) ivóªxq, mgevqx I e¨w³MZ| 5| msweav‡b gymwjg †`kmg~‡ni mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki fvZ…Z¡ †Rvi`vi Kivi wfwË wn‡m‡e ewY©Z nÕ†q‡Q ... (K) RvwZmsN mb`; (L) †RvUwbi‡c¶ bxwZgvjv; (M) Bmjvgx msnwZ; (N) AbvµgY| 6| wePvi wefvM‡K wbev©nx wefvM nÕ†Z c„_K Kivi mvsweavwbK A½xKvi e¨³ nÕ†q‡Q ......... (K) 8 Aby‡”Q‡`; (L) 12 Aby‡”Q‡`; (M) 122 Aby‡”Q‡`; (N) 22 Aby‡”Q‡`|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ewY©Z ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ms‡kvabxmg~n we¯—vwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

DËigvjvt cvV-1 1| N 2| N 3| L 4| N 5| M 6| N

mnvqK MÖš’t 1. Alamgir, Development Strategy for Bangladesh, Dhaka: University of Dhaka, 1980

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-71

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi Fundamental Rights in Bangladesh Constitution D‡Ïk¨ GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb � †gŠwjK AwaKvi wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| � evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ewY©Z cÖavb cÖavb †gŠwjK AwaKvi wee„Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb †h me ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix Zvi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK AwaKvi welqK weavbvejx AMÖMY¨| eZ©gvb cv‡V G me weavb m¤^‡Ü msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ KwZcq Acwinvh© my‡hvM-myweavi cÖ‡qvRb| mgv‡R e¨w³i Aw¯—Z¡ i¶v I weKvk mva‡bi j‡¶¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq G me my‡hvM-myweavi Afv‡e RxebaviY KóKi I SzuwKc~Y© n‡q c‡o| Rxe‡bi DbœwZ n‡q hvq iæ×| G me my‡hvM-myweavi mvaviY bvg †gŠwjK AwaKvi| AvaywbK we‡k¦ cÖvq mKj mf¨ mgv‡R Gme AwaKv‡ii gwngv D”PwKZ n‡q‡Q| †gŠwjK AwaKvi nÕj mgvR I ivóªxq KZ…©‡Z¡i wbðqZvm¤úbœ †mBmKj Acwinvh© mvaviY my‡hvM-myweav hv mبenv‡ii gva¨‡g e¨w³MY ¯^ ¯^ mËvi weKvk mvab I gvbeRxe‡bi cwic~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 26 †_‡K 47K ch©šÍ 23 wU Aby‡”Q‡` e¨vß Z…Zxq fv‡M †gŠwjK AwaKvi welqK weavbvejx we`¨gvb| GB fv‡Mi ïiæ‡ZB ejv n‡q‡Q †h, msweavb ms‡kva‡bi h_vh_ cÖwµqv AbymiYc~e©K cÖYxZ AvBb Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb AvB‡b †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii e¨Z¨q NUv‡bv nÕ†j †m me AvBb c~Y© ev AvswkKfv‡e evwZj n‡e (Abyt 26)|

mKj bvMwiK‡K AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvb Ges Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K AvB‡bi mgvb Avkªq jv‡fi AwaKvix e‡j †NvlYvc~e©K msweavb e¨³ K‡i‡Q †h, bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ ag©, †Mvôx, eY©, bvix-cyiæl ev R¤§¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y iv‡óªi c¶ nÕ†Z ˆelg¨ Kiv n‡e bv| Z‡e bvix, wkï I mgv‡Ri AbMÖmi As‡ki AMÖMwZi wbwg‡Ë ev miKvix Kg© jv‡f Zv‡`i‡K mnvqZv`v‡bi wbwg‡Ë ev agx©q cÖwZôv‡b I we‡kl cÖK…wZi Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R wb‡qvM-msi¶‡Yi wbwg‡Ë e¨wZµgx weavb cÖeZ©‡bi my‡hvM _vK‡e (Aby-t 27-29)| Av‡iv wea„Z n‡q‡Q †h, ivóªcwZi c~e©vby‡gv`b e¨vwZ‡i‡K †Kvb bvMwiK we‡`kx iv‡óªi wbKU †_‡K Dcvwa, cyi®‹vi BZ¨vw` MÖnY Ki‡eb bv (Abyt 30)|

msweav‡bi GB fv‡Mi weavb Abyhvqx cÖRvZ‡šÍi Awaevmx‡`i Rb¨ AvB‡bi Avkªq MÖnY ev AvBbvbyM e¨envi jv‡fi Awe‡”Q`¨ AwaKvi _vK‡e Ges AvB‡bi Aax‡b Qvov †Kvb e¨w³i my‡hvM ev m¤úwËi nvwb NUv‡bv hv‡e bv| AvB‡bi Aax‡b Qvov †Kvb e¨w³i Rxeb ev e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi Le© Kiv hv‡e bv| †Kvb e¨w³‡K †MÖßv‡ii †¶‡Î †MÖßv‡ii PweŸk N›Uvi g‡a¨ wbKUZg g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wbKU Dcw¯’Z Kiv n‡e Ges Zvui wb‡`©k Qvov D³ e¨w³‡K Z‡ZvwaK Kvj AvUK ivLv hv‡e bv| †MÖßviK…Z e¨w³‡K Zvi †MÖßv‡ii KviY Rvbv‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡K Zvi g‡bvbxZ AvBbRxwei civgk© I mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| ïay wbeZ©bg~jK AvU‡Ki Aaxb e¨w³i Rb¨ Giƒc AwaKvi wKQy gvÎvq Le© n‡Z cvi‡e| Z‡e †m †¶‡ÎI GKwU Dchy³iƒ‡c MwVZ D”P ¶gZvm¤úbœ cl©‡`i mycvwik e¨ZxZ KvD‡K Qqgv‡mi †ekx Kvj AvUK ivLv hv‡e bv (Abyt 31-33)|

†dŠR`vix Aciv‡ai `Û I we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b AvBbvbyhvqx AvûZ Kg© e¨ZxZ †h †Kvb eva¨Zvg~jK kªg wbwl× _vK‡e| Aciva msNUbKv‡j we`¨gvb AvB‡b wbav©wiZ `‡Ûi AwZwi³ `Û †`qv hv‡e bv ev GK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ †Kvb e¨w³‡K GKvwaKevi wePvi Kiv hv‡e bv| KvD‡K wb‡Ri weiæ‡× mv¶¨ w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv hv‡e bv| mvaviYZt ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶ Av`vj‡Z `ªæZ I cÖKvk¨ wePv‡ii

cvV-2

mKj bvMwiK AvB‡bi „̀wó‡Z mgvb Ges mgvbfv‡e AvB‡bi Avkªq jv‡fi AwaKvix|

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wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-72

e¨e¯’v _vK‡e Ges wbôzi, jvÃbv`vqK I AgvbweK `Û ev AvPiY cwinvi Kiv n‡e (Abyt 34-35)|

Rb¯^v‡_© AvBbvbyMfv‡e Av‡ivwcZ hyw³msMZ evav-wb‡la mv‡c‡¶ cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k emevm, Pjv‡div, ewnM©gb I cÖZ¨veZ©b Ges mgv‡ek I †kvfvhvÎv ev msMV‡b †hvM`v‡bi AwaKvi _vK‡e| wPš—v I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv Ges hyw³msMZ evav-wb‡la mv‡c‡¶ gZcÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi wbðqZv _vK‡e| Abyiƒcfv‡e ˆea †ckv ev e„wˇZ wjß nevi AwaKvi I cQ›`gZ ag© Aej¤^b, cvjb ev cÖPv‡ii AwaKvi wbwðZ _vK‡e| wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi wk¶v_x©‡`i Rb¨ Ab¨ a‡g©i Abyôv‡b AskMÖnY Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv (Abyt 36-41)|

Av‡iv ejv n‡q‡Q †h, AvBbvbyM evav wb‡la-mv‡c‡¶ bvMwiKMY m¤úwË AR©b, †fvM I wewj-e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges m¤úwË `Lj Ki‡Z nÕ†j AvBbvbyhvqx ¶wZc~iYmn Zv Kiv hv‡e| AvBbvbyhvqx cÖ`Ë wb‡`©k Qvov Kv‡iv M„‡n cÖ‡ek ev Zjøvkx Kiv ev Zv‡K AvUKv‡bv hv‡e bv| wPwVcÎ I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv‡qi †MvcbxqZvi AwaKvi nÕ†Z KvD‡K ewÂZ Kiv hv‡e bv (Abyt 42-43)|

msweav‡bi Z…Zxq fv‡M ewY©Z †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n ejer Kivi Rb¨ bvMwiKMY nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi wbKU ev msm` KZ©„K wbav©wiZ Ab¨ Av`vj‡Zi wbKU gvgjv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| k„sLjv evwnbxi m`m¨-m¤úwK©Z k„sLjvg~jjK AvBb ev weav‡bi †¶‡Î GB fv‡Mi weavb †Kvbiƒc evavi m„wó Ki‡e bv| Avevi, gyw³ msMÖv‡gi cÖ‡qvR‡b A_ev †`kvf¨š—‡i k„sLjv i¶vi cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kvb e¨w³ KZ©„K K…Z KvR ev M„nxZ e¨e¯’v‡K msm‡`i AvBb Abyhvqx ˆea wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i †bqv hv‡e (Abyt 44-46)|

†gŠwjK AwaKvi welqK fv‡Mi †kl cÖv‡šÍ `yÕwU (47 I 47K) †ndvRZKiYg~jK Aby‡”Q` mwbœ‡ekKiZt weavb Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, msweav‡bi g~j bxwZ I †gŠwjK AwaKvi welqK weavb m‡Ë¡I m¤úwË, Kvievi, e¨emvq, †ckv BZ¨vw`i Dci iv‡óªi Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi AwaKvi _vK‡e| GB AwaKvi msm‡`i AvBb Øviv cÖhy³ n‡e Ges Giƒc AvBb cÖ‡qvRbgZ ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM _vK‡e| Avevi MYnZ¨v, hy×vciva BZ¨vw`i Kvi‡Y †Kvb evwnbxi m`m¨ ev hy×e›`x‡K AvUK, `Û`vb BZ¨vw`i Rb¨ cÖYxZ †Kvb AvB‡bi weavb msweav‡bi Abykvm‡bi wbix‡L evwZj ev †eAvBbx e‡j MY¨ n‡e bv| me‡k‡l GwU wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Giƒc AvBb hvi cÖwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ wZwb mvsweavwbK cÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ mycÖxg †Kv‡U© Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| G fv‡e ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i cÖZ¨¶ we‡ivwaZvKvix e¨w³eM©‡K `g‡bi e¨e¯’v †bqv n‡qwQj|

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-4 c„ôv-73

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ mwVK DËiwU wjLyb| 1| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi welqK Ask nÕj ....... (K) wØZxq fvM; (L) cÖ¯—vebv; (M) Z…Zxq fvM; (N) Z…Zxq Zdwmj|

2| msweavb hv‡`i AMÖMwZi wbwg‡Ë we‡kl e¨e¯’v †bqvi weavb iv‡Lwb Zviv nÕ†jb ....... (K) bvix; (L) wkï; (M) mgv‡Ri AbMÖmi Ask; (N) e„×|

3| †Kvb e¨w³‡K †MÖßvi Kiv nÕ†j Zv‡K 24 N›Uvi g‡a¨ nvwRi Ki‡Z nq ........ (K) wbKUeZx© _vbvq; (L) wbKUZg KvivMv‡i; (M) wbKUeZx© g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui wbKU; (N) †Rjv R‡Ri Av`vj‡Z|

4| wbeZ©bg~jK AvU‡Ki weavbhy³ AvB‡bi Aax‡b KvD‡K Dchy³iƒ‡c MwVZ cl©‡`i mycvwik e¨ZxZ AvUK ivLv hvq m‡ev©”P .......... (K) wÎk w`b; (L) Pvi gvm; (M) Qq gvm; (N) 310 w`b|

5| Aciv‡ai Kvi‡Y kvw¯Í`v‡bi mgq †Kvb †Kvb Ae¯’vq Av‡ivc Kiv m¤¢e ............... (K) wbôzi `Û; (L) eva¨Zvg~jK kªg`Û; (M) jvÃbv`vqK mvRv; (N) AgvbweK `Û|

6| †gŠwjK AwaKvi ejer Kivi Rb¨ bvMwiKMY gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z cv‡ib .......... (K) gvbevwaKvi Av`vj‡Z; (L) we‡kl Av`vj‡Z; (M) mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M; (N) bvix I wkï wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva Av`vj‡Z|

msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ 1. †gŠwjK AwaKvi wK?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ewY©Z cÖavb cÖavb †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

DËigvjv 1| M 2| N 3| M 4| M 5| L 6| M

GmGmGBPGj

wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-74

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bv¨qwePvi mymf¨ gvbe Rxe‡bi g~j wfwË nÕj bv¨qwePv‡ii cÖwZ Av¯’v I wbôv| gvbyl GKvKx RxebaviY Ki‡j A‡b¨i mv‡_ Zvi wg_w®Œqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv Ges b¨vq-Ab¨v‡qi cÖmsMI ¸iæZ¡ cvq bv| wKš‘ gvby‡li c‡¶ GKvKx mgvR ewn©f~Z Rxebhvcb Am¤¢e| ZvB mgvRe× Rxeb hvc‡bi ¯^v‡_© gvbyl‡K G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ b¨vh¨ AvPi‡Yi AZ¨vek¨Kxq kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z nq| mgvR m„wói g~‡jB i‡q‡Q mgwói cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRb‡K mgwš^Z Kiv| G †_‡K D™¢zZ n‡q‡Q b¨vqwePv‡ii aviYv| mf¨ gvbyl Ac‡ii cÖwZ Kx AvPiY cÖ`k©b Ki‡eb Ges wewbg‡q A‡b¨i wbKU nÕ†Z Kx AvPiY cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡eb Zv wbqwgZ, evavnxb I mymf¨fv‡e w¯’i Kivi Rb¨ b¨vqwePv‡ii D™¢e|

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mvgvwRK k„sLjv i¶vi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri Bw¯úZ weKv‡ki j‡¶¨ cÖwZwôZ †dŠR`vix b¨vqwePv‡ii ev Aciv‡ai kvw¯Íweav‡bi †cQ‡b K‡qKwU hyw³ i‡q‡Q t

cÖwZ‡kvag~jK (Retributive) ee©i Rxeb †_‡K DËi‡Yi ci GBme AbyfzwZ mf¨Zvi cÖ_g cv` n‡Z cÖvq A¶‚Yœfv‡e cÖengvb| Kv‡iv Rxeb I m¤úwËi weiæ‡× ¶wZKi Kv‡Ri Kvi‡Y D³iƒc Kv‡Ri †nvZv‡K mgiƒc ev GgbwK K‡VviZi ¶wZi m¤§yLxb Kivi GwU GKwU gvbexq cÖeYZv| Ôbv‡Ki e`‡j bvKÕ -Giƒc cÖK…wZi GB g‡bvfvewU Aciv‡ai cÖwZweavb msµvšÍ b¨vqwePvi kv‡¯¿ µgkt Kg‡Rvi nÕ†q P‡j‡Q|

cvV-3

†`Iqvbx I †dŠR`vix b¨vqwePv‡ii Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í weav‡bi †cQ‡b hyw³¸‡jv n‡”Q- cÖwZ‡kvag~jK, „̀óvšÍg~jK, wbe„wËg~jK, ¶wZc~iYg~jK Ges ms‡kvabg~jK

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BDwbU-4 c„ôv-75

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wmwfK GWz‡Kkb-2 c„ôv-78

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2| wb`©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi msm`-m`m¨M‡Yi mvaviY wbev©Pb Abyôv‡bi wel‡q mvnvh¨ K‡ib........ (K) ‡emvgwiK cÖkvmb‡K; (L) wbev©Pb Kwgkb‡K; (M) mk¯¿ evwnbx‡K; (N) ivóªcwZ‡K|

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6| wb`©jxq ZË¡veavqK miKvi Kvh©Ki _vK‡e .......... (K) me©¶‡Yi Rb¨; (L) AvMvgx PviwU wbev©P‡bi †gqv‡`; (M) msm` fsM Ae¯’vq msm`-m`m¨M‡Yi cÖwZwU mvaviY wbev©P‡bi mgq; (N) ivóªcwZ hLb PvB‡eb|

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mnvqK MÖš’ Mohammed A. Hakim, Bangladesh Politics: The Shahabaddin Interregnm, Dhaka: DPL, 1993

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DËi gvjvt 1. L, 2. M, 3. M, 4. L, 5. M, 6. M|

mnvqK MÖš’ GgvRDÏxb Avng`, evsjv‡`‡ki †jvK cÖkvmb, XvKv, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, 1994