Kapitel 6.

English summary

6.0. General remarks

This study covers four main subjects: 1. The uses of the Tocharian local cases expressing motion

along/over, motion towards a goal, goal attainment, and location, namely the oblique, the allative, the perlative, and the locative.

2. The temporal uses of the local cases oblique, perlative, locative, and instrumental.

3. The uses of local and temporal adpositions. 4. The development of the Proto-Tocharian paradigm of local ca-

ses.

There is general agreement between Tocharian A and Tocharian Β in the use of the local paradigm. However, upon detailed examination one finds examples of differing uses, i.e. A sulam mäsk- 'be situated on a mountain' (locative) vs. Β salesa käly- 'stand on a mountain' (perlative),672 Α äsänä säm- (perlative) vs. Β asämne säm- (locative) 'sit on a throne'.673

There is a clear-cut difference in expression between motion to-wards a goal and goal attainment/location in the material, at least as far as the concrete local constructions are concerned. This opposition is normally marked by the allative/oblique vs. the locative.

As concerns the local verbs, we have verbs of motion that imply non-goal-attainment (directional verbs), like AB i- 'go', AB mit- 'go'

6722.3.1.19. 673 2.3.3.1.

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390 English Summary

and Β sik- 'stride'. These verbs normally take the allative or, in certain cases, the oblique of direction (AB /-).

Other verbs clearly indicate goal attainment (TERMINATIVE) and should therefore be designated as 'terminative', like AB kärp- 'climb down', 'step down', Ayow-Β yäp-,yop- 'enter', Α tsälp- 'pass (into)' and AB käm- 'come'. These verbs normally or always take the loca-tive. The verb AB i- 'go' sometimes takes the locative, as in the pas-sage below. In such a case a movement inside the reference object is usually intended (INTRATERMINATIVE).

In many languages, as e.g. German, the local case agrees strictly with the local verb of the sentence. However, in Tocharian the seman-tics of the verb phrase are sometimes more important than the verb in question, as A riyami- in the following passage: A 81 a5: (ca)ndäläsä kossi äkmäm riyam ymäm pukam nes rake wenä[s]t 'when you, led by the Candalas to be killed, went into the town (locative), at first you spoke this word'.674

We can assume from the context that the agent has already arrived in the town at the time of the utterance (i.e. a TERMINATIVE is expres-sed), even though the verb of motion A i- 'go', which would normally take the allative or the oblique of direction, is used.

The two verbs of motion AB i- 'go' and AB käm- 'come' are very commonly used. AB i- normally indicates direction and takes the alla-tive or the oblique of direction and AB käm- normally takes the loca-tive. It means that we should regard AB käm- as a basically terminative verb.

The perlative diverges somewhat from this pattern. On the functio-nal level it is very complex. Like the locative, it can appear with verbs of motion as well as verbs of state. However, the function of the per-lative is totally different from that of the locative.

A basic function of the perlative, as opposed to the locative, is to indicate non-demarcation in space and time. The realization of this ba-sic function in different local situations and with different local verbs is very heterogeneous. Among the functions that are marked by the

6 7 42.3.2.8.2.

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English summary 391

perlative as opposed to the locative are incoherence, extension, non-permanent position, non-directional motion etc.

Four local relations are emphasized in this study: motion without any goal implied (PERLATIVE), motion towards a goal (DIRECTIO-NAL), goal attainment (TERMINATIVE), stative location (LOCATIVE), and motion inside a reference object (INTRATERMINATIVE).

Motion towards a goal is marked by the oblique of direction and the allative. The difference between the oblique of direction and the allati-ve is not dependent on the form or physical property of the reference object, since in the case of direction towards a goal the reference object is remote from the located object. The case normally chosen to express direction is the allative while the use of the oblique of direction appears as more restricted, i.e. limited to certain verbs or certain reference objects.675

The notions of motion along/over (PERLATIVE), location (LOCA-TIVE) and goal attainment (TERMINATIVE) are dependent in a much hi-gher degree on the form or physical property of the reference object, since in this case there is much more proximity between the located object and the reference object.

Concerning the local relations in general it is the case that the loca-tive is used when the reference object has an external demarcation (round or around) and a moving into or a location inside is possible. The words for 'house' or 'monastery' are good examples of this.

When the reference object has no distinct external demarcation, as e.g. 'earth', 'riding horse' or 'tree', the perlative is used.

In details there are deviations from this general principle. As an example one could consider the words for 'spot', 'place', A lame, A änt Β ante, Β ike, yke,"6 with which location or goal attainment is always marked by the locative and not the expected perlative.

However, it is remarkable that, in spite of these above-mentioned deviations, the use of the one or the other case seems to be consistent throughout, as in the case of the word for 'mountain' A sul Β sale. In Tocharian A the locative expresses location on a mountain. The

6752.1.2.1. 6762.3.1.3.-5.

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392 English Summary

examples with perlative are somewhat unclear: they probably express a movement over or along and are not to be found in the singular. How-ever, in Tocharian Β the perlative marks location on a mountain. In the passage Β 404 a5 salenne mä no mäsklträ omp lyauto tsrorye wa(t) 'there is no hole or crevice in the mountains (locative) there'677, the difference between the perlative and the locative in Tocharian Β is de-monstrable.

6.1. The local cases

6.1.1. Oblique

From a synchronic perspective the use of the oblique of direction is restricted, i.e. it appears only with certain verbs and certain reference objects. The most commonly used verb is AB i- 'go'. Among the refe-rence objects that appear with the oblique of direction, we have A ype 'country'678, Α käräs Β karäs 'forest' and Β wartto 'forest'. The oblique in Α ytäri-Β ytärii- 'walk (along) a road', which is also to be found in other Indo-European languages, is certainly very archaic.

The Tocharian oblique of direction obviously has Indo-European roots. This function was probably retained together with the formal preservation of the Indo-European accusative in Proto-Tocharian and was continued in Tocharian A and Tocharian B.

6.1.2. Allative

In Tocharian A and Tocharian Β the allative is the active case for ex-pressing motion towards a goal. Just as with the oblique of direction, AB i- 'go' is the verb most commonly used with the allative.

6772.3.1.19.3. 6782.3.1.9.1.

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